Cylindrical Waves: Daniel S. Weile

Cylindrical Waves
Guided Waves
Cylindrical Waves
Daniel S. Weile
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Delaware
ELEG 648—Waves in Cylindrical Coordinates
D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

Cylindrical Waves
Guided Waves
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Separation of Variables
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes

Cylindrical Waves
Guided Waves
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Cylindrical Waveguides
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
The Scalar Helmholtz Equation
Just as in Cartesian coordinates, Maxwell’s equations in

cylindrical coordinates will give rise to a scalar Helmholtz
Equation. We study it first.
∇2 ψ + k 2 ψ = 0
In cylindrical coordinates, this becomes
1 ∂2ψ ∂2ψ

1 ∂ ∂ψ
ρ + 2 2 + + k 2ψ = 0
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z 2
We will solve this by separating variables:
ψ = R(ρ)Φ(φ)Z (z)

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Substituting and dividing by ψ, we find
1 d2 Φ 1 d2 Z

1 d dR
ρ + + + k2 = 0
ρR dρ dρ ρ2 Φ dφ2 Z dz 2
The third term is independent of φ and ρ, so it must be constant:
1 d2 Z
= −kz2
Z dz 2
This leaves
1 d2 Φ

1 d dR
ρ + 2 + k 2 − kz2 = 0
ρR dρ dρ ρ Φ dφ2

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Now define the
Radial Wavenumber
kρ2 = k 2 − kz2
and multiply the resulting equation by ρ2 to find
1 d2 Φ

ρ d dR
ρ + + kρ2 ρ2 = 0
R dρ dρ Φ dφ2
The second term is independent of ρ and z, so we let
1 d2 Φ
= −n2
Φ dφ2

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
This process leaves an ordinary differential equation in ρ alone.
We thus have:
The Cylindrical Helmholtz Equation, Separated

d dR h i
ρ ρ + (kρ ρ)2 − n2 R = 0
dρ dρ
d2 Φ
+ n2 Φ = 0
dφ2
d2 Z
+ kz2 Z = 0
dz 2
kρ2 + kz2 = k 2
The first of these equations is called Bessel’s Equation; the

others are familiar.
Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
The Harmonic Equations
We have already seen equations like those in the z and φ

directions; the solutions are
trigonometric, or
exponential.
The only novelty is that φ is periodic or finite; it therefore is
always expanded in a series and not an integral.
If there is no limit in the φ direction we find
The Periodic Boundary Condition
Φ(φ) = Φ(φ + 2π)
This implies that n ∈ Z if the entire range is included.

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel’s Equation For Statics

The remaining equation to be solved is the radial equation,
i.e. Bessel’s Equation.
Note that the problem simplifies considerably if kρ = 0
(which would be the case if ρ = 0.
In this case, we have
Bessel’s Equation for Statics

d dR
ρ ρ − n2 R = 0
dρ dρ
To solve it, let

ρ = ex
so
dρ
= ex = ρ.
dx
Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel’s Equation For Statics

This implies that
d dρ d d
= =ρ
dx dx dρ dρ
Our equation therefore becomes
d2 R
− n2 R = 0
dx 2
The solutions to this are

A + Bx n=0
R(x) =
Aenx + Be−nx n 6= 0
and thus the solutions really are
Static Solutions of Bessel’s Equation

A + B ln ρ n = 0
R(ρ) =
Aρn + Bρ−n n =6 0
Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
We are generally more interested in the dynamic case in which
we must solve the full Bessel Equation:
h
d dR i
ξ ξ + ξ 2 − n2 R = 0
dξ dξ
(We normalize kρ = 1, and rewrite the equation in terms of ρ
instead of ξ) To solve this equation, we suppose
∞
X
R(ξ) = ξ α cm ξ m
m=0
Now
∞
dR X
= (α + m)cm ξ α+m−1
dξ
m=0

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
Thus
∞
dR X
ξ = (α + m)cm ξ α+m
dξ
m=0
and X∞
d dR
ξ = (α + m)2 cm ξ α+m−1
dξ dξ
m=0
so finally
∞
d dR X
ξ ξ = (α + m)2 cm ξ α+m
dξ dξ
m=0
Now, we can plug in...
∞
X h ∞
iX
(α + m)2 cm ξ α+m + ξ 2 − n2 cm ξ α+m = 0
m=0 m=0

