Unit 4

About Slavery
Slavery in America started in 1619 , when the privateer The White Lion brought 20
African slaves ashore in the British colony of Jamestown , Virginia . The crew had
seized the Africans from the Portugese slave ship Sao Jao Bautista. Throughout
the 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a
cheaper, more plentiful labor source than indentured servants, who were mostly
poor Europeans.Enslaved people in the antebellum South constituted about one-
third of the southern population. Most lived on large plantations or small farms;
many masters owned fewer than 50 enslaved people.Slave owners sought to
make their enslaved completely dependent on them through a system of
restrictive codes. They were usually prohibited from learning to read and write,
and their behavior and movement was restricted.Many masters took sexual
liberties with enslaved women, and rewarded obedient behavior with favors, while
rebellious enslaved people were brutally punished. A strict hierarchy among the
enslaved (from privileged house workers and skilled artisans down to lowly field
hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their
masters.Marriages between enslaved men and women had no legal basis, but
many did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this
practice, but nonetheless did not usually hesitate to divide families by sale or
removal.

What was traded in the triangular trade?

Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.
Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the
region from which its major imports come. Triangular trade thus provides a method for
rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions.
Historically the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and
currents during the age of sail. For example, from the main trading nations of Western Europe, it was
much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30 N latitude and reaching the so-called
"trade winds"; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American
mainland. Returning from North America, it is easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly
direction using the westerlies. A similar triangle to this, called the volta do mar was already being
used by the Portuguese, before Christopher Columbus' voyage, to sail to the Canary Islands and
the Azores. Columbus simply expanded this triangle outwards, and his route became the main way
for Europeans to reach, and return from, the Americas.

Crossword
1) possessions -property
2) made a slave -enslaved
3) to refuse to act the way you are expected to -disobey
4) food -nutrition
5) desire, wish -will
6) an alcoholic drink made from sugar cane -rum
7) a raw thick syrup made from sugar -molasses
8) terrible- dreadful
9) harshly -severely
10) a series of events (phenomena or actions) that is periodically repeated - cycle
11) to be against something -oppose
12) a large bundle of a raw or partially processed material, bound by ropes, wires, etc, for
storage or transportation - bale
13) cotton fiber used to make yarn-lint

Grammer
The staff are required by the company to watch a safety video every year.

The students' questions are always answered by the teacher.

Every night, the office is vacuumed and dusted by the cleaning crew.

Money was generously donated to the homeless shelter by Fuad.

Two dozen cookies will be baked by Aysha for the bake sale.

Sentences
It is made of currant juice boiled with water and sugar to which some spirit, usually rum, is
added.
Sugar and molasses have from time to time been manufactured from the corn stalks.
Although transpiration is a necessary accompaniment of nutrition, it may easily become
excessive, especially where the plant cannot readily recoup itself.
Martha inherited the property from her grandfather.
His command was quiet and firm, but Lale knew no man in the room would disobey a man like
him.
Together they tossed the bale to the top of the pile and he climbed up to position it.
The separation of lint from seed is accomplished in various ways.
Unit 5American Citizenship
Vocabulary
1)a process in which immigrants become citizens of a country------- >Naturalization

2) obvious------- >evident

3) to succeed in getting or doing smth------- >attain

4) ancestry, lineage, origin------- > descent

5) meeting the requirements; qualified------- >passed

6) to give or accord------- >granting

7) a citizen, a person who lives in a given area------- >residents

8) a solemn and formal promise, a vow------- >oath

9) essential------- > vital

10) vast, huge------- >tremendous

11) betrayal of the allegiance to the country, esp. by attempting to overthrow the government ------- >
treason

12) done by free choice, unforced------- > voluntary

13) treacherous, destructive------- >subversive-----təxribatçı

14) very, exceedingly------- > extremely,tremendous

15) health, happiness, prosperity, and well-being in general ------- >welfare

6 Comprehension. Section Review

1) What were some early qualifications for voting?

2) Who may vote in elections today? Who is not eligible?

3) Why must most citizens register before they may vote?

4) Do you think election ballots should be made available in languages other than English? Why or why
not?

The federal Civil Rights Act is passed to ensure that all men and women age 21 and older,
regardless of race, religion, or education, have the right to vote.
"By reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax" for federal elections (Twenty-fourth
Amendment, 1964) "Who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age" (Twenty-sixth Amendment,
1971

8.Crossword
Across

4) the quality or qualities that make a thing what it is ------- >electorate

6) to begin to exist, to originate ------- >arose

8) an official written statement charging a person with a crime ------- >indictment

9) said to have happened but not yet proven ------- >alleged

11) a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group
------- >privilige

14) lacking necessary ability or skills ------- >incomponent

15) a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based ------- >temporary

16) in spite of something that might be a problem ------- >regardless

18) considerable; large in amount, size, or number ------- >substantial

19) the crime of using dishonest methods to take something valuable from another person ------- >fraud

Down

1) to make something illegal ------- >outlaw

2) to put together; to create by gathering things ------- >compile

3) to create ------- >

4) people entitled to vote in an election ------- >essence

5) difficult to bend or move ------- >stiff

7) something (e.g. a skill, experience or knowledge) that makes someone suitable to do a particular job
or activity ------- >qualification

10) a strong public reaction against something ------- >literacy

12) to continue to exist especially past a usual, expected, or normal time ------- >persist

13) continuing for a limited amount of time ------- >temporary

16) to make (a treaty, agreement, etc.) official by signing it or voting for it ------- >ratify

17) to make something certain, or safe------- >ensure

10 Comprehension. Section Review

1) What is the difference between a refugee and an immigrant?

2) What are three examples of non-immigrants, or temporary visitors to the United States?

3) What factors attract most of illegal aliens to the United States?

4) In your opinion, how might the government deal more effectively with the problem of illegal aliens?

An immigrant is someone who chooses to resettle to another country.

A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her home country.

To begin with, let's look at the four types of immigration status that exist: citizens, residents, non-
immigrants and undocumented. The characteristics of each status are explained below. These are
people who were either born in the U.S. or who have become “naturalized” after three or five years as
permanent residents.

11 Vocabulary
1.a refugee-------> a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war,
persecution, or natural disaster.

2) persecution------->hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious

beliefs.

3) temporary visitors------->

4) permanently-------> in a way that lasts or remains unchanged indefinitely; for all time.

5) to deport-------> expel (a foreigner) from a country, typically on the grounds of illegal status or
for having committed a crime.

6) to owe-------> have an obligation to pay or repay (something, especially money) in return for
something received.

7) to skyrocket-------> a rocket designed to explode high in the air as a signal or firework.

Sentences
Edge continues to launch intellectual skyrockets of stunning brilliance.
Under the persecution, a large number were killed, and between four and five millions of Protestants left
the country.

I think you owe me an explanation.

He has gone to them with word of his breaking allegiance to pursue his title without their mediation or
interference.
He has gone to them with word of his breaking allegiance to pursue his title without their mediation or
interference.

It was Fuad's duty to sit outside of the king's bedroom and be ready to serve him at any time.

Among European forms, some tadpoles of Pelobates attain a length of seven inches, the body being of
the size of a hen's egg.Third, it provides an opportunity for effective user involvement, as the patients
assist in devising their own care plan
And yet they do, because fraud is a small part of the overall picture.