Lesson 16.

Trigonometric and hyperbolic

trigonometric functions

If z = x is real then exp(iz) = cos x + i sin x,

eix + e−ix eix − e−ix
thus cos x = and sin x = .
2 2i
We extend this to arbitrary complex z and define
eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz sin z
cos z = , sin z = , tan z = .
2 2i cos z
This implies eiz = cos z + i sin z for all z.

Similarly, we extend the hyperbolic functions to arbi-

trary complex z and define
ez + e−z ez − e−z sinh z
cosh z = , sinh z = , tanh z = .
2 2 cosh z
1
The identities for trigonometric and hyperbolic trigono-
metric functions follow from the properties of ez , e.g.,
e2iz − e−2iz
sin 2z = 2 sin z cos z because =
2i
( )( )
eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz e2iz + 1 − 1 − e−2iz
2 =2 .
2i 2 4i
Similarly,
e2iz + 2 + e−2iz e2iz − 2 + e−2iz
2
cos z + sin z = 2
− = 1.
4 4

2 e2iz + 2 + e−2iz e2iz − 2 + e−2iz

2
cos z−sin z = + = cos 2z.
4 4
e2z + 2 + e−2z e2z − 2 + e−2z
cosh z − sinh z =
2 2
− = 1.
4 4

2
Functions sin z and cos z are 2π-periodic.

Functions sinh z and cosh z are 2πi-periodic.

Derivatives are the same as in calculus:

1
(sin z)′ = cos z, (cos z)′ = − sin z, (tan z)′ = 2
.
cos z
1
(sinh z)′ = cosh z, (cosh z)′ = sinh z, (tanh z)′ = 2
.
cosh z

3
Real and imaginary part of sin z and cos z.

1 ( ix−y −ix+y
)
cos z = e +e =
2
1 −y 1
e (cos x + i sin x) + ey (cos x − i sin x) =
2 2
cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y.

Similarly, sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y.

In particular, cos x cosh y, cos x sinh y, sin x cosh y, sin x sinh y

are harmonic (this can be easily verified directly).

4
Zeros of trigonometric functions.

cos z = 0 ⇒ e−iz = −eiz ⇒ e2iz = −1 ⇒ 2iz = πi + 2kπi.

Thus cos z = 0 ⇔ z = π2 + kπ where k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
All zeros of cos z are real, same as zeros of cos x.

Similarly, sin z = 0 ⇔ z = kπ where k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .

All zeros of sin z are real, same as zeros of sin x.

Example. Find all solutions of cos z = 2.

iz −iz
( )2
iz iz iz
√
e +e =4⇒ e − 4e + 1 = 0 ⇒ e = 2 ± 3.
√ √
Thus iz = ln(2 ± 3) + 2kπi and z = 2kπ − i ln(2 ± 3)
for k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .