MAT137 Calculus!

Limit laws, more proofs with limits

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watch video 2.12, 2.13 by Wed
watch videos 2.14, 2.15 by Fri

Asif Zaman September 30, 2019

Indeterminate form
Let a ∈ R.
Let f and g be functions defined near a.
Assume
lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0.
x→a x→a

f(x)
What can we conclude about lim ?
x→a g(x)

1. The limit is 1.
2. The limit is 0.
3. The limit is ∞.
4. The limit does not exist.
5. We do not have enough information to decide.
2
A harder proof
Goal
We want to prove that
! "
lim x3 + x2 = 0 (1)
x→0

directly from the definition.

1. Write down the formal definition of the

statement (1).
2. Write down what the structure of the formal
proof should be, without filling the details.
3. Rough work: What is δ?
4. Write down a complete formal proof.
3
Choosing deltas again
Let us fix numbers A, ϵ > 0.

1. Find a value of δ > 0 such that |x| < δ ⇒ |Ax2 | < ε

2. Find many values of δ > 0 such that |x| < δ ⇒ |Ax2 | < ε

3. Find a value of δ > 0 such that |x| < δ ⇒ |x + 1| < 10

4. Find many values of δ > 0 such that |x| < δ ⇒ |x + 1| < 10

# |Ax2 | < ϵ $
5. Find a value of δ > 0 such that |x| < δ ⇒
|x + 1| < 10

6. Find a value of δ > 0 such that |x| < δ ⇒ |x2 + x3 | < ε

4
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A harder proof
Goal
We want to prove that
! "
lim x3 + x2 = 0 (2)
x→0

directly from the definition.

1. Write down the formal definition of the

statement (2).
2. Write down what the structure of the formal
proof should be, without filling the details.
3. Rough work: What is δ?
4. Write down a complete formal proof.
5
Indeterminate examples
For each condition, give an example of a function f
with domain R which satisfies that single condition.
f(x)
1. lim =0
x→0 x
f(x)
2. lim =1
x→0 x

f(x)
3. lim does not exist and is not equal to ±∞
x→0 x

f(x)
4. lim =∞
x→0 x

6
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