Welcome to the online abstract book of the II LBA Scientific Conference.

The abstracts included here are those that were submitted and accepted prior
to the conference.

• They are organized by subject (conference parallel session).

• Within each subject, abstracts are listed first by oral, then by poster
presentations.

• Within each each presentation type the abstracts are listed

alphabetically by the first name of the first author.

• A listing of first author, presentation type, parrallel session and abstract

title can be found in the beginning of this document.

Benvindo ao livro de resumos online da II Conferência Científica do LBA.

Os resumos incluídos aqui são aqueles que foram submetidos e aceitos antes
do início da conferência.

• Eles estão organizados por assunto (sessão paralela da conferência).

• Dentro de cada assunto, os resumos estão listados primeiro por

apresentação oral e depois por pôster.

• Dentro de cada apresentação os resumos estão listados alfabeticamente

pelo primeiro nome do primeiro autor.

• A lista de primeiro autor, tipo de apresentação, sessão paralela e título

do resumo são encontrados no início deste documento.
PRIMARY AUTHOR Type of PARALLEL_SESSION ABSTRACT_TITLE
Session
Abel Silva Poster Trace gases and VOCs in COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL
Amazonia: from canopy THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND IN
process to the large scale BIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHORE
Adam Hirsch Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation
Biomass, Litter, and Roots and Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon:
Comparing Process-Based and
AdelaineMichela Poster Ecosystem degradation due Litterfall and leaf area index before and
Figueira to fire & logging after selective logging in Tapajós National
Adilson Gandu Oral Meso-scale processes & Deforestation Impact in Eastern
transport in Amazonia Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using
RAMS Model for the Local Dry Season
Alejandro Fonseca Poster Aerosols & Climate BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE
Duarte interactions in Amazonia ASPECTS FOR CLIMATE
CHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO -
Alessandro Araujo Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Long term measurements of carbon
Scale in Amazonia dioxide, water and energy combined with
the fetch analysis in central Amazonia
Alex Guenther Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change
Amazonia: from canopy On Reactive Carbon Fluxes and the
process to the large scale Chemical Composition of the Troposphere
Alexandra Lima Poster Meso-scale processes & THE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCE
transport in Amazonia THE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THE
CLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION,
Alexandre Correia Oral The Quaternary Climate of Evidence for Changes in Amazon Basin
Amazonia Aerosol Composition During 20th Century
Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core,
Alexandre Pinto Oral Productivity, nutrients and Effects of different pasture management in
sustainable land use emissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO
Alfredo Huete Oral Advanced Applications of A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal
Remote Sensing Dynamics with the Biophysical Products
from the Terra-MODIS Sensor
Ali Tokay Oral Meso-scale processes & Comparison of three rain type classification
transport in Amazonia algorithms in TRMM-LBA
Aline Procopio Poster Meso-scale processes & Observed changes in Aerosols Properties
transport in Amazonia at the Amazon Basin caused by a
"friagem" phenomena during the LBA-
Alvaro Ramon Poster River water as a medium for Transport of Particulate Carbon and
transport in Amazonia Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio
Ana Cristina Segalin Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: The contribution of pioneer tree species to
de Andrade Biomass, Litter, and Roots above-ground biomass estimates in
continuous and fragmented forests in
Ana Luisa Albernaz Poster Scenarios of land use CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN
change: what are the human DEFORESTATION
Ana Maria Cordova Poster Aerosols & Climate Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides
interactions in Amazonia Concentrations associated with a Cold
Ana Maria Cordova Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Ozone continuous measurements in the
Amazonia: from canopy Amazon
process to the large scale
Andrea Silva Poster Advanced Applications of Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional
Remote Sensing Cover for Rondonia State
Andrré Monteiro Oral Ecosystem degradation due Impacts of logging and fire on the
to fire & logging composition and structure of transitional
Ane Alencar Poster Ecosystem degradation due Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires
to fire & logging in a Dense Forest of Western Pará
Ane Alencar Poster Ecosystem degradation due Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in
to fire & logging Eastern Amazonia
Annette Schloss Poster Advanced Applications of EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery
Remote Sensing and Model Products in Support of LBA
Anthony Oral River water as a medium for Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics
Aufdenkampe transport in Amazonia within waters of the Amazon Basin: Stable
and radio-isotope constraints on sources of
Antonio Manzi Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand The long term measurements of energy
Scale in Amazonia and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture and
Arlem Nascimento de Poster Vegetation dynamics in COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE
Oliveira Changing Ecosystems FLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTA
OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME
NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS,
Arlete Almeida Poster Vegetation dynamics in Classifying Successional Forests Using
Changing Ecosystems Landsat Spectral Properties and Ecological
Characteristics to Evaluate Recent Trends
in Land Cover and Carbon Loss in Eastern
Aurelie Botta Oral Future climate of Amazonia Long-Term Variations of Climate and
Carbon Fluxes Over the Amazon Basin
Aurélie Botta Poster Ecosystem degradation due Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire
to fire & logging Dynamics in the Amazon Basin
Azeneth Schuler Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION
From Runoff Generation to EFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENT
Large Rivers HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE
Balázs Fekete Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: High resolution, runoff and discharge fields
From Runoff Generation to of the Amazon basin
Large Rivers
Bart Kruijt Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2
Scale in Amazonia fluxes and flux losses and effects on
inferring ecosystem physiology.
Benedita M. G. Poster Human Dimensions of Amazonia as a shared space: the case of
Esteves Environmental Changes in “Brasivianos” along the frontier between
Amazon Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia.
Bertha Koiffmann Oral Human Dimensions of Local Responses to Global Changes
Becker Environmental Changes in Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-
Amazon Environmental Model
Bertha Koiffmann Poster Human Dimensions of A Conceptual Model for Interated Research
Becker Environmental Changes in on Humann Dimension in Amazonia
Amazon
Bibiana Bilbao Poster River water as a medium for Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North
transport in Amazonia Gran Sabana, Venezuela
Bim Graham Poster Aerosols & Climate Characterisation of the atmospheric
interactions in Amazonia aerosol collected at Balbina, Amazonia,
during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign
Bim Graham Poster Aerosols & Climate Microscopic images of atmospheric aerosol
interactions in Amazonia particles collected at Balbina, Amazonia,
during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign
Bobby Braswell Poster Advanced Applications of Constructing Subpixel landcover
Remote Sensing characterizations in the Amazon basin by
combining medium and high-resolution
Britaldo Soares-Filho Poster Scenarios of land use Simulating land cover change along the
change: what are the human Cuiaba-Santarem highway under scenarios
drivers? of high and low governance
Bruce Nelson Poster Vegetation dynamics in Bamboo-dominated forests of the
Changing Ecosystems southwest Amazon
Caio Cesar Poster Trace gas evolution with Soil trace gas emissions influenced by
Passianoto landuse gradients pasture reformation systems in Rondônia,
Carlos Gomes Poster Scenarios of land use Deforestation Patterns and Household
change: what are the human Determinants of Land Use Choices by
drivers? Rubber Tapper in Amazonia: The Case of
the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, Brazil
Carlos Alberto Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an
Quesada From Runoff Generation to open savanna (campo sujo) in central
Large Rivers Brazil.
CARLOS CLEMENTE Oral Productivity, nutrients and STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF
CERRI sustainable land use DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIA
EXAMINING AGRONOMIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC
Carlos Eduardo Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63
Pellegrino Cerri Scale in Amazonia ha low productivity Amazon pasture
Carlos Méndez Poster River water as a medium for Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna
transport in Amazonia gradient, revealed by isotopic composition
of soil organic matter.
Carlos Souza Oral Ecosystem degradation due Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change
to fire & logging due to Logging in Amazonian Transitional
Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction
Carol Schwendener Poster Productivity, nutrients and Green mulch applications affect mineral
sustainable land use nitrogen beneath cupuaçu trees
Cassiano D'Almeida Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia on
From Runoff Generation to the Local Hydrological Cycle: The Scale-
Large Rivers Dependence Issue
Celso von Randow Oral Meso-scale processes & Boundary-layer moisture regimes during
transport in Amazonia wet and dry season above Rondonia forest
Charon Birkett Oral Advanced Applications of Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon
Remote Sensing Basin: Application of Satellite Radar
Chris Doughty Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand An investigation of the post-noontime
Scale in Amazonia decline in photosynthesis in tropical forests
Chris Huntingford Poster Future climate of Amazonia The use of a GCM analogue model to
assess the impact of uncertainty in
Amazônian land surface parameterisation
on future atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Christienne Kuczak Poster Productivity, nutrients and Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts
sustainable land use and soils of agroforestry systesms, pasture,
and secondary forest in the Central
Christoph Steiner Oral Productivity, nutrients and Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil
sustainable land use fertility and create a carbon sink.
Christopher Neill Oral River water as a medium for Land use change alters the
transport in Amazonia biogeochemistry and downstream
movement of nitrogen in small drainage
Christopher Neill Poster Trace gas evolution with Control of N2O and N2 Emissions from
landuse gradients Amazonian Pastures Under Intensified
Use: Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon and
Christopher Potter Oral Advanced Applications of Understanding global teleconnections of
Remote Sensing climate to regional satellite observations
for Amazon ecosystem Invited processes
Christopher Potter Poster Future climate of Amazonia Global teleconnections of climate to
regional model estimates of Amazon
Christopher S. Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2
Martens Scale in Amazonia AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE RATES IN
THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL,
DETERMINED BY RADON-222 CANOPY
AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTS
Cintia Honorio Poster Human Dimensions of The relationship between deforestation
Vasconcelos Environmental Changes in rates, precipitation and Malaria incidence
Amazon rates
Cláudia Boian Aires Poster Trace gases and VOCs in An experiment to estimate CO
Amazonia: from canopy concentrations from biomass burning and
process to the large scale comparison with aircraft measurements
Claudio Barbosa Poster River water as a medium for Remote sensing for sampling station
transport in Amazonia selection in the study of water circulation
from river system to and Amazon
Cláudio Carvalho Poster Productivity, nutrients and Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of
sustainable land use N and P in a chronosequence of secondary
vegetation in Eastern Amazonia
Cleber Salimon Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Autotrophic X Heterotrophic respiration in
Biomass, Litter, and Roots pastures in Western Amazonia, Acre-Brazil
Cleilim Albert de Poster Ecosystem degradation due Effect of selective logging on biomass and
Sousa to fire & logging tree growth in Tapajos National Forest
Clemente A.S. Oral Future climate of Amazonia An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to
Tanajura investigate the impact of the Amazon
deforestation on the South American
Clóvis Lasta Fritzen Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Photosynthesis light curves of sun and
Scale in Amazonia shade plants of transitional tropical forest
(cerradão) in Mato Grosso
Daniel Markewitz Oral River water as a medium for Control of stream water cations by surface
transport in Amazonia soil processes and land use effects on the
exchange of nutrients between terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems in the Eastern
Daniel Nepstad Oral Human Dimensions of Policy Relevance of the LBA: The Science
Environmental Changes in of Sustainability
Amazon
Daniel Victoria Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and
From Runoff Generation to Water Balance through Geographic
Large Rivers Information Systems (GIS) and Remote
Daniel Zarin Oral Vegetation dynamics in Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates
Changing Ecosystems in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest
Dar Roberts Oral Advanced Applications of Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using
Remote Sensing Spectral Mixture Analysis and Decision
Tree Classifiers, an Update
Dar Roberts Oral Advanced Applications of Standardized remote sensing methodology
Remote Sensing for land-cover mapping in support of LBA.
David Fitzjarrald Oral Meso-scale processes & IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST
transport in Amazonia ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?
David Mendes Poster Meso-scale processes & VARIABILITY OF THE ONES OF
transport in Amazonia EXTREME RAIN EVENTS IN THE
ESTUARY OF THE RIVER AMAZON
David Skole Poster Advanced Applications of Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of
Remote Sensing Amazonia Using Landsat TM
David Skole Poster Advanced Applications of Carbon emissions from Land Cover
Remote Sensing Change in Amazonia
Deborah Clark Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Long-term data indicate a strong negative
Scale in Amazonia relation between ecosystem carbon
balance and interannual temperatures in a
Central American lowland rain forest
Diana Garcia-Montiel Oral Trace gas evolution with Effect of labile carbon additions on N2O
landuse gradients emissions from forest soils in the
southwestern Brazilian Amazon
Diogenes Alves Oral Scenarios of land use ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND
change: what are the human USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA
Diogo Selhorst Poster Advanced Applications of A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products
Remote Sensing and In Situ Observations in Southwestern
Amazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.
Dirceu Herdies Poster Meso-scale processes & Development of a High-resolution
transport in Amazonia Assimilated Dataset for South America
dirceu herdies Poster Meso-scale processes & THE MOISTURE BUDGET OF THE
transport in Amazonia BIMODAL PATTERN OF THE SUMMER
CIRCULATION OVER SOUTH AMERICA
Doug Alsdorf Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Measurements and Modeling of Water
From Runoff Generation to Storage Changes on the Central Amazon
Large Rivers Floodplain
Douglas White Oral Scenarios of land use Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian
change: what are the human Amazon: Productive but Unprofitable?
Douglas White Oral Scenarios of land use Introducing New Agricultural Technologies
change: what are the human for the Amazon Frontier: Environmental-
drivers? Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs?
Douglas Morton Poster Ecosystem degradation due A new method to detect forest fire scars in
to fire & logging the transition forest zone of Mato Grosso
using Landsat ETM+
E Shevliakova Poster Vegetation dynamics in Analysis of Causes and Mechanisms of
Changing Ecosystems Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South
Earle Williams Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: The Drought of the Century in the Amazon
From Runoff Generation to Basin: An Analysis of the Regional
Large Rivers Variation of Rainfall in South America
Eddie Lenza Poster Future climate of Amazonia Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and
the Effects of Experimental Rainfall
Edgard Tribuzy Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Response of photosynthesis to different
Biomass, Litter, and Roots high levels in the canopy forestry at
Eduardo Venticinque Poster Vegetation dynamics in THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN
Changing Ecosystems CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTS
Eduardo Jacusiel Poster Vegetation dynamics in Light Response Curves of three plants in
Miranda Changing Ecosystems different strata in an ecoton tropical forest
Eduardo Venticinque Poster Scenarios of land use Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the
change: what are the human Brazilian Legal Amazon
Eleanor J. Burke Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Calibrating the carbon and energy-water
Scale in Amazonia exchange processes represented in the
BATS2 model for a set of natural forest
Eleneide Sotta Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN
Biomass, Litter, and Roots AMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS IN
CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,
Eleneide Sotta Poster River water as a medium for SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE
transport in Amazonia TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ
Eliana Andrade Poster Meso-scale processes & Some characteristics of the temporal
transport in Amazonia evolution of the atmospheric boundary
Elsa Mendoza Oral Scenarios of land use Forest susceptibility to fire during a one
change: what are the human year El Niño period (1998-99); a case
Emilio Moran Oral Scenarios of land use DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES IN A
change: what are the human FRONTIER REGION OF THE BRAZILIAN
Enir Salazar da Costa Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon
Biomass, Litter, and Roots measurements in primary forest,
secondary forest, and managed pasture
Eraldo Matricardi Poster Advanced Applications of The Contribution of Selective Logging to
Remote Sensing Forest Degradation in the Brazilian
Eraldo Matricardi Poster Advanced Applications of Conservation Units: The New Deforestation
Remote Sensing Frontier in the state of Rondonia, Brazil.
Eraldo Matricardi Poster Ecosystem degradation due Multitemporal Assessment of Selective
to fire & logging Logging in the Brazilian Amazon
Eric Davidson Oral Productivity, nutrients and Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus
sustainable land use for biomass growth in a six-year-old
secondary forest: results of a nutrient
Eric Smith Oral Advanced Applications of Space-time Controls on Carbon
Remote Sensing Sequestration over Large-Scale Amazon
Erick Fernandes Oral Productivity, nutrients and Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas
sustainable land use Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on
Degraded Pastureland in the Central
Everaldo Telles Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamics
Biomass, Litter, and Roots and Storage Potential in Tropical Forest
Soils of Amazonia.
Evilene Lopes Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the
Scale in Amazonia Tapajos National Forest
F. Kennedy A. de Poster Human Dimensions of Carbon as an economic strategy to reduce
Souza Environmental Changes in deforestation in southwestern Amazonia:
Amazon opportunities and limits for rural
populations in Acre State, Brazil
Fabio Sanches Poster Meso-scale processes & DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIES
transport in Amazonia THE MICROCLIMATE? A CASE STUDY
OF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS AT
TUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.
Fernando Ramos Poster Meso-scale processes & Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within
transport in Amazonia and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis'
generalized thermostatistics. II.
Flavio Luizao Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Seasonal changes of leaf litter nutrient
Biomass, Litter, and Roots concentrations and possible implications
on nutrient cycling and plant growth
Florian Wittmann Oral Vegetation dynamics in Tree species distribution and community
Changing Ecosystems structure of Central Amazon varzea forests
by remote-sensing techniques
Francis Mayle Oral The Quaternary Climate of 50,000 year record of vegetation and
Amazonia climate change in Noel Kempff Mercado
National Park, Bolivian Amazon.
Francis Wagner Silva Poster Trace gases and VOCs in The meteorological conditions during the
Correia Amazonia: from canopy LBA CLAIRE - 2001 Mission
process to the large scale
Francoise Ishida Poster Trace gas evolution with Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO in a
landuse gradients chronosequence of secondary forests in
eastern Amazonia
Gannabathula Prasad Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Comparison of the fast response
Scale in Amazonia instruments at C14 and K34 sites in the
Gannabathula Prasad Oral Meso-scale processes & Sensible heat flux height variation above
transport in Amazonia the Rebiu Jaru Amazonian rain forest
canopy during diurnal periods
Gannabathula Prasad Oral Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
George Hurtt Poster Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
George Hurtt Oral Vegetation dynamics in
Changing Ecosystems
George Sanches Suli Oral Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
George Vourlitis Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand
Scale in Amazonia
German Poveda Oral Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
Gilberto Vicente Oral Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
Gilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
Gilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
Gilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
Goetz Schroth Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Gregory Asner Oral Ecosystem degradation due
to fire & logging
Guilherme Silva Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Hans-F. Graf Oral Aerosols & Climate
interactions in Amazonia
Henri Laurent Poster Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
Hillandia Cunha Poster Aerosols & Climate
interactions in Amazonia
Hudson Silva Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand
Scale in Amazonia
Humberto da Rocha Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:
From Runoff Generation to
Large Rivers
I.F. Brown Poster Human Dimensions of
Environmental Changes in
Amazon
Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral
gap" in turbulent data measured above
Rondonia, Brazil. Part II: Amazonian
IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale
Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in
Effects of Land-Use and Environmental
Variability on the Carbon Balance of the
Estimate of the consumption of
photosyntheticaly active radiation (PAR)
for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI)
from remote sensing, related with collected
The role of seasonal variations in
meteorology on the net CO2 exchange of
SCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREME
VALUES, INTERMITTENCY, AND
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND AND
TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS OF
REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL
ESTIMATION OVER THE AMAZON
REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL
THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER
OVER PASTURE AND FOREST IN
The intercomparison of radiosonde
systems during the LBA/TRMM experiment
The modification of the ABL structure due
to a Friagem event in Amazonia: a case
Can traditional agroforestry practices
stabilize forest borders, reduce edge
effects and fire hazards while increasing
community wellbeing ? The case of rubber
agroforests in the Tapajós National Forest,
Forest Canopy Damage from Selective
Logging in Amazonia: Lessons Learned
from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM
Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal
infection in roots of agroforestry systems
plantations in central Amazonia
On the local and global effects of aerosol -
cloud microphysics in deep convective
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION DURING WETAMC/LBA -
COMPARISON WITH WEST AFRICAN
Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric
Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.
Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in
Undisturbed forest at the Flona Tapajos,
Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a
tropical forest in eastern Amazonia
(Santarém km83).
The broader impacts of LBA science:
Examples from Acre, Brazil.
Iêda Leão do Amaral Poster Vegetation dynamics in
Changing Ecosystems
Igor Trosnikov Poster Meso-scale processes &
transport in Amazonia
Ilse Lieve Ackerman Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Iván Cortés Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
J. Vanderlei Martins Oral Aerosols & Climate
interactions in Amazonia
Jadson Dias Poster Trace gas evolution with
landuse gradients
Jair Maia Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand
Scale in Amazonia
James Greenberg Oral Trace gases and VOCs in
Amazonia: from canopy
process to the large scale
Janaina Braga Carmo Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Jean Pierre Ometto Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand
Scale in Amazonia
Jeffrey Cardille Poster Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
Jeffrey Chambers Oral C Sequestration Dynamics:
Biomass, Litter, and Roots
Jeffrey Richey Oral River water as a medium for
transport in Amazonia
Jessica Milgroom Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Jiaguo Qi Poster Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
Joanna Tucker Poster Vegetation dynamics in
Changing Ecosystems
Joao Andrade de Oral Ecosystem degradation due
Carvalho Jr. Carvalho to fire & logging
Joel Schafer Poster Aerosols & Climate
interactions in Amazonia
Johannes Lehmann Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
John Melack Oral River water as a medium for
transport in Amazonia
John Browder Oral Scenarios of land use
change: what are the human
FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE
FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE
TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA
CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL
MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC
TRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BY
CONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIA
Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in
central Amazônia
Diversity and vertical distribution of soil
fauna functional groups in two agroforestry
systems in Central Amazon
Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and
Cloud-Aerosol interactions in Amazonia
Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide and
Methane Measured Over Two Years on
Sand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed Forest
Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e
energia em um cerrado sensu strict pós-
Biogenic volatile organic compound
emissions from disturbed and undisturbed
Amazonian landscapes
ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND
AMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
PASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TO
Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest and
pastures ecosystems in the Amazon Basin
Agricultural land use in 2000-2001
Amazonia using new methods for merging
agricultural census data with satellite
reflectances: obtaining land use data from
Respiration from a Tropical Forest
Ecosystem: An Exception to a Constant
Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?
Coupling of Terrestrial and Aquatic
Systems at Mesoscales: The Expression
The effect of lime and phosphorus on
nodulation of the leguminous trees, Inga
edulis and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian
Scaling of Biophysical Variables of
Tropical Forests
Stem Recruitment and Mortality in an
Eastern Amazonian Secondary Forest
A forest clearing experiment conducted in
the Amazonian arc of deforestation
Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar
Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites:
Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil
solution of mixed tree cropping systems
and forests of central Amazônia
Linking seasonal inundation with
ecological, hydrological and
biogeochemical processes in the Amazon
Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian
Amazon: Comparative Farm-Level
John Roads Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: A Regional Model Intercomparison Over
From Runoff Generation to Brazil
Large Rivers
Jon Lloyd Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Atmospheric boundary layer
Scale in Amazonia measurements belie the existence of a
Jonathan Evans Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra
Scale in Amazonia Instrument for the Measurement of Surface
Carbon Flux with a Closed-Path Eddy
Correlation System over Amazonian
Jonathan Foley Oral Vegetation dynamics in The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the
Changing Ecosystems Climate, Ecosystems and Rivers of
Jorge Luis Enrique Poster Productivity, nutrients and ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT
Gallardo Ordinola sustainable land use STOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN
ABANDONED PASTURES AND
Jose Augusto Rocha Poster Scenarios of land use Committed carbon emissions from
change: what are the human deforestation in three municipalities of
drivers? Acre State, Brazil: a first approximation for
Jose Augusto Veiga Poster Future climate of Amazonia Contrasting conditions of atmospheric
water balance and moisture transport in
summertime in the Amazon basin during
EL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.
José de Souza Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Relationship Between Litter Production and
Nogueira Biomass, Litter, and Roots Reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiation
by the Canopy of Transitional tropical
José Francisco de Poster Meso-scale processes & THE DEEP CONVECTION THROUGH
Oliveira Júnior transport in Amazonia THE CAPE IN COMPARISON WITH
RADAR DOPLER BAND-L IN THE
Jose Marengo Oral Future climate of Amazonia Regional aspects of the IPCC Third
Assessment Report. Assessment of
climate change scenarios due to increase
in greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin
Jose Maria Da Costa Poster Vegetation dynamics in CO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN
Changing Ecosystems AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM
Jose Ricardo Souza Oral Meso-scale processes & Soil Temperature and Moisture Variability,
transport in Amazonia Beneath Forest, Pasture and Mangrove
Areas, in Eastern Amazonia.
Jose Ricardo Souza Oral Meso-scale processes & Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil
transport in Amazonia Beneath Pasture, in Marajó Island
Josyane Ronchail Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos
From Runoff Generation to (Bolivia, south western Amazon) and
Large Rivers associated atmospheric circulation features
Juarez Robinson Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX
Scale in Amazonia USING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD:
AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S
DEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OF
TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND
Julia Cohen Poster Meso-scale processes & CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE
transport in Amazonia FORMATION OVER EASTERN
Julio Resende Poster Productivity, nutrients and The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the
sustainable land use Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado Savannas
Julio Tóta Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL
Scale in Amazonia CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OF
AN INTEGRATED MODEL
Julio Tóta Poster Meso-scale processes & EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF Eta
transport in Amazonia REGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-
AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OF
Karen Holmes Poster Productivity, nutrients and Modeling regional soil patterns based on
sustainable land use lithology and topographic attributes
Karine Cristina Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass
Augusti Biomass, Litter, and Roots Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration
Systems in Rondônia, Brazil.
Keith Kisselle Poster Trace gas evolution with NOx and CO emissions from soil and
landuse gradients surface litter in a Brazilian savanna
L. Gustavo Poster Meso-scale processes & Towards a South American Land Data
Goncalves de transport in Amazonia Assimilation System (SALDAS):
Goncalves Investigating Potential Precipitation
Laerte Ferreira Oral Advanced Applications of Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal
Remote Sensing Dynamics Of The Brazilian Cerrado
Physiognomies With Spectral Vegetation
Indices: An Assessment Within The Large
Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment
Laerte Ferreira Poster Vegetation dynamics in The Potential of Combined SAR Data and
Changing Ecosystems Optical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping in the
Laura Hess Oral Advanced Applications of Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active
Remote Sensing Microwave Sensors
Laura Tillmann Viana Poster Scenarios of land use Structure of Microbial Communities in
change: what are the human Native Areas and a Pasture in Brazilian
drivers? Savannas (Cerrado) of Central Brazil
Laurens Ganzeveld Oral Trace gas evolution with Impact of land cover and land use changes
landuse gradients on surface trace gas exchanges.
Leland Pierce Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the
Biomass, Litter, and Roots Amazon using JERS/RADARSAT SAR
Leonardo Sá Poster Meso-scale processes & Coherent structures observed immediately
transport in Amazonia above Amazonian forest canopy in Rebiu
Jaru Reserve, Rondônia, Brazil
Liane Guild Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Effects of Interannual Climate Variability in
Biomass, Litter, and Roots Capoeira and Crops Under Traditional and
Alternative Shifting Cultivation
Liliane Bezerra Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: TDR triple-wire probes calibration for
Passos da Silva From Runoff Generation to Cerrado soils
Large Rivers
Lina Mercado Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and
Scale in Amazonia Caixuana eddy covariance data with a big-
leaf and sun/shade model
Lívia Vasconcelos Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Soil microbial biomass and respiration in
Biomass, Litter, and Roots an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest
Lucerina Trujillo Poster Productivity, nutrients and Nutrient use efficiency in abandoned
sustainable land use pasture soils under organic and chemical
Luciana Gatti Poster Trace gas evolution with What we learned about trace gases in the
landuse gradients Amazon Basin
Luciana Gatti Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of
Amazonia: from canopy Biogenic VOCs in the Amazon Basin
process to the large scale
Luciana M. Monaco Poster Vegetation dynamics in Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na
Changing Ecosystems Floresta Nacional do Tapajós
Luciana Rizzo Poster Aerosols & Climate Modeling the influence of land use change
interactions in Amazonia on the concentration of organic aerosol and
oxidant species concentrations in Amazon.
Luciana Valente Oral River water as a medium for The coming global freshwater scarcity: a
transport in Amazonia project for the exportation of water from
Luciano Dutra Oral Advanced Applications of Some Results from the 2000 P and X band
Remote Sensing Airborne Polarimetric INPE-DSG SAR
Mission for Biomass Estimation, Land
Cover Classification and Digital Elevation
Lucy Hutyra Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics
Biomass, Litter, and Roots in an old-growth Amazonian forest
Luis Marcelo Mattos Poster Meso-scale processes & Some characteristics of the turbulence
Zeri transport in Amazonia structure evolution in the atmospheric
surface layer above Pantanal Wetland
Luitgard Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Dynamics of dissolved organic matter
Schwendenmann Scale in Amazonia (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain
Luiz Aragao Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT
Scale in Amazonia CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT
BRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁ
Luiz Machado Poster Meso-scale processes & THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE
transport in Amazonia CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING
Luiz A. T. Machado Poster Meso-scale processes & THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA
transport in Amazonia EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO
THE LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THE
UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WIND
DIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USING
Luiz Eduardo Aragão Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND
Scale in Amazonia LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT
Luiz Fernando Poster River water as a medium for Influences of land use in aquatic
Charbel transport in Amazonia metabolism of streams-Fazenda Nova
Luz Adriana Cuartas- Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Development of new Instrumentation for
Pineda From Runoff Generation to Accurate Measurement of Throughfall and
Large Rivers Stemflow, and the Coupling of this in the
study of Water Interception for an
Maarten J. Waterloo Poster River water as a medium for Water balance and carbon leaching of a
transport in Amazonia rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.
Manfred Verhaagh Poster Productivity, nutrients and Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a
sustainable land use field experiment in central Amazonia
Manoel Cardoso Oral Ecosystem degradation due Fieldwork and Statistical Analyses for
to fire & logging Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire
Marc Simard Oral Vegetation dynamics in Interannual variability of Soil moisture and
Changing Ecosystems Vegetation Biomass In Amazonian Cerrado
Marcel Rocco Poster Meso-scale processes & MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
transport in Amazonia OF A SQUALL LINE IN THE AMAZON
Marcelo Bernardes Poster River water as a medium for Organic matter composition of rivers of the
transport in Amazonia Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin)
as a function of land use changes.
Marcelo Cassiolato Poster River water as a medium for CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL
transport in Amazonia SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF IN
PASTURE AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN
Marcelo Moreira Poster Scenarios of land use Changes in land use in the city of Manaus
change: what are the human and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highway
Marcelo Sestini Poster Advanced Applications of Integration and update of cartographic
Remote Sensing information of Legal Amazon land cover
Marcia Yamasoe Poster Aerosols & Climate Effect of smoke aerosol particles from
interactions in Amazonia biomass burning on the PAR absorbed by
a primary forest in the Amazon
Marco Rondon Poster Ecosystem degradation due Carbon Storage in Soils from Degraded
to fire & logging Pastures and Agroforestry Systems in
Central Amazônia: The role of charcoal
Marco Sack Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-
Biomass, Litter, and Roots uptake in Amazonian lowland forests
Marcos Longo Poster Meso-scale processes & Horizontal vorticity budget associated to an
transport in Amazonia Amazonian squall line during the
CIRSAN/LBA experiment
Marcos Longo Poster Meso-scale processes & Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a Cold
transport in Amazonia Outbreak during Wet-Season on South-
Marcus Bottino Poster Meso-scale processes & The distribution of convective systems
transport in Amazonia detected by satellite in the Tropics of South
America and some relationships with the
precipitation and the general circulation
Margarete Domingues Oral Meso-scale processes & Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral
transport in Amazonia gap" in turbulent data measured above
Rondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian Forest
Maria Assunção Faus Oral Aerosols & Climate Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia:
da Silva Dias interactions in Amazonia Dynamic and Microphysics aspects
Maria Assunção Silva Oral Meso-scale processes & Observation and numerical simulation of
Dias transport in Amazonia the river breeze circulation in the vicinity
of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers
Maria Aurora Santos Poster Meso-scale processes & Relationship between CAPE and Bolivian
da Mota transport in Amazonia High during Wet-AMC-LBA
Maria Carvalho Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Soil carbon stocks influenced by litter and
Biomass, Litter, and Roots roots quality on pasture chronosequence in
Maria del Carmen Oral Human Dimensions of The economic costs of fire in the Brazilian
Vera Diaz Environmental Changes in Amazon: a valuation study
Amazon
Maria Ruivo Oral Human Dimensions of MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE
Environmental Changes in ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH AND
Amazon YELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITE
Mario Siqueira Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from
Scale in Amazonia Multilevel Ecophysiological and Turbulent
Transport Models: A Symbiotic Approach
Maristela Farias Poster Vegetation dynamics in Eco-physiology of three species in the
Changing Ecosystems Central Amazon floodplain
Mark Bush Oral The Quaternary Climate of Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake
Amazonia level and orbital variation.
Mark Cochrane Oral Ecosystem degradation due Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation
to fire & logging and Fire Disturbance: Implications of
Mark Cochrane Oral Scenarios of land use Priority Areas for Establishing National
change: what are the human Forests in the Brazilian Amazon
Mark Cochrane Oral Vegetation dynamics in Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse
Changing Ecosystems and Carbon Flux in the Brazilian Amazon
Mark Johnson Poster Vegetation dynamics in Soil water repellency and land use change
Changing Ecosystems in the Amazon
Martin Hodnett Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Processes of streamflow generation in a
From Runoff Generation to headwater catchment in central Amazonia.
Large Rivers
Mateus Batistella Oral Scenarios of land use HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OF
change: what are the human LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN RONDÔNIA,
drivers? BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Mauricio Bolzan Poster Meso-scale processes & Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within
transport in Amazonia and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis'
generalized thermostatistics. I. Wind
Mauro Massao Shiota Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio
Hayashi Scale in Amazonia Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation
in Evapotranspiration of a Transition
Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil
Maycira Costa Oral Advanced Applications of Estimate of net primary production of
Remote Sensing aquatic vegetation of the Amazon
floodplain using radar satellite imagery.
Megan McGroddy Poster Productivity, nutrients and Fate of phosphorus in a lowland
sustainable land use Amazonian rainforest
Meinrat O. Andreae Oral Aerosols & Climate Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the
interactions in Amazonia Amazon Basin
Michael Coe Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Long-term Simulations of Discharge and
From Runoff Generation to Floods in the Amazon Basin
Large Rivers
Michael Goulden Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest
Scale in Amazonia CO2 Exchange
Michael Jasinski Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Feasibility of Applying Topex/Poseidon
From Runoff Generation to Altimetric Data to the Estimation of
Large Rivers Amazon River Stage and Discharge
Michael Palace Poster Ecosystem degradation due Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and
to fire & logging Undisturbed Forests: Determination of
Stocks Using a New Methodology for
Moacyr Dias-Filho Poster Future climate of Amazonia The effects of partial throughfall exclusion
on the seasonal photosynthetic light
response of trees in a forest area in
Mónica J. De Los Poster Human Dimensions of Challenges in the democratization of
Rios Maldonado Environmental Changes in knowledge generated by LBA for
Amazon Amazonian societies
Nadine Dessay Poster Vegetation dynamics in Detecting deforested areas from NDVI
Changing Ecosystems series in Amazonia 1982-1999
Nei Leite Poster River water as a medium for Natural and athropogenic influences on the
transport in Amazonia biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000
km2) river undergoing deforestation in
Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river,
Nicolau Priante Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Litter decomposition rate estimation by
Biomass, Litter, and Roots mass balance model in a transitional
tropical forest –savanna in Mato Grosso -
Oscar Vega Poster Aerosols & Climate OZONE AND AEROSOLS
interactions in Amazonia CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM
A TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS
HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZON
Osvaldo Moraes Poster Meso-scale processes & Wind, Temperature and Moisture Vertical
transport in Amazonia Profiles at the FLONA Pasture Site
Oswaldo de Carvalho Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Estimating above ground biomass in
Jr Scale in Amazonia Eastern Amazon: a comparison among old-
growth, logged and logged & burned forest
Paolo Stefani Oral Trace gases and VOCs in ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND
Amazonia: from canopy PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON
process to the large scale MESURED OVER THE TROPICAL
RAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING
Pascal Kosuth Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of
From Runoff Generation to Lago Grande de Curuai : water and
Large Rivers sediment balance, influence of river stage
Pascal Kosuth Oral River water as a medium for Water surface and river bottom
transport in Amazonia longitudinal profiles and characteristics
along Amazon river mainstream in Brazil
Patricia Moreira-Turcq Poster River water as a medium for Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeas
transport in Amazonia
Patrick Crill Oral Trace gas evolution with Methane dynamics in undisturbed forest at
landuse gradients the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil
Patrick Meir Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest:
effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil
on fluxes of water and carbon dioxide.
Paul Lefebvre Poster Ecosystem degradation due An improved soil water budget model for
to fire & logging predicting drought stress-related forest
flammability in the Amazon Basin
Paul Steudler Poster Trace gas evolution with ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO2
landuse gradients EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN
Paulo Moutinho Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Drought effects on net primary productivity
Biomass, Litter, and Roots and its allocation in an east-central
Amazon forest: results from a throughfall
Paulo Artaxo Oral Aerosols & Climate Aerosol, trace gases and climate linkages
interactions in Amazonia in Amazonia: What we learned so far?
PAULO CESAR Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION
NUNES Scale in Amazonia IN FOREST, PASTURE AND
AGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE
Paulo Jorge Oliveira Poster Meso-scale processes & ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING
transport in Amazonia A FRIAGEM EVENT OVER AMAZONIA :
A STUDY OF CASE
Paulo Y. Kubota Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO
Kubota Scale in Amazonia ANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THE
SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON
Pedro Correto Priante Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN
Scale in Amazonia DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHT
INTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN
FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF
Percy Summers Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Coarse wood debris deposition,
Biomass, Litter, and Roots decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a
selectively logged forest in central
Peter Harley Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity
Amazonia: from canopy among Neotropical Forest Sites
process to the large scale
Peter Toledo Oral The Quaternary Climate of NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY
Amazonia LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA
BASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.
Petra Schmidt Poster Vegetation dynamics in Experiments with legume mulch
Changing Ecosystems applications and its effects on macrofauna
and decomposition in a highly degraded
Philip Fearnside Oral Scenarios of land use Deforestation control in Mato Grosso: a
change: what are the human new model for slowing the loss of
Philip Harris Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Modelling fluxes from Amazonian rain
Scale in Amazonia forest using a land-surface scheme
Piccolo Marisa de Poster River water as a medium for CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN
Cassia transport in Amazonia IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION
FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR
Plinio Alvala Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION
Scale in Amazonia UNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONS
Rachel Ifanger Poster Meso-scale processes & WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding data
Albrecht transport in Amazonia quality control
Rachel Ifanger Poster Meso-scale processes & TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R
Albrecht transport in Amazonia RELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATING
SYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA &
RAFAEL FERREIRA Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand THE ROLE OF MANGROVE
DA COSTA Scale in Amazonia ECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERIC
CARBON BUDGET - BRAGANCA,
Rafael FERREIRA da Poster Future climate of Amazonia CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN
COSTA THE SOIL WATER VOLUMETRIC
CONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST,
Rafael Rosolem Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION
Biomass, Litter, and Roots OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH
(CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE IN
Raimundo Cosme Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-
Oliveira Junior From Runoff Generation to 615 WATER CONTENT
Large Rivers REFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAY
CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THE
Ralf Gielow Poster Productivity, nutrients and CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE
sustainable land use SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE
AFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNING
OF TWO "TERRA FIRME" FOREST
Raquel Vale Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest:
effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil
on leaf gas exchange.
Rebecca Powell Oral Human Dimensions of Mapping and monitoring urban land-cover
Environmental Changes in change in Rondônia using spectral mixture
Amazon analysis
Regina Alvalá Poster Ecosystem degradation due Soil Thermal Properties Under Forest,
to fire & logging Pasture and Mangrove in Eastern
Regina Luizao Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Soil properties and carbon sequestration
Biomass, Litter, and Roots along a toposequence in central Amazonia
Regina Luizao Poster Productivity, nutrients and Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an
sustainable land use agroforestry system in Rondonia,
Reinaldo Correa Oral Human Dimensions of Politicas Publicas em antiga área de
Costa Environmental Changes in fronteira: o eixo Transamazonica-Xingu.
Amazon
Renata Marconato Poster Scenarios of land use Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná
change: what are the human River Basin (Rondônia, Brazil). Social-
drivers? Economics-Agricultural Survey
Renato Cordeiro Oral The Quaternary Climate of CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM
Amazonia TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: A
COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS
Renato Silva Oral Meso-scale processes & A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the
transport in Amazonia Boundary Layer Evolution Over a
Deforested Region of Rondonia (Brazil)
René Poccard- Oral Human Dimensions of MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL
Chapuis Environmental Changes in DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
Amazon IN THE EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Ricardo Dallarosa Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Radiation budget over the forest near
Scale in Amazonia Manaus, Amazonas - Brazil
Ricardo Figueiredo Poster Future climate of Amazonia Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical
forest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes
Ricardo Sakai Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM
Scale in Amazonia PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL
ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON
BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77
Richard Betts Oral Future climate of Amazonia Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley
Centre coupled climate-vegetation model
Richard Bilsborrow Oral Human Dimensions of Population, Economy and Land Use in the
Environmental Changes in Ecuadorian Amazon
Amazon
RILDO MOURA Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR
Scale in Amazonia RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENT
TYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST
OF REBIO-JARU-RO AND MANGROVE
RILDO MOURA Poster Meso-scale processes & COMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLE
transport in Amazonia MODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF
DAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESS
Robert Chatfield Poster Meso-scale processes & Rationalizing Burned Carbon with Carbon
transport in Amazonia Monoxide Exported from South America
Robert Dickinson Oral Future climate of Amazonia Role of the Amazon in Global Carbon
Robert Yokelson Oral Trace gas evolution with The Emissions From Savanna Fires,
landuse gradients Domestic Biofuel Use, and Residual
Smoldering Combustion, and the Effects of
Aging and CloudProcessing on
Smoke During SAFARI 2000
Roberto Aduan Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Effects of land use change and tree
Biomass, Litter, and Roots coverage decrease in key aspects of the
carbon budget of the Brazilian Cerrado
Rodrigo O. P. Serrano Poster Human Dimensions of Reliability of low-cost GPS data for
Environmental Changes in ecological and land use studies in
Amazon Amazonia
Romilda Paiva Poster Productivity, nutrients and Relationship between soil nutrient
sustainable land use availability and carbon fixation in seedlings
and trees in central Amazonia
Rong Fu Oral Future climate of Amazonia The influence of land surface winds show
how fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainy
season and the influence of South
American rainfall on the winter climate
over North Atlantic, Europe and eastern
Rosa Maria N. Santos Poster Meso-scale processes & THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER:
transport in Amazonia OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS IN
Rosana Castillo Poster River water as a medium for Relation between photosintesys and leaf
transport in Amazonia morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3
savannah-fernsland gradient, Gran
Sabana, Canaima National Park,
Rosana Nieto Ferreira Oral Meso-scale processes & Variability of South American Convective
transport in Amazonia Cloud Systems and Tropospheric
Circulation during January-March 1998 and
Rosângela Cintra Poster Meso-scale processes & Statistical Evaluation of the Wet Season
transport in Amazonia Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBA
and GTS Observations used in RPSAS
with CPTEC Eta model
Sammya D'Angelo Poster Ecosystem degradation due PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN
to fire & logging FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL
Samuel Almeida Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Fine litter fall and standing tree component
Biomass, Litter, and Roots contribution to the nutrient cycling in an
amazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará,
Samuel Almeida Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest:
effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil
on litterfall and tree growth.
Sanae Hyashi Poster Ecosystem degradation due Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an
to fire & logging ageing Amazon frontier: the case of
Sandra Patino Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: A comparison of the relationships between
Biomass, Litter, and Roots leaf area index, Huber value and above-
ground biomass within Amazonian forests.
Sassan Saatchi Poster Advanced Applications of Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from
Remote Sensing Fusion of Optical and Microwave Remote
Sassan Saatchi Oral Advanced Applications of Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic
Remote Sensing Roughness from Radar Interferometry
Sassan Saatchi Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of
Scale in Amazonia Forest Biomass in Amazon Basin
Saulo Freitas Poster Meso-scale processes & Explicitly Modeling the Vertical Transport
transport in Amazonia of Biomass Burning Emissions by a
Mesoscale Convective System on Amazon
Savio Ferreira Poster Ecosystem degradation due RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY
to fire & logging SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST
Savio Ferreira Poster Ecosystem degradation due SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER
to fire & logging SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL
Scott Denning Oral Meso-scale processes & Atmospheric Responses to Land and
transport in Amazonia Water: Simulations and Observations of
Mesoscale Circulations and CO2
Concentrations in the Santarém Mesoscale
Scott Hoefle Oral Human Dimensions of Pro-Active Political Participation and
Environmental Changes in Sustainable Development in the Central
Amazon Amazon
Scott Miller Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements
Scale in Amazonia of Tropical Forest Carbon Balance
Scott Saleska Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via
Scale in Amazonia eddy covariance measurements in an old-
growth Amazon foreest
Sérgio de Paulo Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO
Scale in Amazonia STUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE
SINOP-MT TOWER AND OTHER LBA
Sergio Margulis Oral Scenarios of land use WHO ARE THE AGENTS OF
change: what are the human DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON,
Shozo Shiraiwa Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Study of water table’s top variation, under
From Runoff Generation to the interior of Amazonian tropical
Large Rivers transitional forest, Sinop, MT, Brazil, -
Simone Pereira Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE
Biomass, Litter, and Roots CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
TERRA FIRME SOILS, ESECAFLOR
EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ
Simone Vieira Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Where are the oldest of the forest?
Biomass, Litter, and Roots Radiocarbon use to determine the age and
growth rate of trees from the Brazilian
Steel Vasconcelos Poster Future climate of Amazonia Water use efficiency increases in response
to drought for Vismia guianensis in the
overstory of an Eastern Amazonian
Stefanie Rottenberger Poster Trace gas evolution with
landuse gradients
Steven Wofsy Poster Trace gases and VOCs in
Amazonia: from canopy
process to the large scale
Sueli Oliveira Martins Oral Human Dimensions of
Environmental Changes in
Amazon
Susan Laurance Poster Ecosystem degradation due
to fire & logging
Tatiana Sa Oral Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Tatiana Sá Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Ted Feldpausch Poster Vegetation dynamics in
Changing Ecosystems
Terezinha Monteiro Poster Productivity, nutrients and
sustainable land use
Theotonio Pauliquevis Poster Aerosols & Climate
interactions in Amazonia
Thomas Dunne Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:
From Runoff Generation to
Large Rivers
Thomas Eck Poster Aerosols & Climate
interactions in Amazonia
Tibisay Perez Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:
Biomass, Litter, and Roots
Tim Baker Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand
Scale in Amazonia
Tomas Domingues Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand
Scale in Amazonia
Tomoaki Miura Poster Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
Toshiro Inoue Poster Advanced Applications of
Remote Sensing
Trent Biggs Oral River water as a medium for
transport in Amazonia
Uwe Kuhn Oral Trace gases and VOCs in
Amazonia: from canopy
process to the large scale
THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON
THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
BETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN
TREE SPECIES AND THE
Variations in carbon monoxide
concentrations at a Central Amazonian
site.
Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado
Adensado-RECA: Um Estudo sobre
Desenvolvimento Integrado na Amazônia.
PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON
EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATION
OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS
Fallow vegetation and agricultural
sustainability in Eastern Amazonia:
bringing out ecological features in the
Assessment of biophysical and
biogeochemical processes in traditional
and alternative agriculture systems in
Secondary forest recovery on degraded
pastures in Central Amazonia: carbon,
nutrients, and light-capture
LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND
FOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL
Comparison of Rainwater composition at
two sites in Amazonia for dry and wet
Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and
land cover conversion on runoff processes
and rates in Rondônia, Brazil.
Inter-annual variability of biomass burning
aerosol optical depth in southern
Amazonia, and the effects of these
aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux
Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry
season forest soils - implications for
seasonal production of N2O
Climatic and edaphic control of regional-
scale patterns of forest structure in
Ecophysiological characteristics related to
gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical
Discriminating Land Cover Types and
Conversions in the Brazilian Cerrado Using
EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Imagery
Characteristics of deep convection over
the Amazonia during LBA using GOES and
PR/TRMM data
Scaling up from pastures to watersheds:
The spatial and temporal structure of
human impacts on stream nutrients
Concentration profiles of volatile organic
compounds over Amazonia: Aircraft
measurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001
Vanusa Pachêco Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Study of the mean wind speed profile
Scale in Amazonia above and within the canopy of the forest
reserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.
Viviana Horna Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and
Biomass, Litter, and Roots Biomass of Premontane Forest Types at
the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern
Viviana Horna Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Ecological Classification of Soils and
Scale in Amazonia Pristine Premontane Vegetation in the Alto
Mayo Valley, Northern Peru
Viviana Horna Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Carbon Release from Stems and Branches
Scale in Amazonia in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon Forest
Viviana Horna Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Flooding Regime Characterization with
From Runoff Generation to Multi-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery in
Large Rivers the Peruvian Amazon Basin
Viviana Horna Poster Vegetation dynamics in Transpiration before and after Burning in
Changing Ecosystems Different “Cerrado” Vegetation Types of
the Brazilian Savanna
William Laurance Oral Scenarios of land use PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION IN
change: what are the human THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
William Laurance Oral Vegetation dynamics in BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN
Changing Ecosystems FOREST FRAGMENTS
William Salas Poster Vegetation dynamics in VALIDATING, SCALING AND
Changing Ecosystems PARAMETERIZING A FOREST
REGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZON
REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND
Xiangming Xiao Oral Advanced Applications of Satellite observations of inter-annual
Remote Sensing variation of vegetation productivity and
water content in Legal Amazon Basin
Xiwu Zhan Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand An analytical approach for estimating CO2
Scale in Amazonia and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region
Yongkang Xue Oral Future climate of Amazonia Simulations of South American
hydrometeorology and effects of land
Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

PRIMARY ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

AUTHOR
Alfredo Huete Terrestrial Biophysics and Oral A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the
Remote Sensing Lab, Biophysical Products from the Terra-MODIS Sensor
University of Arizona
Charon Birkett Goddard Space Flight Center Oral Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin:
Application of Satellite Radar Altimetry
Christopher Potter NASA/ARC Oral Understanding global teleconnections of climate to
regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem
Invited processes
Dar Roberts University of California Oral Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-cover
mapping in support of LBA.
Gilberto Vicente NASA/GSFC Oral REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVER
THE AMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
Laerte Ferreira Federal University of Goias Oral Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of The
(UFG) Brazilian Cerrado Physiognomies With Spectral
Vegetation Indices: An Assessment Within The Large
Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia
(LBA)
Laura Hess University of California, Santa Oral Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active Microwave
Barbara Sensors
Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Oral Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Optical
and Microwave Remote Sensing Data
Andrea Silva Michigan State University Poster Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover for
Rondonia State
Annette Schloss University of New Hampshire Poster EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and Model
Products in Support of LBA Science
Bobby Braswell University of New Hampshire Poster Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in the
Amazon basin by combining medium and high-resolution
satellite data in a physical context
Dar Roberts University of California Poster Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral Mixture
Analysis and Decision Tree Classifiers, an Update
David Skole Michigan State University Poster Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia Using
Landsat TM
David Skole Michigan State University Poster Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in Amazonia

Diogo Selhorst UFAC
Eraldo Matricardi Basic Science and Remote
Sensing Initiative - BSRSI-
MSU
Eraldo Matricardi Basic Science and Remote
Sensing Initiative - BSRSI-
MSU
Poster A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In Situ
Observations in Southwestern Amazonia: A Case Study in
Acre, Brazil.
Poster The Contribution of Selective Logging to Forest
Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon
Poster Conservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontier in the
state of Rondonia, Brazil.
Eric Smith NASA/GSFC Poster Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration over
Large-Scale Amazon Basin
George Hurtt University of New Hampshire Poster IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere
Experiment in Amazonia
George Sanches Universidade Federal de Mato Poster Estimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly active
Suli Grosso radiation (PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI)
from remote sensing, related with collected field data.
Jeffrey Cardille Federal University of Vicosa Poster Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using new
(UFV) methods for merging agricultural census data with satellite
reflectances: obtaining land use data from satellite
information
Jiaguo Qi Michigan State University Poster Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical Forests

Luciano Dutra INPE Poster Some Results from the 2000 P and X band Airborne
Polarimetric INPE-DSG SAR Mission for Biomass
Estimation, Land Cover Classification and Digital Elevation
and Surface Model Estimation
Marcelo Sestini INPE/CPTEC Poster Integration and update of cartographic information of Legal
Amazon land cover
Maycira Costa INPE Poster Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation of
the Amazon floodplain using radar satellite imagery.
Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Poster Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness from
Radar Interferometry
Tomoaki Miura Terrestrial Biophysics and Poster Discriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in the
Remote Sensing Lab, Brazilian Cerrado Using EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral
University of Arizona Imagery
Toshiro Inoue Meteorological Research Poster Characteristics of deep convection over the Amazonia
Institute during LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM data
Xiangming Xiao University of New Hampshire Poster Satellite observations of inter-annual variation of
vegetation productivity and water content in Legal Amazon
Basin during 1998-2001
 A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical
Products from the Terra-MODIS Sensor

Alfredo Huete1, Piyachat Ratana1, Laerte Ferreira2,

Yosio Shimabukuro3, Kamel Didan1, Tomoaki Miura1
1
Dept. Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1200 E. South
Campus Drive, Tucson, Arizona, 85721 USA ahuete@ag.arizona.edu
2
Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG laerte@iesa.ufg.br
3
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE yosio@ltid.inpe.br

Abstract

We evaluated the initial two years of satellite biophysical products from the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over the Amazon Basin and
surrounding regions of Brazil. A suite of ecological MODIS products is currently
available at spatial resolutions of 250 m to 1 km and 8- and 16-day temporal time
intervals. These include atmospherically-corrected surface reflectances in 7 bands in the
visible, near- and shortwave infrared; two vegetation indices (VI), the normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI); a leaf area
index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) product,
and net primary production (NPP). We examined the usefulness of the MODIS data in
characterizing the seasonal dynamics of the Amazon Basin along primary climate-based
ecological transects as well as land cover and land use intensity gradients. An eco-
climatic transect was more carefully examined along a gradient from the semiarid
Brazilian cerrado to the seasonal tropical rainforests within the Amazon Basin.
Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS data revealed well-defined seasonal patterns in the
cerrado region with decreasing dry-wet seasonal patterns in the transitional areas near
Araguaia National Park. Seasonality was observed to a small extent at the Tapajos
National Forest site, however, it was unclear whether this was associated with seasonal
changes in forest leaf area or temporal changes in understory vegetation. We further
found MODIS VI seasonal patterns to significantly vary in land converted and land
degraded areas. In comparison with AVHRR data, we found MODIS to be much more
useful in characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Amazon Basin.
 Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin:
Application of Satellite Radar Altimetry

C.M. Birkett1, L.A.K. Mertes2, T. Dunne3, M.H. Costa4, M.J. Jasinski5

1
Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Maryland, USA
2
Department of Geography and ICESS, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA
3
Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and ICESS, University of California at
Santa Barbara, USA
4
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
5
Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA/GSFC, Maryland, USA

Abstract. Satellite radar altimetry has the ability to monitor variations in surface water height
(stage) for large wetlands, rivers, and associated floodplains. A clear advantage is the provision
of data where traditional gauges are absent. As part of an international programme a complete
altimetric analysis of the Amazon Basin is being undertaken. Here, an updated and more rigorous
evaluation of the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) dataset is presented for the first ~7.5 years of the
mission. With an initial study group of 230 targets, height variability at many ungauged locations
can be observed for 30-50%, the range reflecting the clarity of the variations in lieu of instrument
limitations. An assessment of the instrument performance confirms that the minimum river width
attainable is ~1 km in the presence of some inundated floodplain. This constraint does allow
observation of the main stem (Solimões/Amazon) and the larger tributaries, but rugged terrain in
the vicinity of the target additionally places severe limitations on data retrieval. First-order
validation exercises with the deduced 1992-1999 time series of stage fluctuations reveal
accuracies ranging from tens of centimeters to several metres (mean ~1.1 m rms). Altimetric
water levels in the Solimões and Amazon are particularly well defined with amplitudes <13 m
and variations in peak level timing from May to July. The water-surface gradient of the main
stem is found to vary both spatially and temporally, with values ranging from 1.5 cm/km
downstream, to 4.0 cm/km for more upstream reaches. In agreement with ground-based
estimates, the seasonal variability of the gradients reveals that the hysteresis characteristic of the
flood wave varies along the mainstem and the derived altimetric velocity of this flood wave is
estimated to be ~0.35 ms-1. Overall, the altimetric results demonstrate that the T/P mission is
successfully monitoring the transient flood waves of this continental-scale river basin.
Speaker: Chrisopher Potter
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Title: Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite

observations for Amazon ecosystem processes.