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
We now have
∞ h
X i ∞
X
(α + m)2 − n2 cm ξ α+m + cm ξ α+m+2 = 0
m=0 m=0
or
∞ h
X i ∞
X
(α + m)2 − n2 cm ξ α+m + cm−2 ξ α+m = 0
m=0 m=2
We can proceed by forcing the coefficients of each term to

vanish. We fix c0 6= 0 because of the homogeneity of the
equation.

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
For ξ α :
(α2 − n2 ) = 0
since c0 6= 0 by assumption,
α = ±n.
For ξ α+1 : h i
(α + 1)2 − n2 c1 = 0
Thus
c1 = 0

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
Finally, for all other ξ α+m :

h i
(α + m)2 − n2 cm + cm−2 = 0
Assuming α = n,
−1
cm = cm−2
m(m + 2n)
Thus, immediately, for p ∈ Z
c2p+1 = 0

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
Given that the odd coefficients vanish, we let m = 2p and let
ap = c2p
So...
−1
ap = c2p = c2p−2 = ap−1
4p(p + n)
and
−1
a1 = a0
4(n + 1)
−1 −1
a2 = a0
4(n + 2)(2) 4(n + 1)
−1 −1 −1
a3 = a0
4(n + 3)(3) 4(n + 2)(2) 4(n + 1)

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Bessel Functions
Thus, in general,
(−1)p n!
ap = a0
4p p!(n + p)!
Thus, if we choose 2−n n!a0 = 1, and recall
∞
X ∞
X
m
R(ξ) = ξ α
cm ξ = ap ξ 2p+n
m=0 p=0
we can (finally!) define the

Bessel Function of Order n
∞ 2p+n
X (−1)p ξ
Jn (ξ) =
p!(n + p)! 2
p=0

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Observations
This function is entire; it exists and is differentiable for all ξ.

This is only one solution of the equation:
We will get to the other shortly.
The other solution is not regular at the origin since the
coefficient of the second order derivative vanishes there.
Note that the solution looks like the corresponding static
(ρn ) solution at the origin.
Note also that fractional orders are possible, but do not
arise as commonly in applications (Why not?)

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
The Other Solution

Our original equation (normalized) was
h
d du i
ξ ξ + ξ 2 − n2 u = 0
dξ dξ
The other solution, v must solve

h
d dv i
ξ ξ + ξ 2 − n2 v = 0
dξ dξ
Multiply the first equation by v and the second by u, subtract,

and divide by ξ:

d du d dv
v ξ −u ξ =0
dξ dξ dξ dξ

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
The Other Solution
Expanding this out
ξ(u 00 v − uv 00 ) + u 0 v − uv 0 = 0,
or
d 0
ξ(u v − uv 0 ) = 0

dξ
It therefore stands to reason that
ξ(u 0 v − uv 0 ) = C
or
u 0 v − uv 0 C2
2
= 2
v ξv

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
The Other Solution
This of course implies
d u C2
= 2
dξ v ξv
This can be integrated to give

Z
u dξ
= C1 + C2
v ξv 2
or Z
dξ
u(ξ) = C1 v (ξ) + C2 v (ξ)
ξv (ξ)2

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
The Other Solution
Setting C1 = 0, v (ξ) = Jn (ξ), expanding the series and

integrating gives rise to the
Neumann Function
Z
dξ
Yn (ξ) = Jn (ξ)
ξJn2 (ξ)
This function
This function is also called the “Bessel function of the
second kind.”
It is sometimes denoted by Nn (ξ).
This function is not defined for ξ = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Graphs of Jn (x)
1
J0(x)
J1(x)
J2(x)
J3(x)
J4(x)
0.5
−0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Graphs of Yn (x)
0.6
0.4
0.2
−0.2
−0.4 Y0(x)
Y1(x)
−0.6 Y2(x)
Y3(x)
−0.8 Y4(x)
−1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Hankel Functions
The Jn and Yn are both real functions for real arguments.

