Gender, Place & Culture

A Journal of Feminist Geography

ISSN: 0966-369X (Print) 1360-0524 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cgpc20

Geographies of gender and feminism in Mexico: a

field in construction

Paula Soto Villagrán

To cite this article: Paula Soto Villagrán (2019): Geographies of gender and feminism in Mexico: a
field in construction, Gender, Place & Culture, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2018.1563527

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GENDER, PLACE & CULTURE
https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1563527

Geographies of gender and feminism in Mexico: a

field in construction
Paula Soto Villagr
an
Departamento de Sociolog
ıa, Universidad Aut
onoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de
M
exico, M
exico

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This paper sets out to present geographies of gender and Received 17 June 2018
feminism in Mexico in order to identify some of the con- Accepted 27 November 2018
ceptual contributions, thematic axes and key problems
KEYWORDS
within the field’s corpus of knowledge that, while widely-
Feminism; gender;
recognized internationally, is only beginning to develop in geographies;
Mexico. I examine the academic production of feminist Mexico; women
geography with an emphasis on the institutional contexts
that may facilitate or perhaps impede putting such studies
into practice in different institutions throughout the coun-
try. Additionally, I provide an account of the main objects
of study that have contributed to configuring original, com-
mitted field research under the conditions of exclusion and
marginality that women face on a daily basis.

Introduction
The goals of this analysis must be deemed introductory and partial, for any
attempt to situate a discussion of these topics in the Mexican context faces
at least three difficulties that need to be identified. The first is that incorpo-
rating the category of gender into geographical analyses is a recent initiative,
so referring to basic literature or synthetic works that gather the main contri-
butions is a complex task (see Ibarra and Escamilla [2016]). [Second, because
scientific studies in the field of feminist geography are dispersed across sev-
eral different disciplines and published primarily in social science journals,
that is, not in publications that specialize in feminism or geography, under-
taking a comprehensive review lies well beyond the scope of this article. The
third difficulty involves the identifies of the field itself, since the categories
‘gender’ and ‘feminism’ are used differentially in Mexico. In effect, in the con-
text of Spanish America, as Ortega has pointed out, “‘pejorative’ connota-
tions of the term ‘feminist’ impede achieving a clear identification of this

CONTACT Paula Soto Villagr
an paula.soto.v@gmail.com Depto de Sociolog
ıa, Unidad Iztapalapa,

Ciudad de M
exico, M
exico, Universidad Aut
onoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186,
Colonia Vicentina, Delegaci

on Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Ciudad de M
exico, M
exico
ß 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2

P. S. VILLAGRAN

emergent field and its epistemological profile” (Ortega 2000, 446). Garc
ıa-
Ramon (2006), in turn, considers that despite the “militant” character that
the label ‘feminist’ might have for these geographies, the expressions,
‘geography of gender’ and ‘feminist geography,’ are interchangeable thanks
largely to the theoretical contributions that these two academic projects
have made to date. Even so, there is a preference among those doing kind
of work for the latter.
This article, then, may be understood as a voyage to seek out and trace
the intellectual trajectories that feminist geographers in Mexico have devel-
oped, together with their academic and political proposals for embarking
upon an innovative project within the discipline of geography; a legacy of
the broad range of feminist thinking in Mexico and of feminist and gender
movements through a re-examination of their themes and problematics. At
the same time, contributions towards the construction of a genealogical lin-
eage are also included that can account for the pathways, memories, resis-
tances, exchanges and commitments for the co-construction of a field of
feminist and gender knowledge within geography.

A context for feminist and gender geographies

The late arrival of reflections on gender in the discipline of geography, as
Rodr
ıguez (1992) argues, cannot necessarily be traced to Mexico’s political,
social or economic situation, because other social sciences have been carry-
ing out analyses of this nature for over 20 years. Rather, we must look to the
evolution of the discipline of geography itself in Mexico. From the very
beginning, geography emerged under the direction of engineers in faculties
of science, who imbued the field with a marked interest in the physical
environment and cartography (Rodr
ıguez 1992). Indeed, while an under-
graduate degree in geography was re-established in the Faculty of
Philosophy and Letters of the UNAM (Universidad Nacional Auto
noma de
M
exico in Mexico City) in 1943, it could hardly be identified as a field of
social and humanistic knowledge. According to Ibarra and Escamilla (2016),
this is a paradoxical situation when we consider that it was precisely in this
Faculty that an ample trajectory in feminist studies in philosophy, literature
and anthropology emerged.
One especially notable aspect is that, from its founding at the UNAM the
Geography Institute – where research in geography was concentrated until
the final decades of the 20th century – was directed by women, from 1943
to 1989, with only the exception during the period 1978–1982, when a male
geographer served as Director. The presence of women in decision-making
positions for almost 50 years and in geographic academia in general, where
they have represented as much as 40% of the professorate at the national
 GENDER, PLACE & CULTURE 3