Abstract. The influence of ocean surface patterns, such as the El Niño-Southern

Oscillation (ENSO), on atmospheric circulation and land surface climate have been noted
as significant global teleconnections. Teleconnection is a term used in meteorological
studies to describe simultaneous variation in climate and related processes over widely
separated areas. Our LBA-ECO research team is investigating global teleconnections of
climate to regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem processes, mainly in the
form of monthly FPAR (fraction absorbed of photosynthetically active radiation) over the
period 1982-1999. Results from our analysis suggest that satellite FPAR anomalies over
large areas of the Amazon region west of 60 degrees longitude are strongly and
negatively correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), whereas FPAR
anomalies over large areas of the region east of 60 degrees longitude are strongly and
positively correlated with SOI. Certain areas of the region appear to have strong linkages
in the satellite FPAR anomaly record to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The
implications of these significant teleconnections of ocean climate to predictions of
Amazon carbon cycling are reviewed.
 Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-cover mapping in support of
LBA.

D.A. Roberts1
1
Dept of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060,
E-mail: dar@geog.ucsb.edu

Considerable uncertainty remains in our knowledge of human impacts in

Amazonia. Important research questions include determining the rates of forest
conversion and agricultural abandonment, the age structure and area of regenerating
forest and pasture and the area impacted by forest degradation due to selective logging,
fragmentation and fire. Answers to these questions have regional and global implications
in terms of biological diversity, hydrology, biogeochemistry and climate. Remote
sensing, applied across multiple spatial and temporal scales, represents one of the most
viable means of mapping human impacts in Amazonia. However, to be most effective, it
is critical that standardized tools are used, thus providing a means of comparison through
time and across regions. Here I present an example of a standardized approach. I describe
a multistage process in which remotely sensed data are georectified to a common base
map, intercalibrated to remove atmospheric, instrumental and lighting differences, then
decomposed as mixtures of green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, shade and
soil using spectral mixture analysis. Spectral fractions are used to train a decision tree
classifier to map forest, pasture, second growth forest/crop and soil/urban using a single
set of decision rules. Transitions from forest to non-forest classes are used to estimate
rates of forest clearing and map the age structure of non-forest classes. Changes in forest
structure associated with degradation are mapped at sub-pixel scales through the analysis
of changes in shade, non-photosynthetic vegetation, green vegetation and soil following
degradation.
To illustrate the potential of such an approach I draw upon examples from
research in Rondonia, Manaus and Maraba, Brazil, in which Landsat MSS and TM data
are used to quantify land-cover dynamics over a period of up to 25 years. I discuss
limitations of currently available data and the potential of new opportunities, such as the
airborne deployment of AVIRIS as a means of improving interpretation of TM.
 REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVER THE
AMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Gilberto Vicente, Marcos H. Costa
NASA/GSFC
gvicente@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is the construction and maintenance of a system
to provide reliable rainfall information to the current hydrological models covering the
Amazon region. The presentation is an overview of the development and implementation
of an automated satellite rainfall estimation scheme for the Amazonia area to provide real
time rainfall rate free of cost to Internet users. The study is an extension of the automated
satellite rainfall estimation technique (Auto-Estimator) developed for the USA at the
request of the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS). It provides real-time, high
spatial (4 by 4 km) and temporal resolution (half-hour) rainfall estimates using a similar
multi-channel, multi-spectral methodology that has proved to be from 70% to 90%
percent satisfactory over the US. The real time rainfall rate estimates are derived from the
infrared channel carried by the GOES-8 geosynchronous satellite plus model-derived
precipitable water and relative humidity. This technique has consistently generated
rainfall estimates every half-hour over the whole South America region for over three
years. It acknowledges the diurnal variation of precipitation and has better temporal and
spatial coverage than the TRMM and DMSP(SSM/I) satellite estimates. The real time
estimates are available in GRADS format through the NOAA/NESDIS web site
http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad/ht/ff/gilberto.html.
 Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of The Brazilian Cerrado
Physiognomies With Spectral Vegetation Indices: An Assessment Within
The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia (LBA)

Laerte Ferreira1, Alfredo Huete2, Hiroki Yoshioka3, Edson Sano4

1
Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus Samambaia, Caixa Postal 131,
Goiania, GO, 74001-970, Brazil laerte@iesa.ufg.br
2
Dept. Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona ahuete@ag.arizona.edu
3
Dept. of Applied Inf. Science and Tech., Aichi Prefectural University, yoshioka@ist.aichi-
pu.ac.jp
4
Embrapa Cerrados, sano@cpac.embrapa.br

Abstract

The Brazilian Cerrado biome comprises a vertically structured mosaic of

grassland, shrubland, and woodland physiognomies with distinct phenology patterns. In
this study we investigated the utility of spectral vegetation indices in differentiating these
physiognomies and in monitoring their seasonal dynamics. We obtained high spectral
resolution reflectances, during the 2000 wet and dry seasons, over the major Cerrado
types at Brasilia National Park (BNP) using the light aircraft-based, Modland Quick
Airborne Looks (MQUALS) package, consisting of a spectroradiometer and digital
camera. Site-intensive biophysical and canopy structural measurements were made
simultaneously at each of the Cerrado types including Cerrado grassland, shrub Cerrado,
wooded Cerrado, Cerrado woodland, and gallery forest. We analyzed the spectral
reflectance signatures, their first derivative analogs, and convolved spectral vegetation
indices (VI) over all the Cerrado physiognomies. The high spectral resolution data were
convolved to the MODIS, AVHRR, and ETM+ bandpasses and converted to the
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI)
to simulate their respective sensors. Land cover discrimination was favored by the NDVI,
while the EVI more strongly responded to the seasonal contrast of the vegetative cover.
However, both indices displayed seasonal variations that were approximately one-half
that found with the measured landscape green cover dynamics. Inter-sensor comparisons
of seasonal dynamics, based on spectral bandpass properties, revealed the ETM+
simulated VI’s had the best seasonal discrimination capability, followed by MODIS and
AVHRR. Differences between sensor bandpass-derived VI values, however, varied with
Cerrado type and between dry and wet seasons, indicating the need for inter-sensor VI
translation equations for effective multi-sensor applications.

1
 Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active Microwave Sensors
Laura L. Hess
University of California, Santa Barbara
lola@icess.ucsb.edu

Abstract

Datasets from active microwave sensors are providing a new view of Amazonian wetlands,
with important implications for basin biogeochemistry and hydrology. Dual-season mapping of
inundation and vegetation has been completed for a central Amazon quadrat extending from
72W,0S to 54W,8S. Imagery was acquired by the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) L-
band, HH-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) during Sept.-Oct. 1995 and May-June 1996,
and mosaicked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory into low- and high-water mosaics with pixel
dimensions of approx.100 m. Image segmentation software developed at INPE was used to carry
out a polygon-based classification of the co-registered mosaics into wetland and non-wetland
classes. Wetland areas were classified by inundation state (flooded vs. non-flooded) and vegetation
type (non-vegetated, woody, or herbaceous), and classification accuracy was assessed using geo-
coded digital videography acquired during aerial surveys of the Brazilian Amazon. Seventeen
percent of the central Amazon quadrat is occupied by wetlands, which are 96% inundated at high
water and 26% inundated at low water, including river and stream channels. Flooded forest
constitutes nearly 70% of the wetland area at high water. The inundation and vegetation mapping
was combined with stream network data and field measurements to estimate regional CO2 evasion
from waters of rivers and wetlands. This mapping methodology is being applied to the entire
lowland portion of the basin using the dual-season JERS-1 mosaics. In order to map inundation
extent at intermediate water stages, to increase classification accuracy in savanna regions, and to
create habitat maps of intensive study sites, we are analyzing time series of high-resolution (25 m)
JERS-1 and Radarsat data. Time series of JERS-1 data acquired at key times during the annual
flood cycle were used to generate maps of vegetation, inundation, and elevation for the Cabaliana
reach of the Solimões River. These high-resolution maps are being used to estimate methane
emissions, assess fish habitat quality, and model floodplain hydrology.
Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Optical
and Microwave Remote Sensing Data
Sassan S. Saatchi1, Marc K. Steininger3, Tim Killeen3
Compton J. Tucker2, Bruce Nelson4, Marc Simard1
1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, California 91109, USA. saatchi@congo.jpl.nasa.gov
2. Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,
MD 20771, USA
3. Conservation International, 1919 M Street, NW Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036
4. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araujo, 1756 69011-970,
Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Abstract
This paper reports on the synergistic use of optical and microwave remote sensing data to
map the vegetation types of the Amazon basin. The primary application of this map is to
improve the land surface parameterization for surface-atmosphere interaction models.
The vegetation types are divided in three categories based on their biomass, phenology,
and flooding conditions. Terre firme forest and savanna are separated according to
estimates of biomass and phenology from the radar and optical data. Floodplain
vegetation is mapped according to high- and low-water signal responses of L-band radar
data, canopy openness, and NDVI patterns of low-, medium-, and high-density
vegetation. The radar data layers are the JERS-1 radar mosaics at 1 km resolution for
high and low water seasons of the Amazon basin in 1995 and 1996, and two first order
texture measures derived from the 100 meter resolution of radar mosaics at 1km
resolution. The optical images are 12 monthly composite of NDVI images at 1 km
resolution. The NDVI images produced as a result of several applications of cloud
removal filters over three years of 10 day composite of SPOT VEGETATION NDVI
images for 1998-2001 period. Fusion of the optical and microwave data is performed at
pixel level with all images converted to the same projection and well registered to less
than a pixel accuracy. Classification of optical and radar images are performed in a
probabilistic decision tree algorithm developed for input layers with different signal
statistics. A set of training and test areas are chosen based on existing maps and Landsat
TM images. These data sets are used for both growing and prunning of decision trees to
produce a set of optimum rules for the classifier and to assess the accuracy of the final
thematic product. The result is a 1 km vegetation map with 18 land cover types and an
overall accuracy of above 85%. The final map is also compared with existing 1 km
resolution vegetation maps of the basin, the RADAMBRASIL map, and Landsat TM
classified images to assess the classification accuracy and to produce the area estimate of
each land cover type in the basin.
 Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover for Rondonia State
A.M.S. e Silva1, E. Matricardi1, W. Chomentowski1, C. Wang1, D. Skole1
1
Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative
1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101
East Lansing, MI 48823
(andrea@bsrsi.msu.edu)

Tropical land use change is complex, with forests undergoing recovery as well as
degradation, logging, and conversion to shifting cultivation/forest fallow, permanent
agriculture, and urban lands. These changes respond to complex social, cultural, and
ecological conditions that vary with the region and need to be better understood. To assess
forest degradation and recovery, we can verify the measurement and monitoring of forest
fractional cover (fc). To estimate fc, the required inputs are vegetation indices, and we
assumed that the tropical forest areas consisted of two components: vegetation (tree canopies)
and bare soil. In this study, we used 16 Landsat images to derive fractional cover estimates
for Rondonia State. We used two models to calculate vegetation indices: the Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
(MSAVI). NDVI can be derived directly from remote sensing images, but it is influenced by
external factors such as atmosphere and soil conditions. MSAVI incorporates a soil
adjustment factor, improving its use in extracting vegetation information. Two forest
fractional cover maps were derived from ETM+ images using the different models of
vegetation indices. Then, we validated these results comparing the fc maps with the thematic
classes obtained from image classification (forest, deforestation, regrowth and cerrado). We
also showed the differences between the vegetation indices models.
 EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and Model Products in
Support of LBA Science
Annette L. Schloss, George Hurtt, Rob Braswell, and Berrien Moore, III.
Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space,
University of New Hampshire
Dr. Annette Schloss, 446 Morse Hall, 39 College Rd., University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH, 03824, USA
annette.schloss@unh.edu

Abstract

The University of New Hampshire's WEB-based System for Terrestrial Ecosystem

Research (EOS-WEBSTER) distributes a special collection of data and imagery products
for the LBA community. This collection includes full regional coverage of soils, land
cover, NDVI, GOES-8 imagery, and modeled estimates of terrestrial carbon. We also
distribute IKONOS scenes acquired for the LBA tower and field sites. Through the
leadership of UNH LBA investigators, EOS-WEBSTER has become the central request
and distribution site for these important and very popular satellite images.

Our newest addition is a set of MODIS products that cover the entire LBA region. These
include 8-day reflectances (MOD09A1), daily fire products (MOD14A1), and 16-day
NDVI products (MOD13Q1). The regional data sets were developed in cooperation with
Eros Data Center to facilitate use of MODIS products by the LBA science community.
Regional data can be clipped to smaller rectangular or irregular areas of interest, such as a
field site, a political boundary, or a watershed. Selected data are available in several
formats, including GrADS, and can be ordered by ftp or shipped on CD-ROM.

This poster introduces the EOS-WEBSTER LBA collection, including how to select and
order MODIS data, and highlights some applications using the data. Applications include
mapping landcover distributions, studying secondary forest regrowth, and quantifying the
spatial extent of logging. In the future, we plan to provide concurrent data from several
sensors at various resolutions (MODIS, MISR, Landsat, IKONOS) for subpixel-level
analysis. One of our main objectives is to serve the LBA community, and we invite
suggestions for making available additional products of general use to the LBA
community. EOS-WEBSTER (http://eos-webster.sr.unh.edu) is a member of the NASA's
Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIPs). All data are registered with
and searchable through Beija-flor.
Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in the Amazon basin
by combining medium and high-resolution satellite data in a physical
context

B.H. Braswell, S.C. Hagen, X. Xiao, W.A. Salas, and J.P. Jenkins
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space,
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
rob.braswell@unh.edu

Abstract

The development of reliable databases describing the extent and quality of multiple
natural and human-modified landcover types is crucial for ecological studies of the LBA
region as a whole. However, regionalization of local and site-level ecosystem process
information remains a challenge because of well-known nonlinearities and heterogeneity
in terrestrial systems. Conversely, for the same reasons, verification of medium resolution
terrestrial products based on global satellite instruments is a necessary but difficult
problem. We present initial results of a multiscale synthesis of MODIS and MISR data
with high spatial resolution imagery and canopy reflectance modeling. We utilize an
unmixing scheme, together with the parameter sensitivity of a plant canopy reflectance
model to provide a top-down analysis of sub-pixel canopy characteristics. The approach
complements both vegetation-index based and more complex inverse-modeling based
algorithms.
 Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral Mixture Analysis and Decision
Tree Classifiers, an Update

D.A. Roberts1, I. Numata2, C Souza3, B. Powell4, K. Holmes5, A. Monteiro6, G. Batista7,

O.A. Chadwick8
1
Dept of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060,
E-mail: dar@geog.ucsb.edu; 2UC, E-mail: numata@geog.ucsb.edu, 3 UC and Imazon, E-mail:
carlos@geog.ucsb.edu; 4UC, Email: becky@geog.ucsb.edu; 5UC karen@geog.ucsb.edu; 6IMAZON,
andreluiz@imazon.org.br; 7INPE, Sao Jose Dos Campos, E-mail: getulio@ltid.inpe.br, 8UC, E-mail:
oac@geog.ucsb.edu
Abstract

In previous work we described spatiotemporal variation in land-cover over

80,000 km2 in central Rondônia. Land-cover change was mapped using a multistage
process to map primary forest, pasture, second growth, urban, rock/savanna, and
water in an area covered by three contiguous Landsat scenes acquired between 1975
and 1999. Based on this research, Rondônia can be characterized as highly
fragmented, with the most intense forest clearing extending at least 50 km along the
margins of BR364. Pastures in Rondônia persist over many years and are not
typically abandoned to second growth which, when present, rarely remained
unchanged longer than 8 years. Annual deforestation rates, pasture area and the ratio
of second growth to cleared area varied spatially. Highest initial deforestation rates
(2%) occurred in the southeast but increased to 3% by the late 1990s. In central
Rondônia (Ji-Paraná) deforestation rates rose from 1.2% between 1978 and 1986 to
a high of 4.2% in 1999. The lowest initial deforestation rates (0.5%), occurred in the
northwest, in the vicinity of Ariquemes, but also increased in the late 1990s, peaking
at 3% in 1998. The percentage of cleared lands abandoned to second growth varied
substantially from southeast to northwest, ranging from 18% in the southeast to up
to over 50% in the northwest for some years.
Accuracy of the 1999 land-cover map was assessed using digital videography
and exceeded 85%. However, a number of systematic errors were also identified
including: 1) primary forest mapped as second growth on sun lit slopes; 2) over
mapping of second growth in early dry season images; 3) over mapping of land-
clearing in smoke contaminated scenes. In this paper we present updated analysis
for Rondônia. Changes include 1) improved methods for reducing smoke
contaminated data; 2) a reduction of topographic errors (ie, overmapped second
growth) and 3) expanded spatial and temporal coverage. We extend the spatial
coverage analysis to include two additional Landsat scenes in Rondônia, one that
includes PortoVelho (P233 R66), the other the city of Cacoal (P230 R68).
 Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia Using Landsat TM

, D. Skole 1, W. Chomentowski 1, E. Matricardi 1 , M. Pedlowski, 2.

1
Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative
2
LEEA/CCH/UENF Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ

Land cover change has been occurring in the Brazilian Amazon over the past 30 years at
an average rate of 18500 km2 per year from 1975 to 1999. In that time nearly 10 percent
(440 km2) of the Brazilian Amazon has been converted to pasture and other agricultural
uses. The patterns of land use change are intricate and occur over a 5 million square
kilometer area designated as the Amazon Legal. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used to capture spatial patterns of land
cover change over the whole region for three time periods. 700 Landsat scenes were
collected for three time periods 1992, 1996, and 1999. Each time period spanned three
years (i.e. 1992 data was collected in 1991, 1992, and 1993) in order to acquire images
with the least cloud cover. The data was digitally processed into data layers of forest,
deforestation, regenerating forest, water, clouds and Cerrado, co-registered to 1999 ETM
+ images and merged into regional land cover data set. Accuracy was assessed sby
ground truth comparison in, 1993, 1997, and 2000. A distance/probability model was
used on the mosaic to remove clouds, and make water and Cerrado boundaries consistent
over time. This data set and the images it was derived from are available on the World
Wide Web at the Tropical Rainforest Information Center (TRFIC) www.bsrsi.msu.edu.
 Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in Amazonia

D. Skole 1, W. Chomentowski 1, M. Cochrane. 1.

1
Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative

Land cover change in ecosystems of dense biomass like the humid tropical forests of the
Amazon basin affects the carbon budget for the earth. Since the early 70’s nearly 10
percent (440 km2) of the Brazilian Amazon has been converted to pasture and other
agricultural uses. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper
(ETM+) were used to map land cover change over the region for three time periods,
1992, 1996 and 1999 at a scale of 1:250,000. During the last 30 years of land cover
change in Amazonia carbon has been released into the atmosphere from forest clearing,
logging and degradation. Carbon has also been sequestered by regenerating forests. The
Tropical Rainforest Information Center (TRFIC) Landsat TM land cover data set is used
in conjunction with an above ground carbon map developed from the RADAM
vegetation data set to spatially quantify sources and sinks of carbon in Amazonia over the
past 30 years.
 A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In Situ Observations in
Southwestern Amazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.
D. Selhorst1, I.F. Brown2, E.R.H. Mendoza3 E. Prins4

In southwestern Amazonia of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, fires have already caused
environmental, social and economic problems. With the future axis of integration
(Avança Brasil) implanted in the region, fire frequency will increase, if patterns in other
parts of Amazonia serve as a guide. This study offers a preliminary analysis of the
accuracy of fire monitoring in 2001 by GOES-8 and NOAA-12 satellites through the
comparison with field data, digital imagery, and official data. The field data are from an
enforcement campaign of PROARCO/IBAMA-Acre with georeferenced fire scars
observed from helicopter over flights. An over flight with INPE/IBAMA continuous
videography covered over 400 km2 where fire scars were counted and then extrapolated
for the state. These data were also compared with official burn permits from IBAMA and
IMAC, the State Environmental Agency. For 2001, 7100 permits for slash and burn were
granted for the entire Acre State. Many fires, accidental and deliberate, are not associated
with permits. Videographic data indicated > 6800 fires before 19 September. The
number of fires extrapolated from the IBAMA enforcement flights is >2700. Hot pixels
for the period of July to November 2001 from AVHRR/NOAA-12 indicate 830 (spring
Web). A partial GOES-8 half-hourly fire pixel database for the period 15 September
through 31 October reported 1700 processed fire pixels This analysis did not include
saturated, cloudy, or other possible fires which account for a large fraction of the total
number of GOES-8 detected fire pixels. During the traditional period of intense burning
in Acre (1-11 September), two analyses of NOAA-12 showed <20 hot pixels for the
entire State, inconsistent with personal observations. For the burning season of 2001, hot
pixels from NOAA-12 and the GOES-8 partial data set are 2 to 9 times fewer than fires
associated with burning permits. As the true number of fires is likely to be larger that
indicated by the permits, the underestimate of fire frequency from hot pixel data may be
significant. Additional analyses using more complete satellite fire product data sets will
be done to further investigate this relationship and the possible impact on public policy to
control fire frequency in this region

1
BIOMA Foundation and Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco,
AC selhorst@bol.com.br , setem@ufac.br
2
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA, and Federal Fluminense
University, Niteroi, RJ Brazil
3
Institute of Environmental Research in Amazon–IPAM and Federal University of Acre
4
NOAA/NESDIS/ORA Advanced Satellite Products Team, Madison, WI
 The Contribution of Selective Logging to Forest Degradation
in the Brazilian Amazon

E. Matricardi 1, C. Wang1, D. Skole 1, J. Qi1, W. Chomentoski 1,. M. Cochrane 1

1
Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative
Department of Geography, Michigan State University
1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101
East Lansing, MI 48823
(matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu; wangcuiz@msu.edu)

The impacts caused by logging in tropical forest are considered significant in terms of
forest degradation, varying according to the site, forest characteristics, and logging
intensity. The forest damages resulted from these impacts usually increase fire
susceptibility. Matricardi et all. (2001) detected and mapped selective logging areas in the
Amazon region using texture algorithm (automatic analysis) and visual interpretation of
Landsat 5 and 7 (TM and ETM+) scenes. They observed that selectively logged forest
areas have been significantly increased in the Brazilian Amazon, from 5.6 thousand
square kilometers by 1992 to 9.4 thousand square kilometers by 1996, and to 23.4
thousand square kilometers by 1999. Although it was possible to estimate the selectively
logged forest areas Amazon wide, the techniques to detect selective logging do not
estimate the intensity of canopy degradation by selective logging. The Modified Soil
Vegetation Index (MSAVI) was retrieve from three Landsat ETM+ scenes (path/row
226/068) acquired in 1992, 1996, and 2000, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, where
selectively logged forests were detected in those years. The Fractional Coverage was
modeled from MSAVI to estimate green fractional percentage. With these multi-temporal
measurements of green fractional percentage, we could estimate canopy degradation by
selective logging and analyze the synergism between logging and deforestation in that
study area.
 Conservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontier
in the state of Rondonia, Brazil.

E. Matricardi 3, M.A. Pedlowski2, L.C. Fernandes1,

D. Skole 3, W. Chomentoski 3, N. Wiangwang3, A. M. Lisboa1
1
Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento Ambiental, Porto Velho, Rondonia.
2
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro.
3
Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative
Department of Geography, Michigan State University
1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101
East Lansing, MI 48823
(matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu; pedlowma@uenf.br)

During the 1970s, the Brazilian federal government started a massive program of
colonization projects in the Amazon to decrease increasing population and political
tension in the middle south of Brazil. As a result of such colonization projects Rondonia,
a state located in the western portion of the Brazilian Amazon, faced an explosive
population growth that led to rapid deforestation due to logging, mining, farming and
cattle ranching. Deforestation increased significantly in Rondonia since the 1970s;
growing from 4,200 km2 in 1978 to 30,000 km2 in 1988, and has reached 53,300 km2 in
1998. On this study, we analyzed deforestation on conservation units located in Rondonia
using remotely sensed data and thematic covers provided by the Tropical Rainforest
Information Center of the Michigan State University and by the Rondonia Secretariat of
Environment. We measured deforestation for all protected areas located in Rondonia for
1992 and 1999. We also conducted analysis on the most impacted conservations units on
1992, 1996, and 1999. Moreover, we conducted a case study on the Bom Futuro National
Forest, which presented the highest deforestation in Rondonia, using satellite data for
1992, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000. On Bom Futuro we carried out a correlation analysis
of roads and soil types with deforestation totals and performed an approach to define risk
zones of deforestation. The results of this work provided useful information to agencies
involved in defining strategies to preclude the continuation of the present trends of
deforestation on conservation units in Rondonia.
 Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration over
Large-Scale Amazon Basin
Eric A. Smith 1, Harry J. Cooper 2, Jiujing Gu 2, Andrew Grose 2, John Norman 3,
Humberto R. da Rocha 4, & Pedro Silva Dias 4
1 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
[301-286-5770; easmith@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov]
2 Dept. of Meteorology, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306
[850-644-4253; cooper@met.fsu.edu]
[850-644-7511; jgu@met.fsu.edu]
[850-644-2575; agrose@met.fsu.edu]
3 Dept. of Soil Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
[608-262-4576; jmnorman@facstaff.wisc.edu]
4 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
[55-11-818-4732; humberto@model.iag.usp.br]
[55-11-818-4732; pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br]
For presentation at 2nd International LBA Scientific Conference
[July 7-10, 2002; Manaus, Brazil]
Abstract
A major research focus of the LBA Ecology Program is an assessment of the carbon budget
and the carbon sequestering capacity of the large scale forest-pasture system that dominates the
Amazônia landscape, and its time-space heterogeneity manifest in carbon fluxes across the large
scale Amazon basin ecosystem. Quantification of these processes requires a combination of in
situ measurements, remotely sensed measurements from space, and a realistically forced
hydrometeorological model coupled to a carbon assimilation model, capable of simulating details
within the surface energy and water budgets along with the principle modes of photosynthesis
and respiration.

Here we describe the results of an investigation concerning the space-time controls of

carbon sources and sinks distributed over the large scale Amazon basin. The results are derived
from a carbon-water-energy budget retrieval system for the large scale Amazon basin, which uses
a coupled carbon assimilation-hydrometeorological model as an integrating system, forced by
both in situ meteorological measurements and remotely sensed radiation fluxes and precipitation
retrieval retrieved from a combination of GOES, SSM/I, TOMS, and TRMM satellite
measurements. Brief discussion concerning validation of (a) retrieved surface radiation fluxes
and precipitation based on 30-min averaged surface measurements taken at Ji-Paraná in
Rondônia and Manaus in Amazonas, and (b) modeled carbon fluxes based on tower CO2 flux
measurements taken at Reserva Jaru, Manaus and Fazenda Nossa Senhora.

The space-time controls on carbon sequestration are partitioned into sets of factors
classified by: (1) above canopy meteorology, (2) incoming surface radiation, (3) precipitation
interception, and (4) indigenous stomatal processes varied over the different land covers of
pristine rainforest, partially, and fully logged rainforests, and pasture lands. These are the
principle meteorological, thermodynamical, hydrological, and biophysical control paths which
perturb net carbon fluxes and sequestration, produce time-space switching of carbon sources and
sinks, undergo modulation through atmospheric boundary layer feedbacks, and respond to any
discontinuous intervention on the landscape itself such as produced by human intervention in
converting rainforest to pasture or conducting selective/clearcut logging operations.
 IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment
in Amazonia
Hurtt G (1,2), Xiao X (1), Keller M (1), Palace M (1), Fearon M (1), Braswell R (1),
Hagen S (1), Cardoso M (1), Schloss A (1), Moore B (1), Nobre C (3)

Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH 03824 USA

george.hurtt@unh.edu

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 Brazil

Abstract

Scaling issues are of central importance to addressing LBA science questions. In

addressing issues of spatial scaling, two key science questions arise: How important is
fine-scale heterogeneity to large-scale questions? How should one interpret relatively
coarse-resolution remote sensing data in light of known fine-scale heterogeneity on the
land surface? To help bridge the gap between currently available remote-sensing data and
the fine-scale spatial heterogeneity on the ground, high resolution (1-4m) IKONOS
imagery are being collected at several LBA field and eddy-flux tower sites. All data are
available to all LBA investigators free of charge via the NASA Earth Science
Information Partner EOS-WEBSTER (http://www.eos-webster.sr.unh.edu).
 Estimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly active radiation
(PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI) from remote sensing,
related with collected field data
George Sanches Suli (Rua França, n. 12, Jardim Europa – 78065-440, Cuiabá-MT
Brasil - suli@terra.com.br), Peter Zeilhofer ((pitalike@terra.com.br), Nicolau Priante
Filho - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.George Louis Vourlitis (California State
University San Marcos - georgev@coyote.csusm.edu)

Abstract

Present work describes the development and validation of a methodology to

correlate and extrapolate field measurements of Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR)
and Leaf area index (LAI) of Transitional Forests and pastures stands with spectral
reflection values of multisensoral digital satellite imagery. Field studies are being realized
in Northern Mato Grosso, at the Sinop Tower test site. Reference micrometeorological
data, PAR and LAI data are being acquired at the Tower site. Additional portable PAR
sensors are being installed above the forest canopy in heights of more than 40 m using
rappel techniques, scaling devices and rope stairs. For correlation with digital imagery,
site locations are georreferenced by GPS measurements. LAI estimates are realized by the
comparison of radiation measurements above the tree layer and in the stands. Geometric
and radiometric pre-processing of Landsat ETM and MODIS have been initiated. Due to
the lack of actual satellite imagery, there are being presented simulations of PAR values
based on tower measurements from the period 2001-2002 and digital Landsat ETM and
MODIS from 2001 and 2002 respectively.
In the future, the study pretends to analyze the applicability of different original and
calculated bands such as the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for the
correlation with field measurements and to study the influence of different spatial and
spectral resolution on data extrapolation.
Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using new methods for
merging agricultural census data with satellite reflectances: obtaining
land use data from satellite information

Jeffrey A. Cardille, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment and
Environmental Monitoring Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA,
Tel: +1-608-262-4775, Fax: +1-608-265-4113, E-mail: cardille@students.wisc.edu

Jonathan A. Foley, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA, Tel: +1-608-265-5144, Fax: +1-608-262-5964, E-
mail: jfoley@facstaff.wisc.edu

Marcos Heil Costa, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de

Viçosa. Viçosa, MG, 36571-000. Brazil. Tel: +55-31-3899-1899. Fax: +55-31-3899-2735.
E-mail: mhcosta@ufv.br

Abstract

As part of our research within the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in

Amazonia (LBA), we are developing a time series of the spatial distribution and
abundance of major agricultural activities within the large (6 million square km) Amazon
and Tocantins basins. In earlier work, we described a new method for integrating
remotely sensed land cover classifications with land use information from agricultural
censuses. Here we present the preliminary results of merging unclassified satellite
imagery and ancillary data with agricultural census data for Rondonia. In particular, we
explore the ability of 16-day band information and NDVI composites from the 2000-2001
to identify areas of active agricultural land use. By investigating the statistical
relationship between density of agricultural area, composite reflectance-based values,
and ancillary data, we train a classifier algorithm to identify likely agricultural land use
areas within Rondonia. The adopted technique differs from typical classification
algorithms that identify “pure” pixels of desired classes and seek similar characteristics
in the image. Instead, this method considers the similarity between sensor-based values
and agricultural census totals across administrative units, and optimizes the relation
between them to produce the classification. This new method of fusing data sources will
be of likely use in areas too inaccessible for adequate ground truthing, but where
occasional comprehensive information (like that in agricultural censuses in developing
nations) is collected.
 Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical Forests
Jiaguo Qi, Cuizhen Wang, Eraldo Matricardi and David Skole
Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
Email: qi@msu.edu

Abstract
The tropical forest ecosystems are being altered by both human-induced and natural
disturbances. Logging, wildfires and land cover/use conversions are major mechanisms by
which the ecosystems are being modified, and eventually lead to substantial negative
impacts on human environment. To better understand these processes and interactions
among all agents, efforts have been made to observe the dynamics of the tropical forest
ecosystems via intensive ground experiments and satellite observations. One of the key
issues is to scale up results at plot or local scale to regional scale, i.e., can we extrapolate
the findings at plot scale to understand the regional process? Although there are many
issues to be addressed in order to answer this question, in this study, we analyzed a set of
biophysical variables derived from remote sensing images at varying spatial scales, ranging
from 1m (IKONOS), 30m (ETM+), to 250m, 500m, and 1000m (MODIS and
VEGETATION) spatial resolutions. We used signal-unmixing and improved classification
techniques to examine the scaling properties of some of the key biophysical variables such
as cover dynamics that are functionally related to tropical ecosystem interactions with
atmosphere and are major manifestations of human disturbances. The local study sites near
Rondonia have been selected as starting point and are scaled up to the entire Brazilian
Amazon.
 Some Results from the 2000 P and X band Airborne Polarimetric
INPE-DSG SAR Mission for Biomass Estimation, Land Cover
Classification and Digital Elevation and Surface Model Estimation.
Luciano V. Dutra1, Corina C. Freitas1, João R. Santos1 , José C. Mura1, Pedro Hernandez1 F.,
Luciana S. Araújo1, Marcos Timbó Elmiro2, Pedro R. Vieira3 , Sérgio M. Soares3, Paulo César
Gurgel de Albuquerque1, Fábio F. Gama1, Leonardo S. Bins1, Britaldo Silveira Soares2
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais– INPE
Av. dos Astronautas, 1758 CP. 515 email: dutra@dpi.inpe.br
12.227-010 São José dos Campos, SP. - Brazil
2
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG
Departamento de Cartografia.
3
Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico do Exército Brasileiro

ABSTRACT

A joint INPE-DSG (Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico do Exército) airborne mission in September of

2000 over the Tapajós National Forest, has acquired P and X band interferometric data over a region
which comprises primary forest, secondary succession in several stages of regrowth, pasture, crop
plantations, bare soil, water and other land use classes. The AeS-1 polarimetric system, from
AeroSensing Radarsysteme GmbH, Germany, provided P band polarimetric data for two pass
interferometry and X band single polarization, single pass interferometric data. During the radar
mission, ground survey was carried out for target identification, collection of tri-dimensional
differential GPS data for P and X band corner reflectors and collection of vegetation parameters, like
species, DBH, count and height for several primary and regenerations transects. Biomass data was
calculated for the mentioned transects using allometric equations based in the dendrometric
parameters. Full polarimetric calibrated P band SAR imagery was generated and a model of the
transects biomass data as a function of the backscatter established. Georeferenced Digital Elevation
Models (DEMs), with spatial resolution of 2.5 meters, were generated considering X and P bands
interferograms. X band DEM generally shows higher altitude than the P band DEM, especially over
forested areas, because the considerably higher penetration of P band towards the forest floor, while X
Band DEM reflects the canopy altitude. X band DEM is called here a Digital Surface Model (DSM),
because it is related mainly with the top of the land cover. The difference between the DSM and the
DEM (P band) potentially gives the forest height. Actual internal average height of forest and
regeneration transects was compared with the DSM-DEM difference. The results showed that the
DSM-DEM difference tends to underestimate the forest height under secondary sucessions stages,
probably due higher volume scattering (derived from interactions with trunk, branches, twigs) of P
band emission. The DSM-DEM difference over primary forest is closely related to the average height,
in the transects, standing between the global average tree height and the average height of the upper
store trees of the forests transects. The full polarimetric P band data was used for land cover
classification. From a initial set of 10 classes, a derived set comprising only three classes was found to
have an adequate mapping precision, but enough to detect deforestation areas. For the future we will
be experimenting new models for biomass estimation for overcoming the 200 ton/ ha saturation point,
using simultaneously the backscatter and the interferometric data and seeking integration with other
Remote Sensing instrumentation, particularly the LVIS instrument.
 Integration and update of cartographic information of Legal Amazon land
cover

Marcelo Francisco Sestini1

Regina Celia dos Santos Alvala 2
Eliana Maria Kalil Mello3
Dalton de Morisson Valeriano4
Erica da Silva Reimer5
Chou Sin Chan 6
Carlos Afonso Nobre7
1
INPE, CPTEC, Rodov Pres Dutra km 40 Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo, Brasil, 12630 000,
sestini@cptec.inpe.br
2
INPE, regina@cptec.inpe.br
3
INPE, eliana@dpi.inpe.br
4
INPE, dalton@ltid.inpe.br
5
INPE, erica@cptec.inpe.br
6
INPE chou@cptec.inpe.br
7
INPE nobre@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract

Accurate estimation of continental surface biophysical properties is fundamental for

climate studies and weather forecast through numerical models. An increasing effort is being
dedicated to the production of land cover maps to be applied to climate models in order to
improve the understanding of the complex interactions that occur between land surface and the
atmosphere. The objective of this work is improve and update land cover cartography to be
applied to climate models. The study area is the Brazilian Legal Amazon, with approximately
5,000,000 km². The first task was the improvement of the available 1:5,000,000 cartography of
the vegetation cover for the area (IBGE, 1993). In this map ecotone areas are not resolved and
are described as a combination of two or more vegetation classes. Georreferenced TM-Landsat
data of these ecotone areas for the year 2000 were stratified into spectrally homogeneous fields
by image segmentation. The fields were then classified into spectral classes with an unsupervised
region based image classifier. The spectral classes were mapped onto a land cover classification
system and the results were edited to correct minor misclassifications. Next it was added to this
product the deforested area in Legal Amazon which is being regularly surveyed by INPE since
1978. The deforested area included in this map is the accumulated registered deforestation up to
the year 1997. Following tasks in this project will be the discrimination of secondary vegetation
within the deforested areas and TM-Landsat derived map of Savanna areas that were converted
into agricultural land use, which are not assessed in the mentioned deforestation survey.
Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplain
using radar satellite imagery.