They must therefore represent standing waves (Why?).

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Hankel Functions
The Jn and Yn are both real functions for real arguments.

They must therefore represent standing waves (Why?).
Hankel functions represent traveling waves.
Traveling waves are represented by
Hankel Functions
(1)
Hn (x) = Jn (x) + jYn (x)
(2)
Hn (x) = Jn (x) − jYn (x)
These are called Hankel functions of the first and second kind,
respectively.

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Small Argument Behavior

Suppose Re(ν) > 0.
Let ln γ = 0.5772 ⇒ γ = 1.781 (i.e. ln γ is “Euler’s
constant”).
Consider the behavior of the Bessel and Neumann functions as
x → 0:
J0 (x) → 1
2 γx
Y0 (x) → ln
π 2
1 x ν
Jν (x) →
ν! 2
(ν − 1)! 2 ν

Yν (x) → −
π x
The only Bessel functions finite at the origin are the Jn (x).
Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Large Argument Behavior

As x → ∞:
r
2 π νπ
Jν (x) → cos x − −
πx 4 2
r
2 π νπ
Yν (x) → sin x − −
πx 4 2
Given the definition of Hankel functions, we must also have
s
2 −ν jx
Hν(1) (x) → j e
jπx
r
2j ν −jx
Hν(2) (x) → j e
πx
(2)
The Hν represent outward traveling waves.
1
Why are these all proportional to x − 2 ?
Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Imaginary Arguments
In applications, we get Bessel functions of dimensionless

quantities: Bn (kρ ρ).
If kρ becomes imaginary, we have evanescence in the ρ
direction.
For these applications, we define the
Modified Bessel Functions
In (x) = j n Jn (−jx)
π (2)
Kn (x) = (−j)n+1 Hn (−jx)
2
These are real functions of real arguments.

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Graphs of In (x)
5
I0(x)
4.5
I1(x)
4 I2(x)
I3(x)
3.5
I4(x)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Graphs of Kn (x)
5
K0(x)
4.5 K1(x)
K2(x)
4
K3(x)
3.5 K4(x)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Transverse Magnetic Fields
Let
A
= uz ψ
µ
for some solution of the Helmholtz equation ψ. Then
1 ∂ψ 1 ∂2ψ
Hρ = ρ ∂φ Eρ = ŷ ∂ρ∂z
1 ∂2ψ
Hφ = − ∂ψ
∂ρ Eφ = ŷ ρ∂φ∂z
1 ∂2
Hz = 0 Ez = ŷ ∂z 2
+ k2 ψ
This is a general formula for a TMz field; Hz = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
Guided Waves
TEz and TMz Modes
Transverse Electric Fields
Let
F
= uz ψ

for some solution of the Helmholtz equation ψ. Then
1 ∂2ψ
Eρ = − 1ρ ∂ψ
∂φ Hρ = ẑ ∂ρ∂z
∂ψ 1 ∂2ψ
Eφ = ∂ρ Hφ = ẑρ∂φ∂z
1 ∂2
Ez = 0 Hz = ẑ ∂z 2
+ k2 ψ
This is a general formula for a TEz field; Ez = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
The Circular Waveguide
A circular waveguide is a tube of (say) radius a.

The field must be finite at ρ = 0, so only Jn are admissible.
Without further ado, the wave function for TMz waves is

sin nφ
ψ = Jn (kρ ρ) e−jkz z
cos nφ
The azimuthal dependence keeps the transverse fields in

phase; either sine or cosine can be chosen.
For n = 0 we obviously choose the cosine.
The restriction to n ∈ Z is required because of the periodic
boundary condition. Other boundaries would lead to other
results.
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Boundary Conditions
Since
1 2
Ez = (k − kz2 )ψ
ŷ
we need ψ to vanish on the walls. This implies
Jn (kρ a) = 0
giving the
Values for kρ
χnp
kρ =
a
where χnp is the pth solution of
Jn (χnp ) = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Roots of Bessel Functions, χnp