level (Checa and Soto 2013), reveals that the condition of women in this dis-
cipline cannot be questioned. These percentages compare with other, more
positive exceptions, including the Centro de Estudios de Geograf
ıa Humana at
the Colegio de Michoaca
n and the Cuerpo Acad
emico de Geograf
ıa y
Geoma
tica at the Universidad de Quintana Roo, which have a higher partici-
pation by women with percentages of 60% and 71.4%, respectively.) It does,
however, lead to the idea that the significant presence of women, in and of
itself, has been insufficient to inspire a feminist critique, leaving the mascu-
line symbolic order of geographic knowledge to be reproduced continually
by both men and women scholars.

The development of feminist and gender geographies in Mexico

It was not until the second half of the 20th century – 1988 to be exact –
that the groundwork for the development of feminist and gender geogar-
phies was laid with the inauguration of the first course on gender in the B.A.
program in Geography at the UNAM. This occurred in response to a critical
review of the study plan by students and professors, but was only a half-
measure because that course was registered under the name, “Social, eco-
nomic and political problems of Mexico”, and the topics covered included, in
addition to gender, disasters and analyses of power structures (Ibarra and
Escamilla 2016), surely a reflection of the fact that gender was an area that
many felt was irrelevant to the discipline. The next step was taken in 2009
with the official inclusion of a course on the Geography of Gender as an
option in the aforementioned B.A. program. Then, in February of that year, a
course was included in the Graduate program in Geography “under the
same logic as 15 years earlier in the undergraduate study plan, [but] with a
different name” (Ibarra and Escamilla 2016, 222).
One feature that marked the positioning of the geography of gender in
the UNAM was the presence of two geographers who are widely-recognized
as feminists, and whose contributions are indispensable for understanding
the development of certain lines of research that have been maintained over

nica Ibarra Garc
ıa has fuelled research, teaching and
time. In this regard, Vero
the generation of academic spaces open to the entire community that have
led to academic encounters with feminist geographers in several countries,
including Melissa Wright in 2013, Claire Hancock in 2013, Susana Veleda da
Silva in 2014, and Maria Dolors Garc
ıa Ramo
n and Caroline Schurr in 2015.
These spaces for scholarly exchange have been important detonators of crit-
ical feminist geography in Mexico. Meanwhile, Irma Escamilla Herrera has
reflected upon the relation between the category of gender and issues
related to work. The recent incorporation of Luc
ıa Dami
an Bernal, a member
of the first generation of feminists trained in the UNAM, as the lead
4

P. S. VILLAGRAN

professor for the course on gender, revitalized this space, while also projec-
ting and carrying on the work begun by the pioneering geographers we just
mentioned. Another key member of the Geography Institute in this area is


