3.-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory Tract and Lungs: Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

3.
-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory tract and lungs
• KEY WORDS
oxygen: colourless, odourless gas essential for most forms of live.
carbon dioxide: colourless odourless gas; it is present in small amounts in the air.
epiglottis: flap of cartilage that lies behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
cilia: vibrating filaments on the inside of the trachea.
pulmonary alveoli: tiny sacs at the end of the bronchioles.
• The respiratory system provides cells with the oxygen they need for cellular
respiration, and eliminates the carbon dioxide released during cell metabolism.
It is made up the lungs and airways, where air is prepared. In other words, it is
purified, warmed and moistened.
• The air ways are as follows:
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© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

3.-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory tract and lungs
-Nasal cavity: Where the air enters the system. Its internal wall is full of capillaries. The
blood inside these capillaries, at body temperature, warms up the air. The mucous
membranes start to purify and moisten the air.
-Pharynx: This tract is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.
-Larynx: The entrance to the larynx is controlled by the epiglottis. A fibrous structure
which closes when there is food in the pharynx to prevent food entering the airways
during swallowing, which prevent airflow.
-Trachea (“Traquia”): A tube with c-shaped rings of cartilage around the back. The mucus
in the trachea traps any foreing particles present in the air. The inside of the trachea is
covered with moving hair like projections called cilia.
-Bronchi (“Bronkai”)and bronchioles: The traquea divides into two bronchi. Each
bronchus leads to a lung and splits into progressively smaller tubes, the bronchioles.
The final branches of the bronchioles lead to a series of tiny sacs, the pulmonary
alveoli, where gas exchange takes place.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory tract and lungs
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Left lung
Right lung
Main bronchi
Bronchioles
Heart
Diaphragm

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pulmonary alveoli (or alveolar sacs)
Bronchiole
Pulmonary arteriole
Muscle filament
Pulmonary
venule
Capillary network
Pulmonary alveoli
The trachea divides into two bronchi, which also show rings of cartilage, each of which penetrates the
lungs and branches into progressively smaller diameter pipes, the bronchioles, where there are rings of cartilage.
Due to the shape of the bronchi with eachset of bronchioles which branch it is called bronchial tree.
The latest branch of the bronchioles end in tiny sacs each, called pulmonary alveoli (alveolar sacs),
of which there are about 400 million individualand which carries out gas exchange

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. ACTIVITIES pag 29
• Activity 13.-Copy and complete the words for the airways with the missing letters.
Then listen and check your answers.
a) n _ s _ l c _ v _ t _ d) b _ o n _ h _ o l _ s
b) _ h _ r y _ x e) l _ r _ n _
c) t _ a _ h e _ f) _ r _ n _ h _

• Activity 13.- Checking.
a) n a s a l c a v i t y d) b r o n c h i o l e s
b) p h a r y n x e) l a r y n x
c) t r a c h e a f) b r o n c h i

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book
a) Why do organs in both the digestive and respiratory systems have mucous?
b) Which organ belongs to both the digestive and respiratory systems?
c) Into which organ does air pass inmediately after leaving the nasal cavity?
d) Which special characteristics of alveoli make it easier for respiratoy gases
to pass through them?
e) When the cilia and mucus in the trachea are unable to expel particles from
the airway, the body has two other mechanims that can do this. What are
they?
f) How does the body ensure that reaches the lungs is clean, moist and warm?

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Answering
a) Why do organs in both the digestive and respiratory systems have mucous?
Mucous membranes line the cavities of internal organs (as in the digestive
system) and in those organs which are exposed to the external environment
(as in the respriatory system).
Mucous membranes are involved in absorption and secretion, processes

which occur in both the digestive and respiratory systems, hence their
presence in both systems

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Answering.
b) Which organ belongs to both the digestive and respiratory systems?
The pharynx, a passageway that is shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts.
c) Into which organ does air pass inmediately after leaving the nasal cavity?
Into the pharynx, which is connected to the nostrils.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Ansering
d) Which special characteristics of alveoli make it easier for respiratoy gases to pass
through them?
Their enormous total surface are, their thin wall ( where gas exchange happens),
and the fact that they are surrounded by numerous capillaries.
e) When the cilia and mucus in the trachea are unable to expel particles from the
airway, the body has two other mechanims that can do this. What are they?
Coughing and sneezing. Thanks to these two mechanisms, we can expel

particles from our respiratory tract.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Answering
f) How does the body ensure that reaches the lungs is clean, moist and warm?
This is accomplished in the airways, which contain mucus: a viscous

substance that moistens air and traps dust particles and microbes. Air is
warmed as it travels down the airways.

