Techniques and principles in language teaching

))‫))ملخــــــــــص‬

)‫( الطرٌقة) (اجزاء الطرٌقة‬Method

1-)‫(المنهج‬approach 2-)‫(التصمٌم‬design 3-(‫)االجراء‬Procedure

Method: means the ends of the objective are to be achieved

‫ ٌعنً نهاٌة االهداف التً تم تحقٌقها‬: ‫الطرٌقة‬

Approach: a theory of language and language learning

‫ نظرٌات اللغة وتعلم اللغة‬: ‫المنهج‬

Design: a specification of the selection and organization of content and adscription of the
role of teacher , learner and teaching material.

‫ المتعلم ومادة التعلٌم‬, ‫ تحدٌد االختٌار وتنظٌم المحتوى ووصف دور المعلم‬: ‫التصمٌم‬

Procedure: means classroom technique's ,practice's and behavior's observed when the
method is used .

. ‫ التمارٌن والسلوك المالحظ عند استعمال الطرٌقة‬, ‫ ٌعنً التقنٌات الصفٌة‬:‫االجراء‬

Technique: the procedure that are done in the classroom for teaching a specific item in a
unit .

. ‫ االجراء الذي تم فً الصف عند تعلٌم فقرة محددة فً الوحدة‬: ‫التقنٌة‬

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Grammar translation method
Note :

1- called ( the classical method)

2- the purpose of this method is to reading literature in foreign language

3- often translation is the only drills

4- communicate in the target language is not goal

5- used native language

6- grammar deductively :mean they are given the grammar rules and examples.

)‫ ٌعنً قواعد النحو واالمثلة تعطى ( اي تكون ضمن المادة التً ٌقوم بتعلمها فقط ٌطبقها‬: ً‫القواعد استنتاج‬

Q1:where it was first used (( the classical method)) ?

A: Latin and Greek . earlier the 20th century

Q2:what is the purpose of using this method?

A:1-helping students to read and appreciate foreign language literature.

2- through the study of the grammar of the target language , student would become
more familiar to speak and write their native language better .

3- would help students grow intellectually.

) ‫(تعارٌف مهمة‬

Target language: term is used to refer to either a second or a foreign language that being
taught.

‫ مصطلح ٌستعمل لإلشارة الى كل من اللغة الثانٌة او اللغة االجنبٌة التً ٌتم تعلٌمها‬: )‫اللغة المقصودة او( اللغة الهدف‬

Plurilingual: a person who can speak two language .

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 . ‫ الشخص الذي ٌستطٌع الكالم بلغتٌن‬: ‫ثنائً اللغة‬

Multilingual: a person who can speak more than two language .

. ‫ الشخص الذي ٌستطٌع التكلم اكثر من لغتٌن‬: ‫متعدد اللغات‬

Reviewing the principles

1-what are the goals ?

Learning a language is to be able to read literature written in the target language .

2-what is the role of teacher , student ?

The teacher is the authority in the classroom

Students' do as she says

3-what are some characteristics of teaching ,learning process?

-students are taught to translate from one language into another

-students study grammar deductively

4-what is the nature of student , teacher interaction?

Most of the interaction in the classroom is from the teacher to students.

5-how are the feelings dealt with?

No principles

6-how is the language ,culture viewed?

Literary language is considered superior to spoken language

Culture is viewed as consisting of literature and fine art

‫اللغة االدبٌة اعلى مرتبة من اللغة المتكلمة‬

‫الثقافة وجهة النظر الٌها تتضمن االدب والفن الرفٌع‬

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7-what areas of language , skills emphasized?

-vocabulary and grammar are emphasized

-reading and writing are the primary skills

-less attention given to speaking and listening

-pronunciation receives little , if any attention

8-what is the role of native language?

The language that is used in the class is mostly the students native language.

9-how is evaluation accomplished ?

-written tests , translate from their native language in to the target language , apply
grammar rules .

10-how does the teacher respond to student errors ?

The teacher supplied them with the correct answer .

Reviewing the techniques'

-translation of a literary passage

-reading comprehension questions

-antonyms / synonyms )‫(الكلمة ومرادفها‬

-cognates : students are taught to recognize the spelling or sound patterns that correspond
between the language

. ‫ الطالب ٌعلمون للتعرف االمالء او الصوت المتماثل مابٌن اللغة‬: ‫المتشابه‬

-deductive application of rules )‫(استنتاج قواعد التطبٌقات‬

-fill in the blanks exercise

-memorization

-use words in sentences

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-composition

activities (page 23)

1-It has been said that the Grammar translation method teaches students about the target
language , but not how to used it . Explain the difference in your own words .

A: because the ability to communicate in the target language is not the goal of language
instruction .

The primary skills to be developed are reading and writing . little attention is given to
speaking and listening . and almost non to pronunciation .

‫ وضح الفرق‬. ‫ لكن لٌس حول كٌفٌة استخدامها‬, )‫ ٌقال ان طرٌقة ترجمة النحو تعلم الطالب حول اللغة( الهدف‬:‫س‬
‫بطرٌقتك الخاصة ؟‬

. ‫ بسبب القدرة على التواصل باللغة ( الهدف) لٌست ضمن ارشادات تعلم اللغة‬: ‫الجواب‬

‫ وبالكاد الى التلفظ‬. ‫ اهتمام قلٌل اعطً الى الكالم واالصغاء‬. ‫المهارات الرئٌسٌة التً تم تطوٌرها هً القراءة والكتابة‬

2-What are the clue that this method had its origin in the teaching of the classical
languages, Latin and Greek ?

A:1-helping students to read and appreciate foreign language literature.