Maycira Costa

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Av. dos Astronautas, 1758
12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP
email: maycira@ltid.inpe.br

Abstract. The Amazonian research community acknowledges that a better understanding

of the regional carbon cycle of the Amazon floodplain will only be possible when the
biogeochemical processes become understood on a regional scale. To help achieve this
understanding, a method using satellite SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery for
seasonal mapping and assessment of the net primary production (NPP) of aquatic
vegetation of the Amazonian floodplain is proposed. The input data for the NPP model are
(i) total biomass of aquatic vegetation determined by RADARSAT and JERS-1 imagery
and (ii) spatial area occupied by aquatic vegetation determined by RADARSAT and JERS-
1 imagery. Inversion of radar imagery into total biomass of aquatic vegetation was
performed. After correction for monthly biomass losses, the NPP of one growth cycle of
aquatic vegetation was calculated in the image domain. The total mean net primary
productivity of Hymenachne amplexicaules, the dominant aquatic vegetation in the area,
was on average 2920 g C m-2 or a total carbon uptake of 1.9x1012 g C yr-1 for the entire area
(395 km2). Spatially, the lower values of produced organic carbon (< 900 g C m-2) are in
regions where the plants only developed in the beginning of hydrological cycle; generally,
values are higher (>5000 g C m-2) in regions closer to the Amazon River where the
influence of the nutrient rich water is stronger. The productivity of this largely spread C3
species is about four times the productivity assumed for the Amazon floodplain in some
process-based global models. Therefore, the productivity of a diverse and complex wetland
such as the Amazon floodplain can undoubtedly be underestimated by using these models.
The results of this study are promising to provide large-scale NPP estimates of aquatic
vegetation in wetlands, such as the Amazon floodplain.
 Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness Over the
Amazon Basin
Sassan Saatchi and Ernesto Rodriguez
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

Scott Denning & Lixin Lu

Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523

Regina Célia dos Santos Alvalá

Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia -LMO/CPTEC
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE
(12201-970) São José dos Campos, BRAZIL

Ralph Dubayah
Dept. of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Abstract

The aerodynamic roughness length (Z0) is an important parameter to determine the

vertical gradients of mean wind speed and the conditions for momentum transfer over a
vegetated or bare rough surface. Over vegetated surfaces, the aerodynamic roughness
length has a simple one-to-one relationship with the rms height of the vegetation at the
top of the canopy. Once this roughness length is determined for a surface, it does not
change with wind speed, stability or stress. During the LBA experiment the Regional
Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with flexible horizontal and vertical resolution
will be used in conjunction with other models to simulate the atmospheric circulation and
trace gas concentration and transport at various scales. This model is suitable to
determine the effect of surface roughness parameter at trace gas transport both at local
level for LBA study areas and on at the regional level for the entire Amazon basin. In
this paper, we present the estimation of this parameter from two sources:
1) From a sample SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data over one of the
LBA study areas. The cross correlation between two interferometric SRTM
images will be used to estimate the rms height of the vegetation at 90 m resolution
and relate that to aerodynamic roughness. This methodology will be applied to
the entire SRTM data (when it becomes available) to estimate the roughness
length over the basin.
2) Various statistical moments of the JERS-1 image mosaic in fusion with other
regional data sets will be used in a semi-empirical model to estimate the
vegetation roughness length over the entire basin at 1 km resolution.
Both parameters will be integrated into the RAMS model to demonstrate the effect of
spatially explicit roughness length on trace gas transport simulations and to test the
impact of errors associated with the estimation process.
Discriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in the Brazilian Cerrado Using
EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Imagery

T. Miura1*, A. Huete1, and L. Ferreira2

1
Terrestrial Biophysics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Soil, Water and
Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A.
Tel.: +1-520-626-2086, Fax: +1-520-621-1791, *Email: tomoaki@ag.arizona.edu
2
Universidade Federal de Goias, Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais, Campus Samambaia -
Cx Postal 131, Goiania, GO, 74.001-970, Brazil

Abstract

The savanna, typically found in the sub-tropics and seasonal tropics, are the dominant vegetation
biome type in the southern hemisphere, covering approximately 45 % of the South America. In
Brazil, the savanna, locally known as "cerrado", is the most intensely stressed biome with rapid
and aggressive land use conversions. Better characterization and discrimination of cerrado land
cover types are needed in order to improve assessments of the impact of these land cover
conversions on carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, and the prospect for sustainable land use in
the Amazon region. In this study, we explored the utility of hyperspectral remote sensing in
improving discrimination and biophysical/biochemical characterization of the cerrado land cover
types by taking an advantage of a newly available satellite hyperspectral imaging sensor, "EO-1
Hyperion". A Hyperion image was acquired over study sites located in the Brasilia National
Park and surrounding areas on July 20, 2001. The study sites included cerrado grassland, shrub
cerrado, cerrado woodland, and gallery forest as undisturbed vegetation cover types, and pasture
as a converted land cover. The high resolution spectral signatures clearly depicted the
differences between pasture, gallery forest, and other cerrado land cover types. The pasture
spectral signatures exhibited an overall high reflectance with a red absorption peak shifted
toward shorter wavelengths which is associated with yellowing of pasture leaves. Spectral
signatures in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions for undisturbed cerrado vegetation types
(physiognomies) showed small differences, rendering the discrimination or classification among
these land cover types based on the red-NIR reflectance contrast. On the other hand, the
reflectance values at the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) region (1400 – 2500nm) and the ligno-
cellulose absorptions at 2090nm and around 2300nm wavelengths showed larger differences
among these land cover types. Cerrado land cover types with less arboreous cover showed
higher SWIR reflectances and deeper ligno-cellulouse absorptions. These preliminary analyses
showed a great potential of hyperspectral data in biophysical/biochemical characterization as
well as discrimination of the land cover types in the Brazilian cerrado.
Characteristics of deep convection over the Amazon
during LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM data

T. Inoue
Meteorological Research Institute
tinoue@mri-jma.go.jp

ABSTRACT
Life cycle of deep convection and diurnal variation of deep convection
over the Amazon are studied using the GOES-8 split window (11 and 12
micron) data. Using the split window data we can classify optically thick
cumulus type cloud and optically thin cirrus type cloud. The life cycle
of deep convection is characterized as cumulus type cloud is dominant
during the developing stage and optically thin cirrus type cloud (anvil)
is dominant during the decaying stage. Considering the cloud amount of
cumulus type cloud and cirrus type cloud within the cloud area defined
by the brightness temperature colder than 253K, we tried to define the
stage of deep convection. Using the coincident and collocated GOES and
TRMM data, we compared the rain type observed by PR/TRMM and life stage
of deep convection. There is a tendency that convective rain is dominant
during the developing stage and stratiform rain is dominant during the
decaying stage. The diurnal variation of deep convection is also studied
using the cloud type classified by the split window. The cloud amount
peak of cumulonimbus type cloud appears earlier than that of cloud colder
than 253K. The local time of the peak of cumulonimbus cloud is closer
to the peak of rainfall observation by surface radar than the peak of
cloud colder than 253K.
 Satellite observations of inter-annual variation of vegetation productivity and water
content in Legal Amazon Basin during 1998-2001

Xiangming Xiao, Qingyuang Zhang, Rob Braswell, Stephen Frolking, Stephen Boles, and
Berrien Moore III

University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Mailing address of corresponding author:

Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space,
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Email addresses: xiangming.xiao@unh.edu

Abstract

Climate and land use change are two major factors that drive spatial and temporal variations of
vegetation in the Legal Amazon Basin. In an effort to characterize interannual variation of
vegetation in the basin, we have assembled the 10-day composite images from the SPOT-4
VEGETATION sensor (VGT) over the period of April 1-10, 1998 to November 11- 20, 2001 for
the entire basin. The VGT sensor has 4 spectral bands (blue, red, near infrared and short-wave
infrared) and provides daily observation of the globe at 1-km spatial resolution. In this study our
objective is to develop better understanding of vegetation indices in relation to climate variation.
Three remote sensing proxies were calculated and compared: Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index
(NDWI). The NDVI and EVI are the proxies for vegetation productivity. The EVI includes
information from the blue band to account for residual atmospheric contamination (e.g., aerosols
and water vapor) and soil/vegetation background, while the NDVI does not. The NDWI is the
proxy for vegetation water content. Anomalies of NDWI, NDVI and EVI over 1998-2001 were
calculated and compared with anomalies of precipitation and temperature from the National
Climate Data Center Global History Climate Network. At the basin scale, the NDWI anomaly is
correlated well with the precipitation anomaly, indicating that NDWI has a potential for
assessing vegetation water content in the tropical ecosystems. The temporal pattern of EVI
anomaly is different from the NDVI anomaly, particularly in 1998 and 1999. Consistent with the
earlier studies, this basin-scale study also suggests EVI might be a more useful alternative
vegetation index than NDVI for vegetation monitoring.
Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Alejandro Fonseca Duarte UFAC/CNPq Oral BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE
ASPECTS FOR CLIMATE
CHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO
- AC, BRAZIL
Hans-F. Graf Max-Planck Institute Oral On the local and global effects of aerosol -
for Meteorology cloud microphysics in deep convective
clouds
J. Vanderlei Martins JCET/UMBC - USP Oral Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and
Cloud-Aerosol interactions in Amazonia
Maria Assunção Faus da USP Oral Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia:
Silva Dias Dinamic and Microphysics Aspects
Meinrat O. Andreae Max-Planck Institute Oral Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the
for Chemistry Amazon Basin
Thomas Eck NASA/GSFC Oral Inter-annual variability of biomass burning
aerosol optical depth in southern
Amazonia, and the effects of these
aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux
reduction
Ana Maria Cordova IPEN/University of Sao Poster Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides
Paulo Concentrations associated with a Cold
Front in an Amazon Site
Bim Graham Max-Planck Institute Poster Characterisation of the atmospheric
for Chemistry aerosol collected at Balbina, Amazonia,
during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign
Bim Graham Max-Planck Institute Poster Microscopic images of atmospheric
for Chemistry aerosol particles collected at Balbina,
Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001
campaign
Hillandia Cunha Instituto Nacional de Poster Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric
Pesquisas da Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.
Amazônia - INPA
Joel Schafer NASA/GSFC Poster Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar
Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites:
1999-2001
Luciana Rizzo USP Poster Modeling the influence of land use change
on the concentration of organic aerosol
and oxidant species concentrations in
Amazon.
Marcia Yamasoe Instituto de Poster Effect of smoke aerosol particles from
Astronomia, Geofisica biomass burning on the PAR absorbed by
e Ciencias Atmofericas a primary forest in the Amazon
da USP
Oscar Vega Instituto de Pesquisas Poster OZONE AND AEROSOLS
Energéticas e CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM
Nucleares - IPEN-SP A TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS
HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZON
REGION
Theotonio Pauliquevis University of Sao Poster Comparison of Rainwater composition at
Paulo two sites in Amazonia for dry and wet
seasons
 BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE ASPECTS FOR CLIMATE
CHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO - AC, BRAZIL

A. Fonseca Duarte1, P. Artaxo2, B. N. Holben3, J. S. Schafer3, I.F. Brown4

1
Federal University of Acre – UFAC, Campus Universitário, BR-64, km 4, Distrito Industrial,
CEP: 69.915-900, Rio Branco - AC, Brazil, alejandro@ufac.br
2
University of São Paulo – USP artaxo@if.usp.br
3
Goddard Space Flight Center – GSFC/NASA joschafe@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov
4
Woods Hole Research Center – WHRC (UFAC and UFF) fbrown@whrc.org

Abstract

The State of Acre is located in Northwestern Brazil. The climate of this region,
Tropical Forest, must be observed throughout environmental disturbances such as the
increased biomass burning, deforestation and the highway construction (BR-317) opening
traffic to the Pacific Ocean. The objective of the present work consists in an evaluation of
atmospheric black carbon concentration (BC) related to other variables of the conventional
meteorology. The meteorological data analysis (1970- 2002) reveals a correlated seasonal
behavior between rainfalls, temperatures, evaporation, atmospheric pressure and relative
humidity. Recent measurements (2000- 2002) of the smoke concentration (BC) in the local
atmosphere reveal values up to (5 - 10) µg m-3, for the rainy station, and up to (15- 30) µg
m-3, for the dry season. Comparable results were observed in Rondônia. Daily, the highest
concentrations occur at night, approximately between 17:00 and 09:00 hours. The
concentrations are comparable to those calculated by INPE, based on the regional model of
gas and aerosol transportation ETA. Assuming, on average, that about 6 % of the
atmospheric aerosols corresponds to BC, the total aerosol concentration in Rio Branco's
atmosphere, in dry season - the period of intense biomas burnings in Amazonia- reaches
300 - 500 µg m-3. Similar values has been recorded in Alta Floresta in the past decade.
This fact indicates that, probably, the local biomass burning in different places and the
smoke transportation across atmosphere contribute affecting all Amazonian regions.
Irradiance and insolation measurements, however, show that PAR fraction for Rio Branco
is practically the same all the year (0,40 ± 0,02), a different behavior than that of Alta
Floresta.
On the local and global effects of aerosol - cloud microphysics in deep convective clouds.

Hans-F. Graf and Frank J. Nober, MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Abstract:

From recent satellite observations it is evident that an increase in cloud condensation nuclei, for instance
due to biomass burning, can substantially reduce rain efficiency of convective clouds. This is potentially
important for the global climate since the release of latent heat due to condensation of water vapour and
fallout of rain from cumulus convection is the most important source for available potential energy in the
free troposphere. Beyond this, cumulus convection is a key process in controlling the water vapour
content of the atmosphere. The sensitivity of the global climate to alteration of rain efficiency of convective
clouds due to the suppression of drop coalescence by anthropogenic aerosols is studied by using the
atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4 for a 15 year sensitivity study considering the aerosol
effect on warm precipitation formation. Effects on ice processes are not included yet, and therefore the
results likely are conservative regarding the magnitude of the full effects due to suppression of
precipitation.

The main 15 year experiment allows the global dynamics to respond to the modified convective forcing,
and an additional experiment with single time step analysis was performed which allows to locate and to
measure the origin effect of aerosols on convective clouds. We found a definite perturbation of the global
circulation, showing distinct sensitivity to the impact of aerosols on suppressing rainfall.
 Abstract submitted to LBA Meeting – Manaus 2002.

Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and Cloud-Aerosol

interactions in Amazonia
J. Vanderlei Martins123, Paulo Artaxo2, Yoram Kaufman3

JCET-University of Maryland Baltimore County1, Institute of Physics of the

University of Sao Paulo2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center3

Correspodent author; J. Vanderlei Martins, code 913, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt,

MD 20771, USA. E-mail: martins@gsfc.nasa.gov

Aerosol particles in Amazonia proved to be very efficient absorbers of solar

radiation during the dry and wet seasons. New in situ approaches and improved
techniques are used to provide quantitative aerosol absorption efficiency measurements
of biogenic, biomass burning, and long range-transported particles found in the Amazon
region. Absorption by soil dust is also often observed in the absorption efficiency spectral
dependence. Measurements between the UV to the near infrared (350 to 2500nm)
indicate significant absorption by biogenic aerosols and important effects of the internal
mixture between large particles and relatively small size absorbers in Amazonia. The
overall effect of this internal mixture is a flatter spectral dependence of the aerosol
absorption efficiency. Size resolved measurements provide the relative absorption
properties of coarse and fine mode particles. Higher resolution size separation of the
absorption efficiency is provided by MOUDI cascade impactor samples.
Remote sensing techniques using the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite are also
used for the retrieval of aerosol absorption properties over Amazonia. MODIS data is
used in combination with AERONET sunphotometers and other ground based
measurements in order to address the aerosol direct radiative forcing over the area. A
large variation in the radiative forcing (ranging from heating to cooling effects) is showed
due to the variability of the surface properties in certain areas of the Amazon region.
Significant differences in the radiative forcing between the top of the atmosphere
and the surface affect the vertical structure of the atmosphere potentially changing the
cloud formation properties in the region. Biogenic particles in Amazonia also show
unique properties that can affect significantly the cloud microphysics.
 Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia: Dynamic and Microphysics aspects
Maria A. F. Silva Dias, Saulo R. Freitas, Karla M. Longo.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of São Paulo

The cloud dynamics and microphysics is represented in numerical models in a

parameterized way. In very high resolution models (500 m to 1-2 km) the clouds are
resolved and the subgrid scale processes are introduced to take into account the cloud
dropplet population and microphysics processes . In low resolution models (> 20 km),
whole clouds are subgrid processes. In the two approaches the effect of convective
transports of aerosols may be examined but with different scale framework. The data from
the several LBA campaigns are helping us understand the particular features of clouds that
are observed over the Amazon Basin and give us validation data for models of different
scales. Of particular interest is the cloud cycle and vertical development of clouds in
different thermodynamic environments with different aerosol concentration and origin, and
the dynamic implication of these features from the point of view of local and regional
transport of aerosols.
Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the Amazon Basin

M. O. Andreae, M. Ebert, B. Graham, P. Guyon, J. Huth, S. Matthias-Maser, O. Mayol-

Bracero, G. Roberts, J. Sciare
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany

P. Artaxo, M. A. Silva-Dias
University of São Paulo, Brazil

M. Claeys
University of Antwerp, Belgium

S. Decesari, M. C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi

ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy

H.-F. Graf
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

W. Maenhaut
University of Gent, Belgium

D. Rosenfeld
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

E. Swietlicki
University of Lund, Sweden

Under unpolluted conditions, biogenic processes dominate the aerosol population

over the Amazon Basin. A large fraction of coarse and fine particles are of primary
biogenic origin, and consist of spores, pollen-related material, microbes, plant debris, etc.
Secondary biogenic materials, including organic condensates from VOC oxidation and
biogenic sulfate account for much of the rest. Superimposed on this background are
inputs of dust and marine particles from long-range transport. Aerosol number
concentrations and CCN concentrations are low, in the range usually considered typical
of remote marine locations. The fraction of aerosol particles acting as cloud condensation
nuclei (CCN) varies from 0.3 to 0.6, depending on composition, size and supersaturation
values. Under these low-CCN conditions, cloud droplets can grow rapidly to the size
where precipitation occurs and rain production by warm clouds is an important process.
During the dry season, large-scale burning due to deforestation and clearing fires
in the Amazon Basin and the surrounding regions leads to a dramatic increase of aerosol
and CCN number concentrations. These smoke aerosols consist mostly of organic matter,
and include light-absorbing organic and near-elemental carbon species. The presence of
water-soluble organic substances and inorganic salts makes these smoke aerosols
efficient CCN. The result of the increased CCN abundance is a major shift towards
clouds with high droplet number concentration, and thus increased colloidal stability of
the cloud and a lower probability of rainfall from warm clouds. This favors rainfall
mechanisms involving ice particles, which has substantial effects for the redistribution of
energy and chemical species in the tropical atmosphere. These effects are likely to reach
far beyond the Amazon Basin and the tropics.
Inter-annual variability of biomass burning aerosol optical depth in southern Amazonia,
and the effects of these aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux reduction

T.F. Eck1,2, B.N. Holben2, J.S. Schafer3,2, P. Artaxo4, M.A. Yamasoe5, A.S. Procopio4, E.
Prins6, O. Dubovik1,2, and A. Smirnov1,2

1Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland –

Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland. Mailing address: T.F. Eck, Code 923,
NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA e-mail: teck@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov
2Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland.
3Science Systems and Applications Inc., Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland.
4 Instituto de Fisica, Departmento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil
5Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil
6National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/NESDIS/ORA, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

The inter-annual variability of the magnitude of biomass burning in southern Amazonia

has been relatively large over the last decade. The extent of the burning in the latter half
of a given dry season (July-October) depends largely on the rainfall amount and timing,
with drought years exhibiting many more fires and smoke than average. Additionally,
new regulations aimed at controlling burning may also affect inter-annual variability. We
present measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from biomass burning smoke as
measured by AERONET sites in Rondonia and Mato Grosso from 1993-2001. These
AOD measurements are shown to follow similar inter-annual variability as the fire counts
determined by the 3.9 micron radiance measurements of the GOES east satellites.

In order to quantify the changes in the diurnal cycle of solar flux reduction as a result of
aerosol attenuation at the peak of the burning season, we model the diurnal cycle of total
shortwave (SW; 300-4000 nm), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm),
and Ultraviolet- A (UVA; 320-400 nm) fluxes in mid-September using the AERONET
monthly average AOD measurements (AOD550=1.11). These average diurnal cycle flux
reductions show significant temporal delays in the morning for equivalent flux levels in
all three spectral bands, of ~50 min to 2 hr 15 min at mid-morning (midpoint between
sunrise and solar noon). The largest time delays in flux occur in the UVA band and the
smallest in the total SW broadband due to a rapid decrease in AOD as wavelength
increases for the accumulation mode smoke aerosols. The time delays in solar flux have
implications for possible delay of the onset of cumulus convection, the shortening of the
photo-period when plants photosynthesize, and reduced time interval for UVA fluxes
which may have implications for survival of airborne bacteria, insect activity, and plant
responses.
 Abstract submitted for presentation at the
2nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002

Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations associated

with a Cold Front in an Amazon Site

A. M. Cordova1,2, L. V. Gatti1, K. Longo2, S. Freitas2, P. Artaxo3, A. Procópio3,

M.A.F. Silva Dias2, E.D. Freitas2
1
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária,
São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: amcleal@net.ipen.br
2
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
3
Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

Intensive atmospheric chemistry study was performed in Balbina (1º 55.20’ S 59º 28.07’
W), located 150 km north of Manaus, in the State of Amazon, Brazil, in June and July
2001, as part of the CLAIRE 2001 campaign. Trace gases measurements, including
nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were performed simultaneously with
aerosol particles number, total mass and black carbon concentrations. Meteorological
parameters, such as total solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR),
temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also measured. The NO
and NO2 were measured 12 meters above the surface at each 1 minute.
The NO and NO2 average concentrations during daytime were 0.05 (± 0.07) ppb and 0.26
(± 0.19) ppb, respectively. At nighttime, NO average concentration was 0.15 (± 0.18) ppb
and NO2 0.40 (± 0.36) ppb. These observed low concentration levels of NO and NO2 are
characteristic of the Amazonian pristine conditions. At nighttime of June, 20 and 21, a
large increase of 4 ppb in the NO2 concentration was observed. An enhancement of the
aerosol particle concentration was also observed in the same period, especially in the fine
mode. In order to understand this change of the NO2 and particle concentrations pattern,
an atmospheric numerical simulation of the period was carried out using the RAMS
regional atmospheric model. The simulation results showed a transport event from the
South of Amazonia due to an approach of a mid-latitude cold front. Backward air mass
trajectories from the measurement site suggested southward biomass burning as the
possible source of pollutants.

Research project financed by FAPESP

 Characterisation of the atmospheric aerosol collected at
Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Bim Graham,1 Pascal Guyon,1 Olga L. Mayol-Bracero,1 Paulo Artaxo,2 Ana Lucia
Rodrigues Antonio do Nascimento,2 Alcides Carmago,2 Sabine Matthias-Maser,3
Martin Ebert,4 Joachim Huth,5 Willy Maenhaut,6 Philip Taylor,7 Ricardo H. M. Godoi,8
René Van Grieken,8 Meinrat O. Andreae1,*
1
Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
2
Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
3
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
4
Institute of Mineralogy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
5
Cosmochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
6
Institute for Nuclear Sciences, Gent University, Gent, Belgium.
7
Department of Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
8
Micro and Trace Analysis Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
*
Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060,
D-55020 Mainz, Germany, moa@mpch-mainz.mpg.de.

As part of the recent CLAIRE 2001 campaign in Balbina, Amazonia, aerosol samples
were collected and analysed using a variety of techniques (PIXE, INAA, IC, GC-MS,
EPXMA, EGA, SEM, ESEM and light microscopy) in order to try to better characterise
the composition and temporal variability of the aerosol under near-background
conditions. Our results indicate that biogenic particles emitted by the rainforest make up
the major fraction of the aerosol. These particles, and the elements, ions and compounds
associated with them (P, S, K, Cu, Zn, ammonium, sugars and sugar alcohols), are
abundant in both the coarse and fine aerosol fractions, with the highest mass
concentrations generally occurring in the coarse fraction. There is a distinct increase in
their concentrations at ground level at night. This is probably due to the formation of a
shallow nocturnal inversion, which reduces dispersion of the aerosol. Sodium - a tracer
for marine aerosol - is more concentrated at ground level during the daytime, which may
be attributed to intense convective downward mixing of air from aloft. Only very low
levels of chlorine are observed, suggesting that much of the marine aerosol undergoes
reaction with acidic species emitted by the rainforest during its transport from the
Atlantic Ocean to the measurement site. Soot particles and levoglucosan - tracers for
biomass burning - are present in relatively small amounts and are confined primarily to
the fine aerosol fraction.
 Microscopic images of atmospheric aerosol particles collected at
Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Bim Graham,1 Pascal Guyon,1 Paulo Artaxo,2 Sabine Matthias-Maser,3 Joachim Huth,4
Martin Ebert,5 Philip Taylor,6 Meinrat O. Andreae1,*

1
Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
2
Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
3
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
4
Cosmochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
5
Institute of Mineralogy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
6
Department of Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
*
Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060,
D-55020 Mainz, Germany, moa@mpch-mainz.mpg.de.

The atmospheric aerosol over Amazonia is composed largely of particles emitted

naturally by the tropical rainforest, with smoke, mineral dust and sea salt providing
varying contributions to the total aerosol loading. In order to better understand the
composition of the aerosol found under near-background conditions, aerosol samples
were collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the recent CLAIRE 2001 campaign, and
analysed using a combination of SEM, Environmental SEM and light microscopy. This
poster presents a selection of micrographs that illustrate the diverse range of particles
observed. These include fungal and fern spores, pollen, microorganisms, vegetation
detritus, insect fragments, soot, crystalline salts and silicate minerals.
 Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.

Hillandia Brandao da Cunha, Coord. de Pesquisas em Geociencias, Instituto Nacional de

Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69,083, Brazil, E-mail: hilandia@inpa.gov.br and Elen
M. C. Cutrim, Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008. E-mail:
cutrim@wmich.edu.

The chemical composition of the precipitation varies geographically and it depends on the sources
of the chemical elements emitted from the surface and the chemical transformations within the
atmosphere. The objective of this work is to determine the chemical composition of the
atmosphere over Manaus, to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities. The rain sampling
was conducted during one month of the rain season and one month of the dry season in Manaus.
The chemical analysis showed larger concentrations of Na+ during the dry season than that in the
wet season. These results are consistent with the slash an burning activities of the dry season,
which increase the concentration of Na+ . Concentration values of Potassium (K+) were lower
during the wet season. Because the K ion sources in the atmosphere are surface biogenic
emissions and soil dust, the lower concentration values will occur during the wet season where
dilution will occur due to the high precipitation volume. During the wet season concentration
values of Ca++ were below the detection threshold of the method utilized and the concentration
values Mg++ presented oscillations according to the frequency and duration of non-precipitating
periods within the season. These preliminary results do not show that the atmospheric chemical
composition has been altered by man, as it is comparable with the precipitation analysis over
pristine areas in the Amazonia. Further chemical analysis of additional elements will be performed
to verify these results.

Keywords: Rainfall, Water, Amazonia, Biosphere/Atmosphere.

Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites: 1999-
2001
J.S. Schafer1,2, B.N. Holben2 T.F. Eck2,3, P. Artaxo4, M.A. Yamasoe5, A.S. Procopio4

1Science Systems and Applications Inc., Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
20771 e-mail: jschafer@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov
2Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.
3Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland – Baltimore County, Baltimore,
Maryland.
4Instituto de Física Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
5Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

In Brazil, we now have a data set of pyranometer measurements at several sites distributed
across the Amazon basin, with a record spanning more than 3 years at some locations. This
network provides an opportunity to characterize the nature of atmospheric effects on surface,
broadband irradiance. Sufficient data are now available to assess trends in cloud attenuation on a
range of timescales (diurnally, seasonally, and interannually).
Cloud-induced fractional and absolute total flux reductions at the surface were evaluated for
all years and sites. The fractional reduction, ƒB was computed as the ratio of received irradiance
to the modeled clear-sky irradiance for background (low) aerosol conditions. A distinct
difference was found between cloud attenuation in the wet and dry seasons, particularly in the
southern Amazon.
Histograms of ƒB for typical wet season months reveal a bi-modal distribution with a
reduction peak (when the solar beam is obstructed) and an enhancement peak (produced by edge
reflections from broken cloud cover). This phenomenon has been noted previously at the
Abracos Hill sites during a 2 month study in 1999 (Gu et al., 2001). Our multi-year, multi-site
data now suggest this is a fairly consistent feature of wet season months in the southern sites in
Rondônia and northern Mato Grosso, and of most or all months at the equatorial sites (Balbina,
Belterra) in Pará and Amazonas. The average reduction by clouds observed at one site was 54%
for February and only 15% for June. Such dramatic differences in available surface insolation
(due to seasonal cloud variation) need to be quantified for climate modeling applications.
Modeling the influence of land use change on the concentration of
organic aerosol and oxidant species concentrations in Amazon.
Luciana Varanda Rizzo (1), Paulo Artaxo (1), Ana Maria Cordova (2)
and Luciana V.Gatti (2)
(1) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187,
CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo, S.P., Brazil. E-mail: lrizzo@if.usp.br
(2) Laboratório de Química Atmosférica, IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil.

Tropical forests are one of the most important sources of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), which directly influence the atmospheric concentration of oxidative
species, and also can act as gas phase precursors on the productions of new organic
particles. Biogenic VOC emission depends highly on the surface covering. Making use of
the model MAPS – Model for Aerosol Processes Studies, an one-dimensional box model
developed by NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA), the influence of
land use change in Amazon over the secondary organic aerosol concentrations was
simulated. For forest, the program generated 2.1 µg/m3 of new organic particles from gas to
particle conversion, in 24 hours of model simulation. The fine to coarse mode ratio of
organic aerosol obtained by the model fits the observed concentrations. Varying the land
use from forest to pasture, there is an alteration of monoterpene emissions, and, as a result,
the secondary organic aerosol concentration changes. The variation of the organic aerosol
concentration can affect the population of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The model
also indicates that land use changes affect significantly the hydroxyl radical concentration.
This result could be an evidence that the VOCs concentrations greatly influence the
oxidative capacity of the atmosphere in Amazonia.

Financial support by FAPESP.

Effect of smoke aerosol particles from biomass burning on the PAR
absorbed by a primary forest in the Amazon

Marcia Yamasoe1 (akemi@model.iag.usp.br), Pierre Guillevic2, Brent Holben3, Joel

Schafer3, Tom Eck3, Paulo Artaxo4
1
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de São
Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, CEP 05508-900; 2 CETP – CNRS,
10 Avenue de l’Europe, Vélizy, France; 3 NASA GSFC, Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt,
MD, USA; 4 Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R,
187, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

A study of the influence of aerosol particles from biomass burning on the

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the surface is being conducted in the
Amazon region. The response of the vegetation for such forcing is also analyzed,
through numerical calculations of the fraction of absorbed PAR inside the canopy.
Experimental results showed a reduction of about 27% of PAR in the presence of the
smoke layer, with an aerosol optical depth of about 0.85 at 500 nm. Numerically
calculated results showed also that for such value of aerosol optical depth, the fraction
of diffuse radiation in the PAR region increases from 0.16 (for a clear atmosphere) to
0.54, for a solar zenith angle of 30 degrees. The combined effect on the PAR
distribution within the cover of the decrease of total and increase of diffuse incoming
radiation at the surface due to the smoke layer is evaluated using a 3D radiative transfer
model. The DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model simulates radiative
transfer within heterogeneous vegetation covers characterized by a three-dimensional
structure. In the visible domain, the model predicts the surface directional reflectance
and the 3D distribution of absorbed PAR within the canopy. Simulations are performed
for a tropical primary forest at Jaru, in Rondonia state.
 OZONE AND AEROSOLS CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM A
TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZON
REGION
1 1 1 4 2
Oscar Vega , André Sassine , Sergio Moura , Jim Greenberg , Julio Tota , Paulo
3 4
Artaxo e Alex Guenther .
1
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN, São Paulo, Brasil.
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, São Paulo, Brasil.
3
Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo - IFUSP, São Paulo, Brasil.
4
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Colorado, USA.

The biogenetic VOCs emittions and its photochemistry in the Amazon

region are responsible for the ozone produced in this region. The budged of the
ozone production is important to atmospheric chemistry study. This data is
important also to feed computer-modeling systems aiming atmospheric chemistry
studies. The measurement of the ozone and particulate aerosols concentrations
relative to with height is one of the aims of the atmospheric chemistry study.
The scope of this work is to describe the experience done in Balbina,
Amazon region, in a wet season, with a tethered balloon carrying on a set of
instruments that measure the ozone concentration and the aerosols, fine and
gross particulated matter. An electronic device collects the pressure, humidity and
temperature data of each flight. The meteorology airborne, such as wind direction
and speed, clouds interference and sun incidence, was monitored during each
flight to observe the correlation with the data colleted. The data shows a
correlation between the aerosols and the heights, aerosols and the cloud
interference, ozone concentration and heights, ozone concentrations and cloud
interference. The ozone concentration range from 5 to 18 ppb was measured at
maximum height.
The experiment was done with a Helium tethered balloon driven by a winch.
The maximum flight height was 1000 meters. Details of the experiment and
analytical procedures are presented in this work as well.
 Comparison of Rainwater composition at two
sites in Amazonia for dry and wet seasons
Theotonio Pauliquevis 1, Paulo Artaxo 1, Luciene L. Lara 2, Norbert. Miekeley 3, Eduardo
T. Fernandes 1.
1
Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187, São
Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil. theo@if.usp.br, artaxo@if.usp.br
2
Isotopic Ecology Lab - CENA/USP, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura,
Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenario, 303, CEP 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil,
luciene@cena.usp.br
3
Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, miekeley@mail.rdc.puc-rio.br .

Rainwater samples from two sites in Amazonia were collected as part of the LBA
Experiment. The first site, Rondonia, is located in the western part of Amazonia, and is a
heavily disturbed site with significant land use changes. The rainwater sampling was
performed from February 1999 to May 1999. The second sampling site, named Balbina is
located in Central Amazonia, about 150 Km North of Manaus. In Balbina, rainwater
sampling was performed from April 1998 to May 1999, and is a pristine region, relatively
free from biomass burning impacts, representative of natural Amazonian conditions.
Samples were analyzed by Ion Chromatography for major cations and anions, and for
about 50 trace elements by Induced Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

The results show that, even in Central Amazonia, about 2,000 Km from the sea
coast, the influence of marine emissions is significant, given the large amounts of Na+
and Cl-. The acidity of the rainwater on each site has different origins: in Rondônia, there
is a predominance of mineral acids, such as sulfate and nitrate, in opposition to Balbina,
where there is no correlation between mineral acids and H+. Organic acids should
dominates the acidity in pristine areas in Amazonia, while in deforested areas, mineral
acids dominates rainwater acidity. The pH values of the Balbina site showed higher
acidity during the dry season (<pHdry> = 4.75, <pHwet> = 5.50). The deposition rates
shows higher values for Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ in the wet season, and for NO3- - in the
dry season. Wet deposition rates for the wet season are higher in Balbina than Rondonia
for most of the ionic components, with the exception of NO32-.
Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Antonio Manzi CPTEC/INPE Oral The long term measurements of energy
and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture and
forest sites in Rondônia
Deborah Clark University of Oral Long-term data indicate a strong negative
Missouri-St. Louis relation between ecosystem carbon
& Estacion balance and interannual temperatures in a
Biologica La Selva Central American lowland rain forest
Jair Maia Universidade de Oral Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e
Brasília energia em um cerrado sensu strict pós-
fogo
Jon Lloyd Max Planck Institut Oral Atmospheric boundary layer measurements
fuer Biogeochemie belie the existence of a strong Amazonian
carbon sink
Michael Goulden University of Oral Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest
California CO2 Exchange
Viviana Horna Max Planck Oral Carbon Release from Stems and Branches
Institute for in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon Forest
Biogeochemistry
Alessandro Araujo INPA Poster Long term measurements of carbon
dioxide, water and energy combined with
the fetch analysis in central Amazonia
Bart Kruijt Alterra Poster Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2
fluxes and flux losses and effects on
inferring ecosystem physiology.
Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino CENA-USP Poster Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63
Cerri ha low productivity Amazon pasture
Chris Doughty U. C. Irvine Poster An investigation of the post-noontime
decline in photosynthesis in tropical forests

Christopher S. Martens University of North Poster FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2

Carolina AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE RATES IN
THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL,
DETERMINED BY RADON-222 CANOPY
AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTS
Clóvis Lasta Fritzen Universidade Poster Photosynthesis light curves of sun and
Federal de Mato shade plants of transitional tropical forest
Grosso (cerradão) in Mato Grosso
Eleanor J. Burke University of Poster Calibrating the carbon and energy-water
Arizona exchange processes represented in the
BATS2 model for a set of natural forest
ecosystems within the Amazon
Evilene Lopes University of New Poster Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the
Hampshire Tapajos National Forest
Gannabathula Prasad INPE Poster Comparison of the fast response
instruments at C14 and K34 sites in the
Amazon rain forest.
George Vourlitis California State Poster The role of seasonal variations in
University meteorology on the net CO2 exchange of
Brazilian Cerradão
Hudson Silva Universidade Poster Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in
Federal do Para - Undisturbed forest at the Flona Tapajos,
Campus de Brazil
Santarem
Jean Pierre Ometto University of Utah Poster Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest and
pastures ecosystems in the Amazon Basin

Jonathan Evans Centre for Ecology Poster Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra
& Hydrology, Instrument for the Measurement of Surface
Wallingford Carbon Flux with a Closed-Path Eddy
Correlation System over Amazonian
Rainforest
Juarez Robinson IAG-USP Poster ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX
USING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD:
AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S
DEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OF
TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND
AND SAVANNAH .
Julio Tóta INPE Poster A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL
CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OF
AN INTEGRATED MODEL
Lina Mercado Max Planck Poster An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and
Institute for Caixuana eddy covariance data with a big-
Biogeochemistry, leaf and sun/shade model
Jena-Germany
Luitgard Schwendenmann Institute of Soil Poster Dynamics of dissolved organic matter
Science and (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain
Forest Nutrition, forest
University of
Goettingen,
Germany
Luiz Aragao INPE Poster LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT
CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT BRAGANÇA
MANGROVE IN PARÁ STATE

Luiz Eduardo Aragão Instituto Nacional Poster INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND

de Pesquisas LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARY
Espaciais PHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT
TAPAJÓS REGION
Mario Siqueira Duke University Poster Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from
Multilevel Ecophysiological and Turbulent
Transport Models: A Symbiotic Approach
Mauro Massao Shiota Universidade Poster Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio
Hayashi Federal de Mato Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation
Grosso in Evapotranspiration of a Transition
Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil
Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr IPAM - Instituto de Poster Estimating above ground biomass in
Pesquisa Eastern Amazon: a comparison among old-
Ambiental da growth, logged and logged & burned forest
Amazônia
PAULO CESAR NUNES INSTITUTO PRO Poster COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION
NATURA IN FOREST, PASTURE AND
AGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE
SOUTH AMAZON
Paulo Y. Kubota Kubota CPTEC/INPE Poster THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO
ANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THE
SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON
OBSERVED FLUX
Pedro Correto Priante Universidade Poster WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN
Federal de Mato DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHT
Grosso - UFMT INTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN
FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF
MATO GROSSO
Philip Harris Centre for Ecology Poster Modelling fluxes from Amazonian rain
and Hydrology forest using a land-surface scheme
Plinio Alvala INPE Poster CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION
UNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONS
RAFAEL FERREIRA DA MPEG Poster THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM
COSTA IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
BUDGET - BRAGANCA, AMAZONIAN
COASTAL REGION.
Ricardo Dallarosa Instituto Nacional Poster Radiation budget over the forest near
de Pesquisas da Manaus, Amazonas - Brazil
Amazonia - INPA
Ricardo Sakai State University of Poster ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM
New York, Albany PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL
ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON
BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77
SITE
RILDO MOURA CENTRO DE Poster MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR
PREVISÕES DE RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENT
TEMPO E TYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST
ESTUDOS OF REBIO-JARU-RO AND MANGROVE
CLIMÁTICOS - FOREST -PA)
CPTEC
Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Poster Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of
Forest Biomass in Amazon Basin
Scott Miller University of Poster Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements
California at Irvine of Tropical Forest Carbon Balance

Scott Saleska Harvard University Poster Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via
eddy covariance measurements in an old-
growth Amazon foreest
Sérgio de Paulo Universidade Poster A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO
Federal de Mato STUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
Grosso THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE
SINOP-MT TOWER AND OTHER LBA
TOWERS
Tim Baker School of Poster Climatic and edaphic control of regional-
Geography, scale patterns of forest structure in
University of Leeds Amazonia

Tomas Domingues University of Utah Poster Ecophysiological characteristics related to

gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical
rain forest
Vanusa Pachêco Instituto Nacional Poster Study of the mean wind speed profile
de Pesquisas above and within the canopy of the forest
Espaciais - INPA reserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.
Viviana Horna Max Planck Poster Ecological Classification of Soils and
Institute for Pristine Premontane Vegetation in the Alto
Biogeochemistry Mayo Valley, Northern Peru
Xiwu Zhan University of Poster An analytical approach for estimating CO2
California, Los and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region
Angeles
 The long term measurements of energy and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture and
forest sites in Rondônia

Antonio O. Manzi1, B. Kruijt2, C. von Randow1, J. Elbers2, P. J. Oliveira3, Jorge L.

M. Nogueira1, F. B. Zanchi4,5, R. L. Silva4,5, F. L. Cardoso4, R. G. Aguiar4, M. Waterloo6,
P. Kabat2, B. M. Gomes4
1
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, SP, Brazil
2
Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands
3
Universidade Federal do Pará, PA, Brazil
4
Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Campus de Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil
5
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, USP
6
Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands

On the scope of BR/EU LBA Flux Tower Consortium, the turbulent fluxes of
sensible and latent heat, CO2 fluxes and general meteorological variables have been
measured continuously in a forest site (Rebio Jaru, 10.08o S, 61.93o W) and in a pasture
site (Fazenda Nossa Senhora, 10.75º S; 62.37º W) in state of Rondonia, since February
1999. The technique used to measure the fluxes is the eddy covariance technique. On this
work, results from these three-year measurements are presented. Seasonal variations of
energy and CO2 fluxes are analyzed at both sites. Due to the higher reflectivity and net
long wave loss at pasture than at the forest, the net radiation is 16 – 22 % lower in the
pasture, with the larger differences occurring during dry seasons. The partition of this
energy in sensible and latent heat is also different in the two vegetation covers and
sensitive to the season. Three-month averaged Bowen ratios (ratio between sensible and
latent heat fluxes) ranged from 0.21 during wet seasons to 0.28 during dry seasons at forest
and from 0.33 (wet season) to 0.81 (dry season) at the pasture. The major differences
between CO2 fluxes at the two sites also occur during dry seasons, when the humidity of
the top layers of soil is severely reduced. Both the daytime-averaged Net Ecosystem
Exchange (NEE), which is mainly influenced by photosynthesis activity, and nighttime-
averaged NEE, which is dominated by respiration, show clear variations between the
seasons, especially at the pasture site, being higher (more negative in the case of daytime)
at the wet seasons. The daily NEE values, which represent the difference between
photosynthesis and respiration, are negative throughout the year, leading to a high annual
uptake at both sites. At the forest, the annual uptake ranges from 4 to 6 ton C / ha / year. In
the pasture, the preliminary values are similar, however, a recent analysis indicate that
fluxes might be underestimated in calm nights at this site. After applying an appropriate
filter for underestimation at low turbulence conditions, final values for the pasture site will
be presented. At the forest, apparently there is no underestimation of nighttime fluxes in
calm nights.
Long-term data indicate a strong negative relation between ecosystem carbon balance and
interannual temperatures in a Central American lowland rain forest

Deborah A. Clark (U. Missouri-St. Louis), David B. Clark(U. Missouri-St. Louis), Steven
F. Oberbauer (Florida International U.), and Hank Loescher (U. Florida)

Mailing address (DAC): INTERLINK-341, POB 02-5635, Miami FL 33102, USA

E-mail addresses: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr, dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr, oberbaue@fiu.edu,
hankel@nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu

In tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, long-term datasets from two on-going
studies have linked interannual variation in forest carbon (C) balance to yearly
temperature variation. In the TREES Project, a comparative study of ecologically-diverse
species, >3,000 trees in 250 ha of old-growth have been measured annually since 1984.
In the CARBONO Project, a multi-investigator study of forest C cycling, activities since
1997 include 3 yr of eddy covariance estimation of forest NEE, and annual measurement
of all trees (> 10 cm diameter) in 18 0.5-ha edaphically-stratified forest plots. Findings
from both studies indicate a strong negative relation between annual temperatures and
annual forest C balance. Annual tree growth varied more than 2-fold over the 16-yr
period 1984-2000. The annual growth deviations were significantly negatively correlated
with annual means for daily minimum temperatures (and were unrelated to annual rainfall
or irradiance). Similar trends occur in the CARBONO data. Estimated aboveground
biomass increment (EAGBI) strongly varied among years; it was 39% lower in the
record–hot 1997/8 El Niño year than in the two cooler years that followed, and this El
Niño depression of EAGBI was forest-wide (18 of 18 plots). NEE as estimated from the
eddy flux data varied strongly among years, in parallel with the EAGBI data. For the
mega-Niño 97/98 year, estimated NEE was close to 0 (-0.4 Mg C ha-1yr-1); in strong
contrast, significant uptake was estimated for the two cooler years that followed (-3.7 and
-5.5 Mg C ha-1yr-1, respectively). These findings point to significantly depressed forest
P:R ratios with small increases in temperature.
Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e energia em um cerrado sensu
strict pós-fogo
Maia, J.M.F.¹; Paixão, A.D.¹; Santos, A.J.B.¹; Miranda, A.C.¹; Miranda; H.S.¹; Lloyd J. ²

1. Departamento de Ecologia – IB – Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. Brasília –

DF. CEP: 70.000-000. jair_maia@yahoo.com
2. Instituto Max Plank - Alemanha

O Cerrado ocupa cerca de 25% do território brasileiro e além de sua rica diversidade teve a sua importância
comprovada como sorvedouro de CO2. Entretanto, o uso de queimadas como forma de manejo tem aumentado
a freqüência de fogo na região, o que pode, via impactos na vegetação, alterar substancialmente os fluxos de
CO2, H2O e energia. Embora a vegetação do Cerrado se comporte como um forte sorvedouro de CO2, no
período da seca ela é uma fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera. Todavia, ainda não foi determinada para todas as
fisionomias de Cerrado a duração e a quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera durante esse período.
Esse estudo foi desenvolvido na Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (Brasília, DF), e teve como objetivo determinara
a quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera por uma área de cerado sensu stricto que sofreu queima
acidental no final da estação seca de 1999. Foram mensurados fluxos de CO2, H2O e energia através da técnica
de “eddy correlation”. Foi observado no ano de 2000 que esta área funcionou como fonte de CO2 durante 64
dias, entre o meio e o final da estação seca, sendo de 65,15 Kg C/ ha a quantidade de carbono emitida para a
atmosfera durante o período. Observou-se também que a vegetação voltou a atuar como sorvedouro de CO2
antes mesmo do início da estação chuvosa, 1511,58 Kg C /ha. Para o ano de 2001, observou-se que nos
primeiros 75 dias da estação seca a área ainda manteve-se como sorvedouro, acumulando 582,09 kg C /ha. A
partir do meio da seca (final de julho, início de agosto) a área passou a funcionar como fonte, liberando
623,22 kg C /ha, durante os 63 dias que vieram do meio até o final da seca. A fitomassa no estrato herbáceo
para este ano foi de 2.416,03 g/m² enquanto que o estrato arbóreo apresentou cobertura média flutuando entre
15 % na época de chuva e 11% na época da seca. Tais resultados são semelhantes aos relatados na literatura
para campo sujo e cerrado sensu stricto e podem estar associado a relação de dominância entre as populações
de plantas herbáceas e lenhosas e/ou entre as plantas C3 e C4.
 Atmospheric boundary layer measurements belie the existence of a strong

Amazonian carbon sink

Jon Lloyd, Olaf Kolle, Holger Fritsch, Maria A. F. da Silva Dias, Paulo Artaxo, Antonio

D. Nobre, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Bart Kruijt, Larissa Sogacheva, Axel Thielmann &

Meinrat O. Andreae

Max Planck Institut fuer Biogeochemie

Some high estimates of a tropical forest sink in the Amazon Basin have recently

emerged1,2,3,4. These higher estimates, based on eddy covariance measurements, suggest a

net carbon sink of 40-60 mol C m-2 a-1 which if occurring for all forests across the

Amazon Basin would give rise to a sink of around 0.25 Pmol C a-1; equal to about 50% of

global fossil fuel emissions. Here we use atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) budgetting

techniques5,6,7,8 to show that these eddy covariance measurements almost certainly

overestimate the magnitude of the Amazonian carbon sink at a regional scale. Although

perhaps partly due to unaccounted for losses of carbon from forests in the form of volatile

organic compound (VOC) emissions9 or being caused by nearby rivers being a substantial

source of CO2 to the atmosphere10, failure of the eddy covariance methodology at night

appears mostly responsible. This may be attributable to an in appropriateness of the

underlying assumptions under conditions of stable but intermittent turbulence11,12 and/or

shallow drainage flows of nocturnally released CO2 towards rivers and away from

measurement towers13,14. Our results do not, however exclude, the Amazon Basin and

other tropical rainforest areas being modest sinks for anthropogenically released carbon

dioxide of order 10 mol C m-2 a-1 as has been previously suggested from earlier studies.
15
1
. Malhi, Y. et al. Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest. J.

Geophys. Res. 103, 31,593-31,612 (1998).

2
. Malhi, Y. & Grace, J. Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trends Ecol.

Evol. 15, 332-337 (2000).

3
. Arajúo, A. C. et al. Dual long-term tower study of carbon dioxide fluxes for a central

Amazonian rainforest: The Manaus LBA site. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press)
4
. Carswell, F. et al. Seasonality in CO2 and H2O flux at an eastern Amazonian

rainforest. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press)

5
. Raupach, M. R., Denmead, O. T. & Dunin, F. X. Challenges in linking atmospheric

CO2 concentrations at local and regional scales. Aust. J. Bot. 40, 697-716 (1992).
6
. Lloyd, J. et al. Vertical profiles, boundary layer budgets and regional flux estimates

for CO2, its13C/12C ratio and for water vapour above a forest/bog mosaic in central

Siberia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 267-284 . (2001).

7
. Styles, J. et al. Estimates of regional surface carbon and oxygen isotope

discrimination during photosynthesis from profiles of CO2 concentration and its

isotopic composition in the convective boundary layer. Tellus 51B, (in the press)
8
. Laubach, J. & Fritsch, H. Convective boundary layer budgets derived from aircraft

data. Agric. For. Meteorol. (in the press)

9
. Kesselmeier, J. et al. Volatile organic compound emissions in relation to plant

carbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (in the

press).
10
. Richey, J. E., Melack, J. M., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Ballester, V. M. & Hess, L. L..

Outgasing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of

atmopsheric CO2. Nature 416, 617-620 (2002).

11
. Mahrt, L. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 375

– 396 (1999).
12
. Finnigan, J. J., Clements, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R. & Cleugh, H. A. A re-

evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques Part I. Averaging and

coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteor. (in the press).

13
. Mahrt, L. et al. Shallow drainage flows. Boundary-Layer Meterol. 243, 243-260

(2001).
14
. Grace, J. & Malhi, Y. Carbon dioxide goes with the flow. Nature 416, 594-595.

(2002).
15
Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest CO2 Exchange

M.Goulden1, H.da Rocha2, S. Miller1, H.C. Freitas2, M.Menton1, A.M.Figueira3, C.A.de

Sousa4, C. Doughty1, J. Elliot1, E. Read1
1
University of California, Irvine
2
Universidade de S. Paulo
3
Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA
4
Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBA

Author address: Michael L. Goulden ,Department of Earth System Science

University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
Author email: mgoulden@uci.edu

We used eddy covariance to measure the net exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere
and a primary tropical forest in Para, Brazil from June 20, 2000 to July 1, 2001. The
mean air temperature and daily temperature range varied little year round, and the rainy
season lasted from late December to late June. Daytime maximum CO2 uptake was ~20
µmol m-2 s-1 and nocturnal CO2 efflux was 6 to 7 µmol m-2 s-1. The year-round growing
season and high rate of canopy photosynthesis (~25 µmol m-2 s-1) resulted in an annual
Gross Primary Production of ~26 tC ha-1 yr-1. Light intensity was the main controller of
diel CO2 exchange, explaining 48% of the variance. CO2 uptake increased with an initial
slope of 0.045 µmol CO2 µmol PAR-1 before saturating partially at 500 to 1000 µmol
PAR m-2 s-1. CO2 uptake at a given light intensity was ~3 µmol m-2 s-1 lower in the
afternoon than in the morning, possibly due to stomatal closure. The seasonal pattern of
daily carbon balance was the opposite of what we expected, with greater carbon
accumulation during the dry season. Nocturnal CO2 efflux was 2.1 µmol m-2 s-1 lower in
the dry season than the wet season. The surface litter became quite dry in the dry season,
and we believe the seasonal pattern of respiration was a direct effect of reduced forest
floor decomposition caused by desiccation. CO2 uptake at a given light intensity was 3.3
µmol m-2 s-1 greater from October to April than from May to September. We believe the
seasonal pattern of CO2 uptake was a result of seasonal changes in leaf area or leaf-level
photosynthetic capacity, rather than a direct effect of drought stress. The trees at the site
were apparently sufficiently deeply rooted to escape drought stress, whereas litter
decomposition was curtailed by desiccation, resulting in an increase in daily carbon
uptake during the dry season.
 Carbon Release from Stems and Branches in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon Forest
Viviana Horna 1,2) and Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)
1)
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, D-07701 Jena
Germany
2)
Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens, University
of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany

vhorna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710

Release of CO2 from woody tree tissue was measured in eight major tree species of a central
Amazonian “Varzea” white water inundation forest. Varzea forests are believed to have a high
carbon release since net wood productivity is low in spite of favorable nutrient supply and
climate. Consecutive daily courses of carbon release were measured starting in March 1999,
using stem and branch chambers in an open system with an integrated infrared gas analyzer
running in differential mode. Deciduous tree species (Albizia multiflora, Tabebuia barbata,
Pseudobombax munguba, Crataeva benthamii, Vitex cymosa) and evergreen tree species
(Nectandra amazonum, Laetia corymbulosa, Pouteria glomerata) were compared. The results
were analyzed for different flooding conditions of increasing water level (February-April),
maximum water level (May-July), decreasing water level (August-October) and under
conditions of no flooding (November-January).

Trees showed maximum rates of woody tissue CO2 release during early flooding and varied
from 2 to 14 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in the lower part of the main stem during the day. These values
are higher than those reported in the literature for broad-leaved species. The highest values of
carbon release were observed in the main stem of the evergreen Nectandra amazonum. For
the remaining seasons daily variation of main stem CO2 release was smaller with a maximum
of 4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 between night and midday hours. CO2 release rates in the upper stem
were rather constant throughout the year. Branch CO2 release was high during new leaf
development indicating a tight relationship with leaf phenology.

The up-scaled values of CO2 release from above-ground woody parts per season showed a
linear relationship with tree basal area: lowest correlation (r2 =0.53) was found for the season
of increasing water level and highest correlation (r2 =0.68) during the season of decreasing
water level. Annual stand carbon release from above-ground tree woody biomass was
estimated to be 1870 g C ha-1 a-1. This value is 5 to 6 times higher than stand carbon release
values reported for other non-flooded neotropical forest (Odum, 1970, Ryan et al. 1994, Meir
1996).

The results of this study support the hypothesis of a high respiration in seasonally flooded
tropical forests. A close relationship exists between apparent carbon release in branches and
tree leaf phenology.
 Long term measurements of carbon dioxide, water and energy combined with the
fetch analysis in central Amazonia.

Araujo, A. C. de1, Nobre, A. D.1, Kruijt, B.2, Dallarosa, R. G.1, Von Randow, C.3,
Manzi, A., Xavier, H. B.1, A. O.3, Dolman, A. J.4, Waterloo, M. J.4, Evans, J. G.5, Gash,
J. H.C.5, Hodnett, M. G.5, Pacheco, V. B.1, Kabat, P.2
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
2
Alterra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
3
Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC, São Paulo, Brazil
4
Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – CEH, Wallingford, United Kingdom

Av. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, Petropólis, Aloj 09, Projeto LBA - ManausFlux,
CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3255

E-mail: carioca@inpa.gov.br

Studies by Grace et al. (1996) and Malhi et al. (1998) show high rates of net CO2
uptake by Amazon rain forest, suggesting that such forests may represent the “missing”
carbon sink that is required to close the Earth's carbon budget. In contrast, atmospheric
inversion models and analyses of satellite images suggest that important terrestrial sinks
are located in the northern hemisphere (Schulze & Schimel, 2001). Therefore, much
uncertainty exists about the real location of the missing carbon sink. Araújo et al. (2002)
and Aubinet et al. (2001) revealed variation in carbon uptake rates, distributed over
different areas in the same ecosystem. Such differences could be related to the
topography, associated with variation in soil water content and the depth to which water
is available to plants, leading to contrasting edaphic conditions for the functioning of the
vegetation (Chauvel et al., 1987 e Hodnett et al., 1997). Fluxes of CO2, water and
energy have been measured by the eddy correlation technique for several years near
Manaus. An investigation of the location of sources responsible for the measured fluxes
was performed using footprint models in the context of such landscape. Analysis of
fetch related to availability of energy has shown that when the wind blows from the
northwest and southwest quadrants less radiation is available than in the others, with
consequently lower net carbon uptake rates. Also, the respiration rates are higher
suggesting that the CO2 respired from the valleys or drained from the plateaus is being
captured by the eddy covariance system.
 Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2 fluxes and flux losses and effects
on inferring ecosystem physiology
B. Kruijt1), A. Araújo2), J.A. Elbers1).A.D. Nobre2), C. Von Randow3), P.J. Oliveira3)4),

1) Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands;2) INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil); 3) INPE, Caxioeira Paulista,
SP, Brazil; 4) Universidade Federal de Para, PA, Brazil.

Several years of CO2 flux data now exist for four flux towers in the Brazilian Amazon,
collected within the scope of the international LBA project. These data sets show many
similarities in the diurnal and seasonal behaviour of fluxes, as well as in the physiological
responses of NEE to radiation, VPD and CO2 concentration. Clear differences exist,
however, in seasonality.

One overriding aspect of the results is the very high rates of carbon uptake on an annual
scale, and these rates are subject to much skepticism. Nevertheless, despite rigorous
sensitivity tests we cannot identify the reason for this discrepancy in eddy correlation
methodology.

It is often found in eddy correlation studies that the system seems to underestimate CO2
emission fluxes during the night, if turbulent mixing is reduced. Even if properly corrected
for storage of CO2 inside the canopy, ecosystem exchange in these conditions appears
lower than expected from values measured during windy nights. If we apply such analysis
to the data collected in some of the Amazon sites, this effect is present to such a large
extent, that it could take away the full annual carbon uptake if it were corrected for. For
another Amazon forest site, with equally high uptake, the effect is completely absent. We
here subject the data to some alternative analysis, shedding a rather different light on
Amazon night-time flux losses.

For example, if we consider 24-hour totals of NEE, there is only little dependence of these
totals on night-time turbulence. Also, there often is a consistent high emission peak during
early morning which is NOT compensated for by storage fluxes. We analyse these
morning fluxes in more detail by comparing them with the expected light response during
these hours, and find that light response is significantly 'stalled' at low light. Also we
attempt to interpret respiration, photosynthesis and night-time leakage from a simple
combined mass balance-turbulence model. This observation may be used to construct a
more realistic method to assess the real total night-time losses. Also, this may be used to
correct day-time values to determine real canopy photosynthesis. We will explore this
approach and investigate how this affects analysis of canopy physiology through, for
example, canopy-scale light response and A-Ci curves.
 Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63 ha low productivity Amazon pasture

C.E.P. Cerri a,*, M. Bernoux b, V. Chaplot c, R.L. Victoria a, J. M. Mellilo d, B.J. Feigl a,

M.C.Piccolo a, C.C. Cerri a

a
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP.96.
13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
b
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URO41-SeqC, at CENA
c
IRD at Ambassade de France, BP06, Ventiane, RPD Laos
d
The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
USA.
*
Corresponding author: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de Sao
Paulo, CP.96. Piracicaba, Brazil. E-mail: cepcerri@cena.usp.br; fax: +55 19-3429-
4610.

The present study investigates the spatial variation of soil chemical and physical

properties in a 63 ha pasture area located at Nova Vida Ranch, Rondonia, Brazil. A

regular 25 m grid was used for collecting a total of 2,955 soil samples at the 0 to10, 10 to

20 and 20 to 30 cm layers. Soil samples were analyzed for total carbon and nitrogen, δ
13 15
C and δ N, pH in H2O, pH in KCl, clay, silt, and sand contents. Conventional

statistical methods and geostatistics were performed in order to analyze soil properties

spatial dependence. Mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis for all measured

variables were evaluated. All variograms generally were well structured with a relatively

large nugget effect. Total C, total N, pH in H2O, pH in KCl, δ13C and δ15N

semivariograms were best fitted by spherical models, while clay and sand contents were

best fitted by exponential models. Two types of validation (“Jackknife” or cross-

validation and external validation) were conducted, indicating a lack of bias for the used

prediction models. Models were used to interpolate the values at unmeasured locations
using block kriging. Data were overlaid using Geographic Information System (GIS),

generating maps. Within these maps we defined areas containing a degree of

homogeneity, used to selected specific locations to install an experiment of pasture

rehabilitation.

Keywords: spatial variation; physical soil properties; chemical soil properties;

geostatistics; geographical information system.
 Abstract
Chris Doughty
UC Irvine
LBA-ecology group CD-04
Conference registration # - CDOU-0502
Email – Chris__doughty@hotmail.com
Address – Projeto LBA Componente- ecologia
Rua 24 de Outubro, 3707 – Mapiri
Santarem – Para – Brasil
Cep. 68.040-010

Title - An investigation of the post-noontime decline in photosynthesis in tropical forests

Using the eddy covariance technique over a tropical rainforest in Santarem, Brazil, a
continuous decline in photosynthesis in the afternoon has been noted even after light
differences have been eliminated. This study attempts to understand what causes this
post-noontime decline in photosynthesis. Although there are many possibilities, this
study focuses on the decline either being caused by water stress of the tree or an internal
circadian rhythm. Using the platform tower at site 83 in the Tapajos national forest,
leaves of several tree species were continually lit with 1000 micromoles of light and kept
at constant temperature and humidity levels for a period of 24 hours as photosynthesis
measurements were taken every 20 minutes using a Licor 6400. In addition, water
potential measurements using a pressure chamber were taken every 2 hours. These two
measurements will determine if photosynthesis changes over the course of a day despite
constant conditions and also how water potential changes over the course of a day. If
under constant conditions photosynthesis is lowest at night when water potential is also
likely to be lowest then this indicates the decline may be due to a circadian rhythm. If
however, photosynthesis is highest at night, this indicates that the decline is likely due to
water stress in the tree.
FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2 AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE
RATES IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL, DETERMINED BY
RADON-222 CANOPY AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTS

C.S. Martens1, H.P. Mendlovitz1, T.J. Shay1, M.C. Menton1, J.M.S. Moura1, O.L.L.
Moraes2, R.L. Lima1 and P.M. Crill3
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2Universidade Federal de Santa Maria,
3
University of New Hampshire

Primary author address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina,

Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300 USA

Email addresses: cmartens@email.unc.edu, Mendlovitz@unc.edu, tshay@email.unc.edu,

Patrick_Crill@unh.edu, mary@tap.com.br, jmauro@tap.com.br, moraes@mail1.ufsm.br,

ABSTRACT
Continuous canopy air and soil-air flux measurements of radon-222 have been
combined to quantify canopy air exchange rate coefficients, eddy diffusivities, and CO2
plus trace gas fluxes with the troposphere in old growth and selectively logged forests in
the Amazonian terre firme forest and pasture sites near Santarém, Pará, Brazil. The radon
canopy air and soil flux measurements, when fully integrated with LBA-ECO tower eddy
covariance flux, forest canopy gas inventory and soil gas flux studies led by other teams
including Keller et al, (TG-07), Goulden and Rocha (CD-04), and Wofsy et al., (CD-10)
can provide quantification of gas production, consumption and net fluxes that is
independent of eddy covariance measurements. Arrays of custom designed flow-through
radon detectors have been deployed since April, 2000 at 65 meter tower sites at both
primary forest (km 67) and selectively logged (km 83) sites in the Tapajos National
Forest. A solar powered array has been utilized at the km 77 pasture site to help quantify
the development of nocturnal and convective boundary layers in collaboration with
Fitzjarrald and Moraes (CD-03). The detectors can accurately resolve 0.01 pCi/l/m radon
activity gradients within the forest canopy using 15 minute counting intervals. Canopy
and above-canopy air radon activities at up to ten tower elevations at both sites decrease
systematically with height above the soil surface and range from over 1.0 pCi/l (0.3 meter
elevation) to less than 0.05 pCi/l (64 meter elevation). Diel radon activity variations in
the Tapajos forest canopy at both sites are characterized by dual maxima peaking near
approximately 0900 and 1730 local time that occur respectively as a result of nocturnal
stratification and late afternoon stratification during the early evening transition. Radon
inventories within the lower 10m of the forest canopy typically range by over 200 percent
over a diel cycle. Soil-air radon fluxes have been determined using portable radon
fluxometers capable of repeated thirty-minute flux measurements on soil collars installed
around the tower sites. Changes in the canopy air radon inventory combined with radon
soil flux measurements have been utilized to determine forest canopy-troposphere
exchange rates that are combined with CO2 and other trace gas concentration data to
determine their net forest canopy-troposphere fluxes.
 Photosynthesis light curves of sun and shade plants of transitional tropical forest
(cerradão) in Mato Grosso

Clóvis Lasta Fritzen - UFMS - Campus de Corumbá; DEX - Departamento de Ciências

Exatas Av. Rio Branco, N. 1270 Cx. Postal 252 Corumbá – MS CEP: 79304-020
(clovislf@bol.com.br)

Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda, José Holanda Campelo Jr., José de Souza Nogueira, Nicolau
Priante Filho -Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de
Física e Meio Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT
Brasil.

George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- California

State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA

The photosynthesis light response curves for several sun and shade plants of
Quiina pteridophylla and D. exelcia were measured during portions of the wet and dry
seasons in the transitional tropical forest of northern Mato Grosso. Although the
photosynthesis curves of sun and shade plants show the same qualitative trend, plants
growing in full sun had a higher rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (Pmax) than the
plants growing in shade. In measurements made during the peak of the dry season
(July), Q. pteridohylla plants growing in full sun had a Pmax value of on average of 5
µmol m-2 s-1, while plants growing in shade had a Pmax value of around 4 µmol m-2 s-1.
During the wet season (December), Q. pteridohylla plants growing in full sun had a
Pmax value of 9 µmol m-2 s-1 while shade plants had a Pmax of 7 µmol m-2 s-1. Similarly,
measurements during the wet season of D. exelcia individuals growing in full sun had
Pmax values of on average 13 µmol m-2 s-1, while individuals growing in shade had Pmax
values of 10 µmol m-2 s-1. During the dry season, however, Pmax values were
approximately 40% lower for plants growing in sun and shade, indicating that seasonal
declines in precipitation led to corresponding declines in Pmax. Plants growing in sun
also exhibited dark respiration rates that were approximately 1.5 times higher than
plants growing in shade. These data indicate that spatial variations in sun exposure to
plants growing in the sub-canopy of transitional tropical forests have important
implications for the maximum rates of leaf photosynthesis, and these differences appear
to be consistent over seasonal variations in rainfall. Our data also indicate that the
seasonal variation in rainfall also cause substantial variation in the rate of maximum
photosynthesis, as there is a significant increase in the photosynthesis for all the plants
as the water availability increases.
Calibrating the carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in the
BATS2 model for a set of natural forest ecosystems within the Amazon

Eleanor J. Burke1, Phil Harris3, Antonio D Nobre3, W. James Shuttleworth1,

Luis A. Bastidas1, Celso von Randow4, and L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves1,4
1
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721, shuttle@hwr.arizona.edu
2
INPA, Alameda Cosme Ferreira 1756, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
3
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
4
CPTEC-INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Over the last decade, carbon exchange processes have been introduced into some of
the more realistic and important land-surface models used in General Circulation
Models (GCMs). In particular, carbon exchange is now calculated (albeit in an
appropriately simple way) in the second-generation Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer
Scheme (BATS2). This paper discusses automatic calibration of the description of the
carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in BATS2 using state-of-
the-art multi-parameter estimation techniques and long-term measurements of fluxes
over several undisturbed Amazon forest sites. Optimization of the parameters in BATS2
was made by simultaneously minimizing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between
time series of observed and modeled latent- and sensible-heat fluxes and CO2
exchange. This procedure provides values of preferred sets of the many model
parameters used in BATS2 in the different conditions for which extended time series of
undisturbed forest data are available through the LBA Experiment. In most cases the
optimization algorithm defines preferred parameters that lie comfortably within the
predefined range of plausible values, but in some cases the preferred values are close
to the edge of this range. The RMSE between modeled and measured fluxes was
significantly reduced when the optimized parameters were used over the “default”
values of parameters that would otherwise be assigned in BATS for the tropical forest
biome. Investigations were carried out as to how preferred sets of model parameters
change with site and season. It should be noted that model calibration also (implicitly)
provides an extra level of quality control on the LBA data by flagging times when
individual data points are inconsistent with the remainder of the data.
 Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the Tapajos National Forest

Evilene Lopes1, Patrick Crill1, Michael Keller1,2, Rosenildes Guimaraes3 and Willey
Machado4
1
Complex System Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH 03824, USA
2
USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico
3
Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA
4
Iniciacao cientifica CNPq/LBA

Email addresses: evilene@kaos.sr.unh.edu, patrick.crill@unh.edu,

michael.keller@unh.edu, roguisan@bol.com.br, willmach@zipmail.com.br

Stem respiration is one of the four major components of ecosystem respiration in

the forest environment. Previous studies in temperate and boreal forest have estimated
that stem respiration contributes only 5% of ecosystem respiration. Based on recent
estimates of ecosystem respiration from eddy covariance flux measurements and soil
respiration from chambers at the Tapajos National Forest (TNF), Para State, Brazil, it
appears that soils emit less CO2 than expected. The remaining CO2 emission must be
from foliage, live and dead wood respiration. We have been measuring stem respiration
manually and discontinuously at the TNF since July 2002 and bi-weekly since November
2001 at two sites at TNF. CO2 is measured using an infrared gas analyzer (LI-6251). Both
sites have towers, which continuously measure NEE by eddy covariance and soil
respiration by an automatic chamber system. The undisturbed forest site is located near
the km 67 of the BR-163 (Cuiaba-Santarem Highway). The logged forest site is located
near the km 83 of the same road. At km 83, the forest was selectively logged between
August 2001 and January 2002. Stem respiration fluxes varied between 0.11 and 3.95
µmol CO 2 m-2 s-1, with an average of 1.2 (+ 0.81) µmol CO 2 m-2 s-1. The fluxes at the
logged site increased with increasing precipitation at the beginning of 2002 while the
opposite trend was observed at the undisturbed site.
Comparison of the fast response instruments at C14 and K34 sites in the
Amazon rain forest.
Gannabathula S.S.D.Prasad1*, A. O. Manzi 2, L.D.A. Sá1, C. von Randow2, A.C.Araujo3,
A.D.Nobre 3

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de

Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José
dos Campos, Brazil.
2. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de
Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira
Paulista Brazil.
3. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

Abstract

Wavelet and Fourier analysis was performed to study and compare the spectral
characterstics, the fluxes of the wind velocity (u,v,w components), temperature and
humidity concentrations using two different instruments and on two different towers in the
Amazon rain forest at Manaus in 2000. The comparison was made of the spectra and
fluxes estimated from the Gill (Solent A1012R) and Campbell sonic anemometers, H2O
measurements of the LiCor and Krypton instruments for the days, 216 to 248 at the C14
site (02°35’21’’S , 60°06’53’’ W) and for days 252 to 267 at site K34(02°36’33’’S ,
60°12’34’’ W). The sampling frequency for Gill is 10.42 Hz while for the Campbell it is
16Hz. In the first stage of the analysis no attempt has been made to reduce to a common
sampling frequency. Since the sampling frequencies are not the same the data sets were
aligned using the minimum of the temperature. After adjusting for calibrations it was
found that there is good agreement in only the w component and the w spectra in both the
instruments at both the sites. The temperature measured by the Campell instrument is
always higher and the fluctuations smaller than those measured by Gill. The actual
differences vary with the time of the day. There are also differences between the water
vapour measurements. The Krypton appears to be much more sensitive to small changes in
humidity compared to LiCor. At the K34 site, at low wind speeds, there are significant
differences in u and v between the Gill and Campbell. We are now examining the
differences between the two sites and the instruments after reducing to a common sampling
frequency of 2Hz.

___________________
*Corresponding author.
E-mail: prasad@cptec.inpe.br
The role of seasonal variations in meteorology on the net CO2 exchange
of Brazilian Cerradão
George L. Vourlitis, Nicolau Priante Filho, Mauro M. S. Hayashi, José de S.Nogueira,
Fernando T. Caseiro, Fernando Raiter and José Holanda Campelo Jr.
California State University

The net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of a 28-30 m tall transitional (ecotonal) tropical
forest of the Brazilian Amazon was quantified using tower-based eddy covariance.
Measurements were made between August 1999 and July 2001 and were used to develop
non-linear statistical models to assess daily variations in ecophysiological parameters and
provide annual estimates of NEE, gross ecosystem CO2 exchange (GEE), and respiration
(Re). Diurnal trends in NEE were correlated with variations in photosynthetic photon flux
density (Q), vapor pressure deficit (V), and temperature. Seasonal trends in the CO2 flux
components estimated from non-linear regression (Amax and R0) were highly correlated
with soil water availability and canopy structural properties (LAI and litter production).
These results suggest that variations in soil water content can affect rates of canopy
photosynthesis and whole forest respiration by altering both physiological processes and
canopy structural properties. Estimates of the annual NEE suggest that the forest was in
balance with respect to CO2 during the study period, which in terms of rainfall, was a
relatively typical period compared to the 30-year average rainfall regime. Our results
also suggest that the warmer and dryer microclimate and decline in LAI that accompany
land cover change will cause transitional forests to be sources of CO2 to the atmosphere.
 Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA
Tapajos, Brazil

Hudson Silva1, Patrick M. Crill1, Michael Keller1,2, Jadson Dias3, Peter Czepiel1, Michael
Palace1, Eraclito Sousa Neto3, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior4
1
University of New Hampshire, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall,
Durham, N.H., USA 03824-3525; (603)862-0297; Fax (603) 862-0188
2
USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico
3
Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil
4
EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, Brazil

E-mail addresses: hsilva@kaos.sr.unh.edu, patrick.crill@unh.edu,

michael.keller@unh.edu, hj@tap.com.br, peter.czepiel@unh.edu,
palace@kaos.sr.unh.edu, eraclito@tap.com.br, cosme@cpatu.embrapa.br

In forests, the respiration of roots and soil dwelling organisms accounts for a large
part of ecosystem respiration. We installed an automated chamber system for
measurement of the soil-atmosphere flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Tapajos
National Forest, Para, Brazil in April 2001. This is a mature forest site that is relatively
undisturbed. Soils are clay textured oxisols. Mean annual temperature is 25oC and mean
annual precipitation is 2000 mm of rain per year. A set of 18 aluminum chambers were
installed in a 0.5 ha area close to the flux tower at the km 67 LBA site. Green surface was
excluded. Eight of these chambers are closed individually and sampled for approximately
21 minutes about 5 times per day (closed 7% of the day). The other 10 chambers are
sampled individually approximately once per day (closed 1.5% of the day). We measured
CO2 concentration with an IRGA (Campbell 6262). The IRGA response for zero and
span gases was measured at 5 hour intervals. We found that during the late wet season
(April – June 2001) CO2 fluxes for the 8 frequently sampled chambers averaged about
3.2 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. Fluxes decreased slowly from the end of the wet season in June
through the end of the dry season (November-December) when CO2 flux averaged only
about 1.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. With the onset of the rain in January 2002, fluxes increased
rapidly to approximately 3.0 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1.
Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest and pastures ecosystems in the Amazon Basin

Ometto, J.P.H.B.(1)(2), Ehleringer, J.R.(2), Martinelli, L.A.(1), Domingues, T.F.(2),

Flanagan, L.(3)
(1)
CENA/USP, Brasil
(2)
University of Utah, USA.
(3)
University of Lethbridge, Canada

The Amazon Basin in South America represents the largest extent of tropical forest in the
world, with high species diversity and an estimate forest stock of carbon over 169Mg C
ha-1. Forest-to-pasture conversions and logging activities are expected to have an impact
on the carbon balance within the Amazonian Basin, resulting in landscapes consisting of
primary forest, logged forest, and pasture ecosystems. Stable isotope ratio analyses of
atmospheric CO2 provide useful information regarding the balance between
photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss in each of these ecosystem types.
The oxygen isotope ratio of the CO2 emitted by the biosphere is entirely dependent on the
18 16
O/ O of the water associated to soil and plants within that ecosystem and on relative
humidity. Our studies over the past 2 years have shown that there was an enrichment on
18
O of leaf water above source water in leaves from all ecosystems, with upper canopy
leaves being more 18O enriched than lower canopy leaves. A seasonal shift of 5 to 10 ‰
has been observed between wet and dry seasons, which was not due to a change in the
source water but instead to changes in humidity. The leaf water 18O enrichment can be
accurately modeled and a permanent record of this labile signal was reflected in the 18O
signal of cellulose through the canopy profile. We have not identified a strong difference
between the nighttime 18O of respired CO2 between adjacent forests and pasture
ecosystems, although daytime values are different between these ecosystem types.

CENA/USP
Av. Centenário, 303
Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
13416-970
jpometto@cena.usp.br
 Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra Instrument for
the Measurement of Surface Carbon Flux with a Closed-
Path Eddy Correlation System over Amazonian Rainforest

J.G. Evans, D.D. McNeil, A. Carioca de Araujo*, and J.A.Elbers**

Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK

* Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia – INPA, Manaus, Brasil

** Alterra, Green World Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Email: J.Evans@ceh.ac.uk

Abstract

The Mk3 Hydra, a fast response open-path infra-red gas analyser, measuring water
vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations, integrated into a Solent three-axis sonic
anemometer, was tested over pristine rainforest on the ‘K34’ tower near Manaus, AM.
Eddy correlation flux measurements from the Mk3 Hydra were compared to an
existing Li6262/R2 closed-path eddy-correlation system. Both systems showed very
good energy closure (within 5%), with little difference in the latent & sensible heat
fluxes. Most of the CO2 flux data agreed well, but with larger open-path fluxes during
peak daytime CO2 uptake. These larger than expected fluxes may in part be due to the
open-path calibration being affected by high solar radiation levels. The comparison
shows how an open-path instrument can be successfully deployed in Amazonian
conditions, with the advantages, compared to a closed path system, of a much simpler,
lower maintenance and lower power system.
 ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX USING THE GAP FRACTION
METHOD: AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S DEFINITION FOR
CANOPIES OF TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND AND SAVANNAH

Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez and Humberto da Rocha

IAG-USP

The Leaf Area Index (LAI) estimated using hemispherical photographs can use the
gap fraction method. We used the CID-110 digital canopy imager under three different
canopies of tropical forest (Santarém km 83) and pastureland (Santarém km 77) and a
woodland savannah (Cerrado sensu strictu) in São Paulo during May to June 2001. It uses
the non-linear estimation method (Norman and Campbell, 1989), which has however
appeared to underestimate the observations (destructive mesurements or tipical literature’s
values) under heterogeneous canopies. The algorithm varies with the threshold’s selection,
which in turn depends on sky’s brightness and the local canopy’s architecture. We
introduced on the calculations the entropy crossover method (Sahoo et al. 1997) and an
mutually exclusive hypothesis to select the optimal threshold. The optimal threshold is
initially based on the minium histogram entropy’s difference, and the final decision to
accept/neglect the threshold is taken by the mutually exclusive hypothesis. The clumping
factor was assumed as equal to 1. The mutually exclusive hypothesis computes the mean
square error (MSE) between the transmitted light fraction (predicted by Norman and
Campbell method) and that one absolutely accounted over the image’s pixels. Thresholds
associated to values of MSE greater than 1 are disregarded. We have calculated average
LAI values equal to 4.7 and 1.1 for the tropical forest (wet season) and the cerrado (early
dry season), respectively. At the pasture areas, LAI was estimated at three 1m2 plots on a
destructive basis, and the calculated LAI using the above method showed errors lower than
5%.
 A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST
OF AN INTEGRATED MODEL

Julio Tóta 1, jtota@cptec.inpe.br

Lianhong Gu 2, lianhong@nature.berkeley.edu
Jose D. Fuentes 3, jf6s@virginia.edu
Gilberto F. Fisch 4, gfisch@iae.cta.br
Rildo G. Moura 1, rildo@cptec.inpe.br
1
Inst. Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), SJ dos Campos, 122201-970, Brazil
2
Uc Berkeley Biometeorology Lab, DESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US
3
University of Virginia (UVA), Charlotesville, VA 22903, US
4
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE), São José dos Campos, 12228-904, Brazil

Abstract

An integrated model of canopy micrometeorology and exchanges of mass and energy was
tested for an Amazonian rain forest. In this model, plant canopies are divided vertically into
multiple layers. After obtaining profiles of air temperature, water vapor and CO2 partial
pressures inside plant canopies using the Localized Near-Field (LNF) theory, canopy-scale
fluxes were obtained by integrating these exchanges over the canopy depth. The model was
tested against of diurnal measurements of canopy net radiation, sensible heat flux, water
vapor flux, CO2 flux, friction velocity, and profiles of air temperature, water vapor partial
pressure and CO2 concentration. The NEEs output was decomposed into contributions
from different ecosystem elements and analyzed. The results showed that daytime
exchanges of energy and mass in this tropical forest were largely controlled by its LAI.
However, the degree of dominance varied for sensible heat, water vapor and CO2 from
daytime to nighttime. Relative contributions of different ecosystem elements to NEEs of
sensible heat and water vapor remained largely unchanged from day to day during the
testing period. In contrast, relative contributions of different ecosystem elements to NEE of
CO2 fluctuated significantly from day to day in responses to changes in environmental
conditions. The role of the understory was most significant for the CO2 exchange and least
significant for the sensible heat exchange with the water vapor exchange being
intermediate. The soil and stem respiration balanced much of the foliage CO2 absorption
during the daytime while during the nighttime they dominated the CO2 exchange.
An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and Caixuana eddy covariance data with
a big-leaf and sun/shade model

Lina Mercado 1*, Jon Lloyd 2, Bart Kruijt 3, Yadvinder Mahli 4 and Antonio Nobre5.
1,2
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena,Germany.
Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany

*Author for correspondence: lmercado@bgc-jena.mpg.de

2
e-mail : jon.lloyd@bgc-jena.mpg.de
3
Alterra, University of Wageningen Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
e-mail : B.Kruijt@Alterra.wag-ur.nl
4
University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, Edinburgh, Scotland
e-mail: ymalhi@srv0.bio.ed.ac.uk
5
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
e-mail: anobre27@yahoo.com

Eddy covariance data from the Manaus K34 (1999-2000), K14 (1995-1996) and Caixuana
(1999) towers in the Brazilian Amazon have been used in an intent of parameterization of two
ecosystem gas exchange models. Those models use the big- leaf (Lloyd et al, 1995) and a sun
and shade (De Pury and Farquhar, 1997) approaches for canopy photosynthesis modeling.
The main difference between these two models lays in the way they represent the response of
canopy photosynthesis to irradiance. The big leaf model assumes that the distribution of
photosynthetic capacity is proportional to the profile of absorbed irradiance. In the sun/shade
model, the sunlit and shaded fractions of the canopy change during the day making the
irradiance absorption and the photosynthetic capacity of both fractions to change as well.
However, the goodness of fit with the sun/shade model did not improve very much compared
to the big-leaf model using the Manaus K14 data.
Parameterization of the models for the Manaus K14 data during 1995-1996 seem to indicate
seasonality of the photosynthetic parameters for canopy rubisco activity (Vmax ) and the light-
saturated electron transport capacity (Jmax ). Vmax and Jmax present a decrease during the dry
season. But it is not clear if this is attributable to changes in leaf area, photosynthetic capacity
or both.
Calibration of the models against Manaus K34 data has been problematic due to a lot of
scatter in the data together with some none yet explainable measurements of very low values
of Net ecosystem exchange at high irradiances.
Caixuana data fit well to both model types without requiring any seasonality in the
photosynthetic parameters observed for the Manaus K14 data.

References

Lloyd, J., Grace, J., Wong, S.-C., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Miranda, H.S., Wright, I.R.C., and
MacIntyre, J.A.(1995). A simple calibrated model of Amazon rain forest productivity based on leaf
biochemical properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1129-1145.

De Pury, D.G.G., and Farquhar, G.D.(1997). Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies
without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell and Environment, 20, 537-557.
 Dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain forest

Luitgard Schwendenmann (lschwen@gwdg.de) 1, Edzo Veldkamp (eveldka@gwdg.de) 1, Anja

Becker1, Markus Kleber2
1
Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, University of Goettingen, Germany
2
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

Luitgard Schwendenmann
Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition
University of Goettingen,
Buesgenweg 2
37077 Goettingen
Germany
Tel.: ++49-551-3912294
Fax: ++49-551-393310

Dissolved organic matter in soil contributes to the C and N cycles in ecosystems, may
influence nutrient availability and is a source of energy for microorganisms. However, little
is known about the dynamics and controls of dissolved organic matter in tropical soils.
Between April 2000 and April 2001 we have studied DOC and DON dynamics as part of a
cross scale analysis on carbon stocks and fluxes in a lowland neotropical rain forest (La Selva
Biological Station, Costa Rica). The objectives of this study were (i) to measure
concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)
along vertical profiles of two different soil types, (ii) to determine depthwise changes of DOC
composition and (iii) to identify parameters that control DOC concentrations.
DOC and DON concentration increased as rainfall passed through the canopy. The highest level of DOC
(average: 10 mg C/l) and DON (0.5 mg N/l) was determined under the leaf litter layer. Significantly lower DOC
(2 - 3 mg C/l) and DON (0.05 – 0.2 mg N/l) concentrations were measured throughout the soil profile between
20 and 350 cm depth and in stream water. No differences were found between the two soil types studied. DOC
composition changed as DOC percolated through the soil profile. Soil water collected under the leaf litter layer
contained a high amount of humic substances. However, below 20 cm depth mainly low molecular weight acids
were identified. The sorption capacity of both soil types were high (partition coefficient: around 0.9). DOC
concentration is influenced by soil-nutrient related parameters (surface layer) and sorption/decomposition
processes (subsoil).
 LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT
BRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁ STATE
Luiz Eduardo Aragão1 and Mathew Williams2
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE/DSR), Av. dos Astronautas 1758-12227-
010; São José dos Campos-São Paulo-Brazil
2
Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, UK.
aragao@ltid.inpe.br
Leaf area index (LAI) is a major control on land surface exchange rates of energy and
carbon. Field measurement of LAI is critical both for parametrizing models for scaling up
leaf gas exchange to the canopy level and for use in calibrating remote sensing information
on canopy structure. In this study, we characterized LAI in three sites in the primary rain
forest of Caxiuanã National Forest, and at a mangrove forest on the coast near Bragança,
Pará State. The data collection occurred during a field campaign in November 2001. We
collected data with a pair of LAI-2000 canopy analyzers (LI-COR). In Caxiuanã forest, we
sampled two 1 ha plots (a Control and a dry-down or ‘Esecaflor’ site) on a 10 m × 10 m
grid. We also sampled four 100 m transects at 10 m spacing near the eddy flux tower. We
obtained the vertical distribution of LAI for each Caxiuanã forest site by recording LAI at
successive levels on canopy access towers. In the mangrove forest, we collected forty
samples at 5 m spacing near the eddy flux tower. Results from Caxiuanã showed that mean
LAI was similar for Control (5.41) and Esecaflor (5.46). The LAI profile in the Control plot
varied linearly from 4.64 at 2 m to 2.57 at 30 m height. There was a similar pattern at the
Esecaflor plot, which varied from 4.58 at 2 m to 2.01 at 30 m. The tower site had higher
LAI values than the first two plots, with a LAI average of 5.70. The LAI profile at the
tower site varied non-linearly, from 5.57 at 2 m to 1.1 at 30 m height. Compared to the rain
forest, the mangrove site had low LAI values (2.73), reflecting the lower density of trees,
and also the occurrence of tide channels. The two experimental plots at Caxiuanã forest
have similar patterns of horizontal and vertical LAI distribution and these patterns seem to
be different from tower site. The mangrove forest site had distinctly different characteristics
from the rain forest, reflected in low LAI values. With these data, we can now examine
how differences in C and energy exchange in mangrove and rain forest, as recorded by
eddy covariance, are related to differences in canopy structure.
 INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT TAPAJÓS REGION
Luiz Eduardo Aragão1; Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro1 & Mathew Williams2
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE-DSR), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758-12227-
010; São José dos Campos-SP-Brazil
2
University of Edinburgh (IERM), Scotland
aragao@ltid.inpe.br
Amazon region is the focus of the research works related with the global changes. In Brazil,
the great contribution for the increase of atmospheric CO2 is the land use changes (70% of
total emission). Due to the uncertainties about the productivity of Amazon biome and the
consequences of climatic changes and of land use changes in the Amazon forest
productivity, this work propose to supply the lack of detail regional analyses for Amazon
region. Present abstract is an overview of our project that will explain the way that we will
carry the study about primary productivity at Tapajós. We pretend to emphasize
methodological aspects to access gross primary photosynthesis (GPP). The general aim of
this research is to model the GPP process in a forest ecosystem in Alto Tapajós-PA, to
evaluate the effects of the land use changes and of the atmospheric CO2 increase. This
approach will consider the spatial and temporal variability of the environmental variables
(soils, vegetation, temperature, precipitation, irradiance, etc). A multi-scale methodology
using field, meteorological and remote sensing data will be apply to scaling up local to
regional GPP at 1km grid with the Aggregate Canopy Model from Williams et al. (1997).
We will use a map integration routine to define land units according land use, vegetation,
soils and relief patterns to collect field data about leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nitrogen
concentration in the dry and wet season. To access land use we will carry an analysis of
MODIS image. With field and microclimate data, and remote sensing estimations of land
use and irradiance it will be possible to set the parameters for Tapajós environmental
conditions. To validate model results we will carry a comparison with eddy flux data and an
error analysis. So, we intend to generate results that make possible the quantitative analysis
of GPP in the regional scale. We began project activities on May. At the moment, we are
digitalizing thematic maps (soil and vegetation) from the region and working to acquire
data and build a database about vegetation information. Fieldwork will be carried in
August. Previous field data collect at Tapajós showed differences in forest structure
between sites in primary forest. Mainly associate with species composition, so characterize
also LAI and N pattern from these vegetation type, will be helpful for GPP spatial analysis
in that ecosystem. The present studied will contribute to the knowledge of biological
processes in the Amazon, and the effects of climate and land use changes. This information
will clearly help the elaboration of management plans resulting in the conservation of
Amazon forest through sustainable development of North region of Brazil.
Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from Multilevel Ecophysiological
and Turbulent Transport Models: A Symbiotic Approach

Mario Siqueira1,2,*, Antonio C. Brasil Jr.3,4, Chun Ta Lai5, Gabriel Katul1,2

1
Nicholas School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
3
Center for Sustainable Development (CDS), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
5
Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
*Corresponding Author: Mario Siqueira
Duke University, 328 LSRC, Box 90328
Durham, NC, 27708
USA
Phone: 01-919-613-8068
Fax: 01-919-684-8741
e-mail:mbs4@duke.edu

Abstract

In forested ecosystems, the complex vertical structure of the canopy plays a critical
role in CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE). To quantify the contribution of different
canopy layers on NEE, multiple approaches are developed and compared. The first
approach is based on a one-dimensional ecophysiological-radiative transfer and
turbulent transport model (hereafter referred to as forward model) that solve
conservation equations for mean scalar mass and heat. It explicitly incorporates
biophysical and ecophysiological mechanisms responsible for stomatal opening and
carbon assimilation. The forward model is compared with three inverse methods,
which rely on mean concentration profiles as input. To assess the performance of the
models individually, they were compared to above-canopy eddy-covariance CO2 flux
measurements conducted at the Duke Forest AmeriFlux site. This study is the first to
rigorously compare such a broad range of multi-level methods for the same stand and
for a wide range of environmental conditions. The results show that the forward
method outperformed the inverse methods for unstable and neutral conditions. Poor
agreement was obtained under stable conditions for all models. However, in ensemble
sense, all methods performed comparably. Since the forward method requires detailed
knowledge of the canopy ecophysiological and radiative transfer properties, which are
difficult to obtain on routine basis, a symbiotic use of these approaches is
advantageous. An optimization procedure for the ecophysiological parameters of the
forward method using results from inverse calculation to be used in second growth
Amazon Forest is proposed.
Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation in
Evapotranspiration of a Transition Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi, Nicolau Priante Filho, José de Souza Nogueira, Marta
Cristina Jesus de Albuquerque Nogueira, Fernando Raiter, José Holanda Campelo Junior,
Sérgio Roberto de Paulo
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n 78060-900,
Cuiabá – MT – BRAZIL. (nicolaup@terra.com.br)

George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- California

State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA

The inter-annual variation in evapotranspiration (expressed as latent heat flux, Qe) for a
30m tall tropical transitional (ecotonal) forest was quantified over January until April
period using eddy covariance and micrometeorological measurements from 2001 until
2002. The study was conducted near the city of Sinop in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil,
which is located within the ecotone of tropical wet evergreen rain forest and savanna
(cerrado). Because the eddy covariance system failed we installed in 2002 one
psychrometer at 41m and one at 36m on the tower and calculate the evapotranspiration by
the Bowen ratio method. The majority (60-80%) of net radiation (Q*) was consumed by
Qe and the seasonal variations in Qe were not significant during January-April period.
The evapotranspiration inter-annual variations were not significant in that period when
we compared 2001 and 2002 average data. For 2001 January and February data, the
Priestley-Taylor method estimated significantly larger rates of evapotranspiration than
the eddy covariance values. For the same months in 2002 the Priestley-Taylor method
overestimated the evapotranspiration rates estimated by the Bowen ratio method. Thus,
estimates of evapotranspiration derived from the Bowen ratio method followed the eddy
covariance results closely. The Bowen ratio methods are relatively cheap and easy, and to
ensure continuous data collection and provide an additional check, we feel that it is good
suggestion to use both eddy covariance and Bowen ratio methods in tower studies of
energy balance in the LBA towers.
Estimating above ground biomass in Eastern Amazon: a comparison
among old-growth, logged and logged & burned forest

Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr1

Daniel Nepstad 1, 2
1
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia
2
Woods Hole Research Center
IPAM - Av. Nazaré, 669, Nazaré, Belém, Pará, Brasil. CEP 66035-170
oswaldo@amazon.com.br

Logging activities and forest fires alter above ground biomass and increase forest
flammability. In order to evaluate the impacts of logging and fire on forest biomass, we
measured different types of vegetation in 6 different sites: 3 old growth forest sites and 3
other sites with logged and logged & burned forest areas located in Paragominas region,
Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Above ground biomass estimations included litter, small (0-2
cm diameter); medium (2-10 cm diameter) and large trees (>=10 cm diameter). The plots
size was 0,00016 ha; 0,0012 ha; 0,03 ha and1,2 ha, to litter, small, medium and large trees
respectively. Total live biomass ranged from 360-423 Mg C/-1 in old growth forests, from
204-470 Mg C/-1 in logged forests, and from 96-216 Mg C/-1 in logged & burned forest.
When comparing the sites with logged and logged & burned areas the total above ground
biomass in later decreased from 13 to 61%. As forests in Amazon are being disturbed by
human activities this ecosystem is being impoverished, thus resulting in negative ecological
and economic impacts to the region and also influencing the global climate system.
 COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION IN FOREST, PASTURE AND
AGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH AMAZON
Paulo César Nunes1 (Av. 04 de Julho n. 53, Centro – 78340-000 Juruena MT- Brazil;
prnatura@terra.com.br)
José Holanda Campelo Jr. 2, Nicolau Priante Filho 2,
Linda Akiko Yamamura1, Elke Leite Bezerra 3
1
. Instituto Pro Natura –IPN 2 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT
3
Universidade de Varzea Grande -UNIVAG

The aim of this work was to compare the soil respiration of an area of primary
forest cover, with an extensive pasture system and an agrosilvopastoral system, in
the plane dystrophic dark Argissolo Red soil. We used an infrared gas analyzer
(the Environment Gas Monitor, EGM-1/WMA-2: GAS ANALYSERS), attached
to a container able to retain 1170 cm3 CO2. The experimental area is located in the
Experimental Center of Agroforestry of the Instituto Pró Natura, in the
municipality of Juruena, Northwest Mato Grosso - Brazil. The treatments
consisted of three areas under different uses: an area of primary forest, a seven
years old agrosilvipastoral system and a five years old extensive pasture system.
The plots have 10m x 10 m, with 1 m measurement network executed between
January 2001 and February 2002. The results showed that in wet season during in
the morning, the soil respiration and soil temperature, measured at 1 cm depth,
was significant different in three areas, with means 7.9 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 27.2ºC
to pasture, 5.4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 26.3 ºC to agrosilvipastoral system and 4.4
µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 24.8 ºC to jungle. In wet season in the afternoon the soil
temperature was significant different for the three places, but the soil respiration
showed significant differences only between forest with pasture and forest with
agrosilvipastoral. The average during wet season in the afternoon ranged by 5.8
µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 30.8 ºC to the pasture, 5.38 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1at 28.5 ºC to the
agrosilvipastoral system and 4,13 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 25.84 ºC to the forest.
 THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO ANALISE THE INFLUENCE
OF THE SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON OBSERVED FLUX

Paulo Y. Kubota1, Antonio Manzi1, C. von Randow1, B. Kruijt2, J. Elbers3.

1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciail – INPE
2
Alterra, Holanda

author : Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJ

cep 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brasil
e-mail: paulo_kubota@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

Around the globe punctual measurements of momentum, energy, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes made by
micrometeorological towers have become very common. Since the quantities measured are punctual, they are influenced
by the air advection, atmospheric instability and the distribution of their sources and sinks that are related to the surface
characteristics as relief, and vegetal cover, which depends on the wind direction. It was used for this study a footprint
model parameterized with three-year flux measurements (1999, 2000 and 2001) made at the Biological Reserve of Jaru, in
Ji-Parana, Rondonia, on the scope of the Brazil / European Union Tower Consortium of the Large Scale Biosphere
Atmosphere in Amazonia (LBA) experiment. The footprint model shows that, for stable conditions, around 78% of the
measured fluxes are mostly related to an area around the tower with up to 10 km radius, but with a maximum contribution
from about 600 m. For unstable conditions, more than 95 % of measurements are related to the same area, and the
maximum contribution radius is around 300 m. The variation in flow direction shows little influence on CO2 fluxes and
net radiation. However, the intensity of sensible and latent heat fluxes vary with wind direction, possibly associated with
the presence of deforestation areas at the neighborhood of the site and of Machado River, that is less than 1 km west from
the tower.
 WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHT
INTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF MATO
GROSSO

Pedro Correto Priante1 (Rua dos Eucaliptos, n. 7 Quadra 15, J. das Palmeiras – Cuiabá-MT –
Brazil pedropri@terra.com.br), Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda1, Clóvis Lasta Fritzen2, Nicolau
Priante Filho1, José de Souza Nogueira1 and George Louis Vourlitis3
1
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; 2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul;
3
California State University San Marcos

Measurements of the water potential of transitional tropical forest understorey plants were
made seasonally to determine the effect of seasonal variations in rainfall on plant-water
status. The study was conducted in an intact transitional forest stand located near Sinop,
Mato Grosso, and we chose plants that were common to the region, Quiina pteridophylla
and Dinizia excelsa, in different conditions of luminosity (plants located in gap and shaded
areas). The measurements were made in 2 young and 3 adult individuals per species during
the wet season, transition wet-dry season, dry season, and transition dry-wet season. The Q.
pteridophylla individuals presented large season variation in water potential. The Q.
pteridophylla in the wet season had an average water potential of –0.5MPa, 1.7 MPa in the
transition from the wet-dry season, -2.7 MPa in the dry season and, –1.7MPa in the transition
between the dry-wet season. Adult trees had an average water potential of –0.9MPa in the
wet season;-1.2 MPa during the wet-dry season transition, and a –3.8MPa water potential at
the end dry season. The location of plants beneath the canopy (gap vs. shaded areas) had a
strong influence on the water potential of D. excelsa and Q. pteridophylla individuals. For
example, D. excelsa plants growing in shaded areas had a water potential of -1.1 MPa in the
transition wet-dry season while D exelsa individuals growing in gaps had a water potential of
–1.5MPa. Following the same tendency, Q. pteridophylla plants growing in shade had an
average water potential of –2.1MPa while plants growing in gaps had a water potential of –
3.4MPa during the dry season. These data suggest that plant water potential is strongly
controlled by seasonal variations in rainfall and the canopy light regime. These spatial and
temporal trends have important implications for the seasonal variations in leaf and canopy
gas exchange.
MODELLING FLUXES FROM AMAZONIAN RAIN FOREST USING A LAND-
SURFACE SCHEME

P.P. Harris [ppha@ceh.ac.uk], C. Huntingford [chg@ceh.ac.uk], J.H.C. Gash [jhg@ceh.ac.uk]

[CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK.]

P.M. Cox [peter.cox@metoffice.com]

[Met Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berks., UK.]

Y. Malhi [ymalhi@ed.ac.uk]
[Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.]

A.D. Nobre [anobre@inpa.gov.br]

[Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.]

The land-surface scheme (MOSES) currently used in the Met Office/Hadley Centre General
Circulation Model (HadCM3) simulates the fluxes of energy, momentum, heat, moisture and
carbon dioxide between land and atmosphere for a range of surface types. Until now the ability of
MOSES to simulate the fluxes of Amazonian rain forest has not been tested against observations.
Using default parameters, MOSES is able to simulate satisfactorily the measurements of long-term
evaporation and heat flux from a rain forest site near Manaus, Amazonas. However, the modelled
daytime net carbon exchange for this site is approximately 52% of the observed sink. Observed
fluxes of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide are used to calibrate the model through photosynthesis,
stomatal conductance and soil parameters. The model is able to make an adequate simulation of
either the evaporation or net carbon fluxes, but not both simultaneously. It is suggested that this
may indicate a problem with way the model relates transpiration to photosynthesis through
stomatal conductance. The calibrated model is also tested against an independent set of flux data
from a nearby site.
CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION UNDER DRY AND FLOOD
CONDITIONS

Plinio Alvalá1, Celso von Randow2,*, Antonio Manzi2, Amaury de Souza3

1
Laboratório de Ozônio, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
2
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas
Espaciais (CPTEC/INPE)
3
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul
*
Corresponding author: Celso von Randow, CPTEC/INPE, Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 40,
Cachoeira Paulista, SP, 12630-000
e-mail: randow@cptec.inpe.br

ABSTRACT

The Pantanal area, covering a large part of the center-western region of Brazil, is
characterized by a strong seasonality throughout the year, with quite dry periods in the
dry season and frequently flooded areas at the wet season. In May and June 2001, and in
the period from late November 2001 to April 2002, turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide
(CO2) were measured at the micrometeorological tower of IPE project, using the eddy
covariance technique. During the transition period from wet to dry season, the daily
average net ecosystem exchange (NEE) rate ranged from a sink of –1.0 ± 0.5 g
C/m2/day in May to a situation close to the balance in June, with NEE of 0.1 ± 0.9 g
C/m2/day. In the wet season, just before the flooding of the area around the tower,
which happened on December 17, 2001, the daily NEE rate observed was –0.6 ± 1.1 g
C/m2/day (carbon fixation). With a water layer of about 0.5 m height, the surface turned
into a source of carbon, presenting a NEE average rate of +1.1 ± 0.5 g C/m2/day. This
condition lasted about 30 days, resulting on a carbon release of about 300 kg C / m2.
After this period of large emission of carbon dioxide, the daily NEE rates were close to
zero (daily uptake offset by nighttime losses) after some cold front passages when
emissions were lower and the water layer started to reduce. However, still there were
days with large emissions, leading to a release of about 50 kg C / m2 on the next 30
days. The daily NEE rates turn to negative values after that and the surface turns back to
a sink of CO2, as the water layer dries out.
 Submitted to: IISCLBA – 2ND SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE SCALE BIOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA)
MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.

THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBON

BUDGET - BRAGANCA, AMAZONIAN COASTAL REGION.

1
Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA ; R. B. SILVA2; Paulo J. OLIVEIRA3; Y. MALHI3; P. MEIR3;
A. C. L. COSTA ; J. M. N. COSTA4; M. L. P. RUIVO1 and V. ANDRADE2.
2

1
MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.
Contact; e-mail: rfcosta@museu-goeldi.br or rfcostampeg@bol.com.br
2
UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil.
3
IERM/UEdin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
4
UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted near of old small city of Braganca distant about 200 km
east-northeast of Belém, Pará, Brazil (00°51´S, 46°38´W), at the estuary of the Caete
river into the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (LBA). The
mangrove ecosystem are constituted by a wet forest kind in the coastal region, the major
part of the tropical coastline, between latitudes of 30o N and 30o S, is edged by
mangroves. The mean height of Braganca’s canopy is about 20m. The tree species
predominant in the landscape of mangrove are Rhizophora mangle (red mangue),
Avicennia germinans (siriuba) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangue), some reach
around 25m high. The CO2 fluxes measurements were made in an aluminium tower with
30m high, where was installed an eddy covariance system (Edisol software, University of
Edinburgh), using a infrared gas analyser LI-6262 (Li-Cor, Nebraska, USA), the sonic
anemometer was mounted in a metallic arm with 3m length at the top of tower, in the
easterly side minimising flow distortion for the prevailing wind direction. The CO2 fluxes
were measured during a period in the beginning of rainy season (2-15 January 2001). The
total rain registered was 253.3mm with events in 13 of 14 days. The mean daily cycle of
CO2 fluxes were +4.1µmolm-2s-1 at 4 a.m. and –11.4µmol m-2s-1 at 1 p.m. The daily
carbon budget reached –0.17 gCm-2day-1 (day 6, with 19.1mm of rain), and –3.13 gCm-
2
day-1 in January 7, with 1.9mm of rain. For all the period, the mean of carbon release to
the atmosphere was 1.8 gCm-2day-1 (between 7p.m. until 7a.m) and the atmospheric
carbon sequestrated (between 8a.m and 6p.m.) was –3.2 gCm-2day-1. If extended for one
year, the carbon budget will be –4.9 MgCha-1year-1. For that period, the mangrove
ecosystem functioned like a significant atmospheric carbon sink.

Key words: Mangrove ecosystem, Carbon budget, Amazônia, Atmosphere.

Radiation Budget over the forest near Manaus, Amazonas – Brazil

Dallarosa¹, R.L.G.; Marques Filho¹, A. de O.; Araújo¹, A. C. de; Nobre¹, A. D.;

Pacheco¹, V. B.; Oliveira¹, J. A. D. de

¹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

CEP 69083-000, Manaus/AM–Brasil. Cx Postal 478, CPGC, e-mail: dalla@inpa.gov.br

ABSTRACT

A study of the radiation budget over the forest of Reserva Biológica do

Cuieiras (ZF-2) was carried out, using data from the k34 micrometeorological tower.
Further details of this site and the instrumentation used can be obtained in Araújo et al.
(2002). The atmospheric cloudiness modulated the behavior of the shortwave and the
longwave fluxes near the surface. The longwave descending fluxes (Li) showed to be
similar during the day, in both seasons. However, during the night, they showed higher
values in the rainy season possibly due to the heating and reemission from the base of
the clouds. The longwave ascending fluxes (Lo), showed to be similar in both seasons
during the night, but showing higher values during the day, in response to a greater
heating of the surface. The seasonal budget showed higher values during the wet season,
when a greater amount of cloudiness “trapped” the heat in the lower troposphere. The
incoming solar radiation (Si) and the reflected solar radiation (So) were also modulated
by the cloudiness, having shown higher values during the dry season. The mean albedo
was around 0.13, in both seasons, agreeing with the results of the ABRACOS Project,
having shown a greater daily variation in the early morning period.
 ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL ENERGY, WATER AND
CARBON BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77 SITE
(1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2)
Ricardo K. Sakai , D.R. Fitzjarrald , O.L.L. Moraes , O. C. Acevedo , M. Czilowsky , R. Silva , and
(1)
R. Staebler ,
(1) State University of New York at Albany
(2) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
1. Introduction:
LBA-ECO Group CD-03 has been measuring heat, water vapor, radiation, and carbon dioxide fluxes at
the km-77 site since Sepetember 2000. On November 14, 2001, this pasture site was burned, plowed, and
put into the cultivation of dry land rice. This sequence of events is becoming typical of the region.
Observations were made nearly continuously during this drastic change in the surface type. When grass
2 -1
was present, December 2001 to October 2002, the net exchange ecosystem (NEE) is –0.082 mg /(m s )
2 -1
and increases to –0.052 mg/(m s ) if bare period is considered. We track the initial release of large
amounts of CO2 following the burning and cultivation and the eventual return to a strong sink during crop
growth. We discuss the impact of changing agricultural practices on net carbon exchange in cleared areas
in the Santarém region.

2. Methodology:
Site location
The LBA-ECO km-77 site is about 12 years old, and the tower flux coordinates are 3.01190° S and
54.53652° W. At this site the topography presents a gentle slope from West to East. The principal type of
vegetation is Brachiara brizanta.

Instruments
A 20 m tower was installed to monitor micrometeorological and trace gases measurements. An eddy
covariance system was installed at 8.75 m, including a 3D sonic anemometer (SATI/3K), and a CO2/H2O
gas analyzer (licor 6262). Wind (CATI/2 - 12.25, 5.73, and 3.12 m), temperature and humidity (Vaysala
Humitter, CS500, at 6.09, 4.14, 2.20 m), and CO2 (licor 6262 at 11.81, 5.29, 2.71, and 0.5 m) profiles are
also measured. At the 17.76 m tower level, upward and downward solar (Kipp and Zonen, CM11/14) and
terrestrial (CG2) radiation is collected. Soil temperatures (Campbell 108 at 0.10, 0.24, 0.50,1.50, and 2.0
m), soil heat flux (Campbell HFT3 at 0.30 m), and soil moisture (Campbell CS615 at 0.30 m) have also been
installed. The site has been collecting data since September 2000.
All instruments and data acquisition are powered by a solar panel that can provide, at least, continuous
500 W of power. The sonic anemometers and the IRGAs send a serial stream outputs, analog signals are
digitalized by a datalogger (Campbell Sci., model 23x). In real time, a linux based computer synchronizes all
serial streams, and process the data as well. Turbulent fluxes are calculated from deviations derived from a
30 minute running mean removal. A 3D wind rotation has been applied to the wind components, as well as
the webb correction, and a tube attenuation correction.
Energy Budget:
Preliminary estimates of seasonal changes in the diurnal surface energy budget and carbon uptake
are encouraging. In the day there is a good agreement between the eddy correlation system and the net
radiation measurements. There is a serious energy imbalance at nighttime. There is too little wind mixing at
night to apply the eddy covariance method alone; budgets are completed using the layer accumulation
method. Fog forms regularly at this site.
CO2 exchange:
Hourly averaged curves for the several periods show that there is only a noticeable CO2 flux from
the eddy correlation system during the wet season at night. During the day, there is a more uptake during
the wet season. Since there is no littlenocturnal turbulence, we cannot apply any u* criterion (Goulden et al.,
-1
1996). Only 12.5% of the night cases have u* > 0.2 ms , where u* is the friction velocity, but we can
achieve reasonable estimates but looking at the “storage” term. On many mornings there is a morning
“flush” of CO2, a phenomenon previously thought to be more common in forest canopies.

3. Acknowledgements:
This work was entirely supported by NASA as a part of the LBA-ECO program, grant NCC5-283.
4. References:
Goulden, M.L., J.W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, B.C. Daube, and S.C. Wofsy, 1996. Measurements of carbon
storage by long term eddy correlation. Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global Change
Biology, 2, 169-182.
 MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENT
TYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST OF REBIO-JARU-RO AND
MANGROVE FOREST -PA)

Moura1, R. G.; Tota1, J.; Manzi1, A. O.; Gu2, L.

1
CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Brasil
2
Uc Berkeley Biometeorology Lab, DESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US
rildo@cptec.inpe.br

ABSTRACT

Measurements of solar radiation were made over a terra firme forest, at the Biological
Reserve of Jaru-RO, as part of the LBA and over a mangrove area in the City of Bragança-
PA, as part of the MADAM project. Data of short wave radiation flux were collected with
Kipp & Zonen pyranometers, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) flux, with
LICOR quantum sensor, in the top of the towers installed at each site, and in the ground of
the forests. In the first site, information regarding the leaf area index (LAI) was also
collected, using a digital photographic camera, model CID-110, with fish-eye lens of 8mm.
The results show that, on average, the fraction of short wave radiation and PAR fluxes that
reach the ground are smaller at the rain forest than at the mangrove. In this work the
observations of short wave radiation and PAR at the top of the forests of terra firme and
mangrove are used to evaluate the performance of the radiative transfer model proposed
initially by Sellers (1985) and modified by Gu (1998). The results of the model showed that
he is capable to reproduce the radiation fluxes that reach the ground at both sites reasonably
well, when forced with the average values of the incident short wave radiation and PAR
observed at the top of the towers.
Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of Forest Biomass in Amazon
Basin

S. Saatchi1 and R. Houghton2

1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109.
2. Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543

Abstract
The amount and spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon basin is a major
source of uncertainty in estimating the flux of carbon released from land-cover and land-
use changes. Direct measurements of above ground biomass are limited to small areas of
forest inventory plots, and site-specific allometric regression equations that cannot be
readily generalized for the entire basin. Furthermore, there is no spaceborne remote
sensing instrument that can measure tropical forest biomass directly. To determine the
spatial distribution of forest biomass of the Amazon basin, we introduce a methodology
based on a combination of land cover map, remote sensing derived metrics, and more
than 500 forest plots distributed over the basin. These metrics are derived from radar
backscatter and texture measures, and monthly composite NDVI from optical data that
correlate with biomass through other structural attributes such as canopy roughness,
homogeneity, percentage of forest cover, and leaf density. These metrics and plot data
were included in a bootstrapping approach to derive a multivariate parametric expression
to extrapolate the forest plot data over the entire basin at 1 km spatial resolution. The
bootstrapping methodology provided a performance accuracy of estimation that increased
with forest biomass to a maximum of 70 tons/ha for undisturbed forests of approximately
400 tons/ha. The results are compared with forest biomass maps derived from
interpolation of plot data, ecosystem modeling, and RADAM data, and the sources of
error, the problems and caveats in the methodology are discussed. The results are also
used to sketch a road map for improving the estimation of forest biomass distribution
over the basin during the LBA experiment.
Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements of Tropical Forest Carbon Balance

Scott D. Miller, Michael L. Goulden, Mary C. Menton

Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine

Humberto R. da Rocha, Helber C. Freitas, Adelaine Michela Silva e Figueira, Cleilim

Albert Dias de Sousa
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo

Corresponding author:
Scott D. Miller
Department of Earth System Science
University of California
Irvine, CA 92697-3100
sdmiller@uci.edu
Voice 949 824-2314
Fax 949 824-3256

We used two independent approaches, micrometeorology and biometry, to

determine the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of a primary forest in Para, Brazil. Eddy
covariance measurements of CO2 exchange were made during 93% of the time from July
2000 to July 2001 using both open and closed-path gas analyzers. The annual sum (NEP)
was calculated using 12 different combinations of hardware and software to gauge the
sensitivity to methodology. The annual sum calculated using the closed-path gas analyzer
and 30-minute averaging was –4.0 T C ha-1yr-1, consistent with tower measurements in
other Amazonian forests. We directly show that this result is not significantly affected by
hardware configurations and flux-calculation methods. This tower-based result is
significantly different from three inventories of forest biomass at the site over a 16-year
period that indicate the forest has not been accumulating a large amount of carbon
(0 ± 1.5 T C ha-1 yr-1). The tower-based measurements indicated nocturnal respiration
was underestimated during calm conditions. The annual sum changed by ~4 T C ha-1yr-1,
and became consistent with the biometric measurements, when the NEE during periods
with u* < 0.2 ms-1 were replaced with observations from more turbulent periods. We
conclude that this u* filter provides the best estimate of annual CO2 exchange, resulting in
a NEP of +0.1 T C ha-1yr-1, such that the forest neither gained nor lost large amounts of
carbon during the study interval. The high Gross Primary Production and calm nights
characteristic of tropical forest amplify the uncertainty in tower-based annual sums
compared to temperate and boreal forest sites, and hence we attach a confidence interval
to the tower-based NEP of –5.2 and +1.2 T C ha-1yr-1.

Key words: biosphere-atmosphere exchange, tropical forest, CO2 exchange, Net

Ecosystem Production, eddy covariance, LBA
Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via eddy covariance measurements in an old-growth
Amazon foreest

Scott R. Saleska1, J. William Munger1, Daniel M. Matross1, Bruce C. Daube1,

V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff2, Plinio B. de Camargo3, Steven C. Wofsy1
1
Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences
20 Oxford St.
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
srs@io.harvard.edu
2
INPE
3
CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP

To assess the role of Amazon forests as a source or a sink for atmospheric CO2, we used ground-
based biometry measurements together with whole-system CO2 fluxes (via eddy covariance) to
explore the ecological and climatic controls on the carbon balance at an old-growth Amazon
forest (Tapajos National Forest, Santarem, Para, Brazil). The initial year (April 2001 – April
2002) of eddy covariance measurements suggest that the forest was a modest source to the
atmosphere during this period (net ecosystem exchange, NEE = +0.9 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 to the
atmosphere, after correcting for “lost flux” during periods of weak mixing when friction velocity
was <0.2 m/sec). The magnitude of this correction was significant (+ 1.6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) but not
as large as at many sites, and even without it the forest would be close to carbon balance, with an
NEE of -0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. The corrected NEE estimate was consistent with the biometry-based
estimate of fluxes from aboveground biomass (0.3 to 4.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) during an overlapping
two-year period (July 1999 – July 2001). There was marked seasonal variation in NEE that was
opposite in phase to what would have been predicted from tree growth rates alone: net
ecosystem loss to the atmosphere was observed during the rainy season (January-May), even
though wood increment was high during this period; and conversely, net ecosystem uptake was
observed in the dry season (August-November) when wood increment was generally low. These
patterns appear to be explained by variations in ecosystem respiration losses, which were
strongly reduced during the dry season, presumably due to drier soil and litter layer. These
results are in contrast to the large uptake and lack of seasonality reported for a site near Manaus,
and to the nearly opposite seasonal pattern observed in a southeastern Amazon transitional
tropical forest (cerradão) in Mato Grosso, which gained carbon in the rainy season and became
carbon-neutral in the dry season.
 A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE SINOP-MT TOWER AND
OTHER LBA TOWERS

Sérgio Roberto de Paulo (iraesergio@uol.com.br), Nicolau Priante Filho, José de Souza

Nogueira, Franklin Anderson de Oliveira Souza, Marcelo Sacardi Biudes e Mauro
Massao Shiota Hayashi
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n 78060-900

George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- California

State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA

Data concerning micrometeorological measurements obtained from towers installed in

the Amazon Forest have indicated a mean carbon absorption rate of 1-6 tC ha-1 yr-1. The
tower situated in Sinop-MT is an exception. Data from Sinop tower have indicated
equilibrium of carbon flux when a whole year period is considered. The explanation for
the difference between Sinop tower data and the data from the other towers can possibly
be found in the differences of the local ecosystem (the Sinop tower is situated in a
transition forest), differences of the methodological procedures employed in Sinop (a
different running mean, for example), or both. Here we consider a methodological
procedure to study these differences applying it for 6 days Sinop data. This procedure is
based on three main analyses of the Sinop tower data that basically is constituted by
methodological approaches employed by other LBA research groups in analyzing their
data. The three analyses are the following: 1) The application of an “u* filter” on the
data in order to find some regularity between the carbon and energy balance closure and
the level of turbulence of the air and wind velocity; 2) the recalculation, from the raw
data available when all equipment was running well, the micrometeorological variables
by employing a 800 s running mean, which is a value normally used by other eddy flux
measurement groups; and 3) the application of a Fourier analysis of the data in order to
know the diurnal and nocturnal low and high frequency of the variability of the data.
The application of the three analyses possibly should improve the knowledge of the
researchers of the LBA program on some open questions involved in the theoretical and
experimental procedures employed in the towers.
 Climatic and edaphic control of regional-scale patterns of forest structure in
Amazonia

Baker, T.R.1,2,a, Phillips, O.L.1, Malhi, Y.M.3, Almeida, S.4, Killeen, T.5, Laurance, W.F.6, Neill,
D.7, Salomão, R.4, Silva, N.8, Silveira, M.9, Vásquez Martínez, R.10, Vieira, I4 & 22 others.

1. Dept of Geography, University of Leeds, UK, 2. Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Postfach

100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. 3. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 4. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil, 4. Proyecto
BOLFOR, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 5. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A., and
Conservation International, Washington D.C., U.S.A., 6. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,
Balboa, Republic of Panama, and Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National
Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil. 7. Fundacion Jatun Sacha, Quito,
Ecuador, and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 8. CIFOR, Tapajos, PA, Brasil,
and EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Belem, PA, Brasil, 9. Universidade Nacional de Brasilia,
Brasilia, DF, Brasil, and Universidade Federal do Acre, AC, Brasil, 10. Proyecto Flora del Perú,
Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Jaen, Cajamarca, Perú.

a. Corresponding author: Dept of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
t.baker@geog.leeds.ac.uk

Understanding the relationship between forest structure, and climatic and edaphic factors at
large spatial scales is critical for obtaining accurate estimates of tropical forest biomass, and
biomass change. The RAINFOR project brings together researchers that maintain permanent sample
plots across Amazonia, to help monitor long term changes in forest structure and dynamics at large
scales. We have collated data on basal area, stem number and mean tree size from more than 200
hectares of inventoried forest. Here, we analyse the relationships between these variables and
climatic and edaphic data derived from global datasets. Basal area is broadly conserved between 25-
35 m2 ha-1 across the Amazon basin, although it declines in the driest areas. However, stem number
increases, and mean tree size decreases, in the wettest, most aseasonal forests in western Amazonia.
The implications of contrasting structural signatures for the ecology, dynamics and biomass of these
diverse forests are discussed.
Ecophysiological characteristics related to gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical rain
forest

Domingues, T.F.1; Larry B. Flanagan2; Luiz A. Martinelli3; Jean P.H.B. Ometto1,3 &
James R. Ehleringer1
1
University of Utah - USA
2
University of Lethbridge - Canada
3
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil

University of Utah - Dept. of Biology

1400 East 257 South
Salt Lake City - Utah
84112-0840
domingues@biology.utah.edu

Forest-to-pasture conversions and logging activities are expected to have an impact on

the carbon balance within the Amazonian Basin. Considerable effort is being made to
develop models that accurately describe the carbon-cycle interactions between the
Amazonian ecosystems and the atmosphere. As part of the LBA effort, we have
measured photosynthetic gas exchange and leaf structural parameters that will be useful
in parameterization of carbon-cycle process models at both primary forest and pasture
sites in Santarém, Brazil. We have measured functional relationships, including the
responses of photosynthesis and respiration to light, CO2 concentration, and relative
humidity, in upper and lower canopy leaves of trees and of upper canopy leaves of lianas.
These sets of measurements have been made in both wet and dry season conditions. We
also measured carbon isotope ratio, nitrogen content, and specific leaf area values as a
function of canopy height. When comparing functional relationships among different life
forms and canopy height positions, most gas exchange characteristics appear to follow a
single functional relationship. The exception to an overall pattern is that upper canopy
liana leaves appear to be more water-use efficient than adjacent upper canopy tree leaves.
These results suggest a functional separation of the upper canopy, where most of the
carbon is gained, into two components that respond differently to short-term and long-
term water stresses.
 Study of the mean wind speed profile above and within the canopy of the forest
reserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.

Vanusa Bezerra Pachêco1, Arí Marques Filho1, Antônio Donato Nobre1, Alessandro
Carioca de Araujo1, Bart Kruijt2, Ricardo G. Dallarosa1, Celso von Randow3, Antônio
Ocimar Manzi3, Hermes Braga Xavier1, Albertos Johannes Dolman4, Maarten Johannes
Waterloo4, Jan Albert Elbers5, John Handescombe C. Gash5, Martin George Hodnett5, Eddy
Johannes Moors2, Pavel Kabat2

1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
2
Alterra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
3
Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC, São Paulo, Brazil
4
Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – CEH, Wallingford, United Kingdom
Av. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, Petropólis, Aloj 09, Projeto LBA - ManausFlux,
CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3255
E-mail: vanusa@inpa.gov.br

The vertical mean wind speed profile was studied utilizing data measured from a 50
m micrometeorological tower in forest reserve Cuieiras – ZF2, km 34 (2o36’32,
67”S, 60o12’33,48”W) some 60 km north of Manaus, in Central Amazonia. The
measurements of wind speed were made at four heights (two above the canopy and
two within the canopy) using cup anemometers logged at 30 seconds intervals. The
data represent the period from June to November 2001. To perform the vertical
mean wind speed profile analysis of 30 min averages were used. The mean wind
speed profile data obtained during early morning (00:00 to 06:30 local time (LT)),
day (07:00 to 17:30 LT) and night (18:00 to 23:30 LT) were compared with the
vertical temperature and CO2 concentration profiles. A least squares fitting
technique was used to fit polynomial curves to the vertical mean wind speed profile
using Matlab-5 computer code. For the mean wind speed profile data the best fit
was obtained using third degree polynomial functions. The highest wind speeds
occur between 10:00 and 16:00 LT, which corresponds well with the maximum air
temperatures, usually between 12:00 and 15:00 LT. CO2 concentrations begin to
decrease soon after 08:00 LT and increase soon after 17:30 LT. The period from
10:00 to 16:00 HL, when the maximum values of mean wind speed occur is also the
period of major convective activity, caused by atmospheric instability associated
with the diurnal solar cycle. The rate of decrease in mean wind below the canopy
was shown to be related to the density profile of the foliage.
Ecological Classification of Soils and Pristine Premontane
Vegetation in the Alto Mayo Valley, Northern Peru

Viviana Horna 1,2), Johannes Dietz 1), Tobias Mette 1), Annett Börner 1,2)
,
Jan Dempewolf 1,3), Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)

1
Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG, University
of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
2
Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry MPI-BGC, Jena, Germany
3
University of Maryland, U.S.A.

viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710

Abstract

An ecological classification method for pristine vegetation at the eastern slopes of the North Peruvian Andes
has been developed. Emphasis was on forest structure, biomass and soil properties and interrelations with the
topographic and geologic situation.

Forest plots for intensive structural measurements and soil description (currently > 200) were taken along
transects and typical catenae in the Río Avisado and upper Río Tioyacu watersheds. Study plots reach from
800 m to > 1600 m a.s.l. and cover different topographic and geologic situations. The stand structural,
topographic, and soil parameters which were obtained in the field were analyzed by principal component and
hierarchical cluster analysis. The vegetation types were characterized by topographic position, soil organic
layers, mineral soil, tree size, stand density, life forms, canopy density as well as dead and living biomass. Water
use by contrasting vegetation types was analyzed using site climate data and tree sap flow measurements.

The classification resulted in a statistically significant separation of major vegetation types:

(a) Palm forests (Aguajales), (b) Ficus ssp. swamps (Renacales) and (c) alluvial plain forest in
seasonally inundated areas of the lower watersheds, (d) Valley forest, (e) hill forest, (f)
montane rain forest, and (g) three types of heath forest (Chamizales) in the upper parts of the
watersheds. All vegetation types showed significant differences in soil and plant nutrient
status, growth patterns, and/or in site climate. Stand structural properties were used for
subsequent biomass calculation of all vegetation types. Biomass ranged from 14 ± 6 tons per
hectare in open heath forests to 245 ± 147 t ha-1 in montane rain forests.

By overlaying stereoscopic aerial photographs, satellite imagery, a digital elevation model and geologic
information using a geographic information system, a reliable forest type map for the study area was obtained.
The classification of the present vegetation of both watersheds provides the basis for an ecological sensitivity
analysis of forests and soils and the development and implementation of an environmental monitoring system at
the Margen Izquierda (Bosque de Protección) of the Alto Mayo Region.
 An analytical approach for estimating CO2 and heat fluxes over the
Amazonian region
Xiwu Zhan, Yongkang Xue, and G. James Collatz
University of California, Los Angeles

Accurate assessments of the CO2 fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystems and the
atmosphere are pressingly needed for the climate change and carbon cycle studies. The
Collatz et al. parameterization of leaf photosynthesis-stomotal conductance has been
widely applied in land surface parameterization schemes for simulating the land surface
CO2 fluxes. The study in this paper developed an analytical solution approach for the
Collatz et al’s parameterization for stable solution and computational efficiency. This
analytical approach is then applied to the Simplified Biosphere Model (SSiB), enhancing
its capability of simulating land surface CO2 fluxes. The enhanced SSiB model is tested
with field observation data sets from two Amazonian field experiments (ABRACOS
missions and Manaus Eddy Covariance Study). Simulations of the land surface fluxes of
latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat by the enhanced SSiB agree very well with
observations with correlation coefficients being larger than 0.80. However, the
correlation coefficient for the daily means of CO2 fluxes is only 0.42 for the Manaus data
set although the model simulates the diurnal cycle generally well. A day-time “square
wave” in the simulated CO2 flux diurnal curves is found. The discrepancies between
simulation and observation may be the results of incorrect parameter setup or improper
leaf to canopy scaling strategy. To improve the accuracy of land surface CO2 flux
modeling, further investigation on the coupled stomatal conductance-photosynthesis
model is suggested.
C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Jeffrey Chambers University of Oral Respiration from a Tropical Forest
California Ecosystem: An Exception to a Constant
Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?
Roberto Aduan Universidade de Oral Effects of land use change and tree
Brasília coverage decrease in key aspects of the
carbon budget of the Brazilian Cerrado
savanna
Adam Hirsch Woods Hole Poster The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation
Research Center and Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon:
Comparing Process-Based and
Bookkeeping Approaches
Ana Cristina Segalin de INPA / PDBFF Poster The contribution of pioneer tree species to
Andrade above-ground biomass estimates in
continuous and fragmented forests in
central Amazonia
Cleber Salimon CENA/USP Poster Autotrophic X Heterotrophic respiration in
pastures in Western Amazonia, Acre-
Brazil
Edgard Tribuzy ESALQ/INPA Poster Response of photosynthesis to different
high levels in the canopy forestry at
Central Amazon
Eleneide Sotta Universidade de Poster DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN
Goettingen AMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS IN
CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,
BRAZIL.
Enir Salazar da Costa University of Poster Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon
California measurements in primary forest,
secondary forest, and managed pasture
ecosystems
Everaldo Telles Centro de Energia Poster Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon
Nuclear na Dynamics and Storage Potential in
Agricultura - Tropical Forest Soils of Amazonia.
Universidade de
Sao Paulo
Flavio Luizao INPA Poster Seasonal changes of leaf litter nutrient
concentrations and possible implications
on nutrient cycling and plant growth
José de Souza Universidade Poster Relationship Between Litter Production
Nogueira Federal de Mato and Reflected Photosynthetic Active
Grosso Radiation by the Canopy of Transitional
tropical forest
Karine Cristina Augusti Centro de Energia Poster Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass
Nuclear na Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration
Agricultura (CENA- Systems in Rondônia, Brazil.
USP)
Leland Pierce University of Poster Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the
Michigan Amazon using JERS/RADARSAT SAR
Composites
Liane Guild NASA Ames Poster Effects of Interannual Climate Variability
Research Center in Capoeira and Crops Under Traditional
and Alternative Shifting Cultivation
Lívia Vasconcelos Faculdade de Poster Soil microbial biomass and respiration in
Ciências Agrárias an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest
do Pará
Lucy Hutyra Harvard University Poster Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics
in an old-growth Amazonian forest
Marco Sack Max Planck / INPA Poster Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-
uptake in Amazonian lowland forests
Maria Carvalho Escola Superior de Poster Soil carbon stocks influenced by litter and
Agricultura "Luiz de roots quality on pasture chronosequence
Queiroz" / in Rondônia
Universidade de
São Paulo
Nicolau Priante Universidade Poster Litter decomposition rate estimation by
Federal de Mato mass balance model in a transitional
Grosso tropical forest –savanna in Mato Grosso -
Brazil
Paulo Moutinho WHRC Poster Drought effects on net primary
productivity and its allocation in an east-
central Amazon forest: results from a
throughfall exclusion experiment.
Percy Summers INPA Poster Coarse wood debris deposition,
decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a
selectively logged forest in central
Amazonia
Rafael Rosolem IAG-USP Poster VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION
OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH
(CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE IN
SOUTHEAST BRAZIL.
Regina Luizao INPA Poster Soil properties and carbon sequestration
along a toposequence in central
Amazonia forest
Samuel Almeida Museu Paraense Poster Fine litter fall and standing tree
Emílio Goeldi component contribution to the nutrient
cycling in an amazonian rain forest,
Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil.
Sandra Patino Instituto de Poster A comparison of the relationships
Investigacion de between leaf area index, Huber value and
Recursos above-ground biomass within Amazonian
Biologicos forests.
Alexander von
Humboldt
Simone Pereira Museu Paraense Poster LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE
Emílio Goeldi CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
TERRA FIRME SOILS, ESECAFLOR
EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ
STATE)
Simone Vieira CENA/USP Poster Where are the oldest of the forest?
Radiocarbon use to determine the age
and growth rate of trees from the Brazilian
Amazonian Forest
Tibisay Perez University of Poster Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry
California season forest soils - implications for
seasonal production of N2O
Viviana Horna Max Planck Poster Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and
Institute for Biomass of Premontane Forest Types at
Biogeochemistry the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern
Peru
 Respiration from a Tropical Forest Ecosystem: An Exception to a
Constant Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?
Jeffrey Q. Chambers1,2, (chamberj@uci.edu), Edgard S. Tribuzy2, Ligia Toledo2,
Bianca Crispim2, Niro Higuchi2, Joaquim dos Santos2, Antonio D. Nobre2, Yadviner
Malhi3, Susan E. Trumbore1
1
University of California, Earth System Sciences, Irvine CA 92697-3100, USA
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 3University of Edinburgh

To understand how tropical forest carbon balance will respond to global changes will
require knowledge of individual heterotrophic and autotrophic respiratory sources, along
with environmental factors that control variability. We measured leaf (Rleaf), live wood
(Rwood), and soil (Rsoil) respiration and additional environmental factors over a one-year
period in a Central Amazon forest. Seasonal variability was evident in Rwood and Rsoil,
and diurnal variability was demonstrated for Rleaf. Rwood was positively correlated with
tree diameter and growth rate, Rleaf was positively correlated with leaf temperature, and
Rsoil was curvilinearly correlated with soil water content. An ecosystem flux for Rleaf and
Rwood was estimated by calculating a leaf area index (LAI) and stem area index (SAI)
using allometric relationships derived from tree harvest data and published models.
Combining these estimates with literature values for missing fluxes gave an average
ecosystem respiratory flux (Reco) of 8.5 µmol m-2 s-1. This estimate was compared with
the above-canopy flux (Fac) derived from eddy covariance data. Multiple regression and
ANOVA demonstrated that about 70% of the variability in Fac was accounted for by
friction velocity (u*) variables and the above-canopy CO2 concentration. Defined
sustained high turbulence (SHT) conditions that may permit Fac to approximate Reco were
rare, accounting for only 3.3% of nighttime hours. Fac during SHT conditions was 6.5
µmol m-2 s-1, with a large 95% CI of 2.9-13.4. Using published leaf and wood production
estimates, we estimated a carbon use efficiency (CUEag) of 0.28. Our CUE estimate
indicates a Ra to gross photosynthesis (Ra/Pg) ratio of 0.72, which is considerably higher
than the relative constant ratio of about 0.50 found for temperature forests. It appears
that Central Amazon forests have a high capacity for capturing atmospheric carbon, but
only a small fraction of that carbon becomes incorporated into new tissues.
 Effects of land use change and tree coverage decrease in key aspects of the carbon
budget of the Brazilian Cerrado savanna.

Authors: Roberto E. Aduan*; Carlos A. Klink*,& Eric A. Davidson**

Adress: Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Ecologia; Campus Universitário, ICC,
Ala Sul; Brasília, DF; Cep: 70910-900
e-mail: rengel@unb.br
* Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Ecologia; ** Woods Hole Research Center

The aim of this study is to evaluate differences in ecosystem carbon budgets among
Cerrado vegetation with abundant trees, Cerrado vegetation dominated by native grasses,
and formerly Cerrado areas converted to pasture. The work is being conducted in two
Cerrado areas (with contrasting tree densities), in the Reserva Ecologica do Roncador
(RECOR-IBGE) and in one area converted to pasture, in the Centro de Pesquisas
Agropecuarias do Cerrado (CPAC-EMBRAPA), both located near Brasilia. We monitored
key processes related to the carbon dynamics: soil respiration (using the dynamic chamber
IRGA technique), litterfall (litterfall collectors) and decomposition (litter decomposition
bags). In the woody area, soil respiration rates were similar to other tropical savannas(0.7-
0.22gC m-2 h-1). The area with lower tree density had similar soil respiration, but with
sharper seasonal variation (0.6-0.25gC m-2 h-1), lower litterfall (1,5x106gC ha-1 yr-1versus
3.0x106gC ha-1 yr-1 in the woody plot) and lower decomposition rates. The planted pasture
showed higher soil respiration fluxes, with more intense seasonal variation compared to the
Cerrado plots. The peak of soil respiration activity in the pasture occurred in the beginning
of the rainy season, while in the Cerrado areas the peak occurred in the end of this season.
The decrease of the arboreal component seems to decrease the carbon cycling in this
ecosystem, while the conversion to pasture seems to accelerate the carbon cycling,
switching to a less conservative and more seasonably variable ecosystem.
 The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation and Re-growth in the Brazilian
Amazon: Comparing Process-Based and Bookkeeping Approaches

Authors: Adam Hirscha*, William S. Littleb, and Richard A. Houghtona

a
The Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
b
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
*Corresponding Author. Email: ahirsch@whrc.org

Abstract: Recent work (Houghton et al., Nature 2000) suggests that the net flux of
carbon to the atmosphere from deforestation and forest re-growth in the Brazilian
Amazon averaged approximately 0.2 Pg C (1 Pg = 1 billion metric tons) per year from
1989-1998. That study assumed a linear biomass accumulation for forests growing on
abandoned agricultural land and a constant ratio of agricultural area abandoned to
primary forest area cleared each year. We test the impact of these assumptions on the
land-use carbon flux by changing the model used in the Houghton et al. (2000) study in
two ways. First, we predict mature forest biomass and re-growth rates across the
Brazilian Amazon using a process-based ecosystem model that is driven by observed
radiation, climate, and soil characteristics. Second, we calculate rates of agricultural
abandonment and re-clearing of secondary forest from temporal changes in land-cover
derived from satellite data. For the 1990s, the process-based model yields slower re-
growth rates than the Houghton et al. (2000) study, but a much larger area of re-growing
forest. The net impact of these changes is to lower the predicted net source of carbon due
to deforestation and re-growth during the period 1989-1998 from 0.2 Pg C per year to
0.15 Pg C per year.
The contribution of pioneer tree species to above-ground biomass estimates in continuous
and fragmented forests in central Amazonia

Ana Cristina S. de Andrade1, Sammya A. D’Angelo1; Susan Laurance1,2; William Laurance2

and Rita Mesquita1

1
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research
(INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil – titina@inpa.gov.br
2
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá

The floristic composition of rainforests will affect estimates of total above-ground biomass, as
trees differ in stature, architecture and wood density. In this study, we used three different
allometric equations to assess the effect of floristic composition on estimates of above-ground
biomass in interior and edge plots. Of the 55 plots (1ha) examined, 28 were located near edge
(less than 300m from the nearest forest edge) and 27 in interior forest (further than 300m from
the edge), all trees (DBH>10cm) were sampled. We determined the biomass of trees using three
separate allometrics equations: (1) primary forest species; (2) pioneer genera Bellucia, Croton,
Goupia, Laetia, Pourouma, Trema and Vismia.; (3) the genus Cecropia.
Using equation 1, biomass estimates for all plots was 18,290.6ton., however when genera
specific equations were included total biomass was only 18,128.5ton. The estimates differed by
0.9% and were significant (t=5,817; df=54; p<0,001). Allometric equations for primary
rainforest species (equation 1) significantly overestimated the biomass of pioneer species (listed
in equation 2) by 25% (t=11,986; df=941; p<0,001), and for Cecropia sp. (3) by 61% (t=17,275;
df=417; p<0,001). Biomass values did not differ significantly between edge (321.8ton/ha +
37.9) and interior (337.2ton/ha + 32.7) plots. Although pioneer species represent only 3.9%
(1360) of all individuals in this study, we were able to demonstrate that by not considering their
lower above-ground biomass, total biomass estimates will be significantly inflated.
Autotrophic X heterotrophic respiration in Western Amazonia, Acre-Brazil

CI Salimon; JW Pereira; Victoria, RL; EA Davidson; AWF Melo; IF Brown

Conversion of forest to cattle pastures and subsequent abandonment of those pastures is

occurring throughout the Amazon Basin, and although there is a lot of research on the
consequences that come from this land cover change, there are still many questions to be
answered about biogeochemical processes associated with them. In this study we try to
determine the effects of land-use change on soil respiration in pastures, secondary forests
and mature forests near Rio Branco, Acre. Data analyses from June/99 to July/00 shows
that the greatest CO2 fluxes are observed in pastures and not in mature forests. In search
of a better understanding of these results, we sampled soils for carbon stocks down to
60cm depth and conducted some respirometry essays, and also sampled CO2 for
determination of its δ13C value, by using keeling plots. Carbon stocks are higher in
pastures than in mature and secondary forests. Heterotrophic respiration is lower or equal
in pasture compared to primary and secondary forests, showing that autotrophic
respiration is probably the main cause of higher fluxes in pastures. δ13C of heterotrophic
respired CO2 in pasture was -15‰. Since δ13C from pasture soil is -21‰,
microorganisms in the pasture soil are feeding basically on carbon from grasses and not
from remaining forest carbon.
Response of photosynthesis to different high levels in the canopy forestry at Central
Amazon

Edgard S. Tribuzy 1,3, Niro Higuchi, Joaquim dos Santos, Alberto C. M. Pinto, Erika V.
de Miranda, Roseana P. da Silva, Rosana de M. Rocha, Bianca C. Felix 1; Susan E.
Trumbore, Jeffrey Q. Chambers 2; Plinio B. de Camargo 3.
estribuzy@yahoo.com.br, niro@inpa.gov.br, joca@inpa.gov.br, amartins@inpa.gov.br,
erika@inpa.gov.br, rose@inpa.gov.br, rocha@inpa.gov.br, bfoc@bol.com.br,
setrumbo@uci.edu, jeff@inpa.gov.br, pcamargo@cena.usp.br.
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia /Brasil, 2University of California,
Irvine, CA, 92697-3100 USA, 3CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP,
13416-000, Brasil

Our goal in this work was identify photosynthesis patterns at canopy of rain tropical
forestry. The activities was developed at two sites at Central Amazon, the first one was at
Experimental Station of Rain Tropical Forestry of INPA (ZF2), at 50 km north of
Manaus, the other one is 67 km south of Santarem. Infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), model
Li-cor 6400, quantified the photosynthesis. The photosynthesis potential maxim (Amax)
was higher in wet season as dry season and we find correlation between height levels of
canopy and Amax with r2=0.94, P<3,766E-23 and a equation y=0.094x-0.183.
 Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE
SCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),

MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.

DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN AMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS IN

CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.
Eleneide Doff SOTTA1; Edzo VELDKAMP1; M. L. P. RUIVO2.
1
IBW/University of Goettingen, Germany
Contact; e-mail: esotta@bigfoot.com
2
MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

Temperature and precipitation variations coupled with increases in atmospheric

CO2 concentration may affect terrestrial carbon storage. Forest soils may release of ~1,4
Pg of carbon in the first year after 0,5° C temperature increase, with most of the response
occurring in the tropics1. Low rainfall reduces soil microbial and root activity and may
result in unknown feedback mechanisms in the soil carbon dynamics. The Eastern
Amazon is susceptible to seasonal drought and the El Niño events can make seasonal
drought effects severe. To advance understanding of forest soil response to low rainfall
we are simulating a drought by excluding rain from the soil of an Eastern Amazon forest,
Caxiuanã.
Our objective was to find out how soil respiration will be affected by climate
change? Is there a critical value at which small changes in soil moisture strongly affect
soil respiration?
The preliminary data on soil respiration did not show any difference between
control (4.4 ± 0.2 µmol CO2. m-2.s-1, n=10) and treatment plot (4.2 ± 0.2 µmol CO2. m-2.s-
1
, n=10) after two months of water exclusion. No significant difference was measured for
soil temperature in control (21.8 ± 0.3 °C) and treatment (21.2 ± 0.3 °C). However soil
moisture had a significant difference, 0.20 ± 0.04 m3.m-3 (n=10) for the control and 0.08
± 0.02 (n=10) for the treatment.
We will report the first six months of soil respiration of the drought experiment.
1
Trumbore et al., 1996
Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon measurements in primary forest,
secondary forest, and managed pasture ecosystems.

Enir Salazar da Costa, Susan Trumbore, Plinio Camargo, Daniel

Nepstad, Daniel Markewitz

We used radiocarbon to estimate the age of carbon in live fine roots in

several Amazonian land cover types, including primary and secondary
forests, and managed pasture. The radiocarbon signatures of fine (<2mm
diameter) roots in primary forests are consistent with an average elapsed
time of 5-17 years since the fixation of C making up root structural tissues
from the atmosphere. These values are similar to those found previously in
temperate forests. We found large spatial variation of ∆14C values in fine
root samples, but no consistent patterns of ∆14C with root size or the depth
from which roots were sampled in primary forests. Secondary forest fine
roots had ∆14C values similar to those found in primary forest (equivalent to
3-10 years since original fixation of C from the atmosphere), while roots in
the managed pasture were made from C fixed from the atmosphere ≤1 year
before.
There are two potential explanations for the high ∆14C values we
observe in forest fine roots: (1) the roots live for many years, and (2) roots
are constructed from carbon that is already high in ∆14C. Observations of
root growth and mortality suggest that the mean age of live roots is <5 (and
in many cases <2) years. We tested these hypotheses by placing root screens
in the soils and measuring ∆14C of fine roots observed to grow through the
screens in the following year. Preliminary results suggest that the carbon
allocated to growth of root structural tissue was fixed from the atmosphere
on average ~3 years previously. Further investigation is underway to see if
we obtain the same results in soils with sand (as opposed to clay) parent
material, and in secondary forest and managed pastures.
These results, together with observations of 2-4 year mean ages of C
in surface leaf litter, help explain high ∆14C values (10-40‰ greater than the
∆14C of atmospheric CO2, the value expected for recent phosynthetic
products) observed in the soil atmosphere and in the surface CO2 emission
from primary forest floors. The overall implication is that the mean age of
carbon respired from soils in forested ecosystems is several years, with
much of the time lag occurring between photosynthesis and
respiration/decomposition occurring in the living plant.
Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamics and Storage Potential in Tropical
Forest Soils of Amazonia.

Everaldo de C. C. Telles, Plinio B. de Camargo e Luis A. Martinelli1; Susan E.

Trumbore e Enir S. Costa 2 ; Joaquim dos Santos e Niro Higuchi 3 , Raimundo Cosme
Oliveira Junior e Elder Campos4.
ectelles@cena.usp.br,pcamargo@cena.usp.br,zebu@cena.usp.br,setrumbo@uci.edu,sal
azar@essgrad.ps.uci.edu,joca@inpa.gov.br,niro@inpa.gov.br,cosme@cpatu.embrapa.br
, elcmpr@hotmail.com
1
CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP 13416-000
– Brazil; 2University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3100 USA ; 3Instituto Nacional
de Pesquisas da Amazônia /Brasil; 4 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental/Brazil.

We investigated the role of soil clay content in the storage and dynamics of soil carbon
at primary tropical forest sites spanning a range of soil texture by combining stable and
radiocarbon isotope measurements of bulk and fractionated soil organic matter. Clay
content is a major control of the amount of refractory carbon in soils and therefore
strongly influences the storage and dynamics of carbon in tropical forest soils. Soils in
primary tropical forest have been proposed as a potentially large sink for carbon at a site
near Manaus, in the central Amazon. Comparison of carbon contents of Oxisols
sampled near Manaus, Brazil, over the past 20 years shows no measurable change in
organic carbon stocks with time. Simple models estimating the response of soil carbon
pools to a 25% increase in productivity indicate that storage rates in soils averaging 0.4
to 0.7 MgC ha-1 yr-1 in soil organic matter and 0.3 to 0.4 MgC ha-1 yr-1 in litter and roots
are possible in the first decade following the increase. Export of carbon in dissolved
form from terra firme soils can account for <0.1 MgC ha-1 yr-1, but more work is
required to assess the export potential for Spodosols.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN LEAF LITTER NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS, AND POSSIBLE
IMPLICATIONS FOR NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PLANT GROWTH

Flávio J. Luizão, Heraldo Vasconcelos, Claudio Yano

E-mail: fluizao@inpa.gov.br

Several studies in central Amazonia have shown litter production to be seasonal, with higher
litterfall during the dry season, when decomposition is slower. That leads to a temporary
accumulation and growth of the litter layer on forest floor. However, it is not known the behavior of
behavior of mineral nutrients in litter along the year. The present study aim to assess if litter
concentrations change considerably between seasons, and to suggest possible implications of
such changes. Two set of data from central Amazonia were used: (1) a 1-year series, gathered in
1999-2000 at ZF-3 INPA-Smithsonian Institute Reserves; and (2) a 3-year data set from ZF-2 INPA
Reserve, collected from 1979 to 1982. Nutrient concentrations were determined monthly for the
ZF-2 samples and each 2-3 months for the ZF-3 samples. Concentrations of most nutrients were
higher in the dry season than in the wet season. For the 3-years period (1979-82), concentrations
of dry season were: N=19-22 g kg-1; P=0.36 g kg-1; K=1.5-2.0 g kg-1; Ca=3.8-4.9 g kg-1; S=2.1-2.3 g
kg-1; Na=1105-1619 mg kg-1; B=44-64 mg kg-1. In the wet season, these concentrations were: N=
14-16 g kg-1; P=0.28 g kg-1; S=1.1 g kg-1; K=0.9-1.5 g kg-1; Ca=3.2-3.4 g kg-1; Na=922-943 mg kg-1;
B= 28-37 g kg-1. Within the same season, nutrients wich are more leachable, such as K and,
especially, Na had their lowest concentrations in the first months (December-Febrruary) of the wet
season. Thus, higher nutrient concentrations coincided with higher litter production, and the
opposite was also true. The lower concentrations in the wet season is likely a result of stronger
leaching by rain water percolating forest canopy (internal precipitation) and washing mature, pre-
senescent leaves. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be a result of strong nutrient retranslocation
from mature leaves, which would allow a subsequent nutrient allocation to the young leaves,
woody parts, or in the root system of the trees. That would imply in either crown, root or trunk
growth, or all of them, during the wet season.
Relationship Between Litter Production and Reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiation
by the Canopy of Transitional tropical forest

Jose de Souza Nogueira, Fernando Raiter (raitersn@terra.com.br); Nicolau Priante Filho; Wander Hoeger;
Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi; José Holanda Campelo Jr.; George
Sanches Suli
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e Meio
Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil.

George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- California

State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA

In the present work we studied the litter production in a forest of transition in Sinop-MT -
BRAZIL and its relationship to the ratio of the photosynthetic active radiation reflected
(PARr) and incident (PARi) on the canopy. In this region of ecotone tropical rain forest-
savanna, a 40m tall tower equipped with micrometeorological and eddy covariance
measurement systems have been running since August 1999. The annual average
precipitation of the region is of 2000 mm, with a dry season between June and September
and a rainy season between December the February. The measurement of litterfall was
made using 20-1 m2 collectors installed in a parcel 1 ha located near of the tower. The
litter of each one of these collectors was collected monthly, separated into leaves, twigs,
flowers and fruits, dried in oven to 70ºC for 72h, and weighed. The micrometeorological
data are sampled every 60 s and stored as 30 minute averages in memory modules. The
annual average litterfall was of 1340g.m-2 year-1 and the minimum production of litter
occurred in the February month (44g m-2 month-1). The ratio of PARr/PARi followed the
trend in litter production closely during the wet season but not during the dry season.
Although unknown, the divergence between the ratio of incident and reflected PAR and
litterfall may be due to seasonal differences in canopy structure and reflective properties.
This result can be important for future studies in the area of remote sensing relating
measured micrometeorological of towers with space characteristics of the structure of the
canopy.
Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration Systems in
Rondônia, Brazil.

Karine Cristina Augusti 1, Marisa de Cássia Piccolo 1, Brigitte Josefine Feigl 1, Carlos
Clemente Cerri 1, Christopher Neill 2, Jerry Michael Melillo 2, Paul Andrew Steudler 2, Diana
Garcia Montiel 2

1
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000,
Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: (19) 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: kaugusti@cena.usp.br; 2
The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

Pastures make up the principal use of cleared land in the Brazilian Amazon. Observations show
that in the long run after they are formed, pastures generally begin a process of degradation
characterized by a decline in grass productivity and an increase in the cover of weeds. Soil
microbial biomass is the living component of soil organic matter and plays an important role in
decomposition and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in soil. Our objectives were to quantify
the microbial biomass carbon (C) variation, as a function of time in pastures subjected to
different restoration treatments (1- Control; 2- Plowing + fertilizer; 3- Herbicide; 4- Herbicide
followed by planting soybean under no-tillage + fertilizer, and 5- Herbicide followed by
planting rice under no-tillage + fertilizer). Soil sampling (0-5 and 5-10 cm depths) for microbial
biomass C accompanied each management procedure in each treatment: application of
herbicide, fertilizer, and plowing). Microbial biomass C was estimated by fumigation-
extraction. Soil microbial biomass C decreased after a second plowing in the plowing +
fertilizer treatment. But increased in the long run after the planting of Brachiaria brizantha.
Microbial biomass C increased after fertilizing and planting in the soybean and rice treatments.
Soil microbial biomass C decreased three days after the herbicide application in the herbicide
treatment, but then recovered.
 Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the Amazon
using JERS/RADARSAT SAR Composites
Leland Pierce, Pan Liang, M. Craig Dobson
Radiation Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122
Phone: (734) 763-3157,
FAX: (734) 647-2106
E-mail: lep@eecs.umich.edu

Abstract

Synthetic Aperture Radar is known to have a response that is directly related to

the amount of living material that it interacts with. It is this
property that our research seeks to exploit in order to better understand Carbon Dynamics
in the Amazon. Complicating factors include a
dependency on vegetation moisture, vegetation species, and vegetation density.
Geometry, due to species diversity, causes subtle
differences that can be exploited for monocultures, but in the case of the Amazon is a
source of noise. The vegetation density causes the
radar response to saturate such that vegetation that is more dense than some threshhold is
indistinguishable from each other. What this
means for this study is that the undisturbed forest will likely fall in this saturated region,
and hence radar cannot be used to assess the
biomass of those regions, beyond classifying it as large. However, the areas of regrowth
are likely to have a low enough biomass during
the first 10 years of regrowth to be accurately assessed using radar. It is in this area where
we expect our study to be useful.

Our efforts involve obtaining appropriate pairs of radar images from several sites
and for both seasons. These data are then orthorectified
using a map and elevation data of the area. Once orthorectified, the data overlay one
another sufficiently accurately to allow accurate
calibration and incidence angle correction. Without these corrections the terrain effects
would make our analysis too noisy and inaccurate
to be useful. The seasonality of the data is used to deal with the moisture sensitivity of the
data, and the different frequency data is used to
help classify the data into several classes for use in class-specific biomass estimates.

We have chosen the following sites in Brazil for our study: Manaus, Rio Branco,
Tapajos, Rondonia. In order to classify, as a first step to
biomass estimation, we use the JERS (L-band) and RADARSAT (C-band) data at the 2
different seasons to create a 4-channel
composite. We can also use several texture measures (lacunarity, entropy, etc..) to further
increase the number of channels. This data is
then classified into the following classes: water, bare soil, short vegetation, regrowth, and
trees. We report on the accuracy of both our
classification and biomass estimation efforts.
 Effects of Interannual Climate Variability in Capoeira and Crops Under
Traditional and Alternative Shifting Cultivation
Liane S. Guild1, Tatiana D. A. Sá2, Claudio J. R. Carvalho2, Christopher S. Potter1, Albert
J. Wickel3, Silvio Brienza Jr.2, Maria do Socorro A. Kato2, and Osvaldo Kato2
1
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
2
EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil
3
ZEF/University of Bonn, Germany

Abstract

Regenerating forests play an important role in long-term carbon sequestration and

sustainable landuse as they act as potentially important carbon and nutrient sinks during
the shifting agriculture fallow period. The long-term functioning of capoeira is
increasingly threatened by a shortening fallow period during shifting cultivation due to
demographic pressures and associated increased vulnerability to severe climatic events.
Declining productivity and functioning of fallow forests of shifting cultivation combined
with progressive loss of nutrients by successive burning and cropping activities has
resulted in declining agricultural productivity. In addition to the effects of intense land
use practices, droughts associated with El Niño events are becoming more frequent and
severe in moist tropical forests and negative effects on capoeira productivity could be
considerable. In Igarapé-Açu (near Belém, Pará), we hypothesize that experimental
alternative landuse/clearing practices (mulching and fallow vegetation improvement by
planting with fast-growing leguminous tree species) may make capoeira and agriculture
more resilient to the effects of agricultural pressures and drought through 1) increased
biomass, soil organic matter and associated increase in soil water storage, and nutrient
retention and 2) greater rooting depth of trees planted for fallow improvement. This
experimental practice (moto mechanized chop-and-mulch with fallow improvement) has
resulted in increased soil moisture during the cropping phase, reduced loss of nutrients
and organic matter, and higher rates of secondary-forest biomass accumulation. We
present preliminary data on water relations during the dry season of 2001 in capoeira and
crops for both traditional slash-and-burn and alternative chop-and-mulch practices.
These data will be used to test IKONOS data for the detection of moisture status
differences. The principal goal of the research is to determine the extent to which
capoeira and agricultural fields are susceptible to extreme climate events (drought) under
contrasting landuse/clearing practices.
Soil microbial biomass and respiration in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Lívia G. T. R. Vasconcelos1, Daniel J. Zarin2, Claudio José R. de Carvalho3, Steel S.

Vasconcelos4, Maria M. de L. S. Santos1

1
Department of Soil Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará (FCAP), P. O. Box
2
917, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil, E-mail: lgabrig@amazon.com.br; University of
3
Florida, USA, E-mail: zarin@ufl.edu; EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Brazil, E-mail:
4
carvalho@cpatu.embrapa.br; Projeto MANFLORA, FCAP, Brazil, E-mail:
manflora@amazon.com.br

Soil microbial biomass is an important component in forest ecosystems and its

measurement provides an estimate of the size of the most dynamic fraction of soil organic
matter and associated nutrients. We measured soil microbial biomass in a fourteen-year-old
regrowth forest in Eastern Amazonia (Pará, Brazil) during early November 2000 (dry
season) and late April 2001 (wet season). Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and respiration
were determined using the fumigation-extraction method and an adaptation of the
fumigation-incubation method, respectively. We also calculated the metabolic quotient
(respiration:Cmic ratio, qCO2) and the soil microbial carbon:soil organic carbon ratio
(Cmic:Corg). During the dry season, soil moisture was significantly lower (12.9 ± 0.3 %) than
in the wet season (28.5 ± 0.8 %). Cmic was significantly higher in the dry (937 ± 55 µg g-1)
than in the rainy season (454 ± 26 µg g-1); Cmic:Corg showed the same pattern. However,
microbial respiration was significantly higher in the rainy than in the dry season (2.74 ±
0.15 vs. 1.61 ± 0.06 µg C-CO2 g-1 soil hr-1), and rainy season qCO2 values (0.006 ± 0.0004)
were also significantly higher than dry season values (0.002 ± 0.0001). Our results indicate
that soil moisture influences soil microbial biomass which was more efficient during the
dry season due to substantial carbon immobilization during this period. The increase in
qCO2 in the rainy season suggests a higher carbon mineralization by the soil microbial
biomass, resulting in less efficiency in this period.
Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forest
Lucy Hutyra1, Amy H. Rice1, Elizabeth Hammond Pyle1, Scott R. Saleska1, Kleber Portilho2,
Dulcyana F. Marques3, Plínio B. de Camargo4, and Steven C. Wofsy1
1
Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences
20 Oxford St.
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
luh@io.harvard.edu
2
Universidade Federal do Para, Santarém, PA
3
FIT, Santarém, PA
4
CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP

Amazon forests could be globally significant sinks or sources for atmospheric carbon dioxide,
but carbon balance of these forests remains poorly quantified. We surveyed 20 ha of well-
drained old-growth upland forest near the km 67 access road of the Tapajós National Forest near
Santarém, Pará, Brazil (54°58’W, 2°51’S) in order to assess carbon pool sizes, fluxes, and
climatic controls on carbon balance. Live trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) >10 cm
had a stem frequency of 467 ha-1 and accounted for 142.5 ± 6.5 Mg C ha-1 in 1999 while coarse
woody debris (CWD) accounted for 32.6 ± 2.9 Mg C ha-1. Net flux to live wood biomass,
estimated by resurvey after two years, was 1.44 ± 0.57 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, the net result of high
growth rate (3.23 ± 0.20 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 from a mean bole increment of 0.36 cm yr-1), recruitment
of new trees (0.61 ± 0.02 Mg C ha-1 yr-1), and high mortality (-2.4 ± 0.51 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 due to
individual stem mortality of 1.8% yr-1) . The measured net gain in live wood biomass was
exceeded, however, by estimated net loss (1.7 to 5.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) from the large stock of
CWD, resulting in an overall aboveground carbon balance that was negative (estimated flux: -
0.3 to -4.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Tree growth and litterfall were highly seasonal and correlated
strongly with variations in precipitation, suggesting that climatic variations exert a strong
influence on short-term carbon balance. Three observations – (i) the stock of CWD is large, (ii)
all of the net gain in live biomass is due to small-tree growth and recruitment, and (iii) the
distribution of stem density is piecewise log-linear with a notable steeper slope for trees < 40 cm
DBH – suggest that an episode of high mortality (possibly caused by the strong El Niño
Southern Oscillation event of 1997-98) preceded study initiation. This hypothesis suggests that
variations in medium- to long-term carbon balances are also strongly influenced by climate
changes, and that such variations may overwhelm the relatively smaller carbon balance effects
predicted from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.
 Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-uptake in Amazonian lowland forests

Sack, M.1 , Worbes, M.1 & Piedade, M. T. F.2

1
Forstbotanisches Institut, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: msack@gwdg.de
e-mail: mworbes@gwdg.de
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Caixa Postal 478,
CEP: 69011-970, Manaus/AM, Brasil
e-mail: maitepp@internext.com.br

Contribution to Carbonsink – LBA / WP5 - Historical and spatial trends in Amazon forests
Proposal No: EVK4-1999- 00191
Project Coordinator: Kabat, P.

The measurement of forest increment by conventional methods (e.g. repeated diameter

measurements) is widely used. From Amazonian lowland and adjacent regions several long-term
observation plots in forests have been evaluated previously. The data indicate a net increase of
wood biomass in the last decades. However, the method is not appropriate to analyze the
influencing factors nor to explain this finding. Tree ring analysis allows the estimation of annual
wood increment by ring-width measurements and helps to clarify the structural dynamics in wood
formation and growth variation over the complete lifespan of individual trees. Together with the
measure of wood density and allometric functions of bole volume, the wood biomass increment
can be calculated. This method is appropriate for examining the inter-annual variability in wood
formation and its relation to climatic factors, to estimate the age of the investigated individual
trees, and to quantify long-term historical trends in forest productivity and carbon stocks. Most of
the dendroecological investigations between extrinsic and intrinsic factors and the cambial
growth dynamics of tropical trees were carried out with a strong emphasis on the influence of
climatic factors and the significance of soil water supply for the cambial activity of the trees.
According to recent investigations, we can show that repeated cambial wounding (“pinning”) is
an appropriate method for growth rate determination, the characterization of the cambial activity,
and the proof of annual tree rings in tropical trees.
We found in our experimental plots in a forest 90 km north of Manaus a high diversity of about
150 tree species per hectare. Congruent with species diversity there is a high diversity in wood
structure. Most of the investigated overstorey trees show a distinct tree ring structure. First results
indicate a seasonal growth rhythm of many trees of the Amazonian terra firme. This serves for
age determination of the trees and the estimation of current and long term growth increments.
 SOIL CARBON STOCKS INFLUENCED BY LITTER AND ROOTS
QUALITY ON PASTURE CHRONOSEQUENCE IN RONDÔNIA

Maria Conceição Santana Carvalho1, Cristiano Alberto de Andrade2,

Adolfo José Melfi3, Carlos Clemente Cerri4.

1
Researcher of Embrapa Algodão, Goiânia-GO, Brazil.
2
Doctoral student of ESALQ/USP; Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental (CENA/USP),
Avenida Centenário no 303, caixa postal 96, CEP 13416-000, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. E-mail:
caandrad@esalq.usp.br
3
Professor of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.
4
Researcher of CENA/USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.

The quality of litter and root inputs to soils may be one factor that contributes to
increased total soil carbon stocks in pastures following deforestation in some
locations. We evaluated changes to litter and roots carbon quality when a tropical
forest is converted to pasture. We examined a chronosequence locate in Rondônia that
included a natural tropical forest and Brachiaria brizantha pastures introduced in
years 1987, 1983, 1972 and 1911. Litter, roots and soil samples were taken in July
2001. In litter and roots samples we measured C and N concentrations through dry
combustion and lignin, cellulose and lignocellulose index (LCI) using a series of plant
samples digestions. Pastures of all ages had had lower concentrations of N and lignin,
larger C/N ratios and lower LCI than forest. Pastures of different ages were similar.
These values suggest that pastures plants tissues are less available for microbial
decomposition than forest tissues. Total soil C stocks were larger in pastures. Until
30 cm soil depth, the average C stocks was about 50 Mg ha-1 in pasture and
30 Mg ha-1 in forest. The larger pastures soil C stocks occurred by increase of both
soil C concentration and soil bulk density. Litter and roots N contents correlated
negatively with soil C stocks, while litter and root C/N ratio correlated positively with
soil C stock. These results suggest that litter and roots quality are important for the
establishment of soil C stock after forest removal and pasture installation.
 Litter decomposition rate estimation by mass balance model in a transitional tropical forest –savanna
in Mato Grosso - Brazil

Nicolau Priante Filho (nicolaup@terra.com.br), Fernando Raiter, Wander Hoeger, Clóvis Lasta
Fritzen, Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda, José de Souza Nogueira, Moacir Lacerda
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Depto. De Física/ICET - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n
78060-900-Cuiabá-MT-BRAZIL
George Louis Vourlitis

In the present study we measured the litter production and decomposition in a transition forest to
determine the role played by the litter decomposition in the overall carbon emission. The experiments
were carried out near the city of Sinop in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, a region of transition between
the Amazon rainforest and the savanna (“cerrado”). That region presents an average rainfall of 2000
mm, with a dry season from June to September, and a very wet season in the period between
December-February, when approximately a half of the total rainfall is received. Decomposition
studies follow a common procedure, using 20-1m2 litter traps installed in a 1 ha plot. Fallen litter was
collected monthly sorted and dry mass of leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits determined. We used a
mass balance model proposed by Wieder and Wright, 1995 to quantify litter decomposition. In this
work we show preliminary results for the period between January and February 2002. For the fallen
litter, the exponential decay k value for January in Sinop was around 0.02 d-1. This value was similar
to the wet season value obtained in Panama by Wieder and Wright, 1995 and is substantially larger
than the annual average value 0.0089d-1. The Sinop average litterfall was 13 g m-2 wk-1 to January and
9 g m-2 wk-1 to February. In the same area an experiment using the litterbag method have been
conducting to estimate the litter decomposition rate. We continue collecting data until June 2002 and
the results of both methods will be compared and showed.
Drought effects on net primary productivity and its allocation in an east-central Amazon
forest: results from a throughfall exclusion experiment

P MOUTINHO1, NEPSTAD, D C1 2, M DIAS-FILHO3, D RAY2, L SOLORZANO2, G

CARDINOT1, I TOHVER1.

Institutional Affiliations:
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia1, Brasil,
Woods Hole Research Center2, USA,
Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Belém, Brasil3.

Large areas of Amazon forest are exposed to severe drought stress, and may experience
greater drought stress in the future through the interacting effects of global warming,
ENSO, and deforestation-inhibition of rainfall. We established a partial throughfall
exclusion experiment (one-hectare treatment and control plots) in east-central Amazonia
(FLONA Tapajós) in 1998 to help provide a more integrated understanding of forest
responses to drought. During the first year of the experiment, partial (40%) throughfall
exclusion induced a decline in both leaf photosynthetic capacity and diameter growth of
small trees. During the second year of throughfall exclusion, when deep soil depletion
occurred, stem growth of trees up to 50 cm dbh was suppressed at the rate of 2 Mg
biomass ha-1 yr-1. It was only after excluding a total of 1600 mm of throughfall, during
the second post-treatment dry season, that pre-dawn leaf water potential declined,
inhibiting leaf production and lowering LAI by 1.5 units. Hence, leaf fall responded to
drought only after 2 years of treatment; the mortality of understory trees (<2 cm dbh)
increased three-fold after two years. In sum, this Amazon forest effectively avoided
drought-induced leaf shedding and mortality of adult trees during two years of partial
throughfall exclusion by tapping soil moisture to 20 m depth. Carbon accumulation in
stems—the aboveground C pool with the slowest turnover rate—was the most sensitive
to drought.

Address of corresponding author (Moutinho):

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM

Sede Belém
Av. Nazare 669, Centro.
66035-170 Belém, PA, Brasil

emails:
moutinho@amazon.com.br
dnepstad@whrc.org
moacyr@cpatu.embrapa.br
dray@whrc.org
lsolorzano@whrc.org
cardinot@amazon.com.br
itohver@yahoo.com
COARSE WOOD DEBRIS DEPOSITION, DECOMPOSITION, AND NUTRIENT
RELEASE IN A SELECTIVELY LOGGED FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Percy M. Summers; Flávio J. Luizão & Niro Higuchi. INPA-Ecology and Forestry. E-mail:
fluizao@inpa.gov.br

The study aimed to assess the possible consequences of large inputs of new coarse
woody debris (CWD) to the current stocks in “terra-firme” forests in Central Amazonia as a
result of selective logging. It focuses on nutrient and carbon cycles, in three permanent
plots (4 ha each) of undisturbed forest and four permanent plots that were selectively
logged, all located 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil. Dry necromass stocks, decomposition,
and nutrient stocks and fluxes were determined for all dead wood in the undisturbed plots.
The use of permanent plots that have been measured since 1980 allowed to determine the
species and decomposition time (in years) for the different logs. The mean stock of dead
wood mass in the undisturbed forest was 29.7 ± 12.2 Mg ha-1, increasing up to 80 Mg ha-1
after logging. Decomposition rates were estimated using a simple exponential model
(OLSON, 1963) for density, kd = 0.074 and for mass, km = 0.020. Among the factors
affecting decomposition rates, species, initial density and soil contact were significant
(p<0.05). The combination size-initial density was also significant. A model was designed
to estimate the decomposition rate constant (k) of a tree from its initial density (Di) and its
size, represented by the diameter at breast height (DBH): k = (0.7 – 0.0152 * (log(DBH)) -
0.25 * (Di))2 – 0.1. The decomposition rate for logs in contact with soil surface was 40%
higher than for those without contact. Nutrient concentrations in coarse woody litter (mg
kg-1) were mostly low in relation to living wood and fine litter: P = 28.5 ± 2.4; K = 148 ± 20;
Ca = 1221± 127; Mg = 333 ± 28, and all decreased with time, except Ca, which was stable
through time. In the first 4 years after logging, most of the P (71.8%) and K (78.5%) were
lost. Ca and Mg had similar losses only 10 years after logging. Large scale selective
logging can have a significant effect on the global carbon cycle due to the increase in dead
wood stocks that enter decomposition state and the respiration rates associated with them.
Selective logging of 50 m3 ha-1 of wood, using traditional techniques of harvesting and
skidding, results in the mortality of 100 Mg ha-1 of biomass of which 80% is left in the forest
as CWD. This larger stocks of dead wood result in an increment of the respiration levels of
the forest that can reach up to 19.9 Mg ha-1 of carbon during the first 5 years and an
additional 20 Mg ha-1 of carbon in the next 15 years.
 VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH (CERRADO)
AND SUGAR CANE IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL

Rafael Rosolem, Humberto da Rocha, Helber Freitas Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências
Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brasil

We report a time series of soil CO2 efflux observations, monitored at ecosystems of Cerrado
(woodland savannah) and Sugar Cane crop, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during April 2001 to
March 2002. The data was collected using a static soil chamber (PPSystem) with EGM-2 infra-red
gas analyser, over 17 (seventeen) rings each site, on a weekly basis. Measurements of soil
temperature (Campbell 107) at 1 cm and soil moisture (10 and 20 cm) (Campbell frequency domain
reflectomere CS615-G) were measured automatically using a CR10X datallogger (Campbell
Systems). The data has shown the average carbon emissions were substantially larger at the Cerrado
site (4,75 ± 2,18 µmol m2 s-) than at the sugar cane (2,23 ± 1,59 µmol m2 s-). The correlation
between soil respiration and temperature appeared to be well fitted on an exponential curve at the
Cerrado, as opposed to the sugar cane, where the statistical variation appeared larger. The
seasonality is strong and the soil moisture is substantially well correlated (on a near-linear mode) at
both sites. While it appears the correlations at the undisturbed Cerrado are easier to fit
mathematically, the modelling at crop sites (sugar cane) faces several resistances, as of radical
changes in phenology and canopy cover, and others of management (e.g. plowing).
 Soil properties and carbon sequestration along a toposequence
in central Amazonia forest

Regina C. C. Luizão; Lucinéia S. Souza, Fabiane L. Oliveira & Flávio J. Luizão

Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM. rccl@inpa.gov.br

Abstract
Recent studies suggest that soil topography and texture might be influencing the amount of
C being sequestred by the forest as measured by eddy flux. Carbon dioxide measured by
that technique also does not identify the gas source, wether from soil or from plants.
Aiming to contribute in filling this gap, the present study made a physical-chemical and
biological characterization of the soil along a toposequence in the surrounds of the
climatological tower in order to relate them with the CO2 measurements from the tower.
The study was carried out in the ZF-2 Reserve, located 60 km north of Manaus. Along the
toposequence, three replicate plots were selected in each topographic position: plateau,
slope and valley. In each plot, three composite samples made up of five soil cores were
collected from the topsoil (0-12 cm). Soil measurements included texture, pH, soil organic
matter, moisture, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen transformation rates. Clay content
was the most distinct factor varying along the toposequence with 65% in the plateau, 43%
in the slope and 5% in the valley, a pattern followed by the soil organic matter with 6%, 3%
and 1,5% and soil moisture with 28%, 21% and 15% respectively in these positions.
Despite these differences, soil biological properties such as soil respiration, microbial
carbon and nitrogen did not change significantly along the toposequence. For soil pH and
microbial transformations of nitrogen the differences were only related to the valley
position, with significantly lower nitrate and rates of nitrification even though the soil pH
was higher when compared with the other two topographic positions. Relationship between
these soil properties and carbon sequestration by the forest measured by eddy flux will be
dicussed.
Fine litter fall and standing tree component contribution to the nutrient cycling in an
amazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil. Almeida, Samuel Soares & Silva,
Rosecélia Moreira. MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376,
Nazaré, Belém-PA (samuel@museu-goeldi.br, celitamoreira@hotmail.com.br).

The most important and efficient mechanism of nutrients cycling in tropical forests is related
to the litter fall. This panel presents the results of litter fall and organic matter decomposition
in a dense amazonian rain forest, at the “Ferreira Penna” Scientific Station, Caxiuanã, Pará.
The experiments had been carried out in 2 plots (A and B) of 1 hectar each. During 12
months litter fall was collected, composed by foliage, reproductive fraction and fine branchs.
The total production of litter fall was 9.63 Mg.ha-1.ano-1, divided into 5.65 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 of
leaves; 1.68 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 of fine branchs and 1.39 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 of reproductive fraction.
These values are among more highly obtained to the amazonian forests, reflecting the
elevated biomass of the Caxiuanã forest. Annually this forest can be recycling about 4,820
kg.ha-1 of C; 132.6 kg.ha-1 of N; 3.7 kg.ha-1 of P and 23.93 kg.ha-1 of K. The organic matter
decomposition experiment consisted of 360 plastic bags (180 by hectare). The decomposition
rate in the first 180 days has been about 50 % of the decomposed material. To relate with the
primary production the floristic inventory in the parcels studied was carried out, recording all
trees and lianas with DAP ≥ 10 cm, its respective species, trunk and total height. The A and
B parcels included about 180 and 185 species respectively, with considerable diversity of big
trees that present an single or few individuals by hectare. The contribution of tree species for
the litter fall and the recycling is changeable during the year, being that plants that lose leaves
during the dry period can contribute massivelly to overall biomass decayed.

(Research carried through with support of the MCT/Museu Goeldi, Project Esecaflor/UEdin
and Instituto of the Milênio/LBA).
Patiño, S.1,2,a, Mercado, L.2, Paiva, R.3, Quesada, A.4, Schmerler, J.2, Baker T.R.2,4,
Phillips, O.L.5, Malhi, Y.6 & Lloyd, J.2

1. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt,

Bogota, Colombia, 2. Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany. 3.
INPA, Manaus, Brasil. 4. Universidade Nacional de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil. 5. Dept
of Geography, University of Leeds, UK. 6. Institute of Ecology and Resource
Management, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
a. Corresponding author: Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biologicos
Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 37, #8-40 Mezzaine, Bogota, Colombia.
spatino@humboldt.org.co

A comparison of the relationships between leaf area index, Huber value and
above-ground biomass within Amazonian forests.

The Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR) has been established to monitor
the biomass and dynamics of Amazonian forests. An important aim is to understand
the physiological mechanisms that underlie observed differences in forest structure
along resource gradients. Here, we report results from 1 ha plots in Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil and Bolivia. For each plot, leaf area index (LAI) was measured using
hemispherical photographs, and above-ground biomass estimated using allometric
equations. Huber values (wood cross sectional area per unit leaf area) were calculated
for branches sampled from 20 - 45 trees per plot. We examine how LAI varies
between forests that are growing under different climatic and edaphic conditions. We
compare Huber values between different forests and examine whether there are
correlations between physiological functional groups and phylogeny. We discuss the
significance of our results in relation to the ecological and physiological
characteristics of species within diverse forest stands and predict how global climate
change might influence forest structure.
 LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TERRA
FIRM SOILS, ESECAFLOR EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ STATE)
Simone Baía Pereira (MPEG/LBA)
Maria de Lourdes Ruivo (MPEG/LBA)

The relationships between water exclusion, properties of soil and forest cycle are
investigated by “The Impact of drought on water and carbon dioxide fluxes from brazilian
rain forest – ESECAFLOR project, located in Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (Caxiuanã,
Pará). Treatment (B) and control (A) plots were established in the forest. Each plot had four
trenches (A1, A2, A3, A4 and B1, B2, B3, B4). In A and B plots there are not lateral
appreciable changes. In this study were evaluate the seasonal variability from the selected
chemical properties in the surface soils (0-25 cm) the samples were collected the early rainy
season (January /2000) and dry season (Jane/2001). The organic carbon content (plot A)
was significantly higher in the rain season, increased diagonally in the both plots. In the dry
season, the organic carbon content is smaller compared with rain season. The observations
in dry period indicate small increase in the pH values. The increase tendency of
exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ and pH is contrary between the A and B plots. In dry season,
A1 trench showed the low valor of organic carbon (7.05 g/Kg), exchangeables Ca2+ (0.112
cmolc/dm3) and Mg2+ (0.112 cmolc/dm3) and high value pH (4.7); and B3 trench exhibited
organic carbon content near to minimal value (5.04 g/Kg) and pH is maximum (4.4).
Clearly indicate an association with minimal percentage of humid, 18.6 and 14.7%, to A
and B plots, respectively. These observations, probably, indicate the A1 and B3 trenches
has major altitude, in relation to other trenches, cause higher weathering and aeration.
Consequently, fast decomposition of organic matter. The increase pH may be due to the
retreat weak acids of the environment, and decrease of the exchangeables cations.
Where are the oldest of the forest? Radiocarbon use to determine the age and
growth rate of trees from the Brazilian Amazonian Forest
1 1
Simone A. Vieira , Plínio B. de Camargo , Susan E. Trumbore2, Diogo Selhorst3,
Niro Higuchi4, Luiz A. Martinelli1, John Southon5
savieira@cena.usp.br,pcamargo@cena.usp.br,setrumbo@uci.edu,
selhorst@bol.com.br, niro@inpa.gov.br, zebu@cena.usp.br, southon@llnl.gov
(1)
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/USP, Av. Centenário 303,
(2) (3)
Piracicaba, SP 13416-000 – Brazil University of Califórnia, Irvine, CA, USA
(4)
Parque Zoobotânico-UFAC-Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia –
(5)
Manaus - Brasil Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

It has been reported that trees can survive over 1000 years in the Amazonian tropical
forest. This fact apparently contradicts the idea that tropical rain forests are highly
dynamic systems. This contradiction can be clarified by determining the age structure
of the forest through the residence time of the Carbon in the vegetation. The first step
to estimate the C residence time in the forest is to determine the amount of 14C of
trees. We followed the diameter tree growth at three sites in the Amazonian tropical
forest in order to provide a better understanding of the carbon dynamics in this region
and its variations according to the climate gradient. We also collected trunk samples
from 100 individuals and the radiocarbon measurements of tree cores purified
cellulose were used to determine the ages and radial growth rates of various species of
trees with different diameter classes. The studied sites were located in the Tapajós
forest (FLONA) near Santarém (PA), the EEST-ZF2 site near Manaus (AM) and the
Catuaba Experimental Farm near Rio Branco (AC). The amount and distribution of
the precipitation, the tree diameter distribution and the aboveground biomass are
different among the studied areas. The dry biomass is 360 t.ha-1, 281 t.ha-1 and
244 t.ha-1 in Manaus, Santarém and Rio Branco, respectively. The DHB of the
sampled trees ranged from 11 to 143 cm. The maximum age obtained from
radiocarbon was 760 years and the minimum was 20 years. The annual diameter
growth rate ranged between 0.01 and 0.9 cm.year-1. It seems that the bigger trees tend
to have higher growth rates than smaller trees in all studied sites.
 Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry season forest soils -
implications for seasonal production of N2O

Tibisay Perez
Susan Trumbore, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, Enir Salazar da Costa, Stanly
Tyler, Michael Keller, Patrick Crill and Eric Davidson

University of California

Measurements of stable isotopes in N2O provide useful constraints for the global
N2O. Tropical rain forest soils are the largest natural source of N2O to the atmosphere.
Variations in the flux and isotopic signature of N2O from tropical soils reflect
microbiological processes that produce and consume N2O, and physical controls of the
rate at which N2O escapes from the soil pore space to the overlying atmosphere. Our
previous work in the Amazon basin and in a Costa Rican forest suggested that soil texture
affects the isotopic composition of the N2O emitted from the soil surface. We present
here measurements of N2O isotopic composition across a soil texture gradient during the
dry season of 2001 in the N2O Tapajós National Forest (TNF), Para State, Brazil. We
selected three soil types within the TNF (km 83 site) for study: sandy, transitional (sand +
clay) and clay soils. Soil pits (0 to 2 m) were dug at each site and sampled for soil
characteristics, and tubes for sampling soil gases were installed in each pit. We also
collected samples at a dry down experiment (TNF, km 67) at 4 pits (0-11 m depth) to
compare variability in the N2O isotopic composition affected by drought and at greater
depths. During the dry season at all sites the N2O mixing ratio in soil air increased with
depth from ~340 ppb near the surface to ~600 ppb in the sandy soil (2 m depth) and to
~2000 ppb in the transition and clay soils (2 m depth) of the km 83 site. At the km 67
site the mixing ratio increased to 1000 ppb at 11 m. The isotopic signature of δ15N and
δ18O of N2O and became more depleted in heavy isotopes with depth at all sites. The
δ15N2O values ranged from 3 to 4 ‰ in the surface to ~2 at 2 m depth in the sandy soil
and to ~-4 ‰ in the transition and clay soils at 2m depth. We suggest that little is N2O is
produced in these soils during the dry season and that most of the N2O emitted during this
time was produced during the wet season and is being slowly released from the large soil
column to the atmosphere. Modeling of the diffusion of gases from the soil column
supports this hypothesis, as do the N2O isotopic differences observed between soils with
different texture. Soils with higher overall effective diffusivity (sandy soil) release the
N2O faster than the more compacted soils (e.g. clay and transitional) and therefore have
lower N2O concentrations at depth and N2O with an isotopic value closer to that of the
atmospheric N2O compared to the soils that have less effective diffusivity.
Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and Biomass of Premontane
Forest Types at the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern Peru

Viviana Horna 1,2), Reiner Zimmermann 1,2), Henry Soplin 1), Annett
Börner 1,2), Tobias Mette 1)

1)
Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG,
University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
2)
Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.

viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710

Abstract

Tree growth and biomass accumulation were studied for two structurally contrasting premontane forest
types occuring from 1200 -1600 m a.s.l. at the Cerro Tambo, Region Alto Mayo in Peru. The premontane
vegetation at the Cerro Tambo consists of a mosaic of poor heath forests and well developed premontane
rain forests.

Within each forest type, the variation in species composition and aboveground biomass is small compared
to the dramatic differences apparent between the heath and rain forests. Edaphic variations and severe
drought damage during prolonged dry seasons as agent for such differences was excluded by studies on
soils and water consumption by vegetation. Mosaic type heath forest establishment in a zone with potential
dense rain forest cover can be the result of recurring destructive events like natural fires or landslides,
occuring on a decadal to secular scale. Such events may trigger a series of successional stages which lead to
irreversible deterioration of site quality under current conditions.

Stand structure, tree growth rates, and tree age was measured to describe the growth dynamics of the
contrasting forests and to detect stand growth depressions within the life span of old growth individuals.
Tree ring analysis of 106 trees showed that all forests of the Cerro Tambo area have low annual tree growth
rates. Heath forests and tall rain forests show no pronounced difference in growth rates. However, heath
forests are young and no individuals older than 45 years were found. Tall rain forests trees of more than
150 years in age were found. We conclude that heath forests are most likely successional stages after fairly
recent disturbance.

A slight and linear positive increase in rainforest tree growth in all forest plots was found for the past
century and may be attributed to the globally increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. A further observed
increase in tree growth in all forest plots during the last two decades may be attributed to atmospheric
deposition of nutrients due to massive deforestation followed by rural development in this region.
Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Carlos Souza IMAZON Oral Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change
due to Logging in Amazonian Transitional
Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction
Images.

Mark Cochrane Michigan State Oral Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation

University and Fire Disturbance: Implications of
Interaction and Synergy

Adelaine Michela Figueira IAG-USP Poster Litterfall and leaf area index before and
after selective logging in Tapajós National
Forest
André Monteiro IMAZON Poster Impacts of logging and fire on the
composition and structure of transitional
forests in Mato Grosso
Ane Alencar IPAM - Instituto de Poster Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires
Pesquisa Ambiental da in a Dense Forest of Western Pará
Amazonia
Ane Alencar IPAM - Instituto de Poster Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in
Pesquisa Ambiental da Eastern Amazonia
Amazonia
Aurélie Botta University of Wisconsin Poster Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire
Dynamics in the Amazon Basin

Cleilim Albert de Sousa UFPA Poster Effect of selective logging on biomass and
tree growth in Tapajos National Forest

Douglas Morton WHRC Poster A new method to detect forest fire scars in
the transition forest zone of Mato Grosso
using Landsat ETM+

Eraldo Matricardi Basic Science and Poster Multitemporal Assessment of Selective

Remote Sensing Logging in the Brazilian Amazon
Initiative - BSRSI- MSU

Gregory Asner Carnegie Institution Poster Forest Canopy Damage from Selective
Logging in Amazonia: Lessons Learned
from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM
and EO-1 Hyperion

Joao Andrade de Carvalho Jr. Instituto Nac. de Poster A forest clearing experiment conducted in
Carvalho Pesquisas Espaciais the Amazonian arc of deforestation

Manoel Cardoso University of New Poster Fieldwork and Statistical Analyses for
Hampshire Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire
Data
Marco Rondon CGIAR Poster Carbon Storage in Soils from Degraded
Pastures and Agroforestry Systems in
Central Amazônia: The role of charcoal

Michael Palace Complex Systems Poster Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and
Research Center Undisturbed Forests: Determination of
Stocks Using a New Methodology for
Wood Density and Void Estimation

Paul Lefebvre The Woods Hole Poster An improved soil water budget model for
Research Center predicting drought stress-related forest
flammability in the Amazon Basin

Regina Alvalá INPE - Instituto Poster Soil Thermal Properties Under Forest,
Nacional de Pesquisas Pasture and Mangrove in Eastern
Espaciais Amazonia
Sammya D'Angelo INPA / PDBFF Poster PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN
FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL
AMAZONIA

Sanae Hyashi Instuto de Pesquisa Poster Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an

Ambiental da ageing Amazon frontier: the case of
Amazonia eastern Pará
Savio Ferreira INPA - Instituto Poster RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY
Nacional de Pesquisas SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST
da Amazônia IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA
Savio Ferreira INPA - Instituto Poster SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER
Nacional de Pesquisas SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL
da Amazônia AMAZONIA
Susan Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Poster PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON
Research Institute EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATION
OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS
 Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change due to Logging in Amazonian
Transitional Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction Images.

Carlos Souza Jr.1,2, Dar Roberts2

1. Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia – Imazon
Caixa Postal 5101, Belém, PA, Brasil. 66613-397
2. Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara
Department of Geography EH3601, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Abstract

We conducted a time series analysis to evaluate the appropriate temporal resolution

of Landsat TM/ETM to map canopy change due to selective logging in transitional forests,
and to compare the rates of deforestation and selective logging in Central Mato Grosso,
Brazil. We used a subset (2,800 x 2,800 pixels) of 13 Landsat Thematic TM/ETM
(orbit/path = 226/68) images acquired between 1987 and 2000.
Spectral mixture models were applied to radiometrically inter-calibrated Landsat
images to estimate the proportion of green vegetation (GV), soil, non-photosynthetic
vegetation (NPV) and shade. Of the four fraction images, the GV fraction images showed
to be less affected by smoke interference and, for this reason, were selected to detect forest
canopy changes over time. An image differencing technique was applied to every pair of
GV images to compute the percent of changes in vegetation proportion (∆GV) between the
old date and the recent date. Thresholds values were defined empirically using image
scatter plots associated with GV images and field information to map the following land
cover classes: i) no change in forest canopy: -10%<∆GV<10%; ii) canopy change: -
25%< ∆GV<-10%; iii) deforestation (∆GV<-25%); iv) canopy closure (10%< ∆GV< 25%);
and v) regeneration in deforested areas (∆GV>25%). A post-classification change detection
analysis was then conducted to quantify the changes over time among the classes above
mapped with the GV differencing technique.
An important finding is that single date image classification dramatically
underestimates the area affected by logging due to rapid canopy closure of logged forests.
On average, 65% of the forested areas that showed a decrease in GV fraction value due to
selective logging returned to its initial GV value within one year. We estimate that the total
area affected by canopy change due to selective logging in 2000 (1,455 km2), using
temporal information of old logged forests, is 2.3 times greater than the area estimated
using the GV differencing technique with the images acquired in 1999 and 2000 (614km2).
In the late 1980’s, the rate of forest conversion to new logged areas was about 2%. In the
mid 1990’s the logging rate decrease to less than 1%, then increased to 8% in 2000.
Deforestation rates followed the same trend as logging until 1998 when it reached its
maximum value (2.7%), but was on average 3.5 times lower than the rate of logging.
We are currently comparing our initial results to other change detection techniques,
and performing atmospheric haze corrections to use the whole Landsat TM/ETM scene area
and all fraction images in the time series analysis. In addition, our final results will be
assessed using aerial videography and field data.
 Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation and Fire
Disturbance: Implications of Interaction and Synergy

Mark A. Cochrane, David L. Skole, Eraldo A.T. Matricardi, Christopher Barber and
Walter Chomentowski.

Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography, East Lansing,
MI, USA

Working forests are premised upon sustainable management, however, ecosystems are
mandated by disturbance. Therefore, conservation and management of forests requires
knowledge of past, present and, to the extent possible, future disturbances. Tropical
forests are increasingly impacted by degrading activities as well as outright deforestation.
Landscapes have been transformed from continuous tracts of unbroken forest into
mosaics of pastures, agricultural plots and forest fragments that have often been subjected
to varying degrees of increased disturbance from sun, wind, fire and logging operations.
Multitemporal case studies from within the Brazilian Amazon are used to illustrate the
linkages and synergy between forest fragmentation, selective logging and forest fire. A
geographic information system is then used to quantitatively and spatially relate
disturbance across the landscape so that spatially articulated disturbance regimes can be
mapped. These maps provide both knowledge of the current state of existing forests as
well as the likely future of given parcels of forest. Preliminary results have shown that
forest fragmentation and forest fire are directly linked, with fires becoming edge effects
that penetrate kilometers into standing forests. Selective logging also exacerbates fire
probability but with effects at larger distances from forest edges. In typical anthropogenic
landscapes, fragmentation effects, fire and logging can involve nearly all of the remaining
forests and pose special challenges for sustainable management of these resources.
ABSTRACT – Second International LBA Science Conference
Litterfall and leaf area index before and after selective logging in Tapajós
National Forest

A.M.Figueira1, C.A.de Sousa2, M.Goulden3, H.da Rocha4, M.Menton3, S. Miller3,

R.Juarez4, A. Maia5
1
Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA
2
Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBA
3
University of California, Irvine
4
Universidade de S. Paulo
5
Universidade Federal do Para

Author adress: Rua Uruara 185. Santana.CEP: 68015220. Santarem – Para – Brazil
Email: mifigueira@hotmail.com

We are using measurements of litterfall to study the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the
selectively logged site in the Tapajos National Forest, Santarém, Pará. The surface
fluxes of water, energy and CO2 between the atmosphere and ecosystems are largely
controlled by the physical structure of the canopy and the amount of green biomass
(the LAI). The effect of perturbations such as logging on these processes is not well
understood. We installed 30 1-m2 litter traps in an 18-ha block upwind of the eddy
covariance tower and collected litter bi-weekly beginning in September 2000. The
site was selectively logged in September 2001, and observations prior to this point
indicate the litterfall dynamics of undisturbed forest. Litterfall varied seasonally from
September 2000 to September 2001, with comparatively high rates beginning in May
and continuing through the dry season. The May leaf drop preceded the beginning of
the dry season, implying that it was not a direct result of drought. The May increase
coincided with a decline in daytime CO2 uptake measured by eddy covariance,
indicating that both LAI and canopy photosynthesis decreased beginning in May. The
integrated litterfall observations prior to logging suggest an overall LAI of 5 m2m2,
which agrees with independent assessments of LAI made by fisheye photography
during the 2000 wet season.
 Impacts of logging and fire on the composition and structure
of transitional forests in Mato Grosso

André Monteiro1, Jeffrey Gerwing1, 2, Carlos Souza Jr.1, Paulo Barreto1, Frank
Pantoja1
1. Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia – Imazon
Caixa Postal 5101, Belém, PA, Brasil. 66613-397, E-mail address: andreluiz@imazon.org.br
2. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA, E-mail address: jjg156@psu.edu

Abstract

We quantified the impacts of varying intensities of logging and fire on tree stem density,
liana density, canopy cover, soil disturbance, and above ground live biomass in transitional
forests in the region surrounding Cláudia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We based this study on
field inventories conducted on 12 properties. Based on logging and fire histories, we
grouped the study sites into five disturbance classes: i) intact forest, ii) logged forest (10m3
ha-1 removed); iii) logged and burned forest (forest that burned once); iv) logged and
heavily burned forest (forest that burned more than once); and v) heavily logged and burned
forest (forest that was logged and burned multiple times with a total of > 25m3 ha-1
removed). Aboveground live biomass in logged and burned forests was consistently less
than that of intact forest (326t ha-1). Compared to intact forest, there was a 15 – 20%
reduction in logged and logged and burned forests, a 29% reduction in heavily logged and
burned forests, and a 49% reduction in logged and heavily burned forests. Given our small
sample sizes, only the later of these differences was statistically significant. Similar to total
aboveground live biomass, the total density of large trees (DBH ≥ 10cm) for each class of
disturbed forest was less than that of intact forest. The lowest mean density of large trees
was found in the logged and heavily burned forests where the difference from intact forests
was statistically significant. This significant reduction in large tree density occurred in spite
of a substantially higher density of large stems of pioneer tree species (37 stems ha-1)
compared to intact forest (12 stems ha-1). Compared to intact forest, the density of small
trees (5 – 10 cm DBH) was 19% higher in heavily logged and burned forests and 73%
higher in logged and burned forest but 14% lower than intact forest in logged forest and
74% lower in logged and heavily burned forest. These values suggest that small tree density
can be highly variable. The total density of climbing lianas increased substantially
following forest disturbance from 2685 stems ha-1 intact forest to high values of 4583 stems
ha-1 in logged and heavily burned forest and 6115 stems ha-1 in heavily logged and burned
forests. In addition, the reduction of mean canopy cover to 69% and the increase of ground
area covered by slash to 39% in logged and heavily burned forests suggest that these forests
may be highly vulnerable to future repeat burns. If this cycle of logging and repeat burning
continues unchecked the forests of the region are likely to become increasingly degraded in
terms of reduced biomass, species diversity, and forest structure.
 Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires in a Dense Forest of Western Pará

Ane Alencar, Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr., Daniel Nepstad, Richard Houghton, Sanae Hyashi

During dry years, carbon emissions from Amazon forest understory fires may exceed those
associated with deforestation, but remote detection mechanisms for fire-induced biomass loss are
yet to be developed. Little is known about the spectral properties of forest fire scars and their
relationship to changes in ground-level biomass. In this study, remote sensing transformation
techniques were used to determine spectrally fire disturbance levels and response to biomass
2
loss. The study site was a ~250 km forest understory fire scar resulting from the1997/1998 El
Nino event, located 100 km south of Santarém, Western Pará. Field interviews were conducted to
determine the burning and logging history of the fire scar, and showed three levels of burning and
logging intensity. Subsequently, biomass, fuel load, and LAI were measured in four 500x 500 m
plots - three burning intensity levels and a primary forest control plot. Aboveground biomass was
-1
170, 184, 370, and 423 Mg ha in forests with heavy, moderate, light, and no fire history,
respectively. A multi-date analysis using Landsat TM and ETM images from 1997, 1999 and 2001
identified changes in the spectral signal before, during and after the burning event. Preliminary
results indicate that, when compared to field measures of biomass and LAI, Landsat bands 4 and
5 provided the most accurate detection of burn intensity. This method reveals the potential for
monitoring fire effects on dense forest biomass in Amazonia using remote sensing techniques.
1
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia
2
Woods Hole Research Center
*
Corresponding author: Avenida Nazare 669. Belem, PA - Brazil 66035-170

Email:

ane@amazon.com.br
Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in Eastern Amazonia

Ane Alencar, Daniel Nepstad, Luis Solorzano, Sanae Hyashi

The Amazon dense forest becomes susceptible to understory fire events if disturbed by logging,
when fragmented, and if stressed by severe drought. Predictive models of forest fire therefore
depend upon quantifying the interaction among these variables. In this study, the relationship
between logging and burn events was measured to identify the disturbance intensity of each
forest fragment in the landscape. A 17-year sequence of forest understory fire and logging maps
was created for the Paragominas landscape - a 35-yr-old ranching and logging center in Eastern
Amazonia - based on field interviews (n=148) and Landsat image classification. The disturbance
intensity was defined by logging and burning frequency and then related to the size of the
fragment. The results show that approximately half of the area affected by forest fires had been
logged once or twice prior to burning. Most of this burned area was located in small forest
fragments partially surrounded by cattle pasture – a common source of ignition. Forest understory
fires were significantly correlated with the percentage of the forest fragment that had previously
been logged or burned, demonstrating a positive relationship between logging and forest fires in
the Amazon.
Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire Dynamics in the Amazon Basin
Aurélie Botta(1), Jeff Cardille(1), Elaine Prins(2), Joleen Feltz(3), and Kirsten Thonicke(4)

1) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of

Wisconsin-Madison, USA
2) NOAA/NESDIS/ORA Advanced Satellite Products Team, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, USA
3) Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of
Wisconsin – Madison, USA
4) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany

SAGE - Institute for Environmental Studies

University of Wisconsin
1710 University Avenue
Madison, WI 53706 USA

adbotta@facstaff.wisc.edu

Fire occurrence is likely to increase with the deforestation of the Amazon basin.
Understanding and being able to predict fire dynamics is even more important
considering its impact on vegetation dynamics, carbon and nutrient cycles, and
atmospheric composition. This paper proposes to examine the processes explaining the
current spatial and temporal distribution of fires in the Amazon Basin by combining mid-
1990’s observations of fire derived from the GOES satellite with ecosystem modeling
results incorporating both agricultural land-use and changes in flammability due to
climate and fuel load variations.
In several states, we found a significant correlation between the spatial distributions of
observed fires and land use. Nevertheless, when considering the entire basin this
relationship is not as pronounced due to land use data set biases and inadequate satellite
spatial and temporal resolution needed to detect all fires. When comparing the spatial
distributions of fires in 1995 to the different land use types maps, planted pasture shows
the best agreement with fire occurrence; cropland is often not a significant predictor, and
natural pasture has an intermediate correlation. The main features of the 1997 minus
1995 differences of fire distribution can be explained by climatic anomalies. The strong
1997 El Niño event had a significant impact on the numbers and patterns of fire,
especially in Bolivia and around Manaus where the associated precipitation changes were
large. The 1997 minus 1995 differences in fire dynamics in regions with small changes
in climate are probably the result of anthropogenic factors. Inter-annual differences in
climate factors, coupled with maps of land use, provide a strong basis for understanding
and potentially predicting fire dynamics in this rapidly changing region.
Effect of selective logging on biomass and tree growth in Tapajos National Forest

C.A.de Sousa1, A.M.Figueira2, M.Goulden3, H.da Rocha4, M.Menton3, S. Miller3, R.Juarez4,

A. Maia5

1
Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBA
2
Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA
3
University of California, Irvine
4
Universidade de S. Paulo
5
Universidade Federal do Para

Author address: Rua 24 de Outubro, 3707. Caixa Postal 31.CEP: 68040010. Santarem – Para
– Brazil
Email: albert_bio@hotmail.com

Selective logging creates a mosaic of gaps in a forest and alters species composition, forest
microclimate, and water and carbon cycling. We are using biometry and dendrometry to
determine the biomass and tree growth before, during, and after selective logging in a tropical
forest. We inventoried a 600 by 300-m block in an undisturbed stand in the Floresta Nacional
do Tapajós, south of Santarém, PA during April 2000. The block contained 1036 trees with
DBH > 35 cm and 784 trees with DBH between 10 and 35 cm. All of the trees were
identified to species and tagged, and a subset of 400 trees were equipped with stainless steel
dendrometers. The stand was subsequently logged in September 2001, resulting in a mosaic
of gaps and relatively intact forest. After logging, we installed an additional 400
dendrometers near gaps created by the logging. The dendrometers were measured at 6 week
intervals, and we plan to continue these measurements for several more years. The
dendrometer observations prior to the logging are being used to determine the seasonal pattern
of stem increment in the absence of disturbance. The dendrometer observations following the
logging are being used to gauge the regrowth of the forest, and to determine the relative
impact of logging on tree growth in patches of intact forest vs gaps vs the edges of gaps.