Alvaro Lo
pez, thanks to his work on topics of geography in relation to sexu-
ality and tourism.
The year 2002 was also significant for feminist and gender geography in
Mexico in relation to the disciplinary expansion that led various universities
to introduce studies in geography. This was the case, for example, at the
Universidad Auto
noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I). A firm com-
mitment to the humanist current of the discipline and the marked influence
of contemporary French geography acted as a catalyst for UAM-I to offer an
optional course entitled “Geographies of Gender”, which has been taught
uninterrupted since 2010. Two factors have contributed especially signifi-
cantly to the inclusion of geography in that university: a period of research
by the Spanish geographer Ana Ortiz Guitart in 2004, and the incorporation
of Paula Soto Villagr
an, a Chilean, as a professor in the undergraduate pro-
gram in Human Geography in 2009. Dr. Soto conducted post-doctoral
research there in 2008 and has been responsible for that course and for
directing theses on topics of gender and feminism.
These institutions were joined by the Center for the Study of Human
Geography which was established at El Colegio de Michoaca
n – a Public
Research Center – in 2002, and the Universidad Veracruzana, which initiated
its undergraduate program in geography in the Faculty of Economic
Sciences at its Xalapa campus in 2004. Through their efforts, these two
institutions have made such significant advances that they are now solidly-
established as permanent referents for promoting reflections on gender in
geography. The presence of Elsa Almeida Monteverde in these universities
has been crucial, for her research interests, dedication and commitment
have resulted in the organization of several events that included participa-
tion by feminist geographers from countries like Brazil and Spain, with con-
tributions by Susana Mar
ıa Veleda da Silva and, in 2015 and 2017,
contributions by Rosa Tello Robir
a, who organized a seminar in addition to
offering conferences. Another important development was the establish-
ment of a Working Group on Geography and Gender that brought
together scholars from the RED-GESMA under the auspices of Mexico’s
National Science and Technology Council (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y
Tecnolog
ıa, CONACyT) Network (Red 1) on Gender, Society and the
Environment. A new study plan introduced in 2018 saw the incorporation
of an optional course on Gender and Space. Since we are well aware that
the concept of place is especially important in geographic perspectives,
promoting feminist geography in non-central spaces has, without question,
special merit.
 GENDER, PLACE & CULTURE 5

Taking up the spirit of an a brief teaching experience that took place in

1959–1961, focused on training in the social sciences and humanities in that
state, the Universidad Auto
noma de San Luis Potos
ı opened its doors to geog-
raphy in 2002 when it hired Mar
ıa Teresa Ayllo
n Trujillo, a Spanish national.
Since then, work there has focused on topics closely-related to gender,
including citizenship, empowerment and sexual violence, among others
(Ibarra and Escamilla 2016).
As is clear from this review, the emergence of gendered perspectives in
geography can be attributed largely to feminist geographers of Anglo-Saxon
origin, on the one hand, and Spanish sources, on the other. Hence, it is a
product of increasingly close interactions and exchanges among scholars and
students in academic events, such as encounters and congresses that since
the 1990s have put questions of gender in the center of debates and led to
the organization of international-level geography events. In this regard, inter-
action among Latin American nations has grown markedly in recent years, to
the point that it is now having a significant impact on this emerging field. Of
special interest in these exchanges have been the First Latin American
Seminar on Geography and Gender, Espacio, G
enero y Poder (Space, Gender
and Power), held at the Pontificia Universidad Cato
lica in R
ıo de Janeiro, Brazil
in 2011, coordinated by Dr. Joseli Maria Silva (Universidad Estadual de Ponta
Grossa) and Dr. Augusto C
esar Pinheiro da Silva (Pontificia Universidad
Cato
lica). That important meeting was followed by the Second Latin American
Seminar on Geography, Gender and Sexualities: intersectionality, gender and
sexualities in spatial analysis, celebrated in 2014 in Porto Velho, Rondo ^nia,
Brazil. That congress was coordinated by Dr. Maria das Graças Silva of the
Universidad Federal de Rondo ^nia. Those two meetings stand out, among other
reasons, for the active participation of Mexican scholars.
In Mexico, meanwhile, the development of feminist and gender geographies
gained momentum through the coordinated efforts of the Centro de
Investigacio
n y Estudios de G
enero (CIEG), the Instituto de Geograf
ıa of the
Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, and the Programa Universitario de Estudios
sobre la Ciudad (University Program for Studies of the City, or PUEC). All these
entities of the aforementioned national University (UNAM), together with the
campuses of the Universidad Auto
noma Metropolitana (UAM) in Iztapalapa and
Azcapotzalco, convened the First International Congress on Gender and Space,
held in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City in 2015. The Second International
Congress on Gender and Space was organized by the UAM and took place in
conjunction with the Third Latin American Seminar on Geography, Gender and
Sexualities, which at its two previous events held in Brazil had become aware
of the fertile dialogue among feminist geographers throughout the region that
urgently needed to be made more visible within a geopolitics of feminist
knowledge that had largely ignored what was happening in Latin America.
6

