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Unit 4 Satcom PDF
Unit 4 Satcom PDF
Presented by:
Krishna Kant Gupta
Semester: 6th
Roll no.: 16
1
Computer Networks (IT-604)
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Year: 2013
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Artificial Satellites over Natural Satellites
• Orbits
• Types Of Satellite Orbits
• Footprint
• Categories of Satellite
i. GEO
ii. MEO
iii. LEO
• Advantages of Satellites
• Disadvantages of Satellites
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INTRODUCTION
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ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES OVER NATURAL
ONE’S
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SATELLITE ORBITS
An artificial satellite needs to have an orbit, the path in which it travels around
the Earth.
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Note:
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Example 1
What is the period of the moon according to Kepler’s law?
Solution
Distance: 384000 km
The moon is located approximately 384,000 km Period: approx. 1month
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Example 2
According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a
satellite that is located at an orbit approximately
35,786 km above the earth?
Solution
Applying the formula, we get
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SATELLITE CATEGORIES
Based on the location of the orbits satellites are divided into
three categories:
GEO
Satellite MEO
LEO
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SATELLITE ORBIT ALTITUDES
GEO (35786 km)
GEO: Geostationary Earth Orbit
MEO: Medium Earth Orbit
Outer Van Allen Belt (15000-20000 km)
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HOW SATELLITE WORKS?
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SATELLITE FREQUENCY BAND
Downlink, Bandwidth,
Band Uplink, GHz Problems
GHz MHz
L 1.5 1.6 15 Low bandwidth; crowded
S 1.9 2.2 70 Low bandwidth; crowded
C 4.0 6.0 500 Terrestrial Interference
Ku 11.0 14.0 500 Rain
Ka 20.0 30.0 3500 Rain, equipment cost
L-band and S-band: is used for Mobile Satellite Services and offers good penetration
through adverse weather conditions and foliage.
C-band: Public switched networks.
Ku-band and Ka-band: Rural telephony, satellite news gathering, high speed internet,
video conferencing, and multimedia. 13
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GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBIT (GEO)
These satellites are in orbit 35,786 km above the earth’s surface along
the equator.
One GEO satellite cannot cover the whole earth. It takes minimum of
three satellites equidistant from each other.
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SATELLITES IN GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
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GEO (CONT.)
• Advantages
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint
applications.
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GEO (CONT.)
• Disadvantages
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MIDDLE EARTH ORBIT (MEO)
• MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites,
usually between 2 to 8 hours.
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MEO (CONT.)
• Advantages
A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means
fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
Shorter time delay and stronger signal than a GEO satellite
• Disadvantages
A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal
than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
EXAMPLE: Global Positioning System (GPS). 19
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GPS: EXAMPLE OF MEO
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ORBITS FOR GPS SATELLITE
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TRILATERATION
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GPS: HOW IT WORKS ( CONT.)
• Measuring the distance: The trilateration principle can find our location on
the earth if we know our distance from three satellites and know the position of
each satellite. The position of each satellite can be calculated by a GPS receiver.
The GPS receiver, then, needs to find its distance from at least three GPS
satellites. Suppose all GPS satellites and the receiver on the earth are
synchronized. Each of 24 satellites transmits a complex signal each having a
unique pattern. The receiver measures the delay between the signals from the
satellites and its copy of signals to determine the distances to the satellites.
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LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO)
• LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging
from 500 to 2000 km above the surface.
• Rotation period of 90 to 120 minutes, with speed 20,000 to 25,000
km/h.
• LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are
only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
• A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful.
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LEO SATELLITE SYSTEM
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LEO (CONT.)
• Advantages
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LEO (CONT.)
• Disadvantages
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IRIDIUM SYSTEM: EXAMPLE OF LEO
• It has 66 satellites in 6 LEO orbits.
• Each have altitude of 750 km.
• Use to provide direct worldwide communication.
i.e. voice, data paging, fax, even navigation.
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Fact:
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GLOBALSTAR: EXAMPLE OF LEO
• It has 48 satellites in 6 LEO orbits.
• Each have altitude of 1400 km.
• The ground station can create more powerful signals.
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TELEDESIC: EXAMPLE OF LEO
•It provides fiber-optic like (broadband channels, low error rate, and low delay)
communication
•It has 288 satellites in 12 LEO polar orbits.
• Each have altitude of 1350 km.
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About:
Goal:
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ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITES
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DISADVANTAGES OF SATELLITES
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THANK YOU....
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