Keywords: biomass, carbon, primary tropical forest, selective logging

A new method to detect forest fire scars in the transition forest zone of Mato Grosso
using Landsat ETM+

Douglas Mortona,b, Ane Alencarc, Daniel Nepstada,c*, Britaldo Silveira Soares Filhod

Abstract: One of the major obstacles to closing the Amazon carbon balance is the lack
of information on the areal extent of forest surface fires. Burn scars from low to
moderate intensity surface fires are a temporary feature of the tropical forest landscape;
regrowing vegetation rapidly obscures the burn scar signature in remotely sensed data.
The transition forest region of northern Mato Grosso is particularly susceptible to forest
fires due to an extended seasonal dry period and presence of ignition sources from land
use activities. In this study, we develop a new method to accurately identify forest burn
scars in Landsat ETM+ imagery. This new methodology is derived from field data
collected in August 2001 and two ETM+ images from the same time period (226/67 and
227/67). The resulting Normalized Burn Scar Index (NBSI) shows a high degree of
promise for distinguishing recent (<1-year-old) burn scars from older burn scars
(p<0.001) and unburned areas (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the NBSI for
recent burns are high (0.84 and 0.93, respectively). Older burn scars are more difficult to
differentiate from other landscape features such as semi-deciduous forest areas.
Continuing analyses should allow for the improvement of the NBSI sensitivity for older
burn scars. Preliminary results using the NBSI suggest that roughly 640 km2 of forest
burned in these two Landsat scenes in 2001, or 1.5% of the total forest area. This method
of burn scar detection is currently being applied to 1999 ETM+ data throughout the
transition forest zone to estimate the area of burned forest and the biomass loss over the
entire region.

a
Woods Hole Research Center
b
Yale University
c
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia
d
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
*
Corresponding author. P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543, U.S.A.
dnepstad@whrc.org

Emails:
douglas.morton@yale.edu
ane@amazon.com.br
dnepstad@whrc.org
britaldo@csr.ufmg.br
 Multitemporal Assessment of Selective Logging
in the Brazilian Amazon

E. Matricardi 1, D. Skole 1, W. Chomentoski 1, D.J. Janeczek 1, M.A. Cochrane 1.

1
Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative
Department of Geography, Michigan State University
1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101
East Lansing, MI 48823
(matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu; skole@msu.edu)

Selective logging is becoming an increasingly important activity in the Amazon Region.

According to IBGE (2000), between 1990 and 1997, more than 380 million cubic meters
of round wood, an average of almost 48 million cubic meters of round wood per year,
was extracted from the Amazon Region. Although selective logging has been occurring
in Brazil’s tropical forests for several years and is visible in some Landsat TM images,
generally, it cannot be detected by most Landsat TM classification techniques. The
crowns of residual trees frequently camouflage logging activity and these logged areas
can be misclassified as undisturbed forest. The estimates of deforestation for Brazil’s
Legal Amazon, reported by Michigan State University - MSU and Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, do not included most selectively logged areas. We have
developed and applied methodologies to identify and map selective logging throughout
the Brazilian Amazon. We used an automated model based on texture analysis of TM
band 5 to detect logging patios from within the forest canopy. Additional visual
interpretation and a supervised image classification were then applied to obtain a
measurement of the selectively logged forests. We estimated that selectively logged
forests have been increasing in the Brazilian Amazon, from 5.6 thousand square
kilometers by 1992 to 9.4 thousand square kilometers by 1996, and to 23.4 thousand
square kilometers by 1999. We also compared results of detecting selective logging using
Landsat with Ikonos images. This work is extending current image classification to
include selectively logged forests as well as common thematic classes such as forest,
deforestation, regrowth, cerrado, cloud, cloud shadow, and water, supporting analyses
and evaluations of land cover and land use changes as well as carbon studies.
Forest Canopy Damage from Selective Logging in Amazonia:
Lessons Learned from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM and EO-1 Hyperion

Gregory P. Asner1 , Michael Keller2 , Jose N. Silva 3 , Johan C. Zweede 4 , Rodrigo Pereira, Jr.4
1
Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, 220 Panama Street,
Stanford, CA 94305; Tel: (650) 325-1521; Fax: (650) 325-6857; Email:
gasner@globalecology.stanford.edu
2
CSRC – Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824; Tel: (603) 862-4193;
E-mail: lba.ecology@unh.edu
3
EMBRAPA AMAZONIA ORIENTAL, Trav. Dr Eneas Pinheiro SN, 66.095-100 Belem, Brazil;
Tel: 55-91-276-6333; E-mail: natalino@cpatu.embrapa.br
4
Servicos Tecnicos Florestais e Planejamento (STF&P), Belem, PA, Brazil; Tel: 55-91-453-0848;
Email: zweede@fft.org.br and pereira@fft.org.br

Major uncertainties exist regarding the rate and intensity of logging in Amazon forests; these
uncertainties limit economic, ecological, and biogeochemical analyses of the region. Recent
sawmill surveys in the Brazilian Amazon show that the area logged is nearly equal to total area
deforested annually, but conversion of survey data to forest area, forest structural damage, and
biomass estimates requires multiple assumptions about logging practices. Remote sensing could
provide a means to monitor logging activity and to estimate the biophysical and carbon cycle
consequences of this land use. Previous studies have demonstrated the difficulties in detecting
selective logging in Amazon forests. No studies have developed either the quantitative physical
basis or remote sensing approaches needed to estimate the effects of various logging regimes on
forest structure and carbon losses.

Our work focuses on the detection of canopy structural changes associated with selective logging
using Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral remote sensing observations. We
developed a large-scale detailed field study of canopy damage and ground infrastructure
associated with selective logging at different intensitie s and recovery stages (0-5 years post-
harvest). We then analyzed calibrated Landsat ETM+ data with spatially explicit field data on
canopy gap fraction. We found that the commonly employed band-reflectance and textural
analysis methods are only sensitive to the upper 50% of canopy damage encountered in
selectively logged forests in the eastern Amazon. We then applied an automated spectral mixture
analysis approach over a time-series of Landsat ETM+ observations of our intensive field study
sites. We found this method to be highly sensitive to selective logging down to approximately
the lowest 20-25% of canopy damage values that occur. The spectral mixture method also
provided pixel-by-pixel quantification of uncertainty, which is key for application of the data to
carbon budget, biogeochemical modeling, and forest management efforts. We are now taking the
method to the larger state-wide regional scale for annual estimates of canopy damage associated
with land-use transitions, fire occurrence, and carbon and nutrient cycling.

We have used similar techniques to estimate the accuracy and utility of spaceborne hyperspectral
measurements provided by the EO-1 Hyperion sensor for assessment of selective logging damage
in the eastern and central Amazon. The Hyperion-based results have proven highly sensitive to
canopy damage, down to the lowest 3-10% of all disturbance levels encountered. These results
indicate the value of continued spaceborne hyperspectral measurements for monitoring selective
logging and regrowth rates following timber harvests in Amazonia.
A forest clearing experiment conducted in the Amazonian arc of deforestation
1 2 3 4 5 1
J.A. Carvalho Jr. , C.A.G. Veras , R. Gielow , E.C. Alvarado , D.V. Sandberg , E.R. Carvalho ,
3
J.C. Santos
1
UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333
12516-410, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
2
UnB, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte
70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil

3
INPE, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40
12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil

4
University of Washington, CFR-UW Mail Box 352100
Seattle, WA 98195, USA

5
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson Way
Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

Abstract

This paper describes the characteristics of fire spread around a forest clearing site located in the
Amazonian arc of deforestation. The experiment was carried out in 2001 at the Caiabi Farm, near
the town of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as part of a set of tests that have been
performed in the same area since 1997. So far, six test plots were burned. The main goal in the
experiments of the first five plots was to determine biomass fire consumption and carbon release
rates under different conditions of size of burned area and period of curing. The results regarding
these tests were already published (Carvalho et al., 2001).

Special care had to be taken to prevent fire from escaping the clearing site into the adjacent
forest in all five experiments. This procedure had not been necessary in previous experiments
conducted by the group in Manaus, state of Amazonas (Carvalho et al., 1995, 1998), and in
Tomé Açu, state of Pará (Araújo et al., 1999). Therefore, during 2001 a site was prepared and
burned to investigate under-story fire generated by the forest clearing process, and results of this
work are presented here.

The experiments reported by Carvalho et al. (2001) were conducted in five plots, denominated
A, B, C, D, and E. Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates were determined in the
central 1-hectare area of each plot. In 2001, plot F was felled in May and burned on August 20.
Acknowledgements

Support of this research is acknowledged to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São

Paulo – FAPESP, Brazil (project 98/00104-9), to the United States Department of Agriculture -
USDA (project PNW 99-5147-1-CA), to Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas – CNPq, Brazil
(project CMC-005/001), and to Instituto Nacional do Meio Ambiente – IBAMA, Brazil.

References

Araújo, T.M.; Carvalho, J.A.; Higuchi, N.; Brasil, A.C.P.; Mesquita, A.L.A., A tropical
rainforest clearing experiment by biomass burning in the state of Pará, Atmospheric
Environment., 33(13), 1991-1998, 1999.

Carvalho, J.A.; Santos, J.M.; Santos, J.C.; Leitão, M.M.; Higuchi, N., A tropical rainforest
clearing experiment by biomass burning in the Manaus region, Atmospheric Environment, 29,
2301-2309, 1995.

Carvalho J.A.; Higuchi, N.; Araújo, T.M.; Santos, J.C., Combustion completeness in a rainforest
clearing experiment in Manaus, Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D11), 13,195-
13,200, 1998.

Carvalho, J.A.; Costa, F.S.; Veras, C.A.G.; Sandberg, D.V.; Alvarado, E.C.; Gielow, R.; Serra,
A.M.; Santos, J.C., Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates of rainforest-clearing
experiments conducted in Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research,
2001.
Manoel Cardoso, George Hurtt, Berrien Moore, Carlos Nobre(*) and Alberto Setzer(*)

Complex Systems Research Center - University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824

USA. (*) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201
Brazil. e-mail: manoel.cardoso@unh.edu

Fieldwork and Statistical Analyses for Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire Data

Data from satellites are very important for providing information on vegetation fires
worldwide. Despite of the broad spatial and temporal coverage, there are several factors
that complicate the interpretation of these data. Examples of these factors include fires
occurring at times different than the satellite overpasses, the presence of clouds, fires
occurring under plant canopies, small fires, and very reflective surfaces. In order to
enhance the interpretation of satellite fire data, we are in the process of collecting ground-
based data on fires, and relating these data to corresponding information from satellite
fire products. Ground-based data are collected using a simple and passive method that
allows for a large sample size. One method for data analysis is the construction of error
matrixes, which can provide statistics on inclusion (commission) and exclusion
(omission) errors in satellite fire data. In this work we present results from fieldwork in
areas close to Marabá, Brazil, where about 90 fires were observed during November 3 to
5, 2001. These results include fires position, time, size, type of vegetation burned, cloud-
cover, and statistics on inclusion and exclusion errors in related remote-sensing fire data.
Preliminary analyses suggest that errors of omission are larger than errors of commission,
and are dominated by satellite overpass times, cloud-coverage and fire size. Potential
strategies to correct for these errors are discussed.
Carbon Storage in Soils from Degraded Pastures and Agroforestry Systems in
Central Amazônia: The role of charcoal

Marco A. Rondon1, Erick C.M. Fernandes1, Rubenildo Lima2, Elisa Wandelli2

1
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; 2EMBRAPA - CPAA, Manaus, AM Brazil
1
Cornell University - Ithaca, NY 14853 USA; email: m.rondon@cgiar.org

Vast areas of the Amazon are at various stages of degradation after being converted from forest
to pastures. Abandoned lands have very low storage of nutrients and reduced stocks of soil
organic carbon (SOC). Some alternatives to recuperate degraded land, such as Agroforestry
(AFS) and Silvopastoral (SPS) systems can restore soil nutrients and allow net C gains, both in
biomass and soils. Charcoal from incomplete biomass combustion is ubiquitous in Amazonian
soils and its contribution to total SOC has to be determined to allow proper comparison of soil C
stocks between land uses. A methodology was developed to quantify charcoal in different soil
size fractions. Information is presented on C storage in soils under 10 year old silvopastoral and
agroforestry systems and secondary vegetation, as well as on primary forest at the EMBRAPA-
CPAA research station near Manaus. Variability in charcoal content in the medium (0.5-2 mm)
and gross size (>2 mm) classes was high indicating non-homogeneous distribution of charcoal in
soils. The contribution of the fine fraction (<0.5 mm) is more homogeneously distributed through
the soil profile. Charcoal accounts for between 5 and 15% of total soil C, with higher proportions
-1
found in the top soil layers. Forest soils store the highest amount of C (121 Mg.ha ), followed by
-1
the AFS system with 116 Mg.ha . On the other extreme, soils under secondary vegetation and
-1
SPS presented the lowest stock (106 Mg.ha ). Results in this study indicate that agroforestry
systems permit a moderate recovery of soil C stock relative to the control under secondary
-1 -1
vegetation. Rates of C increase are in the order of 1.8 Mg.ha .y .
Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and Undisturbed Forests: Determination of Stocks
Using a New Methodology for Wood Density and Void Estimation

Michael Palace 1, Michael Keller 1,2, Gregory P. Asner 3, Rodrigo Pereira Jr. 4, and Jose
5
Natalino Silva
1
Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH , 03824, USA, 603-862-4193
2
USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR,
USA
3
Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Tel: 650-325-1521
4
Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Trv. 14 Abril, Bairro Sao Braz, Belem CEP. 66063-140
Para, Brazil
5
EMBRAPA-Amazonia Oriental, Trv. Dr Eneas Pinheiro SN, Belem CEP. 66095-100,
Para, Brazil

E-mail addresses: michael.palace@unh.edu, michael.keller@unh.edu,

gasner@globalecology.stanford.edu, rpereira@fft.org.br, natalino@cpatu.embrapa.br

Coarse woody debris (CWD) can make up a large proportion of carbon stocks in tropical
forests. Knowledge of the stocks and fluxes of CWD is needed for modeling carbon
budgets in these forests. We measured the CWD stock in two Amazonian forests in Para,
Brazil: the Tapajos National Forest, (3.08ΕS, 54.94ΕW) and the Fazenda Cauaxi,
(3.75ΕS, 48.37ΕW). Measurements were conducted under two logging practices
(reduced-impact and conventional logging) and a relatively undisturbed forest. We
sampled CWD volume by line-intersect sampling. Wood density was determined using a
unique plug extraction technique for 5 wood decay classes for diameters greater than 10
cm. All samples less than 10 cm diameter were lumped into two smaller classes, 2-5cm
and 5-10 cm. We analyzed digitized photographs of radial log sections in order to
estimate void spaces for all density samples. Wood density for five decay classes from
fresh to rotten were 0.62, 0.72, 0.63, 0.58, and 0.29 g cm-3. Densities for smaller classes
were 0.36 g cm-3 and 0.45 g cm-3 for 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm diameter classes respectively.
The proportion of void space for decay classes 1 to 5 were 0.02, 0.01, 0.09, 0.19 and
0.27. Total CWD volume and preliminary mass estimation at Cauaxi was 110 m3 ha-1
and 55 Mg ha-1 for undisturbed forest, 191 m3 ha-1 and 109 Mg ha-1 for conventional
logging, and 144 m3 ha-1 and 75 Mg ha-1 for reduced-impact logging. Total volume and
mass estimation for Tapajos was 117 m3 ha-1 and 52 Mg ha-1 for undisturbed forest, and
116 m3 ha-1 and 54 Mg ha-1 for reduced-impact logging.
An improved soil water budget model for predicting drought stress-related forest flammability in the
Amazon Basin.

Paul Lefebvre, Daniel Nepstad, Luis Solorzano, Javier Tomasella, Urbano Silva, and Peter Schlesinger

The RisQue (Risco de Queimadas) spatial model of flammability based on soil moisture stocks, under
development since 1998, continues to evolve. The soil map of maximum Plant Available Water (PAW),
based on soil texture information from over 1,500 field samples, has been expanded from the Brazilian
Legal Amazon region to cover the entire Amazon hydrographic basin. Enhanced meteorological data
provided by CPTEC now cover this same region, and Penman-Monteith estimated Potential
Evapotranspiration has superseded previous estimates calculated after Thornthwaite, using GOES-derived
radiation fields. All spatial interpolation is now done via Kriging. The vegetation mask, used to constrain
deep soil water estimations for forests only, has been updated to reflect recent deforestation, and the spatial
resolution has improved.
Sensitivity of the model to Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration estimates were analyzed by running the
model with ET at –15%, -5%, +5% and +15% of actual estimates. A 5% reduction in ET resulted in a 60%
decrease in the area of depleted soil moisture stocks, and a 38% decrease in the area of stocks diminished to
less than 250mm of water in a 10m column of soil. 5% increase in ET resulted in a two-fold increase in
area of depleted soil moisture stocks, and a 38% increase in the are suffering depletion to less than 250mm.
We find fair agreement between model output and field measurements of plant-available soil water to 10 m
depth, with actual soil moisture measured using TDR at our field stations in the FLONA Tapajós and in
Paragominas; average model estimates of soil water stocks averaged19% lower than field measurements for
the FLONA Tapajós, and 8% lower for Paragominas.
SOIL THERMAL PROPERTIES UNDER FOREST, PASTURE AND
MANGROVE IN EASTERN AMAZONIA

Regina C. S. Alvalá1, Ralf Gielow1, Júlia C. P. Cohen2, José Ricardo S. de

Souza2

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia (LMO) / Centro

de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC)/ Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE).
Av. dos Astronautas, 1758
São José dos Campos, SP
E-mail: regina@cptec.inpe.br, ralf@cptec.inpe.br

2. Departamento de Meteorologia, Centro de Geociências

Universidade Federal do Pará
Belém, PA

The deforestation and the subsequent land use change may result in
significant alterations in the energy and water balances in the soil-
vegetation-atmosphere continuum. The soil thermal properties, that is, the
diffusivity, the conductivity and the volumetric heat capacity, specially as a
function of the water content, are currently not readily available.
Notwithstanding, the demand for these data is increasing due to
requirements in, e. g., coupled models of heat and moisture transport in the
soil near its surface, which are part of numerical weather and climate
models. Thus, measured soil moisture content at the 30cm depth and
temperature profiles at the 5, 20 and 50 cm depths were used to obtain
thermal soil properties at four different sites in the state of Pará, Eastern
Amazonia, during the wet season of 2002: (i) forest (Caxiunã Reserve,
Melgaço - 01°42'30''S; 51°31'45'' W); (ii) pasture (Soure, Marajó Island -
00°43'25''S; 48°30'29'' W); (iii) natural mangrove (Tracuateua, Bragança -
00°50'31''S; 46°38'56''W); and (iv) degraded mangrove (Tracuateua,
Bragança - 00°55'31''S; 46°42'13''W ). The thermal diffusivity is obtained
through the numerical method described by Alvalá et al. (1996).The impact
of changing moisture conditions on the thermal soil properties is also
investigated.

Reference:

Alvalá, R.C.S.; Gielow, R.; Wright, I.R.; Hodnett, M.G. Thermal diffusivity
of Amazonian soils. In Gash, J.H.C; Nobre, C.A.; Roberts, J.M.; Victoria
R.L. (eds.) Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. Chichester, Wiley, 1996.
pp. 139-150.
PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL
AMAZONIA

D’Angelo, S. A. 1; Andrade, A.C.S.1; Laurance, S.G. 2; Laurance, W.F. 2; Mesquita, R. 1

1
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian
Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil.
sammya@inpa.gov.br
2
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá

Rainforests that persist in a fragmented landscape frequently suffer increased tree mortality.
We examined tree mortality patterns in a long-term tree demography study, in order to
distinguish mechanisms leading to tree death. All trees (>10cm DBH) in 16 permanent (1
ha) plots, 8 near the forest edge and 8 in continuous forest, were studied over 22 years.
In total 13,229 individual trees were grouped initially into diameter class and classified by
four mortality types: fallen dead, broken trunk, standing dead and other kinds of mortality.
Total tree mortality on forest edges (16.1%) was significantly higher than in forest interiors
(5.2%) (χ² = 510.05; df=1 p<0.0001). Mortality patterns of trees were also significantly
different on forest edges compared to interiors. Tree mortality seem to be independent of
tree size. We found that on edges 25.5% of dead trees had broken trunks compared to 8.9%
in interior plots. Fallen trees were 19.3% on edges and 4.4% in interiors, whereas standing
dead were 12.2% on edges and 5.5% (other kinds of mortality were 18.5% on edges and
5.7% on interiors). Forest edges had proportionally more standing dead trees than interior
sites (χ² = 24.88; df=3 p<0.0001). In addition to increased tree mortality, we have found
that edge effects also appear to change the pattern of tree death. Changing climatic
conditions near edges, such as increased wind shear may be partly responsible for the
higher frequency of fallen trees found there.

Fontes Financiadoras: LBA – Grupo LC-05

Co-responsável brasileiro: Dra. Rita Mesquita – Depto. Ecologia/INPA
Co-responsável estrangeiro: Dr. William F. Laurance – Smithsonian Institution
Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF/INPA/Smithsonian)
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas – CNPq
Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an ageing Amazon frontier: the case of eastern
Pará

Sanae Hyashi, Ane Alencar, Daniel Nepstad

Spatial determinants of logging activity in Amazon landscapes are important for predicting
changes in the forest sector, for estimating forest fire probability, and for improving enforcement
of logging regulations. To identify the spatial determinants of logging, a multi-temporal analysis of
logging scars was conducted using Landsat ETM scenes (path/row 223/62) for an area of 32,340
2
km in eastern Pará between Paragominas and Tailândia, two important logging centers in
eastern Amazon. Three consecutive years (1999-2001) of selectively logged areas were mapped
using a screen visual interpretation method for intercalibrated Landsat band five images. The
annual logging scars were defined by a strong soil response from the active wood decks. The
logging scar maps were then overlaid to quantify the areas under consecutive logging,
abandonment, and logged areas converted to pasture or agriculture. The spatial pattern of the
logging patches was identified based on the distance to paved and secondary roads, the
prescence of sawmills and previously logged areas. In this old logging frontier, an average of
52% of the area logged was abandoned to forest regrowth from 1999 to 2001, while 46% was re-
logged, and only 1 % was deforested in the following years. Most of the logged areas were
located from one to five kilometers from secondary roads, and extended an average of three
kilometers per year away from the nearby logging centers. The results of the study show a strong
tendency for logging to take place within a one to three kilometers of the old logging scars.
RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Sávio J. F. Ferreira; Flávio J. Luizão; Ricardo G. Dallarosa.

INPA - Geociências e Ecologia. E-mail: savio@inpa.gov.br

Rainfall, internal precipitation, and rain interception were studied over 2 years in selectively logged plots
(logged in 1993) and control forest located 80 km North of Manaus, in Central Amazonia. During the first
year, measurements were continuous and frequent; in the following period, several intensive campaigns
were made at selected climatic periods of the year: dry, wet and transitional periods. The internal
precipitation reached 86.9-92.9 % in the selectively logged plots, against 74.2-87.1 % in the untouched
forest. Thus, an increase in the internal precipitation, together with a lower rain water interception, occurred
soon after timber extraction. Also, lower variability of data was observed in the plots subject to selective
logging, when compared to the control forest. The older managed plots (selectively logged in 1987)
presented higher rain interception and lower internal precipitation than plots logged in 1993, showing values
(72.0-89.5% of internal precipitation) similar to the untouched forest. It is concluded that moderate selective
logging changes rain water interception and internal precipitation during the first years after timber extration,
but that is recovered when forest structure is recomposed, within a few years, by the secondary regrowth in
the gaps.
SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Sávio J. F. Ferreira, Flávio J. Luizão, Walane Mello-Ivo, Sheila M. Ross, Yvan Biot
INPA - Geociências e Ecologia. E-mail: savio@inpa.gov.br

Abstract - Soil physical variables were investigated in forest plots submitted to selective logging in Central
Amazonia. After logging, soil samples were collected to asses soil water retention curves, available soil water
to the plants, bulk or apparent density, and total porosity. Temperature measurements were carried out for 13
months, considering six treatments: control, center of the gaps, edge of the gaps, edge of the remaining forest,
remaining forest and tractor tracks. Hydraulic condutivity measurements on saturated soil were conducted
both on the control forest as well as on the logged plots, with no treatment distinction. The soil showed low
water storage capacity: only 11 to 18% of soil water can be available to the plants, up to 1 a low meter depht.
The temperature of the soil was influenced by logging, i. e., through the opening of the gaps, light reaches the
soil strongly in the center and edge of gaps, increasing temperatures in relation to control and the remaining
forest.
PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATION
OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Susan G. W. Laurance1, Henrique E. M. Nascimento1, William F. Laurance2,1,

Sammya D’Angelo1 and Ana Andrade1
1
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian
Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil
2
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of
Panamá

Edge effects in fragmented landscapes alter aboveground biomass in Amazonian

forests, with potentially important implications for carbon storage and greenhouse
gas emissions. We studied edge-related biomass dynamics in 50 1-ha plots in
fragmented and continuous Amazonian forests by integrating long-term data on
mortality, damage, growth, recruitment, and floristic composition of large (>10 cm
dbh) trees with measurements of nearly all other live and dead plant material
above the soil surface. Carbon flux to the atmosphere was estimated by
determining the mean loss of aboveground biomass near forest edges from large-
tree mortality and damage and from increases in the density of light-wooded
pioneer species, subtracting observed increases in necromass and understory
biomass, and then determining the fraction of decomposing necromass that is
likely to be emitted as carbon emissions.

For 29 plots that were located within 300 m of edges, live biomass of large trees
declined by an average of 22.7 (+31.8) Mg ha-1 during the first 10-19 years after
fragmentation. These same plots averaged 1.7 and 10.1 Mg ha-1 more understory
biomass and necromass, respectively, than did plots further from edges. These
values suggest a net biomass decline of 10.9 Mg ha-1 within 300 m of edges.
Assuming that 50% of biomass is carbon and that at least 75% of decompositional
loss results from wood respiration (principally from fungal and microbial
decomposers) that directly produces C emissions, this implies a net flux of at least
4.1 Mg C ha-1 to the atmosphere within 300 m of forest edges. The remaining
biomass (about 1.4 Mg C ha-1) would be exported to soils and streams in the form
of wood particles and leachates, and a significant fraction of this is likely to be
quickly respired to the atmosphere. The overall C emissions are thus predicted to
be on the order of 4-5 Mg ha-1 within 300 m of forest edges.

Because tree mortality is elevated within roughly 300 m of edges, our findings
suggest that an average of 12-15 Mg C are released for every 100 m of forest edge
that is created. Given that many tens of thousands of kilometers of forest edge
have been created in Amazonia, the carbon emissions from edge effects could be
considerable.
Future Climate of Amazonia

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Aurelie Botta University of Oral Long-Term Variations of Climate and Carbon
Wisconsin Fluxes Over the Amazon Basin

Clemente A.S. Tanajura Laboratorio Nacional Oral An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to
de Computacao investigate the impact of the Amazon
Cientifica deforestation on the South American climate
(LNCC/MCT)
Jose Marengo CPTEC/INPE Oral Regional aspects of the IPCC Third
Assessment Report. Assessment of climate
change scenarios due to increase in
greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin

Richard Betts Hadley Centre Oral Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley
Centre coupled climate-vegetation model

Robert Dickinson Georgia Institute of Oral Role of the Amazon in Global Carbon Cycling
Technology
Yongkang Xue University of Oral Simulations of South American
California, Los hydrometeorology and effects of land surface
Angeles processes
Chris Huntingford Government Poster The use of a GCM analogue model to assess
Research the impact of uncertainty in Amazônian land
Laboratory surface parameterisation on future atmospheric
CO2 concentrations.

Christopher Potter NASA/ARC Poster Global teleconnections of climate to regional

model estimates of Amazon ecosystem carbon
fluxes
Eddie Lenza UnB Poster Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and the
Effects of Experimental Rainfall Reduction

Jose Augusto Veiga LMO/CPTEC Poster Contrasting conditions of atmospheric water

balance and moisture transport in summertime
in the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98
and La Niña 1998-99.

Moacyr Dias-Filho Instituto de Pesquisa Poster The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on
Ambiental da the seasonal photosynthetic light response of
Amazônia - IPAM trees in a forest area in eastern Brazilian
Amazonia.

Patrick Meir University of Poster Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects

Edinburgh of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes of
water and carbon dioxide.
Rafael FERREIRA da MPEG Poster CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THE
COSTA SOIL WATER VOLUMETRIC CONTENTS IN
CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,
BRAZIL

Raquel Vale University of Poster Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects

Edinburgh of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gas
exchange.

Ricardo Figueiredo IPAM - Instituto de Poster Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest:
Pesquisa Ambiental Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes
da Amazonia
Rong Fu Georgia Institute of Poster The influence of land surface winds show how
Technology fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainy season
and the influence of South American rainfall on
the winter climate over North Atlantic, Europe
and eastern North America

Samuel Almeida University of Poster Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects

Edinburgh of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfall
and tree growth.

Steel Vasconcelos Faculdade de Poster Water use efficiency increases in response to

Ciencias Agrarias do drought for Vismia guianensis in the overstory
Para of an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest
Long-Term Variations of Climate and Carbon Fluxes Over the Amazon
Basin
Aurélie Botta, Navin Ramankutty and Jonathan A. Foley

Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-
Madison, USA

SAGE - Institute for Environmental Studies

University of Wisconsin
1710 University Avenue
Madison, WI 53706 USA

adbotta@facstaff.wisc.edu

The Amazon basin contains some of the most productive ecosystems on the planet; yet
we have little understanding of their long-term behavior, and their response to climatic
variations. We have identified a dominant long-term mode of variability (of ~24-28 year
period) within a newly available climate record of the Amazon basin. Using a process-
based terrestrial ecosystem model, we have examined how climatic variations affect the
carbon balance of the basin. Our simulations show that temperature and precipitation
variability, ranging from short-term mode (3-4 years, related to El Niño / Southern
Oscillation) to long-term (24-28 year) mode, generate similar modes of variability in
terrestrial carbon fluxes. The variability in climate, net primary production (NPP) and
decomposition (RH) are dominated by the long-term mode; however, the variability of
the net ecosystem exchange (NEE=NPP-RH) is dominated by the short-term mode. This
is because time-lags between NPP and RH appear to enhance the short-term variations in
NEE, while slightly dampening the long-term variations. The magnitudes of the long-
term and short-term modes of carbon flux variability are comparable. Given the
worldwide attention on terrestrial carbon cycling and the potential for “carbon sinks”, we
suggest that an improved understanding of long-term climatic and ecosystem processes is
crucial to put in perspective observations of current carbon balance of the Amazon basin
and to predict its future evolution. Other regions should be examined for potential long-
term carbon cycle variations
 An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to simulate the impact of the
Amazon deforestation on the South American climate

Clemente A. S. Tanajura1

Sin Chan Chou2

Yong Kang Xue3

Carlos A. Nobre2
1
Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC/MCT)
Av Getúlio Vargas 333, Petrópolis, RJ, 25651-70, Brazil, E-mail: cast@lncc.br
2
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC/INPE/MCT), Brazil
3
Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA

Abstract

An experiment to investigate the impact of the Amazon deforestation on the South

American climate was performed with the regional Eta model coupled to the simplified version of
Simple Biosphere model (SSiB). The model domain covered all South America up to 50 oS. The
initial and lateral boundary conditions were provided by NCEP analyses. Three one-month
integrations during November 1997 were done. The first integration had realistic vegetation mask.
The others had the vegetation type over the Amazon changed from rain forest to savannah and
grassland. All other variables, including initial soil moisture and boundary conditions, were kept
the same as in the control run.
Changing rainforest to savannah produced large decrease of precipitation in central and
eastern Amazon. It also increased the canopy air temperature by more than 1 oC in the whole
Amazon basin, with values of more than 5 oC in eastern Amazon.. The differences also show
increase of precipitation over the Rio de Janeiro area around 22 oS. This region is located to the
south of the area with decreased precipitation. The stationary and transient moisture transports
were affected by the vegetation change, not only over the continent but also over the Southwestern
Atlantic. This affected the simulated South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), which depends on
the Amazon precipitation and is responsible for the precipitation maximum over southeast Brazil
during the austral summer. The upper level circulation was influenced by the reduction of
precipitation and the Bolivian High was not formed. Changing vegetation type from rainforest to
grassland lead to patterns similar to those found previously, but the precipitation decrease in most
of the Amazon region was smaller. This is due to the higher bare soil moisture flux provided by the
grassland in relation to the savannah. The experiment shows that modifications in the climate of
the Amazon and other areas over South American may occur in Amazon deforestation scenarios.
 Regional aspects of the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Assessment of climate change
scenarios due to increase n greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin.

J. A. Marengo, Carlos A. Nobre

CPTEC/INPE, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The release of the IPCC Third Assessment Report has brought to attention the possible
impacts of the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in climate change in the
Amazon basin, beside the possible effect of regional deforestation on climate. New
models and new developments have allowed some new insight on climate change
scenarios in the Amazon region, as compared to the Second Assessment report of IPCC
released in 1996. The four emissions scenarios were combined with low, medium and
high levels of “climate sensitivity” for all climate model projections from the IPCC-
DDC. The combination of ‘low emissions + low climate sensitivity’ (B1) through to
‘high emissions + high climate sensitivity’ (A2) produce a range of future global
warming and sea-level rise curves that span perhaps 90 per cent of likely future climates.
Projected regional changes include for A2 increases in temperature between 3 to 4C
while B1 suggest changes in 1-3 C, with the warming being more pronounced during
winter than in summer. Changes in precipitation are inconsistent for A2, showing
increases of 5-10% during summer, while all year long the changes vary from 0+10%
whole for B1 changes in projected rainfall varies from 0+5%.
It is expected than rainfall reductions forecasted by the IPCC would be in addition to
those expected possible due to deforestation, as proposed by numerical experiments of
deforestation. For the Amazon basin, changes in temperature, precipitation and sea-level
rise for Century XXI, would affect the hydrological cycle (especially evaporation) in the
region, affecting biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and agricultural activities, as well
as extreme weather events in the region, such as the passage of cold fronts and the
presence of dry spells and rainy days. These projections exhibit a degree of uncertainty
due the differences between models, since some of them exhibit problems in representing
the summer-autumn rainfall maximum in northern-central Amazonia, and the fact that
these projections are at regional scale, with some regional details missing since there is
not an availability of downscaled climate change scenarios valid for the different sections
of the basin.
Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley Centre coupled climate-vegetation
model

Richard A. Betts*, Peter M. Cox*, Matthew Collins†, John H. C. Gash‡, Philip P.

Harris‡, Chris Huntingford‡, Chris D. Jones* and Keith D. Williams*

*Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK

†
Department of Meteorology, Reading University, UK
‡
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK

The Hadley Centre General Circulation Model HadCM3 simulates severe

precipitation reductions over a large part of the Amazon region as a consequence of
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In a version of HadCM3 incorporating the
TRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model, this drying leads to a major loss of forest
cover. The simulated Amazonian ecosystems therefore undergo radical changes in
character, and the region becomes a significant source of CO2. Consequently, the
regional-scale climate and ecosystem changes in Amazonia provide a positive
feedback on global warming.

The mechanisms of drying and die-back are complex and involve a number of
feedbacks between CO2 concentration, the atmospheric circulation, sea surface
temperatures, surface hydrology and vegetation. This paper presents current
understanding of the simulated climate and vegetation changes, and discusses
investigations into the robustness of the model result.

Richard A. Betts
Met Office
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
London Road
Bracknell
Berkshire
RG12 2SY
UK
Tel: +44 1344 856877
Fax: +44 1344 854898

Email: richard.betts@metoffice.com
 ABSTRACT - Second International LBA Science Conference

Robert E. Dickinson, Georgia Institute of Technology: 221 Bobby Dodd

Way, Atlanta Ga, 30332, USA: robted@eas.gatech.edu

Role of the Amazon in global carbon cycling.

This paper reviews knowledge of the contributions of the Amazon to global

carbon budgets as determined by growth and decay of its vegetation.
Linkages are made to evapotranspiration and seasonal and diurnal
precipitation and temperature. These linkages in turn determine the
vulnerability of the Amazon ecosystems to global environmental change.
Biophysical and biogeochemical aspects of this coupling between vegetation
and climate are illustrated with climate model simulations.
Simulations of South American hydrometeorology and effects of land
surface processes
Yongkang Xue, Fernando de Sales, Weiping Li, and Chou Sin Chan

This paper presents our studies using the NCEP GCM and the Eta regional. In
both atmospheric models, SSiB has been used to simulate the surface conditions. In the
Eta/SSiB study, a climate version has been used for three-months continuous simulations
through a dry season. This version includes updating surface boundary conditions, e.g.,
sea surface temperature, the distance between sun and earth, and other conditions. A
vegetation map developed at the CPTEC has also been introduced. The observational
data of precipitation and surface temperature from CPTEC have been used to verify the
model output. The results show realistic simulations in the temporal and spatial
variations of precipitation. The influence of land surface processes to the precipitation is
through the atmospheric circulation and moisture flow.
A coupled NCEP GCM/SSiB has also been used to investigate the interactions
between land surface processes and hydrometeorology, in particular the interactions
between land and monsoon system. Several sets of experiments are designed to
investigate the role of the land surface process. Impacts of different surface models,
initial soil moisture, and leaf area index are tested. In one experiment initial soil moisture
is provided by the global soil moisture project. In another experiment, the leaf area index
is from the satellite observation. In the third one, no explicit vegetation scheme but only
soil model is used. These experiments show that the importance of the land surface
parameterization and vegetation and soil condition in the simulations of hydro-
meteorological variability. In addition to the impact on the continent, the effect also
extends to the East Pacific Ocean through the circulation. The impact on the Atlantic
Ocean is relatively small.
The use of a GCM analogue model to assess the impact of uncertainty in Amazônian land
surface parameterisation on future atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

C. Huntingford [chg@ceh.ac.uk], P.P. Harris [ppha@ceh.ac.uk], J.H.C. Gash [jhg@ceh.ac.uk]

[CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK.]

P.M. Cox [peter.cox@metoffice.com], R.A. Betts [richard.betts@metoffice.com]

[Met Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berks., UK.]

J. Marengo [marengo@cptec.gov.br]
[Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo,
Brazil.]

Based on Hadley Centre GCM simulations, propagating patterns exist in the way that surface
climatology is predicted to vary within a changing climate. Such patterns are observed for
surface temperature, humidity, solar forcing and rainfall, which all influence land-surface
response. The derived spatial patterns are indexed by the global mean land temperature, which,
within the resultant “GCM analogue model”, depends upon modelled atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases.

The analogue model has been extended to incorporate an interactive global carbon cycle. The
model generates a surface climate, consistent with atmospheric CO2 concentration, which is
used to drive a land-surface scheme (MOSES) coupled to a dynamic terrestrial carbon cycle
model (TRIFFID). Changes in terrestrial carbon are allowed to feedback onto atmospheric CO2
concentration, and a “single point” sub-model represents global atmosphere-ocean CO2 fluxes.
Such inclusion of land and ocean carbon dioxide feedbacks means that a model is available that
may be driven by a range of carbon emissions scenarios, is based upon the latest GCM
simulations and places high physical representation within the land surface component.

Using this computationally quick methodology, the sensitivity of the global carbon cycle to
uncertainty in the land-surface parameterisation for Amazônia is investigated. Such uncertainty
is directly related to the trajectory in atmospheric CO2 concentration for a “business as usual”
emissions scenario. As such, some measure of “error bars” on predictions of future climate
change can be related directly to uncertainty in Amazônian land-surface response.
Poster title: Global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates of
Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes.

Authors:
Christopher Potter, NASA Ames Research Center
Steven Klooster, California State University Monterey Bay
Vipin Kumar, University of Minnesota
Ranga Myneni, Boston University

Abstract:

Our LBA-ECO research team is investigating global teleconnections of ocean

climate to regional satellite-driven observations for Amazon ecosystem
production, mainly in the form of monthly predictions of net carbon exchange
over the period 1982-1999 from the NASA-CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford) Biosphere
model. This model is driven by observed surface climate and monthly estimates
of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed PAR (FPAR)
generated at 0.5 degree spatial resolution from the NOAA satellite Advanced Very
High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Land surface AVHRR data processing using
modified MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) radiative
transfer algorithms includes improved calibration for intra- and inter-sensor
variations, partial atmospheric correction for gaseous absorption and
scattering, and correction for stratospheric aerosol effects associated with
volcanic eruptions. .Results from our analysis suggest that anomalies of net
primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) predicted from the
NASA-CASA model over large areas of the Amazon region west of 60 degrees
longitude are strongly (and negatively) correlated with the Southern Oscillation
Index (SOI), whereas NPP and NEP anomalies over large areas of the region east
of 60 degrees longitude are strongly (and positively) correlated with SOI.
Certain areas of the region appear to have strong linkages of the NASA-CASA NPP
anomaly record to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Geophysical
processes are investigated for these global teleconnections of ocean climate to
Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes and land surface climate.
 1

Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and the Effects of Experimental Rainfall Reduction

Eddie Lenza (eddie@unb.br); Carlos Augusto Klink (klink@unb.br))

Universidade de Brasília (UnB)
SCRN 714/15, Bloco G, Ent. 35, Kit 01, Brasília-DF, Fone: 0xx61 274-9132

Rapid changes in land use are bringing important modifications to ecosystem processes in the
Cerrado savanna of central Brazil. Land cover change models anticipate a decrease in
precipitation and a concomitant increase in the frequency of dry spells during the wet season
in the Cerrado. This research aims to test the effects of experimental rainfall reduction on the
phenology of woody plants in Cerrado vegetation. Our approach was to classify plants into
functional types according to their foliage phenology (evergreen and brevideciduous). 256
plants belonging to 19 woody species were tagged in two adjacent plots (“control” and
“treatment”), each with 20m X 20m, located in the Reserva Ecologica do Roncador (RECOR-
IBGE) located in Brasilia. Here we report on the one-year observation (pre-treatment).
Rainfall exclusion will start in the coming wet season (September/October). No strong
difference in phenology between the two plots has been observed. At the community level
more than 50% of plants maintained full canopy for 9 months. Plants shed leaves during the
dry season (August and September 2000 and July and August 2001). For both the evergreen
Roupala montana and the brevideciduous Dalbergia miscolobium more than 50% of plants
with complete canopy have been found in the two plots during 10 months. Plants of the first
species were never completely leafless, while almost 50% of plants of the second species
were leafless at the end of August 2001.
 Contrasting conditions of atmospheric water balance and moisture transport in
summertime in the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.

J. A. Veiga 1, J. A. Marengo 2, J. F. Oliveira. 1

LMO/CPTEC/INPE, São José dos Campos Sp, Brazil. 1
CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista Sp, Brazil. 1
Nº inscrição JVEI-0154
Rua avião tangara 71, bairro Jd Souto.
CEP: 12227160
Cidade São Jose dos Campos.
Fone: 0XX12 3945-6660
José Augusto Paixão Veiga
E-mails: Jaugusto@cptec.inpe.br

In this study we study and assess the components of the atmospheric water balance and
the moisture transport in the Amazon basin, using the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses and
focusing on the 1997-98 and 1998-99 extremes of the Southern Oscillation. The summer
of 1998 was characterized as rainfall deficient, with large negative rainfall departures in
southern Amazonia, which persisted during the autumn peak of the rainy season in
northern Amazonia. On the other hand, the summer of 1999 was considered between
normal and moderately rainy in northern and central Amazonia. Moisture fluxes indicate
the weak moisture input from the tropical Atlantic into the Amazon region during the
1998 El Niño summer, generating large rainfall departures in most of the region. In fact,
the vertical cross sections tend to show a weak moisture input into the Amazon, while the
exportation of moisture outside the Amazon by the Low Level Jet east of the Andes
(LLJ) during 1998 was very intense, showing that besides the Amazon basin receiving
less moisture from the tropical North Atlantic, this little amount was exported outside the
region. Situation in 1999 was not much different from the normal, showing that rainfall
and moisture transport into and outside the Amazon basin is more sensitive to El Nino
and its related circulation anomalies that to La Nina. Previous studies using upper air
observations and modeling have shown that the summer of 1998 exhibited more frequent
and intense LLJ than the summer of 1999, consistent with the circulation and rainfall
composites 1998-1999 presented in here.
The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on the seasonal photosynthetic light
response of trees in a forest area in eastern Brazilian Amazonia.

M. B. DIAS-FILHO, J. B. GUERRERO and D. C. NEPSTAD

Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, 66017-970, Belém, PA, Brazil, moacyr@cpatu.embrapa.br

We studied the effect of partial throughfall exclusion on the photosynthetic capacity

(Amax) of seven tree species in a primary forest area, in the State of Pará, Brazil. Light
response curves were measured, during the peak of the dry season (Dec 2001) and in the
middle of the wet season (Mar 2002), on undamaged, mature leaves, using an infrared
gas analyzer with an attached red LED light source. Measurements were made on species
from three different groups: 1) canopy species: Sclerolobium chrysophyllum (Fabaceae)
and Erisma uncinatum; 2) low-canopy species: Coussarea racemosa (Rubiaceae),
Guatteria poeppigiana (Annonaceae) and Poecilanthe effusa (Fabaceae), and 3) pioneer
species: Aparisthmium cordatum (Euphorbiaceae) and Miconia ruficalyx
(Melastomataceae). For each group, curves were measured for attached leaves, between 8
and 12 h local time, at around 25, 12 and 10 m, respectively. Amax was lowest in the
throughfall exclusion treatment, during the peak of the dry season, for all groups. This
difference was highest for the pioneer (4.92 ± 1.99 vs. 2.66 ± 0.76 µmol m-2 s-1, mean ±
standard deviation) and the canopy (10.07 ± 1.63 vs. 5.51 ± 2.32) species and lowest for
the low canopy species (6.03 ± 0.77 vs. 4.28 ± 0.81). S. chrysophyllum and A. cordatum
were the most affected species, with reductions in Amax of 73 and 72 %, respectively. In
March 2002, recovery in the photosynthetic capacity was already evident for the low-
canopy (7.05 ± 0.76 vs. 7.11 ± 0.84) and pioneer (8.14 ± 2.65 vs. 7.47 ± 1.61) species,
but less apparent for the canopy (12.15 ± 0.95 vs. 8.18 ± 0.56) species.
1) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes of water and
carbon dioxide.
8 2,7 2 1,8 8 3
P Meir , E. Sotta , R da Costa , PJ de Oliveira , L Aragao5, R Fisher ,JMN Costa , Y Malhi8, M Williams8, J Grace8,
1
ACL Costa .
1. Universidade Federal de Pará (Brazil).2. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Brazil).3. Universidade Federal de Viçosa
(Brazil). 4. EMBRAPA, Brazil. 5. INPE, Brazil. 6.Instituto de Agronomia Superior, Portugal. 7. University of
Goettingen. 8. University of Edinburgh (UK).

Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para
using transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of sap flow in
trees and soil carbon efflux before and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Comparisons
were made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2km
away, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The exclusion of rainfall resulted in
a reduction in soil water volume content by more than 30% in comparison to the control measurements. The
effects of reduced soil moisture content on water use by trees (sap flow) and soil respiration rates are
presented.
 Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE
SCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),

MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOIL WATER

VOLUMETRIC CONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,
BRAZIL.

