State variable synthesis of single-resistance=

controlled grounded capacitor oscillators using

only two CFOAs: additional new realisations

S.S.Gupta
R. Senani

Indexing ternis: Sinnsoidal oscillator;, Current mode circuits, Current feedback operarionul aniplifiLr.5

circuits of [2],along with their matrix [A], CO and FO

Abstract: The authors report eight new ‘two- (eqns. 17-28), have been reproduced in Figs. 3 and 4 for
C F O A-t w o -grounded -capacitor-three - resistor’ ready reference (two of these appear in slightly different
single-resistance-controlled oscillators (SRCO) and (but corrected) form than that presented earlier in [2]).
the results of experimental investigations of the Out of this catalogue of fourteen circuits, the circuit B
fourteen SRCOs of this class (including six of Fig. 3 has appeared earlier in [3] and a slightly differ-
introduced in an earlier communication). ent variant of the circuit A of Fig. 3 (having same char-
acteristic equation) has appeared recently in [4]; the
remaining twelve circuits are all new.
R2
1 introduction 1
Recently, the state variable approach for synthesising
single-resistance-controlled-oscillators (SRCO) pre-
sented in [I] has been extended in [2] to derive a number
of new SRCO circuits which, while possessing all the I I I I
properties of their predecessors presented in [I], require
a C
no more than two CFOAs (in contrast to three or more
I
CFOAs in the circuits of [l]). Although only six circuits
were exemplified in [2], it was envisaged therein that
these examples do not exhaust the SRCO circuits which
could be made from two CFOAs, three resistors and
two grounded capacitors (GC) and that additional real- R2
isations should be possible.
The purpose of this communication is, therefore, to
report these additional realisations, as well as the results b d
of the practical investigations of the fourteen circuits of Fig. 1 Four additional circuits of the ‘t~~~o-CFOA-t~~o-GC-tliree-resistor’
cluss of SRCOs introduced in (21
the ‘two-CFOA-two-grounded-capacitor-three-resistor’ For CO, FO and matrix [A], see eqns. I 8
class of SRCOs. U Circuit A c Circuit C
h Circuit B d Circuit D

2 Additional new realisations I

Proceeding exactly as per the methodology of [I, 21,

many additional types of characterising matrices and
the structures resulting therefrom have been discovered.
To conserve space, we omit the details of derivation and I I L L
present the matrix [A] of the autonomous state equa-
a C
tions, the condition of oscillation (CO), the frequency of
oscillation (FO) and the circuit realisations directly in
eqns. 1-16 and Figs. 1 and 2. Figs. 1 and 2 present the
eight new SRCOs of the class under discussion. The six
0IEE, 1998
IEE Proceedings online no. 19982393
Paper received 8th January 1998
S.S. Gupta is at 7/5, Sector 1, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110 017, India
R. Senani is with the Linear Integrated Circuits Laboratory, Division of b d
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Fig. 2 Four additional circuits of the ‘t~o-CFOA-two-GC-tree-res~tor’
Technology (formerly Delhi Institute of Technology), Azad Hind Fauj cluss of SRCOs iiztroduced in 121
Marg, Sector 3, Dwarkd (Pappankalan), New Delhi 110 045, India (e-mail: For CO. FO and matrix [A], see eqns. 9-16
U Circuit E c Circuit G
rsenani@mailcit y.com) h Circuit F d Circuit H

IEE Proc.-Circuits Devices Sysr., Vol. 145,No. 6, December 1998 41 5

 Circuit D:

a C

.
I

CO : ClRl = 2CzR3
R2
FO : W: = 1/ (C1CzRzR3)
L L Circuit F:
b d
Fig.3 Four SCROs s,vnthesisedeurlier [2/
For CO, FO and matrix [A], see eqns. 17-24
U Circuit A e Circuit C
h Circuit B d Circuit D
C O : ClRl = CzR3
FO : WO” = 2/ (ClCzRzR3)
Circuit G:

a b
Fig.4 Two SCROs synthesised earlier [2/ 1 1
These circuits are corrected versions of those shown in Figs. 3u and h of [2] C O : -R1
=H,($+l) (14a)
For CO, FO and matrix [A], see eqns. 25-28
U Circuit E
h Circuit F