Activity 15.- Look at the diagram. Write the names for parts A to E in your exercise
book. Then listen and check your answers.
A B
E
D

Activity 15.- Look at the diagram. Write the names for parts A to E in your exercise
book. Then listen and check your answers. Checking
Bronquiole A B Arteriole
C muscle filament
F venule
E pulmonary alveoli
D capillary
net work

Activity 16.- Match the words to the definitons.
a) Nasal cavity 1.- a short tube with c-shaped rings of cartilage
b) Pharynx 2.-a flap of tissue that closes over the larynx
c) Epiglottis 3.-the place the air enters our body
d) Trachea 4.-two of these lead to our body
e) Bronchi 5.- part of the digestive and respiratory systems

Activity 16.- Match the words to the definitons. Matching
a) Nasal cavity 3.-the place the air enters our body
b) Pharynx 5.- part of the digestive and respiratory systems
c) Epiglottis 2.-a flap of tissue that closes over the larynx
d) Trachea 1- a short tube with c-shaped rings of cartilage
e) Bronchi 4.-two of these lead to our body

• Activity 17.- Listen and find six differences in the text.

Write the correct text in your exercise book.
The larynx divides into three bronchi. Each bronchus leads to a kidney and splits
into progressively bigger tubes, the bronchioles. The final branches of the
bronchioles lead to a series of enormous sacs, the pulmonary alveoli, where
liquid exchange takes place

• Activity 17.- Checking
The trachea divides into two bronchi. Each bronchus leads to a lung and splits
into progressively smaller tubes, the bronchioles. The final branches of the
bronchioles lead to a series of tiny sacs, the pulmonary alveoli, where gases
exchange takes place

• Activity 18.- Answer the question in your exercise book.
a) Where does air enter our body in the respiratory system?

b) What warms up the air we breathe in?
c) What purifies and moistens this air?

• Activity 18.- Answer the question in your exercise book. Answering
a) Where does air enter our body in the respiratory system?

The air enters our body through the nasal cavity
b) What warms up the air we breathe in?

The capillaries in the nasal cavity warms up the air we breathe in
c) What purifies and moistens this air?

The mucous membrane in the nasal cavity purifies and moistens the air.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 4.- Gas exchange and pulmary ventilation
KEY WORDS
Diaphragm: sheet of muscle
shaped like a dome; it separates
the thorax from the abdomen

4.-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM : Gas exchange and pulmonary ventilation
Gas is exchanged between the air and the blood in the capillaries
surrounding the pulmonary alveoli: oxygen passes from the air to the
blood, and carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the air in the alveoli.
Pulmonary alveoli
capillaries in
O2
the tissues
CO2
O2
air O2
CO2
CO2
Pulmonary
capillaries
O2
CO2

4.-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM : Gas exchange
2.-The air in the alveoli has a

1.-Molecules pass from the air to
higher concentration of oxygen
the bloodstream by difussion
and lower concentration of carbon
dioxide than the blood
O2 capillaries in
the tissues
Pulmonary alveoli
CO2
O2
air O2
CO2 CO2
Pulmonary
O2
capillaries
CO2

4.-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM : Gas exchange
O2
Pulmonary alveoli
capillaries in
CO2
the tissues
O2
air O2
CO2
CO2
O2
Pulmonary
capillaries
CO2
3.-Oxygen in the air passes into the

4.-Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream bloodstream through the walls of the
passes into the alveoli, where it mixes alveoli and the blood capillaries, and is
with the air and is expelled during transported to the body’s cells
exhalation

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 4.- pulmary ventilation
The air is replaced through pulmonary ventilation: air enters the

system from the outside (inspiration) and is expelled from the body
after gas exchange has taken place (expiration)

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. PULMONARY VENTILATION
• INSPIRATION
Inspiration is the respiratory movement by which air
enters the lungs.
The diaphragm moves down and the ribs move
up and out, making the thoracic cavity bigger.
Air pressure within the thoracic cavity and
lungs drops below atmospheric pressure,
allowing air to flow in the lungs.
The volume of the
thoracic cage increases.
The diaphragm contracts,

flattens and moves down

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. PULMONARY VENTILATION
• EXPIRATION
Expiration is the respiratory movement by which
air is expelled from the lungs.
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up and the

ribs move downn, making the thoracic
cavity smaller. Air pressure within it and
within the the lungs increase, and the air is
forced out of the lungs.
The volume of the

thoracic cage decreases.
The diaphragm relaxes,

curves and moves up

4.- Gas exchange and pulmary ventilation. Activities pag 31
Activity 19.- Choose the correct answer in each sentece. Then listen and check
your answers. Copy the completed sentences into your exercise book.
a) The lung _____________ muscles of their own.

