CHAPTER 2 – BDA 10602

2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF INNOVATION

2.2 RADICAL VS EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
2.3 PRODUCT, SERVICE AND PROCESS?
2.4 DISRUPTIVE AND OPEN INNOVATION
2.5 OBSERVATION AND OPINIONS ON THE
INVENTIONS
 2.1 Definition and
Concept of Innovation

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 2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF
INNOVATION

Definition of Innovation
- A new idea, creative thoughts, new imaginations in form of device or method.
- The act or process of introducing new ideas, devices or methods.

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Concept of Innovation

VIDEO of
INNOVATION

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 2.2 Radical vs
Evolutionary Change

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2.2 RADICAL VS EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
Two categories of innovation for products or services:
• Evolutionary change: improvements within a given frame of solutions; can be thought
of as a process that modifies, adjusts, or refines the status quo via relatively simple and minor
changes (i.e., “doing better what we already do”); OR
an incremental change and takes place gradually, over time....

• Radical : a change of frame (i.e., “doing what we did not do before”).

The major difference between the two is whether the innovation is perceived as a continuous
modification of previously accepted practices or whether it is new, unique, and discontinuous.

Dahlin and Behrens suggest three criteria for identifying an innovation as radical:
• Criterion 1: The invention must be novel: It needs to be dissimilar from prior
inventions.
• Criterion 2: The invention must be unique: It needs to be dissimilar from current
inventions.
• Criterion 3: The invention must be adopted: It needs to influence the content of future
inventions.

Ref-Design Issues: Volume 30, Number 1 Winter 2014

 Radical vs Evolutions

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 2.3 Product, Service
And Process?

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2.3 PRODUCT, SERVICE & PROCESS

• Innovation can be everywhere, Innovation can be everything, Innovation can

be anytime, not limited to product innovation only,
• Innovation non stop = continuous improvement

Product Innovation Service Innovation Process Innovation

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 2.3.1 Product Innovation

INNOVATION

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• Product innovation categorized into three (3):
• (i) New product
➢ A product which not exist before, i.e; when the
first time telephone introduced by Alexander
Graham Bell.

• (ii) New Perfomance

➢ Improvement of existing product performance,
i.e; the improvement of engine specification to a
new model compared to previous model.

• (iii) New Features

➢ New Feature to existing product, i.e; addition of
airbag system to a car.

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 2.3.2 Service Innovation

INNOVATION

• New or improvement of service, i.e McD delivery system, direct line call to
mobile app for delivery order

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• The service innovation change the systems to serve the customer/user better and most
applied in business or organization management.

• The innovation in services able to focus on following areas:

➢ Service concept - type of service such as retail concept, online concept for shop

organization
➢ Client interface - the way of dealing with customer, i.e; Hunting Line, Website,

Translator etc.
➢ Technological option - The used of technology to delivering the services and

survey the services. i.e; loyalty cards, communication, the way to inform the
customer about sales, discount etc.
➢ Delivery system - improvement on transportation, packaging, way of deliver etc.

• Impact of service innovation

❖ Gain customer/user satisfaction

❖ Reduce time

❖ Smooth work flow

• Example of service innovation

❑ Taxi service to Grab service
❑ Online shopping, i.e; Shopee, Lazada
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2.3.3 Process Innovation

Process is the combination of facilities, skills, and technologies to

produce product or service.

• Process innovation could be achieved by:

i. Implement updated equipment and technologies
ii. Tools improvement
iii. New techniques
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 • In process innovation, most step are less visible compared to product
innovation which typically seen and valued internally. Differed to
process innovation, most of the changes affect the cost and time.

• Impact of Process innovation

❖ Reduce cost
❖ Reduce time
❖ Increase productivity

• Example of process innovation

❑ Moving assembly line by Henry Ford
❑ Toyota Production System

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 2.4 Disruptive and
Open Innovation

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2.4.1 Disruptive Innovation

• A disruptive innovation is
an innovation that creates a
new market and value network and
eventually disrupts an existing market
and value network, displacing
established market-leading firms,
products, and alliances.

▪ The term is used in business and

technology literature to describe
innovations that improve a product or
service in ways that the market does
not expect.

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 High technology – known as disruptive technology

Example;
• Electric cars disrupts the support network for gasoline cars (network of
gas and service stations). Such disruption is fully expected and therefore
effectively resisted by support net owners. In the long run, high
(disruptive) technology bypasses, upgrades, or replaces the outdated
support network.

• Mobile phone

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 LiFi
– Light Fidelity

WiFi
– Wireless Fidelity

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 2.4.2 Open Innovation
Open innovation is a situation where an organisation doesn’t just rely on their own
internal knowledge, sources and resources (such as their own staff or R&D for
example) for innovation (of products, services, business models, processes etc.) but
also uses multiple external sources (such as customer feedback, published patents,
competitors, external agencies, the public etc.) to drive innovation.

• Reduced cost of conducting research and • Possibility of revealing information not

development
• Potential for improvement in development
productivity
• Incorporation of customers early in the
development process
• Increase in accuracy for market research and
customer targeting
• Potential for synergism between internal and
external innovations
• Potential for viral marketing
• Enhanced digital transformation
• Potential for completely new business models
• Leveraging of innovation ecosystems
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intended for sharing
• Potential for the hosting organization to
lose their competitive advantage as a
consequence of revealing intellectual
property
• Increased complexity of controlling
innovation and regulating how contributors
affect a project
• Devising a means to properly identify and
incorporate external innovation
• Realigning innovation strategies to extend
beyond the firm in order to maximize the
return from external innovation
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 Table 1: The differences between Closed and Open Innovation Principles (Source: Chesbrough, 2003)

CLOSED INNOVATION PRINCIPLES OPEN INNOVATION PRINCIPLES

The smart people in our field work for us. Not all the smart people work for us so we must find
and tap into the knowledge and expertise of bright
individuals outside our company.
To profit from R&D, we must discover, develop and External R&D can create significant value; internal R&D
ship it ourselves. is needed to claim some portion of that value.
If we discover it ourselves, we will get it to market first. We don’t have to originate the research in order to
profit from it.
If we are the first to commercialise an innovation, we Building a better business model is better than getting
will win. to the market first.

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 2.5 Observation and
Opinions on The
Inventions

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 • Nowadays it is impossible to imagine our life without technological
inventions. We can not do without them and our lives depend on
them a lot.

• Some people suppose inventions to be the most important things

on the way to progress, but others think that they make us unable
to do a lot of useful and necessary actions that help humans to be
healthy, sporty and smart.

• Where is the truth? Let’s try to look at the problem to find out the
answer.

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The History of the Invention of Steam Trains

• George and Robert Stephenson built the first steam train, the
«Rocket», in 1829.
• It had a lot of problems and was very slow. By 1870, trains became
more
popular and easier to run.
• By 1895, people started
using electric trains.
• They were cleaner and
quieter than steam trains.

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• By 1920, most countries in Europe had railways. Today there are
railways all over the world. They have greatly changed our lives and
helped to save a lot of time for travellers.

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• The US rail network, with an operating route length over 250,000km,
is the biggest in the world.
• Modern trains are fast and comfortable. People can find beds,
restaurants, watch TV and listen to the radio there.

• No doubt, the invention of the train was a great step toward progress.
• To travel long distances in old days was tiring, uncomfortable and
dangerous. Travelling by train nowadays is not the fastest, but
convenient and not very expensive.

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Iron
• People wanted to look smart through all the time.
• They dreamt to have clean and accurate clothes. So, the thirst irons
appeared.
• They were very heavy and hot because
people made them from iron and heated
in the fire.
• Later they decided to put hot charcoal inside.

• There were irons which worked with the help of spirit that burnt inside,
but they were not very good and the flammable liquid often burnt the
clothes.
• Due to the inventor Earl Richardson the first electric iron was made
in1903. He convinced some of housewives to test it.
• The new invention became very successful, though it was too hot in the
centre and not hot enough at the edges .
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• Richardson produced an advanced model n1905.Now at the market
there is a number of various models of irons.
• They are light, multifunctional and even wireless. Some of them have a
special device which helps not to spoil clothes. No doubt that it is a very
useful and helpful invention.

Can you imagine your

life without this
device??

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 • A lot of inventions appeared in people’s lives to make their existence
more comfortable and easier.
• The inventions help us to save much time for our hobbies and
interests and to get much freedom from our housework.
• There is another point of view on the problem. A lot of people
suppose that all the inventions make us lazy, passive and unhealthy.
• But if you are sensible, you will always have something interesting to
do in your free time and if you care of your health, you will go to a
sports club to have some exercises to keep fit.

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