2- through the study of the grammar of the target language , student would become
more familiar to speak and write their native language better .

3- would help students grow intellectually.

‫ ماهو اللغز فً كون هذه الطرٌقة هً االصل فً تعلم اللغة الكالسكٌة عند االتٌنٌن والٌوٌونانٌن ؟‬:‫س‬

‫مساعدة الطالب على القراءة وتقدٌراالدب باللغة االجنبٌة‬-1 : ‫الجواب‬

‫ سٌجعل التكلم والكتابة باللغة االم افضل واكثر اللفه بالنسبة للطالب‬, ‫خالل دراسة القواعد باللغة الهدف‬-2
ً ‫سٌجعل الطالب ٌنمون فكرٌا‬-3

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The Direct Method
Note:

1-student learn how to communicate in target language

2-not used translation , not used native language

3-oral communication

4-iductively grammar : that is students are presented with examples and they figure out
the rule or generalization from the examples.

. ‫ ٌتم تقدٌمه من قبل الطالب مع االمثله وشكل القاعده او ٌتم تعمٌمه من خالل االمثلة‬: ً‫النحو االستقرائ‬

) ‫( اي ان النحو قائم على فهم الطالب للقاعدة والمثال‬

Q:why they called (( Direct method)) by this name?

A:received its name from the fact that that meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target
language through the use of demonstration and visual aids with no recourse to the
students native language .

‫ لماذا الطرٌقة المباشرة سمٌت بهذا االسم ؟‬:‫س‬

‫ حصلت على اسمها من حقٌقة ان المعنى ٌجب ان ٌتم نقله مباشرة باللغة (الهدف) من خالل استخدام وسائل‬:‫الجواب‬
. ‫االٌضاح والوسائل البصرٌة دون لجوء الطالب الى اللغة االم‬

‫ ٌمكن اعتبار هذا السؤال تعرٌف للطرٌقة المباشرة وٌأتً اٌضا ً بصٌغة فراغات‬: ‫مالحظة‬

Reviewing the principles

1-what are the goals ?

student learn how to communicate in target language

2-what is the role of teacher , student ?

-The student role is less passive than in the grammar – translation method .

- The teacher and students are more like partners in teaching – learning process.

3-what are some characteristics of teaching ,learning process?

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-when the teacher introduces a new target language or word or phrase he , demonstrates
its meaning through use of , realia pictures , pantomime )‫(مسرحٌة موسٌقٌة‬

-never translates in to the students native language

-grammar is taught inductively

4-what is the nature of student , teacher interaction?

The initiation of the interaction goes both ways , from teacher to students and from
student to teacher .

5-how are the feelings dealt with?

No principles

6-how is the language ,culture viewed?

Language is primary spoken , not written

7-what areas of language , skills emphasized?

-vocabulary is emphasized over grammar

-work on four skills from the start

-oral communication

-pronunciation also receives attention from the beginning

8-what is the role of native language?

The native language should not be used in the classroom

9-how is evaluation accomplished ?

They asked to do so , using both oral and written skills

10-how does the teacher respond to student errors ?

Teacher tries to get students to self –correction .

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Reviewing the techniques'

-Reading aloud

-Question and answer exercise

-Getting students to self –correct

-conversation practice

-fill-in-blanks exercise

-Dictation )‫(االمالء‬

-Map drawing

-Paragraph writing

Activities (page 34)

1-in the previous chapter on the Grammar –Translation Method , we learned that grammar
was treated deductively . in the Direct Method , grammar is treated inductively . can you
explain the difference between deductive and inductive treatments of grammar ?

Deductively grammar Inductively grammar

)ً‫(النحو االستنتاج‬ )ً‫(النحو االستقرائ‬

mean they are given the grammar rules
and examples.
the grammar rules is useful pedagogical
technique
‫قواعد النحو تسهل فهم التقنٌة‬
Used in the Grammar –Translation
Method
: that is students are presented with
examples and they figure out the rule or
generalization from the examples.
depends on students understanding
‫تعتمد على فهم الطالب‬
Used in the Direct Method

. ‫*مقارنة مابٌن النحو االستنتاجً فً طرٌقة الترجمة النحوٌة والنحو االستقرائً ضمن الطرٌقة المباشرة‬

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2-What are some the characteristics of the Direct Method that make it so distinct from the
Grammar –Translation Method ?

N The Grammar –Translation Method The Direct Method

1 The teacher used the translation The teacher is not used the translation
2 The native language used inside the The native language is not used inside
classroom the classroom
3 The grammar is taught Deductively The grammar is taught inductively

4 The role of the teacher is listener The role of the teacher is

5 Its depends on memorization of words
6 The teacher answer the student
question with out examples
7 The teacher is the authority in the
classroom
The student role is passive
8 The teacher didn’t use real objects and
pantomime and pictures
9 The literary language is superior to
spoken language
10 Vocabulary and grammar are
emphasized
11 Reading and writing are the primary
skills that the students work on
12 Pronunciation receives attention right
from the beginning of a course
13 The teacher supplies the correct answer
communication
Its depends on communication inside
the classroom
The teacher answer the student
question by using examples
The teacher and the students is more
like partners
The student role is active
The teacher use real objects and
pictures
The language is spoken not written
Vocabulary is emphasized over grammar
Reading and writing exercises are based
upon what students practice orally first
Pronunciation receive little if any
attention
The teacher tries to get students to self
– correct when ever possible

3-It has been said that it may be advantageous to teacher using the Direct Method not to
know his students native language . Do you agree ? Why

A: because the Grammar Translation Method was not very effective in preparing students
to use the target language communicatively .(( I agree))