P. S. VILLAGRAN

Problems, objectives and perspectives

Creating space for feminist and gender geographies in these insitutions has
made it possible to gradually construct a set of nuclei of multiple interests
that encourage the development of diverse empirical fields within the geog-
raphies of gender in Mexico that, while not necessarily showing a linear
sequence, do share a commitment to problematizing the inequality, exclu-
sion and marginality of women. One important source of inspiration has
been the series of social movements led by women and feminists that have
drawn attention to inequality and marginality and have been successful in
bringing them greater visibility as groups striving to achieve equality. In
Mexico, the 1990s facilitated the emergence of social movements, including
the eruption of the Ej
ercito Zapatista de Liberacio
n Nacional (EZLN) in the
southeast and the Movimiento Social del Frente de Pueblos en Defensa de la
Tierra (FPDT) in central Mexico. Both movements stand, among other ele-
ments, in opposition to mega-projects, while supporting the presence and
participation of women in popular urban movements and struggles to obtain
decent housing and improvements in neighborhoods. At the same time,
broad-based feminist movements emerged, ones that have publicly
embraced the struggle over human rights for women by exposing the differ-
ent kinds of gender violence, especially femicide.
Within this milieu, the topics of study within feminist and gender geogra-
phies are both dynamic and rich. What follows is a map of some of the
empirical fields of that. The list, of course, is not exhaustive; rather, it strives
to identify some starting points for visualizing the vitality and abundance of
the research agendas of feminists geographies in Mexico.

Urban and rural spaces

One of the strongest areas of interest is the field of urban spaces, fostered
through a long tradition of urban studies in Mexico. In this regard, works by
Alejandra Massolo (1992, 1994) highlight the active participation of low-
income women in local-level social organizations and movements where
they have led initiatives for the self-financed construction of dwellings, to
mention only one area of activity. This progress in research is essential to
establishing the relationship between the feminization of reproductive care
with the feminization of poverty, by elucidating the territorial and environ-
mental aspects involved. Efforts have also been made to document the geo-
graphic implications of the spatial divisions of labor markets and their
relation to urban spaces (Escamilla 2001, 2002), while the processes of
agency and resistance that are deployed in work spaces have been analyzed
by Molina (2013).
 GENDER, PLACE & CULTURE 7

Rural spaces, in contrast, have received less attention from the geography
of gender, though Elsa Almeida Monterde has produced important studies of
gender relations and practices in the administration of family patrimony in
ejidal territories.

Mobilities
Studies of migration from a spatial perspective have played a central role in
improving undertandings of mobility. One outstanding example is Norma
Baca’s (2011) doctoral thesis in geography that examines the logics of the
circulation and migration of women from southern Mexico to the United
States. Her work has stimulated additional studies of this nature at the

n y Estudios en Movilidades y Migraciones Internacionales
Centro de Investigacio
at the Universidad Auto
noma del Estado de M
exico (UAEM).
One recently-explored question is that of everyday mobility. Paula Soto
studies the use of public transport in Mexico City designed specifically for
women as a social practice and in relation to spatial power (Soto 2017). It is
well-established that experiences in urban mobility differ between men and
women, and even among women themselves. On this matter, immobility or
restricted mobility could be seen as crucial aspects that reflect the gender
inequalities that are present in Latin American cities. Mobility based on the
use of bicycles has also been explored recently from a gender perspective in
some undergraduate and doctoral theses at the Geography Institute (UNAM)
and other academic spaces.

Spaces of fear and violence

Two important topics have emerged in the domain of urban spaces, having
been nourished by the vision of feminist geographers. First are evaluations of
spaces of fear and insecurity, which address questions involving women’s
behavior that have led to the configuration of spatial identities. Adopting an
emotional perspective which posits that fear is part of a whole network of emo-
tions that can be either impediments to, or facilitators of, the urban experience
of women (Soto 2012, 2013). Second is the spatial dimension of gender violence
based on cases of femicide, analyzed in the studies that Luc
ıa Dami
an (2013)
presented in her Master’s and Doctoral theses. Damian’s work has provided a
fundamental instrument for mapping this phenomenon, specifically in the State
of Mexico, one of the states most severely-affected by this scourge in Mexico.