The roots of the Bessel functions are well tabulated.
n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

p =1 2.405 3.832 5.136 6.380 7.588 8.771
p =2 5.520 7.016 8.417 9.761 11.065 12.339
p =3 8.654 10.173 11.620 13.015 14.732
p =4 11.792 13.324 14.796
For TMz modes, we have:
χ ρ sin nφ
np
TM
ψnp = Jn e−jkz z
a cos nφ
with χ 2
np
+ kz2 = k 2
a
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
TEz Modes
The wave function for TEz waves is

sin nφ
ψ = Jn (kρ ρ) e−jkz z
cos nφ
just as for TMz and for the same reasons. (Here, of course,
F = ψuz .)
Now
∂ψ
Eφ = ,
∂ρ
so we need
Jn0 (kρ a) = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
TEz Modes
We therefore find the radial wavenumber must be of the form

Values for kρ
χ0np
kρ =
a
where χ0np is the pth solution of
Jn0 (χ0np ) = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Roots of Bessel Function Derivatives, χ0np

The roots of the Bessel function derivatives are also well
tabulated.
n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

p =1 3.832 1.841 3.054 4.201 5.317 6.416
p =2 7.016 5.331 6.706 87.015 9.282 10.520
p =3 10.173 8.536 9.969 11.346 12.682 13.987
p =4 13.324 11.706 13.170
For TEz modes, we have:
0
χnp ρ

sin nφ
TE
ψnp = Jn e−jkz z
a cos nφ
with 2
χ0np

+ kz2 = k 2
a
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Cutoff
Cutoff occurs when kz = 0 We can thus compute the
Cutoff Wavenumber
χnp χ0np
(kc )TM
np = (kc )TE
np =
a a
and the
Cutoff Frequencies
χnp χ0np
(fc )TM
np = √ (fc )TE
np = √
2πa µ 2πa µ
Cutoff frequency is thus proportional to the roots χnp and

χ0np .
The fundamental mode is TE11 .
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Modal Impedance
The calculation of impedance is just like that in rectangular

waveguides. The result is the same too:
Eρ Eφ ωµ
Z0TE = =− =
Hφ Hρ kz
and
Eρ Eφ kz
Z0TM = =− =
Hφ Hρ ω
Other cylindrical waveguides can be analyzed similarly;
homework will contain examples.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Radial Waveguides
In addition to cylindrical waveguides, we can consider

guides that carry waves radially.
The simplest such guide is a parallel plate waveguide,
analyzed to consider radial propagation.
We call the distance between the plates (in the z-direction)
a.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Radial Waveguides

a.
For TMz waves, we need Eρ = Eφ = 0.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Radial Waveguides

a.
Both components are proportional to a derivative of ψ in
their respective directions, so the wave functions are

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Radial Waveguides

a.
Both components are proportional to a derivative of ψ in
their respective directions, so the wave functions are
TMz Wavefunctions for Parallel Plate Guide

mπ
TM (2)
ψmn = cos z cos nφHn (kρ ρ)
a
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Radial Wavguides
The solution on the previous slide chose cos nφ for
simplicity; sin nφ is legal but gives no new information.
The solution on the previous slide is for outgoing waves,
(1)
incoming waves are proportional to Hn (kρ ρ).
For TEz waves, we need the same components to vanish.
Here, they are directly proportional to the wavefunction so
we find the
TEz Wavefunctions for Parallel Plate Guide
mπ
TE (2)
ψmn = sin z cos nφHn (kρ ρ)
a
In either case we find that
r
mπ 2
kρ = k2 −
a
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Phase Constant and Velocity: An Aside
In general, any wave can be written in polar form
ψ(x, y , z) = A(x, y , z)ejΦ(x,y ,z)
where A, Φ ∈ R. In the time domain, this wave becomes

n o
Re A(x, y , z)ejΦ(x,y ,z) ejωt
A surface of constant phase thus has the form
ωt + Φ(x, y , z) = constant

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities

This equation can be differentiated with respect to t to give
ω + ∇Φ · vp = 0
This equation cannot be solved per se; it is one equation in

three unknowns!
If we choose a direction, we can solve it along that
direction (i.e., we can find the speed we need to move to
keep the phase fixed.)
Thus, we have the
Phase Velocity in the x-Direction
ω
vpx = − ∂Φ
∂x

