GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

ENCOUNTERED DURING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECTS
&
METAMORPHISM

PREPARED BY:
YASH PATEL
Geological Problems Encountered
During Civil Engineering Projects
&
Metamorphism
METAMORPHISM
 WHAT IS METAMORPHISM
• Meta means “change”, Morph means “form”
• Metamorphism is the change in the form of
pre-existing rocks of all types beneath the
earth crust.
• Metamorphism is all about formation of
Metamorphic rocks . By different process of
Metamorphism.
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
➢ Metamorphic rocks are the rocks that are formed
as a result of exposure to intense heat and/or
pressure.
➢ SIMPLE EQUATION
▪ Formation of Metamorphic rocks=exposure of intense heat
OR
▪ Formation of Metamorphic rocks=exposure of intense pressure
OR
▪ Formation of Metamorphic rocks=exposure of intense heat and
pressure
 TWO TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

1. CONTACT METAMORPHISM
2. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
 CONTACT METAMORPHISM
• DEFINATION

➢ SOLIDIFIACTION OF ROCKS AFTER COMING IN

CONTACT WITH HEAT DURING INTRUSION OF LAVA
OR MAGMA FROM EARTH CRUST THE ROCKS
FORMED ARE KNOWN AS METAMORPHIC ROCKS.
CAUSED BY CONTACT WITH HEAT AND THE PROCESS IS
CALLED CONTACT METAMORPHISM
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 IDEALOGY OF CONTACT
METAMORPHISM
• CONTAC METAMORPHISM =
EXISTING ROCKS COMING INTO CONTACT OF HEAT
PROVIDED BY INTRUSION OF LAVA OR MAGMA
FROM THE EARTH CRUST

INTRUSION OF LAVA OR MAGMA =

BURNING OF ROCKS WITH INTENSE HEAT BENEATH THE EARTH CRUST

BURNING OF ROCKS IN CONTACT WITH INTENSE HEAT =

CAUSES THE ROCKS TO CHANGE INTO METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
• Definition

➢ A TYPE OF METAMPRPHISM IN WHICH THE MINEROLOGY

AND TEXTURE OF ROCKS ARE CHANGED OVER A WIDE AREA.
BY PRESSURE AND HEATING ASSOCIATED DUE TO THAT
PRESSURE WITH THE LARGE-SCALE FORCES OF PLATE
TECTONICS WHICH LEADS TO INCREASE IN PRESSURE AND
TEMPERATURE. THE PROCESS IS CALLED REIGONAL
METAMORPHISM.
 OCCURANCE OF REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM
• Regional metamorphism occurs by pressure
and heating associated with that pressure ,
which is subjected to intense deformation
under direct or differential stress.
➢Metamorphic rocks which are formed under
such environment by intense deformation
under direct and differential stress are usually
strongly foliated
 IDEALOGY OF REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM
➢WHEN TWO CONTENTIAL MASSES COLLIDE
WITH ONE ANOTHER DUE TO PRESSURE FROM
EARTH CRUST WITH HEAT ASSOCIATED DUE
TO COLLIOSION RESULTING INTO MOUNTAIN
BIULDING ACTIVITY.
COMPRESSIVE STRESSES RESULT IN FOLDING
OF THE ROCK
 PROCESS OF REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS DUE TO PRESSURE AND HEAT

CAUSING OF MOUNTAIN ACTIVITY DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL STRESS

CONTINENTAL MASS COLLISION

HORIZONTALLY BEDDED
PRESSURE SEDIMENTS

FOLDED METAMORPHIC ROCKS

HOROZIONTALLY BEDDED SEDIMENTS
BEFORE DEFORMATION
FOLDED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
AFTER DEFORMATION
END OF METAMORPHISM
Geological Problems Encountered
During Civil Engineering Projects
Each project need its specific requirement &
care while designing & executing. The following
are the geological problems encountered during
civil engineering projects.
• If soil is weak it’s to hard to make a strong sub-
structure on which the super-structure rest.
• If soil type is not investigated properly it may
result in collapse of super-structure
• According to type of soil & size of super-
structure, foundation of the project is to be
design perfectly
• Soil investigation is necessary because Sub- Soil
stratum varies from project to project.
• There are different types of soils & according to type of
soil & related to its technical factors, while designing
foundation for said structure, proper care should be
taken.
• The super-structure can collapse if the data of safe
bearing capacity (SBC) while designing foundation is
not taken care of.
• Super-structure can collapse if the Live loads and dead
loads of super structure lying on the sub-structure are
not distributed properly between the “SBC ”
• Civil engineers should know what type of foundations
footings should be designed, according to the soil
type. May be Isolated footing, Combined footing, Raft
foundations, pile foundations etc… if foundation is not
properly designed, it is possibility of failure of entire
super structure.
• Sometimes while making some additional expanse for
foundations within knowledge & guidance of design
engineer, it ad hence the life of the entire project. So
many human lives can be saved.
• For adopting type of foundation for the sub-
structure it also needs proper study of Geological
condition of soil & experience of designer. For
example….
➢ When there is black cotton soil at specific depth
from where foundation of the Sub-structure has
to start, a specific care should be taken before
executing foundation. Because it has
characteristic that when it becomes wet it
expands & in dry condition it shrink, so it is very
dangerous for safety of structure
There are numerous problems structural
designer faces during designing & executions,
but all can be solved by proper investigation of
type of Sub-strata of soil.