Political spaces
Another approach clearly influenced by feminist political geography and
inspired by feminist movements is the systematic analysis of women’s
8

P. S. VILLAGRAN

participation in the federal legislature (Ibarra and Dami
an 2013, 2014a,

2014b). One derivation of this line of research that stands out includes con-
tributions in theses by student geographers that elucidate and examine the
role of women in resistance movements and struggles over territory. In this
area, Guzm
an (2014) documented the case of the women of Atenco, while
Gil (2008) analyzed the case of female Zapatistas.

Women in academic geography

Several recent works have sought to document the situation of women
geographers. One early approach to this area of study is the text that ques-
tioned – from within – the absence of women as objects of study by the
geographic sciences. There, Rodr
ıguez (1992) identified the principle inequal-
ities that women employed at the Geography Institute of the UNAM encoun-
ter in the workplace. In this line of inquiry, we must also mention the
contributions of geographers in Mexico who have reconstructed their bio-
graphical trajectories (see, for example, Checa and Soto 2013, 2014; Escamilla
2013; Escamilla and Vega 2013).

Sexuality spaces
The transgressive character of sexuality has been captured by studying
groups that exist on the margins of hegemonic gender norms. Recent
works include the sex trade in tourist contexts in Mexico City and other
places around the country (Lo
pez 2015; Mendoza 2013), analyses of the
spatial aspects of sexual supply-and-consumption among men in tourist
spaces (Lo
pez and Carmona 2008), explorations of homoerotic experiences
in the relation between tourism and sex in several places in Mexico (Lo
pez
and Van Broeck 2010, 2013), and studies of gay culture (Boivin 2011). This
axis of inquiry has strongly attracted the interest of many undergraduate
students who have examined, primarily, the configuration of homosexual
spaces and the construction of identities (S
anchez 2004), spaces of con-
sumption and queer territoriality (Islas 2013), the intersection between the
high and middle classes and queer spatiality (Tovar 2001), and the
construction of micro-territorialities among young lesbian women
(Mendoza 2016).
Indeed, students have played a very significant role in the study of spatial-
ities that have come to be naturalized, as in the case of domestic spaces.
Recovering the spatial and gendered dimensions of the home, the thesis by
Lo
pez (2015) discusses the domestic space as one concerned with both pro-
duction and reproduction through the activity of sewing, or as a space
normed and regulated by religion (Campos 2012). But in these studies, the
 GENDER, PLACE & CULTURE 9

home also appears as a spatiality in which conjugal violence may occur

(Castelazo 2006).

In closing
The analysis presented here supports the idea of a recent, incipient insertion
of feminist and gender geography in Mexico; on the one hand, the institu-
tional context in which these interests have developed and, on the other, a
mapping of the topics and problems that have received priority in
geographic analyses.
One fundamental characteristic of this field in Mexico is the heterogen-
eity that finds expression in the co-existence of studies that could well be
identified with a geography of women, research that takes the concept of
gender as the differentiating axis of spatial processes, and the feminist
vocation that distinguishes the work of some geographers. But heterogen-
eity also surfaces as a product of a noteworthy interdisciplinary aperture;
that is, a broadening of the generational spectrum of geographers inter-
ested in these issues, coupled with an ongoing dialogue with social reality
and its transformations.
Finally, this article has sought to give greater visibility to the academic
efforts of a community of geographers that through persistence and commit-
ment are giving continuity to, while also expanding, the interests of this
discipline by analyzing questions of difference, inequality and the power that
operates in socio-spatial processes for younger generations.

Acknowledgments
I wish to thank the two anonymous referees for their comments on a previous version of
the article.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes of contributors
Paula Soto Villagra
n is a Teacher and PhD in Anthropological Sciences from the
Universidad Auto
noma Metropolitana (UAM) Iztapalapa Campus. She made a post-doc-
toral research fellowship in Human Geography in the Sociology Department of the same
University. She is currently a Professor-Researcher holder of the Department of Sociology
of the Division of Social Sciences and Humanities at the UAM-Iztapalapa. She is coordin-
ator of Space and Society Research Area and teaches in the bachelor’s in human
Geography. Member of the National System of Researchers. She has been doing research
in geography, gender, mobility, urban fear, citizen security and qualitative methods for
the study of urban space.
10

P. S. VILLAGRAN

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