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
We can also define the

Phase Velocity in the Direction of Travel
ω
vp = −
|∇Φ|
In any case, we have the

Wavevector
β = −∇Φ
We would like to see how these ideas apply to radial travel.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Phase Velocity of Radial Waves
From the above discussion, we can define

d Yn (kρ ρ)
βρ = − tan−1
dρ Jn (kρ ρ)
Let us compute this:

d Yn (kρ ρ) 1 d Yn (kρ ρ)
− tan−1 = − 2
dρ Jn (kρ ρ) dρ Jn (kρ ρ)

Yn (kρ ρ)
1+ Jn (kρ ρ)
kρ Yn0 (kρ ρ)Jn (kρ ρ) − Yn (kρ ρ)Jn0 (kρ ρ)

= − 2
Jn2 (kρ ρ)

Yn (kρ ρ)
1+ Jn (kρ ρ)

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
The Wronskian
2
Jn (x)Yn0 (x) − Jn0 (x)Yn (x) = .
πx
Thus
kρ 1 2
βρ = 2
Jn2 (kρ ρ) πkρ ρ

Yn (kρ ρ)
1+ Jn (kρ ρ)
2 1
=
πρ Jn (kρ ρ) + Yn2 (kρ ρ)
2

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Now, as ρ → ∞, we can substitute the large argument

approximations:
2 1
βρ =
πρ Jn2 (kρ ρ) + Yn2 (kρ ρ)
"s #2
2  2 π nπ
→ cos kρ ρ − −
πρ  πkρ 4 2
"s #2 −1
2 π nπ 
+ sin kρ ρ − − = kρ
πkρ 4 2 
Why would we expect this?

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Modal Impedance and Cutoff

Impedance can be computed in the usual manner:
Outward-Travelling Modal Impedance
(2)
kρ Hn (kρ ρ)
Z+ρTM = − HEφz =
jω Hn(2)0 (kρ ρ)
(2)
Eφ jωµ Hn (kρ ρ)
Z+ρTE = Hz =
kρ Hn(2)0 (kρ ρ)
Note that this is not purely real. Now, it should be remembered

that r
mπ 2
kρ = k 2 −
a

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Modal Impedance and Cutoff
We thus have a purely imaginary radial wavenumber (−jα) if

ka < mπ. Recall
(2) 2 n+1
Hn (−jαρ) = j Kn (αρ)
π
Plugging this in to our expression for TM impedance, we find
jα Kn (αρ)
Z+ρTM =
ω Kn0 (αρ)
Since the Kn are real functions of real arguments, this

expression is purely imaginary and no energy propagates.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
TM0n Modes
If
λ
a<
2
only m = 0 modes propagate. (These are all TMz .)
In this case we have
TM0n Wavefunctions
TM (2)
ψ0n = cos nφHn (k ρ)
How can large n modes propagate?

Why is this cause for concern?

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Impedance of TM0n Modes
To understand what is happening, we look at the expression

(2)
TM Hn (k ρ)
Z+ρ = −jη (2)0
Hn (k ρ)
Using a well-known identity (obtained by differentiating and

manipulating Bessel’s equation) we can write
(2)
TM Hn (k ρ)
Z+ρ = −jη
n (2) (2)
x Hn (k ρ) − Hn+1 (k ρ)
By examining the (absolute) phase angle of the impedance, we

can see how efficiently each mode carries energy.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Absolute Impedance Phase vs. k ρ
90
n=0
80 n=1
n=2
n=3
70 n=4
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Gradual Cutoff
The last slide shows that as the frequency increases, each

mode carries power more efficiently.
The transition from storing energy to carrying it occurs at
kρ = n
This is exactly where the radial waveguide is n

wavelengths in circumference.
This phenomenon is called gradual cutoff and it is related
to the poor radiation ability of small antennas.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
The TM00 mode
The dominant mode in the radial parallel plate guide is the

TM00 mode.
The outwardly traveling fields are given by
k 2 (2)
Ez+ = H (k ρ)
jω 0
(2)
Hφ+ = kH1 (k ρ)
This is a TEM mode and can be analyzed with a

transmission line analysis if desired.
The inductance/capacitance per unit length change with
distance.
Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Feynman’s Analysis
The Nobel Laureate Richard P. Feynman used a

particularly simple approach to the analysis of cylindrical
resonators.
The approach also demonstrates the evolution from statics
to dynamics.
It also introduces Bessel Functions without partial (or even
ordianary) differential equations!
So consider a circular capacitor with a static electric field E0 . If
the field begins to oscillate with frequency ω, a magnetic field is
created.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
To find the magnetic field, we can apply the Ampere-Maxwell

law to a circle C of radius ρ centered on the axis:
I ZZ
H · dl = jω E · dS
∂C C
2
2πρHφ = jωπρ Ez
jωρ
Hφ = E0
2
jk ρ
= E0
2η

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Now, this magnetic field is also oscillating, so the original
electric field is also wrong.
We will call the original field E1 = E0 ; the field at the center
of the plate.
The magnetic field we have found is H1 .
It will give rise to an E2 .
To find E2 we use the surface S shown below.
z

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
To find the correction to E, we use Faraday’s Law.
I ZZ
E · dl = −jωµ H · dS
∂S S
Z a Z a Z ρ
− E2 dz = −jωµ dz dρ0 H1
0 0 0
jk ρ0
Z ρ
E2 = jωµ dρ0 E0
0 2η
k 2 ρ2
= − 2 E0
2
Thus, at the moment,
k 2 ρ2

Ez = E1 + E2 = E0 1 − 2
2

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
We can now correct H again:

I ZZ
H · dl = jω E · dS
∂C C
Z 2π Z ρ
2πρH2 = jω dφ ρdρE2
0 0
jωk 2 E0 ρ
Z
H2 = − dρρ3
22 ρ 0
jk 3 ρ3 E0
= − 2
2 ·4 η

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
And, we can now correct E again:
I ZZ
E · dl = −jωµ H · dS
∂S S
Z a Z a Z ρ
− E3 dz = −jωµ dz dρ0 H2
0 0 0
k 3 ρ03 E0
Z ρ
E3 = ωµ dρ0 2
0 2 ·4 η
4
k ρ 4
= E0
22 · 42
Thus, at the moment,
k 2 ρ2 k 4 ρ4

Ez = E1 + E2 + E3 = E0 1 − 2 + 2 2
2 2 ·4

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
The importance of these terms we keep adding is
proportional to
Frequency
Plate size
In this way, we see how statics naturally morphs into
dynamics.
It is easy to see that the E-field found after continuing the
process is
k 2 ρ2 k 4 ρ4 k 4 ρ4

E = E0 1 − 2 + 2 2 − 2 2 2 + · · ·
2 2 ·4 2 ·4 ·6
∞
X (−1)n k ρ 2
= E0 = E0 J0 (k ρ)
(n!)2 2
n=0

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Wedge Waveguide
φ0
A wedge guide is formed by two half-planes inclined at an

angle φ0 .
The problem is independent of z.
For the TMz mode, we must have Ez = 0 on the plates.
Thus
pπ
ψ ∝ sin φ
φ0

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Wedge Waveguide Wavefunctions
Now, the order of the Bessel function equals the coefficient of

φ. We thus have the
TM Outwardly Traveling Wavefunctions

TM pπ (2)
ψp = sin φ H pπ (k ρ)
φ0 φ0
By the same token, we have the

TE Outwardly Traveling Wavefunctions

TE pπ (2)
ψp = cos φ H pπ (k ρ)
φ0 φ0

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Observations
Most of the discussion of the radial parallel plate guide

applies here:
Wave impedances are given by the same formulas (with
fractional orders),
Gradual cutoff occurs when pπ
φ0 = k ρ. Why?
The dominant mode is TE0 ; it is a TEM mode derivable by
transmission line theory. Its fields are
TE0 Mode Fields
(2)
Eφ+ = kH1 (k ρ)
k 2 (2)
Hz+ = H (k ρ)
jωµ 0

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Outline
1 Cylindrical Waves
Bessel Functions
TEz and TMz Modes
2 Guided Waves
Radial Waveguides
Cavities