3 Matrix [AI and CO and FO for the fourteen

circuits

3. I Circuits of Figs. I and 2

Circuit A:
C O : -2= & 1
-l)+- 1
R1 R3
FO : WO” = 1/ (ClCzRzR3)

3.2 Circuits of Figs. 3 and 4

Circuit A:

CO : R1 = R3
FO : WO” = 1/ ( C I C ~ R ~ R ~ )
Circuit B:

Circuit C: C O : R1 = R3
FO : WO” = 1/ (C1CzRzR3)
Circuit C:

416 I E E Pror.-Circuits Devices Syst., Vol. 145,No. 6 , December. 1998

Circuit D: 4 Experimental results

All the circuits of Figs. 1 and 2 have been implemented

in hardware using AD844-type CFOAs and 5%
tolerance R C components. Components values were
Cl = 100.51pF, C, = 102.34pF, R, = 15.052kS2, R, =
1-1 1OkQ with CFOAs biased with 212V D C power
supply. R I was adjusted as per the requirement of the
CO. All the circuits have performed satisfactorily.
Experiments have shown, however, that the circuits
presented in Figs. 3a and b of [2],suffer from the draw-
back of ‘latch up’. This is corrected by altering certain
connections (without affecting the characterising equa-
tions) as shown here in circuits E and F of Fig. 4. In
the corrected form, the behaviour of these circuits has
been found to be at par with the other circuits of the
catalogue. Two of the circuits namely, G of Fig. 2 and
B of Fig. 3, exhibited the best performance in terms of
correspondence between theoretical and experimental
values of oscillation frequency, available frequency
range and quality of the waveform over the entire fre-
1 quency range of-observation. In both these circuits, z-
(27) terminal parasitics (typically 5.5pF) were included in
C , and C2. Sample experimental results of the circuit G
CO: - = -
Ri
I Ra (E: )
--1 + -1
RS (2&)
of Fig. 2 are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. In the circuit B of
Fig. 3, Rx of CFOAl (typically 5052) could be included
with R, and therefore, its performance was found to be
(28b) somewhat better than that of circuit G of Fig. 2.

300

N
5
5
g 200

-
U
3
?!

100

I I I I I I
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
R2. kQ
Fig.5 Experimental results for variation ofjrequency with respect to R2 a
for circuit G of Fig. 2 in oscillator mode

b
Fig.6 Typical experimental waveform realiseu’fiom circuit G of Fig. 2
Fig.7 Experimental LP and BP responses of circuit A of Fig. 3 in filter
in oscillator@lter mode mode
U LP response
f, = 151.86kHz,1.192V (p-p) b BP response

IEE Proc.-Circuits Devices Syst., Vol. 145, No. 6, December 1998 417
 It is interesting to point out that all the circuits
reported herein can be converted into second order fil-
ters by opening the link ‘P‘as shown in Figs. l - 4. In
this context, the circuits A and B of Fig. 3 are particu-
larly noteworthy as they allow the realisation of low
pass and band pass, both functions at the output of the
two CFOAs, respectively. Sample experimental results
for the circuit A of Fig. 3 are shown in Figs. 7u and h.
5 Concluding remarks
In this communication, the class of SRCOs realisable
with two CFOAs, two GCs and only three resistors
exemplified in [2] has been enlarged by presenting eight
additional circuits of this class. The results of
experimental investigations have also been summarised
and the best circuits of this class have been highlighted.
Although other two-CFOA-two-GC SRCO structures
employing more than three resistors (for example [ 5 ] )
may be interesting due to the availability of some other
features (such as availability of resistive scaling to
facilitate very low frequency (VLF) generation), we
believe that the most significant and useful ‘two-
CFOA-two-GC’ SRCO structures, realisable with only
418
three resistors, are already covered in the catalogue of
fourteen circuits presented here.
6 Acknowledgment
This work was performed at the Linear Integrated Cir-
cuits Lab. of Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology
(formerly, Delhi Institute of Technology).
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