have / do not have
b) Pulmonary _______ is not caused by the lungs.
ventilation / mastication
c) The ________ in the thoracic cage and the abdomen help us inhale and exhale.
glands / muscles
d) The diaphragm separates the ______ and the abdomen.
thorax / larynx
e) The diaphragm is a _______
bone / muscle

Activity 19.- Checking.
a) The lung do not have muscles of their own.
b) Pulmonary ventilation is not caused by the lungs.
c) The muscles in the thoracic cage and the abdomen help us inhale and exhale.
d) The diaphragm separates the thorax and the abdomen.
e) The diaphragm is a muscle

Activity 20 Complete the text with the correct preposition from the boxes
down down in out up up
When we inhale the diaphragm moves (a)_______ and flattens.

The ribs move (b)____and (c) ___ and the size of the thoracic cage increase.
When we breathe out the diaphragm relaxes. It curves and move (d) ____.
The ribs move (e)_______ and (f)______. The size of the thoracic cage decrease.

Activity 20 Complete the text with the correct preposition form boxes. Checking
down down in out up up
When we inhale the diaphragm moves (a) down and flattens.

The ribs move (b) up and (c) out and the size of the thoracic cage increase.
When we breathe out the diaphragm relaxes. It curves and move (d) up.
The ribs move (e) down and (f) in . The size of the thoracic cage decrease.

Actviity 21.- Look at the diagrams. In your exercise book, write the directions of
moviement for inspiration and expiration.

Activity 21.- Look at the diagrams. In your exercise book, write the directions of
moviement for inspiration and expiration. Checking
In inspiration, the diaphragm moves down,

The ribs move up and out and
the thoracic cage increase in size

Activity 21.- Look at the diagrams. In your exercise book, write the directions of
moviement for inspiration and expiration. Checking
In expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and move up,

The ribs move down and in and
the thoracic cage decrease in size

Actvity 22 Inhalation (I) or exhalation (E)?. Copy and classify the sentences below
in your exercise book.
a) Air enters the lung.

b) The thorax shrinks.
c) The diaphragm flattens.
d) The lung increase their volume.
e) Air is expelled from the lungs.
f) The diaphragm curves.

Activity 22 Inhalation (I) or exhalation (E)?. Copy and classify the sentences below
in your exercise book. Checking
a) Air enters the lung. ( IN)

b) The thorax shrinks. ( EX)
c) The diaphragm flattens. ( IN)
d) The lung increase their volume. ( IN)
e) Air is expelled from the lungs. ( EX)
f) The diaphragm curves. ( EX)

Activity 1.-Look at the table below. Answer the questions in your exercise book.
Compare your answer with a partner.
ORGAN TIME LENGTH

Oesophagus 10 seconds 30 cm
Samll intestine 8-9 hours 7m
Large intestine 14 hours 1,5 m
a) At what speed does food move along each of the organs?
b) What can you deduce from this information?

Compare your answer with a partner. Answering
ORGAN TIME LENGTH

a) At what speed does food move along each of the organs?

A simple calculation dividing lenght by time give this answer:
Oesophaghus : (3.600 s x 30 cm) / (10 s x 1h) = 10800 cm /h= 108 m/h
Small intestine: (7 m / 8 h) y( 7m / 9 h)= 0,777 y 0.875 m / h
Large intestine: (1,5 m / 14 h)= 0.1070 m / h

Compare your answer with a partner. Answering
ORGAN TIME LENGTH

b) What can you deduce from this information?

Movement is fastest in the oesophagus, intermediate in the small
intestine, where the most part of digestion and nutrients absorption
occurs and slowest in the large intestine, where the faeces are
formed and water is reabsorbed.

Activity 2.-Look at the diagram below. Which organ is responsible for the
following functions?
a) Glucose absorption
b) Water absorption
c) Formation of chyme
d) Secretion of sodium bicarbonate
e) Formation of chyle

Activity 2.-Look at the diagram below. Which organ is responsible for the
following functions? Answering
a) Glucose absorption = Small intestine

b) Water absorption = Large intestine
c) Formation of chyme = Stomach
d) Secretion of sodium bicarbonate = Pancreas
e) Formation of chyle = Small intestine

Activity 3.- Why is the cellulose we ingest when we eat vegetables expelled form
the body in the faeces?

Activity 3.- Why is the cellulose we ingest when we eat vegetables expelled form
the body in the faeces? Answering
Cellulose is a complex sugar formed from a lot of glucose molecules. We cannot

use it as an energy source because we do not have the enzyme cellulase which is
required to break down these molecules. So, because we cannot digest it,
cellulose appears in our faeces.

4.- Copy and complete the crossword below.
Across
3.-An organ shared by the digestive and respiratoy system
5.-This connects the stomach to the duodenum
6.-Part of the intestine before the rectum
7.-Inhaled air passes through this organ and is warmed up
8.-Secretion which helps to form the food bolus
Down
1.-Vibratin air filaments
2.-The large gland in the top-right of the abdomen
3.-An enzyme produced by the stomach
4.-The final structures at the end of air’s route through the respiratory sytem
5.-Organ that produces trypsin

4.- Copy and complete the crossword below. Answering
Across
3.-An organ shared by the digestive and respiratoy system = PHARYNX
5.-This connects the stomach to the duodenum = PYLORUS
6.-Part of the intestine before the rectum = COLON
7.-Inhaled air passes thorug this organ ans is warmed up = NOSE
8.-Secretion which helps to form the food bolus = SALIVA
Down
1.-Vibratin air filaments = CILIA
2.-The large gland in the top-rightof the abdomen = LIVER
3.-An enzyme produced by the stomach = PEPSIN
4.-The final structures at the end of air’s route through the respiratory sytem = ALVEOLI
5.-Organ that produces trpysin = PANCREAS

Activity 5.- In pairs, discuss the following statement
“It is better to inject an antibiotic than to take it orally, unless you have an
infection in the digestive tract”.

Activity 5.- In pairs, discuss the following statement
“It is better to inject an antibiotic than to take it orally, unless you have an
infection in the digestive tract”. Answering
Taking an antibiotic orally eliminates the good bacteria in the colon,

If an antibiotic is injected , it does not go through the disgestive tract and so it
misses out the intestines and avoids the loss of intestinal bacteria.

Activity 6.-Why do you think we use the term “bronchial tree” to refer to each
bronchus and the bronchioles that branch off from it?
Answering: We use the term “bronchial tree” tor refer the bronchus and
the brochioles that branch of from it because they are like tree; they have
a tree-like structures

Activity 7.- Choose one of the statements below. In your exerciese book, write a
short text to answer the question.
-The liver plays a very important role as store. Find out what thisn role is.
What does it store?
- What function does the caecum play in the digestion process?

Activity 7.- Choose one of the statements below. In your exerciese book, write a
short text to answer the question. Answering
-The liver plays a very important role as store. Find out what this role is.
What does it store?
The liver accumulates certain molecules such as glycogen ( animal glucose
cains), fat-soluble vitamins (K E D A). It also picks up iron from the haemoglobin
of destroyed blood cells, wich is then sent to the bone marrow.
- What function does the caecum play in the digestion process?

The caecum is a type of sac whose closed edge contains bacteria that help the
herbivorous to digest the cellulose (fiber) , but in humans has no function. So
humans can live properly without appendix

3.-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory Tract and Lungs: Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

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3.

-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory tract and lungs

• The air ways are as follows:

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

• Activity 13.- Checking.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Answering

Mucous membranes are involved in absorption and secretion, processes

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Answering.

b) Which organ belongs to both the digestive and respiratory systems?

Into the pharynx, which is connected to the nostrils.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Ansering

Coughing and sneezing. Thanks to these two mechanisms, we can expel

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 14.-Answer the questions in your exercise book. Answering

This is accomplished in the airways, which contain mucus: a viscous

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 16.- Match the words to the definitons.

a) Nasal cavity 1.- a short tube with c-shaped rings of cartilage

b) Pharynx 2.-a flap of tissue that closes over the larynx

c) Epiglottis 3.-the place the air enters our body

d) Trachea 4.-two of these lead to our body

e) Bronchi 5.- part of the digestive and respiratory systems

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Activity 16.- Match the words to the definitons. Matching

a) Nasal cavity 3.-the place the air enters our body

b) Pharynx 5.- part of the digestive and respiratory systems

c) Epiglottis 2.-a flap of tissue that closes over the larynx

d) Trachea 1- a short tube with c-shaped rings of cartilage

e) Bronchi 4.-two of these lead to our body

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

• Activity 17.- Listen and find six differences in the text.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

• Activity 17.- Checking

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

• Activity 18.- Answer the question in your exercise book.

a) Where does air enter our body in the respiratory system?