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
The Circular Cavity
The circular cavity is a circular waveguide shorted at both

ends.
We will assume the height of the cavity is denoted by d.
For TMz modes,
∂2ψ
Eρ ∝
∂ρ∂z
so we must have (assuming cos nφ variation)
TMz Modes
χ ρ qπz
TM np
ψnpq = Jn cos nφ cos
a d

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
The Circular Cavity

By the same token
TEz Modes
χ0np ρ
qπz
TE
ψnpq = Jn cos nφ sin
a d
We can also immediately write

Separation Equations
χ 2 qπ 2
np
TM: = k2 +
a d
0 2 2
χnp qπ
TE: + = k2
a d

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Resonant Frequencies
From these equations it is a simply matter to compute

Resonant Frequencies
r
1 χ 2 qπ 2
np
(fr )TM
npq = √ +
2π µ a d
s
2
χ0np
qπ 2
1
(fr )TE
npq = √ +
2π µ a d
If d < 2a the TM010 mode is dominant, otherwise the TE111

mode is.

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Quality Factor
It is also straightforward to compute the Q of the circular

cavity.
We will do so only for the (usually dominant) TM010 mode.
Given ψ, it is easy to show that the modal fields are
TM010 Mode Fields
k 2 χ01 ρ
Ez = J0
jω a
χ01 χ01 ρ
Hφ = J1
a a

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Quality Factor
Now, the total energy stored is

Z d Z a Z 2π

W = 2We = |E|2 ρdφdρdz
2 0 0 0
a
k4 πk 4 da2 2
Z χ ρ
01
= πd ρJ02 dρ = J (χ01 )
ω2 0 a 2ω 2 1
To compute the energy absorbed by the walls, we appeal to the

approximate formula
R
ZZ
Pd = |H|2 dS
2 walls

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Quality Factor
On the cylindrical side wall of the cavity, the magnetic field is

constant, so the value of this integral is
Pd = πadRJ12 (χ01 )
On the other two walls together we have

Z a Z 2π χ 2χ ρ
01 01
Pd = R J12 ρdφdρ
0 0 a a
χ 2 a χ ρ
Z
01 01
= 2πR J12 ρdρ
a 0 a
χ 2
01
= πa2 R J12 (χ01 )
a

Cylindrical Waves
Radial Waveguides
Guided Waves
Cavities
Quality Factor
Plugging into our formula for the quality factor we find
ωW dk 4 a3
Q= =
Pd 2ωRχ201 (d + a)
Now, ka = χ01 and ω = kη , so we find the final formula for
The Quality Factor

ηχ01 d
Q=
2R(a + d)

Cylindrical Waves: Daniel S. Weile

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Cylindrical Waves

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ELEG 648—Waves in Cylindrical Coordinates

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Scalar Helmholtz Equation

Just as in Cartesian coordinates, Maxwell’s equations in

In cylindrical coordinates, this becomes

We will solve this by separating variables:

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

Substituting and dividing by ψ, we find

The third term is independent of φ and ρ, so it must be constant:

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

and multiply the resulting equation by ρ2 to find

The second term is independent of ρ and z, so we let

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The first of these equations is called Bessel’s Equation; the

The Harmonic Equations

We have already seen equations like those in the z and φ

Φ(φ) = Φ(φ + 2π)

This implies that n ∈ Z if the entire range is included.

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

Bessel’s Equation For Statics

To solve it, let

Bessel’s Equation For Statics

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

We can proceed by forcing the coefficients of each term to

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

Finally, for all other ξ α+m :

Thus, immediately, for p ∈ Z

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

we can (finally!) define the

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

This function is entire; it exists and is differentiable for all ξ.

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Other Solution

The other solution, v must solve

Multiply the first equation by v and the second by u, subtract,

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Other Solution

Expanding this out

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Other Solution

This of course implies

This can be integrated to give

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Other Solution

Setting C1 = 0, v (ξ) = Jn (ξ), expanding the series and

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Jn and Yn are both real functions for real arguments.

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

The Jn and Yn are both real functions for real arguments.

D. S. Weile Cylindrical Waves

Small Argument Behavior