1
Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA ; Patrick MEIR2; P.J. OLIVEIRA2; R. B. SILVA3; A. C. L. COSTA3;
Y. MALHI ; J. M. N. COSTA ; M. L. P. RUIVO1 and V. ANDRADE3.
2 4

1
MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.
Contact; e-mail: rfcosta@museu-goeldi.br or rfcostampeg@bol.com.br
2
IERM/UEdin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
3
UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil.
4
UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

The Caxiuanã National Forest, with an area of 330,000 hectares (1º43’ S; 51º32’
W) belonging to the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), far from approximately
400 km West of city of Belém, Para, Brazil. The experimental site was separated in three
different areas; Plot A, Plot B (with 1 ha each) and Plot T, where is installed the
micrometeorological LBA’s tower. In the Plots A and B were made four trenches in each
one (with 1x2x5 meters width/length/depth each) where were installed the soil water
probes, in two sides, at different levels, from surface to 5 meters deep. The Plot B is
being used for the ESECAFLOR Experiment, and was covered by plastics panels, to
simulate a drought period in the forest for analysis of them influences. In the Plot T were
made two trenches like the others. The preliminary analysis indicated large variation in
the soil water volumetric contents among the plots A, B and T. The soils at Caxiuanã are
well drained to moderately drained, sandy to clay, acidic and poor of nutrients, with a pH
ranging from highly acidic (3.5) to moderately acidic (5.5). For the soil water content
measurements was used the TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometer) system, using Tektronic
1502B/C equipment with WATTDR 3.11 software (Waterloo Centre for Groundwater
Research). Monthly measurements are being made since September’2000. The Plot A
showed values between 7.8% (Oct’2001) and 15.3% (May’2001). Plot B registered 6.5%
(Oct’2001) and 15.7% (Jun’2001). The plot T showed 19.5 and 20% to Nov’2000 and
Nov’2001 respectively for minimums values and 27.3% (Mar’2001), 29.2% (Mar’2002).
After to closed, in December of 2001, the plastic cover in the Plot B, this Plot reached
–35.1% soil water content, when compared with Plot A. This characterisation is
important for assessment of the soil in view of the expected changes in soil characteristics
during and after the ESECAFLOR Experiment. It is very important to assess the impact
of drought on water balance, carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon stock in the soil to
investigate future sustainability of the Amazon forest ecosystem.

Key words: Soil Water Content, Amazônia and Forest.

3) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gas exchange.

R Vale1, MM Chaves1,2, CJR Carvalho3, J Maroco2, S Almeida4, J Grace5, JS Pereira1, P Meir5

1-Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Lisboa. Portugal. 2-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica. Oeiras. Portugal. 3-
Lab. Ecofisiologia Vegetal. Embrapa Amazonia Oriental. Belém. Brasil. 4-Museu Goeldi. Belém. Brasil. 5-University of
Edinburgh. UK.

Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para using
transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of leaf gas exchange before and
after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Measurements of stomatal conductance and the maximum rate of
carboxylation and electron transport were measured on leaves at different levels throughout the vertical profile of the
canopy. Comparisons were made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third
plot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The exclusion of rainfall resulted in a
reduction in soil water volume content by more than 30% in comparison to the control measurements. Before the
experimental exclusion of rainfall no statistical differences could be discerned between leaves in the canopy profile at the
different sites. The effect of the experimental reduction in soil moisture on canopy physiology is discussed.
Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes.

Ricardo de O. Figueiredo and Wanderley Rocha da Silva

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia

Daniel Markewitz and Elizabeth L. Belk

The University of Georgia

Eric A. Davidson and Daniel Nepstad

The Woods Hole Research Center

Alex V. Krusche
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – USP

Luciana Pimentel da Silva

Universidade Federal do Pará – Bolsista ITI, CNPq/LBA

Address of corresponding author:

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia
Av. Nazaré, 669 - Belém - PA - 66035-170 - Brazil
Email: rofig@amazon.com.br

In recent years, the world’s major moist tropical forest have experienced increasingly
severe and prolonged droughts associated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
If this current trend is sustained due to changing climatic conditions the effects on
tropical forest could be dramatic. To investigate the effect of prolonged drought on
tropical forest nutrient fluxes in solution we established a throughfall exclusion
experiment in the Tapajos National Forest. The experiment consists of paired one-
hectare plots that are trenched to >1.5m depth and a network of plastic panels excluding
~50% of throughfall in the treatment plot. After nine months of pre-treatment
measurements the throughfall exclusion panels were installed in February 2000. Panels
are removed in the dry season (June-Nov.) and re-installed in the rainy season (Dec.-
May) every year. Here we report solution chemical results from bulk precipitation,
throughfall, litter leachate, and 25 and 200 cm soil solutions for the period May 1999 to
July 2001. During the pretreatment period few significant differences were apparent in
solution chemical concentrations. During the following two wet seasons of throughfall
exclusion no changes in throughfall chemistry were observed, but increases in litter
leachate and soil solution concentrations in the exclusion plot were apparent, particularly
for NO3, K, and Ca. Because this effect was not observed for all elements, we do not
think it is due only to the concentration of nutrients in a smaller volume of soil water, but
rather is also due to effects of drought on nutrient cycling processes. We are currently
developing a soil hydrologic model to calculate the rate of movement of these nutrients
through the soil profile.
 The influence of land surface winds show how fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainy
season and the influence of South American rainfall on the winter climate over
North Atlantic, Europe and eastern North America

Rong Fu
Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology
221 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340
Tel: 404-385-0670; Fax: 404-385-1512; Email: fu@eas.gatech.edu

Abstract:
Our analysis of satellite observations and reanalyses products has suggested that
the transition from dry to wet season over Amazon is initiated by an increase of land
surface fluxes, whereas the dynamic responses to the increase of the surface flux, such as
an increasing moisture transport, accelerate the transition. A delayed onset could either
by caused by abnormally preseasonal dryness, or by a slower increase of the surface
fluxes, in addition to a weaker large-scale moisture transport.
We have also observed that during boreal winter, decreases of South American
rainfall are correlated with enhanced anticyclonic surface winds over the mid-latitude
North Atlantic and cyclonic flow over the Northeastern North Atlantic a few days later.
The latter also increases cyclonic weather activity over Western and Northern Europe and
eastern United States, and decreases precipitation over the Mediterranean region.
Comparison with simulations by a time-dependent barotropic model suggests that the
prevailing weak westerly winds in the upper tropospheric tropical Atlantic during boreal
winter allow latitudinal propagation of a Rossby wave disturbance that leads to the
observed remote influence of South American rainfall on winds over the North Atlantic.

1
2
2) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfall and tree
growth.

S. Almeida1, R. Santos1, ACL Costa2, J. Grace3, Y. Malhi3, P. Meir3

1. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Brazil) 2. Universidade Federal de Pará (Brazil). 3. University of Edinburgh (UK).

Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para using
transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of litterfall and tree growth
before and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Comparisons were made between adjacent control and
treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem flux
measurements were also made. The effects of reduced soil moisture on the seasonality in litterfall and the annual tree
growth rate are discussed in the context of seasonality in the forest carbon cycle.
Water use efficiency increases in response to drought for Vismia guianensis in the
overstory of an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Steel S. Vasconcelos1, Daniel J. Zarin2, Stephen S. Mulkey2, Claudio José R. de Carvalho3,

Lucas B. Fortini2

1
Projeto MANFLORA, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, P. O. Box 917, Belém,
2
PA, 66077-530, Brazil, E-mail: manflora@amazon.com.br; University of Florida, USA,
3
E-mail: zarin@ufl.edu, mulkey@botany.ufl.edu, lucasfortini@usa.net; EMBRAPA
Amazônia Oriental, Brazil, E-mail: carvalho@cpatu.embrapa.br

We assessed the impact of drought on an abundant overstory species (V. guianensis) by

measuring leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange in irrigated and control plots in an
Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest during the 2001 dry-season. Light-saturated CO2
assimilation rates (Amax) under PPFD of 1500 µmol m-2 s-1 and light response curves were
performed with a portable photosynthesis system on young, fully developed leaves. Pre-
dawn and midday leaf water potential were measured with a pressure chamber. Irrigated
plants maintained higher leaf water potential in relation to control plants. Amax values
showed a decreasing trend during the dry season and were similar between treatments on
five of six measurement dates; on one measurement date, irrigated plants showed higher
Amax than non-irrigated plants (16.4 ± 1.5 vs. 10.8 ± 4.6 µmol m-2 s-1). Stomatal
conductance (gs) values of irrigated plants were relatively constant during the whole dry
season; control plants were consistently lower and showed a very sharp decrease in
stomatal conductance from the mid to the end of the dry season. Instantaneous water-use
efficiency (Amax/gs) values increased in control plants as the dry season progressed, while
remaining constant in irrigated plants. Light response curves obtained near the end of the
dry season showed a trend of higher light compensation and saturation points in control
plants than in irrigated plants. These results suggest that V. guianensis is able to maintain
gas exchange during moderate drought through regulation of stomatal water loss.
Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Benedita M. G. Federal University of Acre Oral Amazonia as a shared space: the case
Esteves of “Brasivianos” along the frontier
between Acre, Brazil and Pando,
Bolivia.
Bertha Koiffmann UFRJ (Universidade Oral Local Responses to Global Changes
Becker Federal do Rio de Janeiro) Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-
Environmental Model

Reinaldo Correa Departamento de Oral Politicas Publicas em antiga área de

Costa Geografia-FFLCH/USP fronteira: o eixo Transamazonica-Xingu.

Richard Bilsborrow University of North Oral Population, Economy and Land Use in
Carolina the Ecuadorian Amazon
Scott Hoefle Universidade Federal do Oral Pro-Active Political Participation and
Rio de Janeiro Sustainable Development in the Central
Amazon
Bertha Koiffmann UFRJ (Universidade Poster A Conceptual Model for Interated
Becker Federal do Rio de Janeiro) Research on Humann Dimension in
Amazonia
Cintia Honorio INPE/DSR Poster The relationship between deforestation
Vasconcelos rates, precipitation and Malaria
incidence rates
F. Kennedy A. de Federal University of Acre Poster Carbon as an economic strategy to
Souza (UFAC) reduce deforestation in southwestern
Amazonia: opportunities and limits for
rural populations in Acre State, Brazil

I.F. Brown WHRC-UFF-UFAC Poster The broader impacts of LBA science:

Examples from Acre, Brazil.

Maria del Carmen WHRC Poster The economic costs of fire in the
Vera Diaz Brazilian Amazon: a valuation study

Maria Ruivo Museu Paraense Emílio Poster MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE

Goeldi ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH
AND YELLOW LATOSSOL IN
CAXIUANÃ SITE
Mónica J. De Los Rios Federal University of Acre Poster Challenges in the democratization of
Maldonado (UFAC) knowledge generated by LBA for
Amazonian societies

Rebecca Powell University of California, Poster Mapping and monitoring urban land-
Santa Barbara cover change in Rondônia using
spectral mixture analysis
René Poccard- CIRAD-Ecopol - USP-FEA- Poster MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL
Chapuis PROCAM DEVELOPMENT AND
SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERN
BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Rodrigo O. P. Serrano Federal University of Acre Poster Reliability of low-cost GPS data for
ecological and land use studies in
Amazonia
Sueli Oliveira Martins Istituto de Estudos Poster Reflorestamento Econômico
Avançados DA Consorciado Adensado-RECA: Um
universidade de S. Paulo Estudo sobre Desenvolvimento
Integrado na Amazônia.
Amazonia as a shared space: the case of “Brasivianos” along the frontier between
Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia.

Benedita M.G. Esteves1, Paulo R.N. Ferreira2, and Hudisley. S. de Oliveira2.

1
Coordinator of the research group Society and Environment and professor of the
History Department of the Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
benedita_esteves@uol.com.br
2
Student research intern of the History Department, Federal University of Acre, Rio
Branco, AC, Brazil

This research is part of a set of studies on migrations in the frontier regions of

southwestern Amazonia, specifically in extractive regions of Acre State/Brazil, Pando
Department/Bolivia and Madre de Dios Department/Peru. The results of our case study
of Brazilians that migrate to Pando alters the current perception of Amazonia, one where
geopolitical definitions of space define national territories but are without socio-
environmental content. The manner that the concept of the Amazonian region has been
used reduces one of the basic notions of social sciences -- that of space – to a locality, as
if Amazonia was a restricted region of Brazil, omitting the extensive area of contiguous
forests that occur in neighboring countries. Such a geopolitical appropriation does not
take into account the network of relations within the region established among resident
populations. Amerindians, caboclos, river bank dwellers, and extractivists define their
territories using existing natural resources. These populations create their proper nations.
The rubber tapper nation is one of them, defined by the relationship of man and nature.
This study focuses on Brazilian rubber tappers as they seek land and work in the Pando-
Acre region and their migrations between extractive areas and urban peripheries.
Approximately 6000 Brazilian families have resided in the Bolivian Pando. Recent
geopolitical decisions and economic trends have resulted in a migration to urban
environments with three families a day arriving in the urban center of Brasileia on the
Bolivian border. The reality of this situation has great importance for regional public
policy, particularly for municipal education programs.
 1

Session: Human Dimension, of Global Environmental Change

Abstract: Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-
Environmental Model
Bertha K. Becker
Department of Geography Laboratory on Management – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Av. Atlântica, 1896/1301 – Copacabana – CEP. 22021-001 – Rio de Janeiro - Brasil
E-mail: nfrancina@globo.com ou nfrancina@bol.com.br

Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental

Model

The complexity of Human Dimensions of global changes implies recognizing

diverse interests and underlying factors in the analysis of situations. Emphasis in scientiphic
analysis is usually given to the impacts of local processes on global changes. There are,
however global changes impacts on local processes. Impacts that are not merely
environmental and cannot be dissociated from economic and geopolitical interests, and
Science must be aware of these complex conditions of global change.
Important structural changes took place in the Amazon since the 1970’s, such as:
connectivy, industrialization, urbanization and particularly, change in the social structure,
which are expressed in the diversification of territorial occupation and use in five major
patterns (Becker, 2002). The focus of this paper, based mainly on field research, is the socio-
environmental pattern. It is the one that better expresses local responses to global changes
impacts, and is the less studied and diffused in international scientiphic literature.
Hundreds of community experiments are beeing developed in the Amazon
configuring a new socio-environmental model. The landmark of its emergence is 1985, with
the creation of the National Council of Rubbertappers, a symbol of the organization of local
social movements against their land and resources expropriation. Conflicts of the 1970’s and
1980’s changed into organized demands expressed in alternative bottom-up development
projects. They are experiments associated to bio-sociodiversity. Each of them develops in a
certain ecossistem, with populations of different ethnic or geographic origin – Indians,
rubbertappers, riverains, and peasants -, as well as different socio-economic and political
structure, techniques and alliances (Becker, 1995).
The Catholic Church gave the basic support for community fights and organizations
throughout the region. As global concerns with regional environmental protection increased,
new national and particularly international partners became the crucial support for these
movements. Technical and financial support, given by religions organizations, ngos,
development agencies, banks.
Telecommunications networks are the basic strategy used for communities to relate
with actors at the global scale, aiming to get support for their survival. Global motivations are
complex. They include environmental protection concerns, economic and geopolitical
interests of having access to information and control of the region’s natural capital, as well as
scientiphic motivations.
The socio-environmental model represents an important local contribution for the
solution of global problems: biodiversity loss, deforestation and it effects on climate. But, if
it is a relatively political and environmental success, the economic conditions of the
populations involved are far from being satisfactory, challenging research, public policies and
international cooperation to search and develop conditions for its sustainability.
Políticas públicas em antiga área de fronteira:o eixo Transamazônica -Xingu

Reinaldo Corrêa Costa*

Neste estudo analisarei o atual processo que está ocorrendo na área de Altamira (PA),
localizada no centro do estado do Pará, e é atravessada pelo rio Xingu no sentido norte-
sul e pela rodovia Transamazônica (BR 230) no sentido leste-oeste. Essa é uma das
antigas áreas de fronteira dos anos de 1970 e 1980, este estudo de caso analisará porque
com a chegada de energia elétrica vinda da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, começou uma
“efervescência” territorial na área de empreendimentos, como madereiras, laticínios e
serrarias. No contexto, há os que especulam que a chegada de energia elétrica é para
proporcionar a construção da hidrelétrica do rio Xingu, denominada de complexo
hidrelétrico de Belo Monte e, por isso temem que se repita em Altamira o que aconteceu
em Tucuruí. Dentro desse processo existem as cicatrizes dos projetos anteriores, como a
colonização oficial às margens da BR-230; alguns questionamentos são necessários:
como estão essas pessoas agora? O quê mudou? Como está a situação dos índios?,
principalmente daqueles que poderão perder suas terras, caso seja construída a
hidrelétrica. Esses são os pontos de observação/reflexão para estudar o espaço
geográfico e as territorialidades nele existentes após a fronteira em uma área da
Amazônia brasileira

*Doutorando em Geografia/USP.
Endereço: Cidade Universitária, CRUSP, Bloco C, Apto. 311, Butantã, São Paulo (SP),
05508-900.# reicosta@usp.br
Population, Economy and Land Use in the Ecuadorian
Amazon
Richard E. Bilsborrow and William K.Y. Pan
Carolina Population Center
University of North Carolina
123 W. Franklin Street
Chapel Hill, NC 27516
USA
richard_bilsborrow@unc.edu

This paper will bring together some results from a longitudinal study of
population, socio-economic factors, and land use (including deforestation) in the
northern Ecuadorian Amazon. This region, comprising the provinces of
Sucumbios and Orellana, has experienced an intense process of colonization
during the past three decades following the discovery of large petroleum fields
in 1967 near what is now the largest city in the Ecuadorian Amazon, Lago
Agrio. To extract the oil, oil companies built a network of roads connecting
hundreds of wells to oil pipelines which ultimately fed into the TransAndean
Pipeline to the Pacific port of Esmeraldas. The roads made the region
accessible for the first time to land-starved farmers who migrated to the region
mainly from the Sierra or highlands region. Since the Amazon of Ecuador is
one of the world’s 11 “hotspots” of biodiversity (according to the ecologist,
Myers), the clearing of its forests to create farms has high ecological costs. At
the same time, most colonist families are poor. It is therefore important to
develop policies that are more sustainable in the region to both improve the
livelihoods of the poor migrant families as well as to reduce the high rate of
degradation of the stunning natural environment.

As a result we designed a survey of migrant farm households in 1990 to collect

data to investigate these phenomena. With access to lists of colonist settlement
areas (called sectors) and the number of original farms per sector from the
government Institute of Land Reform and Colonization (IERAC), we were able
to select a probability sample of migrant farm plots. On each plots we
interviewed both heads of households and spouses, obtaining a wealth of
information on household composition, fertility and health, migration, land titling,
land use and technology, cattle, income, environmental problems, timber
extraction, assets, use of local infrastructure, etc. In 1999 we repeated the
survey on the same plots, providing a rich longitudinal data base on population
and land use. By 1999 the population living on the plots had grown by half due
to both continuing in-migration and subdivision of plots among heirs. At the
same time, forest cover declined from 56 % to 45 %, indicating continuing forest
clearing. Data will be shown on demographic changes, socio-economic factors,
changes in land use and technology, and interrelationships. In addition, farm
plots, households, roads, rivers, local community centers and infrastructure,
etc., were all geo-referenced in 1999-2000, permitting placing the study in a
broader spatial context. The paper will conclude with a discussion of policy
recommendations and further research needs.
 CONVIDADO DA MESA REDONDA

“HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE”

PRO-ACTIVE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

Ana Maria de Souza Mello Bicalho

Scott William Hoefle**

Laboratório de Gestão do Território – LAGEG

Departamento de Geografia – IGEO/CCMN
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Cidade Universitária – Ilha do Fundão
21941-590 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brasil

Political sustainability in the sense of local people controlling the nature and the form of
development policy and implementation lies at the heart of generating sustainable livelihoods in
the Amazon. The conflict between new forms of political participation at the local and
international levels, on one side, and old forms of client-patron political relationships at the state
and national levels, on the other, is analyzed in areas on and beyond the advancing frontier of
open-field agriculture in the Central Amazon.
Over the last thirty years a silent revolution in county level politics was induced by the
Catholic Church and today communities successfully pressure municipal politicians to provide
basic services. Over the last fifteen, another, not so silent, revolution took place in Amazonian
politics with the active involvement of international and national non-governmental
organizations. While considerable empowerment of previously marginalized Amerindians,
rubber tapers and frontier peasants has occurred, beyond the county level throughout much of the
region, patronage networks, be they modern or “post-modern”, remain top-down in their
decision-making process, significant horizontal political mobilization between different social
actors has not emerged and grassroots political organization has been stymied by authoritarian
politics at the state level and neo-liberal “predatory democracy” at the national level.
Positive experience in the cases of Silves and Iranduba counties as well as in Amerindian
political mobilization are used to show that participatory development is most successful when
traditional social structures and knowledge are mobilized and when new economic activities are
developed. Economic success enhances political participation, which, in turn, overcomes bias in
state development policy, further enhancing economic success in an upward spiral. However, on
a regional basis, only the Amerindians have managed to effectively scale upward to higher levels
of political participation. Consequently, the rise of enclaves of pro-active farming communities
or of restricted local development do not lead to regional political sustainability so that much still
needs to be done to break through the stonewall of state and national level politics.

** Invited Oral Presenter

Poster Abstract: A Conceptual Model for Integrated Research on Human Dimension in
Amazonia
Bertha K. Becker
Department of Geography Laboratory on Management – Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro
Av. Atlântica, 1896/1301 – Copacabana – CEP. 22021-001 – Rio de Janeiro - Brasil
E-mail: nfrancina@globo.com ou nfrancina@bol.com.br

A Conceptual Model for Integrated Research on Human Dimension in Amazonia

Undoubtly, there has been a great advance in research on Amazonia,

particularly in the last decade but, many problems still remain further progress. One of
its major challenges is the disarticulation of research initiatives. Another one is the
need to consider the human dimension since it is recognized that there is no possibility
of environmental protection without the participation and better living conditions of
regional inhabitants.
Its means that we need a general framework, which can encompass links
between different projects and between natural and social processes. With these
challenges in mind, a general framework is here proposed based on the major patterns
of occupation and use of the regional territory. Research according to thematic lines is
fundamental for deepening knowledge but it has not allowed us to reach the necessary
level of generalization to understand regional dynamics and, to contribute to public
policies.
Is there a better framework to insert thematic lines than the concept of
territory? This would allow us to solve the problems pointed out, because:
- territory is the space of practice. On one hand, it is a product of social
practice, associated to the appropriation of a portion of space; on the other hand, it is
also a product used by actors, a means for their practice;
- territory expresses the result of the interaction of multiple variables – social
and natural – which determine the process of change;
- the major patterns of territorial occupation and use offer a vision of the whole
region, allowing researchers to locate themselves within it;
- research related to one or more of these patterns, offers the possibility of an
integrated and cumulative knowledge of the specific patterns under study and also of the
regional dynamics as a whole.
Five major patterns of territorial occupation and use are identified:
1- primary forests searcely inhabited
2- expansion of agropastoral frontier
3- socio-environmental innovations
4- consolidated settlement
5- increased productivy
The model takes into account the central elements of territorial occupation and
use, the main features of its major patterns, and the demands they pose for S/T.
 INFLUÊNCIA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E DO DESMATAMENTO NA INCIDÊNCIA
DE MALÁRIA NA REGIÃO DE TUCURUÍ, PARÁ

VASCONCELOS, C.H.
Doutoranda na Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada
Av. Trabalador Sãocarlense, 400 Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brasil
cintia@ltid.inpe.br

DRa. NOVO, E.M.L.M.

Pesquisadora pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
Av. dos Astronautas, 1578 Jd. da Granja 12227-010, São José dos Campos-SP, Brasil
evlyn@ltid.inpe.br

Dr.CONFALONIERI, U.
Pesquisador pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/ Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (Fiocruz/Ensp)
Av. Brasil, 4036 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil
pmags@ensp.fiocruz.br

ABSTRACT

Malaria is a complex disease that reaches million people around the world, mainly in the
African continent, South America and Asia. Transmission of malaria depends on the
interaction between the vector (mosquito Anopheles), the parasite (plasmodium), the hosts
and the environment. The risk of malaria infection is determined by the following factors:
parasite cycle within the anopheles and its survival time combined with human exposure to
the vector. The life cycle of the malaria parasite and of the mosquito are directly related to
many factors such as precipitation, humidity and temperature. Moreover, there are other
factors contributing to the increase of disease in the entire world: parasite antimalarial drug
resistance; mosquito insecticide resistance; environmental changes (deforestation,
construction of dams); climatic changes; migration; population increase and lack of a
organized of health system. For controlling malaria, it will be necessary the development of
efficient vaccine and monitoring system. While scientists do not obtain this vaccine,
however, it is necessary to prevent the infection, improving the system for to fighting the
vector. The aim of this research is to study the relationship between the incidence of
malaria in the Tucuruí dam region, Brazilian Amazon, deforestation and precipitation from
95 to 97. Deforestation data provided by PRODES-INPE, malaria incidence records from
the National Foundation of Health, Para Estate and precipitation measurements provided
by the National Agency of Electric Power (Aneel) are being used. The expected results is
to obtain a positive correlation between deforestation rates and the incidence of malaria,
because in the areas of high deforestation there is a increase in migration rates and also the
increase in recent contact man-mosquito which is responsible for the spread in the
infestation rates.
Keywords: malaria, deforestation, environmental change, precipitation.
Carbon as an economic strategy to reduce deforestation in southwestern Amazonia:
opportunities and limits for rural populations in Acre State, Brazil

F. Kennedy A. de Souza1 and Diogo Selhorst1,2

1
Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change
Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC, Rio Branco, AC Brazil, sakf@zipmail.com.br
2
Foundation Bioma, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil

The Avança Brasil Program plans to invest approximately one billion dollars per
year for the next five years in southwestern Amazonia, which includes Acre. To
guarantee access of rural products to markets, the Acre State government plans to invest
32 million dollars/yr in roads. Rural economic agents direct their investments and will
define the evolution of regional deforestation, possibly accelerated by these
infrastructural investments. Cattle raising, occupying 75% of the deforested areas of the
State, is the most dynamic sector. In 1998 it was responsible for 18% of exports from the
State; by 2001 this proportion increased to 75%. The total contribution of agriculture and
cattle ranching to the state economy increases by about 8.2 million dollars/yr. One of the
possible mechanisms to influence these rural economic agents can be via economic
incentives using carbon. We simulated the effect of avoided deforestation on committed
carbon emissions. The average rate of deforestation in Acre is 53,000 ha/yr and can be
disaggregated into small producers and large cattle ranchers. The amount of carbon
stocked in biomass and liberated by the transformation of forest to pasture is about 130 to
200 tons C/ha. At US$10/ton, the ‘value’ of the carbon is on the order of US$1,300 to
2,000/ha. Avoiding deforestation would be worth approximately 70 to 100 million
dollars/yr, raising per capita rural incomes by 195 to 300 dollars/yr. In extractive reserves
this value could reach 500 dollars/yr/family. Administrative costs, however, are not
included and could reach 45% of the value, if current trends hold. The State of Acre is
considered a model of sustainable development for the region and will need to develop
mechanisms, such as carbon incentives, to limit deforestation.
The broader impacts of LBA science: Examples from Acre, Brazil.

Foster Brown1,2 and Silvia Brilhante2

1
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Federal Fluminense
University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil (fbrown@whrc.org)
2
Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (pz@ufac.br)

The paradigm of doing science is changing. Funding agencies in Brazil and the
U.S. have expanded their criteria to include impacts on such topics as public policy,
education, and under-represented groups. Such a paradigm shift can be seen in the
NASA research announcements for LBA-ECO, in the evaluation of LBA by the Ministry
of Science and Technology (MCT), in directives from National Science Foundation, and
in the Pilot Program for the Preservation of Tropical Forests of Brazil, called PPG-7.
Continued societal support for funding science has become increasingly dependent on the
quality of these broader impacts that can be incorporated and utilized by national,
regional and local societies. At the national level, researchers from LBA /Acre
participated in a Ministry of Environment workshops for establishing consistent methods
for estimating deforestation rates and for defining priorities of the second phase of the
PPG7. At a regional level, LBA/Acre collaborators authored or co-authored six chapters
of the Ecological and Economic Zoning of Acre State and presented suggestions at the
State Education Forum about how to incorporate LBA research results into school
curricula. A study of official logging data spurred the state government to conduct a
major study of logging activity. LBA/Acre provided training, maps, and satellite imagery
for Epitaciolandia and Assis Brasil municipalities to help in planning land use in the
border region with Bolivia and Peru and in developing educational material for the local
school systems. Collaboration with professionals in the neighboring Departments (states)
of Pando, Bolivia and Madre de Dios, Peru has grown rapidly in order to maximize the
benefits and minimize the impacts of the growing axis of integration along the road to the
Pacific. A course supported by LBA helped build the capacity of over thirty Bolivian,
Peruvian, and Brazilian scientists in land use studies. One long-term goal of LBA
activities is to promote sustainable land use trajectories in the region; scientific
publications need to be coupled with broader impacts to achieve this goal.
THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF FIRE IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: A VALUATION
STUDY

Maria del Carmen Vera Diaz

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM, Belem, PA, Brazil

Daniel C. Nepstad
IPAM and Woods Hole Research Center – WHRC, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Ronaldo Seroa da Motta & Mário Jorge Cardoso de Mendonça

Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada –IPEA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Fire is used to manage pastures and prepare agricultural soils by more than 400 thousand
small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. The economic system considers, exclusively, the
benefits obtained from use of fire as a management tool. However, when fires burn beyond
their intended boundaries, they also cause losses to rural property owners and generate
externalities to society (CO2 emissions and respiratory diseases). The risk of uncontrolled
fire inhibits property owners from investing in their properties, perpetuating extensive cattle
ranching and slash and burn agriculture domination at the expense of agroforestry systems
and sustainable forest management. The objective of this work is to estimate the economic
impacts of fire in the Amazonia for society as a whole and for rural property owners. Such
impacts include burned grassland (lost grazing), forest and plantations, lost fences, C02
emissions and respiratory diseases. Physical and monetary costs resulting from fire in
Amazonia were estimated using the theoretical structure of environmental economics. The
average annual minimum costs associated with fire are US$ 800 million, and range from
1.5 to 4.0 percent of the region’s GDP. The costs are distributed as follows: 9.4 percent in
damages to the farmers, 89.7 percent in CO2 emissions, and 0.9 percent in respiratory
diseases as a result of smoke inhalation. These estimates provide a preliminary assessment
of the social costs of regional development models that favor accidental fire.

Address of corresponding author (Diaz):

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM

Sede Belém
Av. Nazare 669, Centro.
66035-170 Belém, PA, Brasil

emails:

mcarmen@amazon.com.br
dnepstad@whrc.org
seroa@ipea.gov.br
Maria Del Carmen, Diaz, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia –I
PAM, Avenida Nazare 669, Belem, Para, 66035-170, Brazil, Phone (Fax): 55 91 241 6700,
mcarmen@amazon.com.br.
 MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK
EARTH AND YELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITE
RUIVO, M.L.P.1; CUNHA, E.S.2, KERN, D.C. 1

1Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi / Coordenadoria de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Campus

de Pesquisa, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme, CEP 66077-530, Belém, Pará, Brazil, e-
mail: ruivo@museu-goeldi.br
2
Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, Belém,Pará, Brazil

Micromorphology as a tool to deduce processes of soil formation, transformation natural

and human induced processes. The study was carried out at the National Reserve of
Caxiuanã in Yellow Latosol -YL (ESECAFLOR experiment (PA), LBA Tower (TOW),
secondary vegetation (CAP) and Archeological Black Earth (ABE). YL soils are present in
the A, AB, BA, and B horizons and are well drained at sites PA and CAP, with moderate
drainage at site TOW. Structure varies from sub-angular blocky at massive structure. The
ABE at Manduquinha site developed on the top of latossol. The new soil developed during
the interaction between YL and pre-historic human occupation. The ABE is well drained
soil and very aggregate. The ABE present A1, A2, A3, AB, BA and B horizonts. The A1
and A2 are rich in archaeological materials. The mineralogy was similar for all soils,
consisting predominantly of kaolinite in the clay fraction and quartz in the sand fraction,
showed connection between macropores and organic matter. The soils ABE, PA and CAP
are macroaggregrate and very porosity, principally for presence of the organic matter and
sandy texture (ABE) and sandy texture (PA). The pore are great and interlaced in the ABE.
The pore are small and macice struture in the CAP and PA e microagregation in depth in
the TOW. The conformation of the pores in the ABE facility water retention and
movement, biologic activity and aeration of the soil. The conservation of the soil structure
is responsible for maintaining high levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and available
nutrients in archaeological black earth soils. The occurrence of recalcitrant SOM in
pyrogenic forms and estability of ABE SOM can be partly explained with physical
stabilization in aggregates.
Challenges in the democratization of knowledge generated by LBA for Amazonian
societies

Mónica J. de Los Rios Maldonado1 and I. Foster Brown1,2

1
Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change
Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC and Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, AC Brazil
2
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA and Federal Fluminense
University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

Programs such as LBA and the Pilot Program for the Preservation of Brazil’s
Tropical Forests (PPG7) now require researchers to make their data available through
data banks and via Internet. This represents an advance in the democratization of
knowledge, a goal of the science and technology component of Agenda 21 for Brazil.
There exist, however, barriers to this process. Only 8% of the Brazilian population has
access to Internet and only a small fraction of this group has the scientific background to
use these data that require a mastery of English. In Amazonia, few know how read
English and thus are excluded from information sources such as Beija-Flor, the metadata
bank of LBA, and scientific publications. There exists a need of other means of
dissemination that do not require a computer. For example, municipal governments and
educational systems in Acre have increasingly requested results of LBA research in the
form of satellite images, maps, and short courses to help in decisions about land use. The
education of young researchers (a strong point of LBA) and the insertion of LBA results
in the elementary, secondary, and university educational systems are alternatives to help
overcome barriers. The democratization of knowledge generated by LBA, and its use to
stimulate alternative practices of conservation and sustainable land use, will only be
effective when the majority of society has access to information and knows how to use it.
1
Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change
Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC and Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, AC Brazil
2
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA and Federal Fluminense
University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
 2nd International LBA Scientific Conference

Title: Mapping and monitoring urban land-cover change in Rondônia using spectral
mixture analysis

Authors:
Rebecca L. Powell*, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara,
becky@geog.ucsb.edu
Dar A. Roberts, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara,
dar@geog.ucsb.edu
Laura L. Hess, Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University of
California, Santa Barbara, lola@icess.ucsb.edu

Corresponding address:
*
Department of Geography
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA 93106
USA

Abstract: While the majority of the Amazon’s human population resides in cities and
towns, most studies of land-cover change in the Amazon have ignored the role of urban
centers in driving land-cover conversion and in generating significant environmental
change. This research develops a methodology to systematically characterize urban land
cover in Rondônia using optical remotely sensed imagery. The spectral properties of
urban land cover are derived from Landsat TM imagery using spectral mixture analysis
(SMA). Aerial videography is used to relate spectral properties of urban surfaces with
physical materials on the ground. The bio-physical properties of urban land cover are
then characterized and mapped using a simple Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil (VIS)
model. Accuracy of results is assessed using aerial videography collected in 1999. This
paper presents an application of this methodology to the city of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia.
Comparing such maps through time and across regions provides insights into the role of
urbanization in regional land-cover change and as a driver of environmental change. This
approach represents the fist step in developing datasets that include the bio-physical
properties and the geographic distributions of urban land cover in the Amazon. Such
datasets can be compared at the regional scale (i.e. across the Amazon Basin) and
integrated into broader studies of the causes and consequences of land-cover change.
 MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERN
BRAZILIAN AMAZON

AUTHORS :

POCCARD-CHAPUIS René,
Géographe, CIRAD1-EMVT2, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5,
France ; tel : 33 (0)4 67 61 58 00 e.mail : algodoal@cirad.fr
PIKETTY Marie-Gabrielle,
Economist - CIRAD– ECOPOL3, Visting scientist, Universidade de São Paulo, FEA-PROCAM4, Av:
Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, 05 508-900 São Paulo - SP tel : 55 11 3091 5858. Fax 55 11 30 91 60
73. E.mail : piketty@usp.br
VEIGA Jonas Bastos,
Searcher animal science, leader of project n° 13.1999.650 Embrapa5 Amazônia Oriental ,
Trav.Dr.Enéas Pinheiro S/N-Marco, Cx.P.48, Belém, Pará, Brasil, CEP 66.095-100; Fone: 0xx91 299-
4571 Fax: 0xx91 276-9845.e.mail : jonas@cpatu.embrapa.br
HOSTIOU Nathalie
CIRAD6-EMVT7, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France e.mail :
hostiou@cirad.fr
TOURRAND Jean-François,
Searcher animal science, CIRAD, SQS 309, Bloco J, Appt 606, 71362-100 Brasilia DF, Brazil,
Tourrand@aol.com

Please response should be sent to :

PIKETTY Marie-Gabrielle,
Economist - CIRAD– ECOPOL8, Visiting scientist in São Paulo University, FEA-PROCAM9, Av:
Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, 05 508-900 São Paulo - SP tel : 55 11 3091 5858. Fax 55 11 30 91 60
73. E.mail : piketty@usp.br

Abstract :

Milk production is an important component of farming systems in the Brazilian Amazon

agricultural frontiers. Developed mainly by smallholders, this activity appears as a promising
alternative to improve sustainability of these regions development. The regional milk chains
dynamics and its impact on sustainable development have thus been analyzed since 1995 by
an interdisciplinary research team composed of scientists from Embrapa Amazônia Oriental,
UFPA and CIRAD at the different levels (micro-meso- macro). Parts of their results are
presented here More than on technological constraints, long term sustainable smallholders
milk production depends on the emergence of a local production and marketing milk chain. A
comparative analysis of three contrasted regions in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon allows to
underline the main determinants of such a chain development and to suggest some policies
and support actions, which may favor sustainable milk production development.

1
Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement.
2
Elevage et médecine vétérinaire
3
Economie, Politiques et Marchés
4
Departamento de Economia da FEA e Programa de Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM)
5
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
6
Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement.
7
Elevage et médecine vétérinaire
8
Economie, Politiques et Marchés
9
Departamento de Economia da FEA e Programa de Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM)
Reliability of low-cost GPS data for ecological and land use studies in
Amazonia

Rodrigo O.P. Serrano1,2, I. Foster Brown1,3, and Julielmo A. Corrêa1

1
Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global
Change Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
2
Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
3
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Federal Fluminense
University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

Environmental researchers and traditional communities of Amazonia need

georeferenced ecological study sites and forest management plans; the low-cost
of GPS receivers has provided a means of doing such georeferencing. Due to
these factors, the demand for training in GPS use has grown. To meet this
demand in Acre we developed the manual Learn to navigate, produce maps and
calculate areas using GPS data. In training exercises we found that the principal
sources of uncertainty were related to two factors: user error and receiver
limitations. Users frequently note wrong coordinates and use a datum
inappropriate for maps of the region. The difference between two frequently used
data, WGS84 and SAD69, is 40 m in eastern Acre. We observed that three
measurements of the same point, followed by selection of the median value,
reduced the error of notation. Receiver limitations (model Garmin 12XL) resulted
in uncertainty of localization. Under open sky conditions 90% of measurements
occurred within 7 m of the median coordinate. In 15 m-high secondary forest
with 70% canopy closure, the same percentage occurred within 15m, with
occasional coordinates as much as 80 m from the median. The propagation of
this uncertainty affects area measurements. Under open sky conditions, areas of
10 ha or more have uncertainties of 10% or less. In secondary forest, areas of 40
ha or more have similar relative uncertainties. These values show that there exist
inherent limits to the accuracy of area measurements and locations using GPS,
limits that also need to considered in ground truthing of remotely sensed thematic
data.
 REFLORESTAMENTO ECONÔMICO CONSORCIADO ADENSADO-RECA
Um Estudo dobre Desenvolvimento Integado na Amazônia

Nome – Sueli de Oliveira Martins

End. Resid. – Conjunto Resid. da Universidade de S. Paulo – CRUSP, Pós-Graduação
Av. Prof. Melo de Moraes, 1235, Bloco C, ap. 310, CEP-05508-900
Situação Institucional – Estagiária Pré-Doutorado – Instituto de Estudos Avançados
IEA/USP
Orientação Inicial – Prof. Dr.Aziz N. Ab’Sáber,
E. Mail –
Grupo de Investigação/LBA - 7 – Dimensões Humanas
Código de Inscrição – SOLI-193.001Rtf

O presente trabalho consiste no estudo sócio ambiental do Projeto RECA, implantado e desenvolvido a
partir de 1987/88, em Nova Califórnia, no Estado de Rondônia, fronteira com o Acre (Km. 160 da BR-364).
A análise sistematizada e integrada dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais do projeto, tem por
objetivo investigar e demonstrar a sua viabilidade potencialmente multiplicativa, para contextos similares, em
áreas florestadas de terras firmes, onde a devastação ao longo de eixos viários pré-implantados, ainda não
atingiu grau degenerativo avançado para as biodiversidades espacialmente remanescentes.
Tratando-se de uma das experiências de Sistema Agro Florestal– SAF, (com produção consorciada de
espécies regionais de valor econômico) mais bem sucedida que se conhece, apesar de pouco divulgada e
estudada no âmbito acadêmico, o RECA apresenta indicadores de ordem ambiental, socal-organizativa e
econômico-distributiva, extremamente compatíveis com as metas de sustentabilidade integrada, associando
comprovada diminuição de impactos no uso do solo e na ocupação do espaço, com a melhoria da qualidade de
vida para a população envolvida, contribuindo ao longo de mais de uma década, para a fixação populacional,
com índices notoriamente crescentes de famílias agregadas.
Metodologicamente procedemos ao levantamento, cruzamento e análise de dados: documentos oficiais
relativos ao projeto; pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas aleatórias com representantes locais
comunitários, de instituições governamentais, não governamentais, empresariais e científicas, que estejam (ou
tenham estado) envolvidos com o projeto, buscando traçar o quadro histórico das atividades e
desenvolvimento do mesmo; aplicação de questionários específicos junto à comunidade, elaborados a partir
das características sócio-culturais, econômicas e ambientais, consideradas local e regionalmente, para fins de
levantamento de indicadores específicos; utilização de determinados dados ambientais, sociais e econômicos
(em micro e macro escala), que estejam disponibilizados por outros projetos, instituições, instâncias
governamentais, etc. Relacionados, direta ou indiretamente, com o espaço em questão, visando a
compreensão ampliada dos fatores interferentes com a realidade local.
Como consideração final, o estudo pretende contribuir com a ampliação da oferta de subsídios para um
rol mais consistente de políticas públicas, projetadas para sub-setores locais, regionais ou macroregionais da
Amazônia Brasileira.

ECONOMIC SYNDICATED DENSE REFORESTING – RECA

A Study About Integrated Development in Brazilian Amazon
The present paper is a social-environmental study on the “Projeto RECA, settled and developed since
1987/88, in Nova Califórnia, Rondônia State, border with Acre State, Brazil (km 160 of BR – 364 Road).

The systematic and integrated analysis of the social, economic and environmental
aspects of the Project is med at investigating and showing its potential viability to be
stablished in similar contexts, in forest areas of terra firme, along local roads where the
devastation has not yet reached a advanced degenerative degree for the locally remaining
biodiversityes.

RECA is one of the most succeful agricultural forestal system known – SAF
(syndicated production of regional species with economic value). Even though it has not
been much explored and studied by academic research, RECA be presents environmental,
social – organizational and income – sharing indicators extremely compatible with the
objectives of integrated sustainability together with proved decrease of impact in the use of
soil and the ocoupation of space, causing improvement of the quality of living for the
population concerned. RECA has contributed for over a decade to the settlement of the
population, with greatly increasing rate of aggregated families.

The methodology adopted was:

We collected, collated and analyzes data, like official reports related to the project
field, random interviews with local community representatives, governamental bureaus
officers, no governmental organisation, representatives of commercial companies and of
research centers wich are (or have been) involved with the project. It is aimed to draw a
historical portrait of the activities of distributes the RECA project.

Specific questionnares in the community, to take into account the social – cultural,
economic and environmental caracteristics, locally and regionally considered, with the
purpose of having specific indicators

The economic data (in large and small scale) available in other projects, institutions,
governmental departments, etc., which are directly or indirectly related to the area
concerned, were also included to chance the understanding of the factors that affect the
local situation.

Finally, the study is intended to contribute additional information necessary for a

more consistent set of public policy, designed for local, regional or macroregional sub-
sectors of the Brazilian Amazon.
Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon-From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Balázs Fekete University of New Oral High resolution, runoff and discharge fields of
Hampshire the Amazon basin
Doug Alsdorf UCLA Oral Measurements and Modeling of Water Storage
Changes on the Central Amazon Floodplain
Earle Williams MIT Oral The Drought of the Century in the Amazon
Basin: An Analysis of the Regional Variation of
Rainfall in South America during the Dry Year
of 1926
Humberto da Rocha DCA/IAG/USP Oral Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a
tropical forest in eastern Amazonia (Santarém
km83).
John Roads Scripps Instituion of Oral A Regional Model Intercomparison Over Brazil
Oceanography
Michael Jasinski NASA/GSFC Oral Feasibility of Applying Topex/Poseidon
Altimetric Data to the Estimation of Amazon
River Stage and Discharge
Pascal Kosuth Institut de Recherche pour Oral Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of Lago
le Développement Grande de Curuai : water and sediment
balance, influence of river stage and local
rainfall, long term dynamics
Thomas Dunne University of California Oral Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and land
cover conversion on runoff processes and rates
in Rondônia, Brazil.
Azeneth Schuler CENA-USP Poster THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION
EFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENT
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE
EASTERN AMAZONIA
Carlos Alberto Quesada University of Brasilia Poster Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an open
savanna (campo sujo) in central Brazil.
Cassiano D'Almeida CSRC/UNH Poster Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia on the
Local Hydrological Cycle: The Scale-
Dependence Issue
Daniel Victoria CENA-USP Poster Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and
Water Balance through Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing

Josyane Ronchail Institut de Recherche pour Poster Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia,
le Développement - IRD south western Amazon) and associated
atmospheric circulation features in South
America.
Liliane Bezerra Passos da Universidade de Brasilia Poster TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerrado
Silva soils
Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda INPA Poster Development of new Instrumentation for
Accurate Measurement of Throughfall and
Stemflow, and the Coupling of this in the study
of Water Interception for an Undisturbed
Rainforest in Central Amazonia.
Martin Hodnett Institute of Hydrology Poster Processes of streamflow generation in a
headwater catchment in central Amazonia.
Michael Coe SAGE Poster Long-term Simulations of Discharge and
Floods in the Amazon Basin
Raimundo Cosme Oliveira Embrapa Poster CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615
Junior WATER CONTENT REFLECTOMETER IN
HIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL
IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS
Shozo Shiraiwa Universidade Federal de Poster Study of water table’s top variation, under the
Mato Grosso interior of Amazonian tropical transitional
forest, Sinop, MT, Brazil, - preliminary results.
Viviana Horna Max Planck Institute for Poster Flooding Regime Characterization with Multi-
Biogeochemistry temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery in the
Peruvian Amazon Basin
 High resolution, runoff and discharge fields of the
Amazon basin
Balázs M. Fekete, Charles J. Vörösmarty
Water Systems Analysis Group
Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space
University of New Hampshire
39 College Road, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824, USA
balazs.fekete@unh.edu / charles.vorosmarty@unh.edu

Accurate representation of the spatially distributed runoff and discharge are essential
information for a wide variety of ecosystems studies. Terrestrial runoff can be estimated from
climate variables (such as air temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, solar radiation, etc.)
but such estimates are often inaccurate due to the inherited errors originated from the input
data.
River discharge (which is an integrated signal of the runoff) is one of the most accurately
measured components of the hydrological cycle, but it is limited to selected locations where
river discharge is measured. A combination of the water balance model estimated runoff and
measured discharge has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of the
terrestrial runoff and discharge in non-monitored sections of the river systems.
The Water Systems Analysis Group of the University of New Hampshire developed a simple
technique to combine water balance model simulated runoff with measured discharge. The
discharge monitoring stations are co-registered to gridded network, which allows the
establishment of station topology (i.e. the next station downstream from each station) and the
delineation of inter-station areas (the catchment area between upstream gauges and the
downstream station). Correction to water balance model simulated runoff is applied in each
of the inter-station regions to correct for inconsistency between simulated runoff and
measured discharge. This technique was successfully applied at a global scale first using 30-
minute network and discharge data from the Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany.
New regional versions of the composite runoff fields were developed recently for the
Amazon basin at 6' and 15' resolutions using climate forcings from various sources (such as
the Climate Research Unit of University of East Anglia, the GEWEX Global Precipitation
Climatology Project) and river discharge data from Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica
(ANEEL). The new regional composite runoff fields were developed as a time series for the
1979-99 period at monthly time steps. The composite runoff fields were aggregated to
represent river discharge using a special routing scheme, which allows discharge
interpolation between discharge gauges with the aid of the runoff fields. Such discharge fields
provide accurate assessment of river discharge everywhere along the Amazon basins, which
is constrained by the measured discharge at gauging stations.
The 6' and 15' minute networks and the composite runoff and discharge fields are to be
released to the scientific community after rigorous testing. Further development will focus on
automating the input data processing, so similar composite data products can be developed
semi real-time, when the input data (such as the climate forcings and the observed discharge)
are available.
 1

Measurements and Modeling of Water Storage Changes on the

Central Amazon Floodplain

Doug Alsdorf, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, 1255

Bunche Hall, Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, alsdorf@geog.ucla.edu
Laura Hess, ICESS, University of California, Santa Barbara; lola@icess.ucsb.edu
John Melack, ICESS & Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara,
melack@lifesci.ucsb.edu
Tom Dunne, ICESS & Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara,
tdunne@bren.ucsb.edu

Abstract:

Inundation of the central Amazon floodplain is complex and includes thousands of lakes ranging
from dendritic shapes to narrow crescents between scroll bars. Drainage across the landscape is
impeded by floating grasses, flooded trees, organic debris and remnant levees. Thus
characterizing flow and storage changes requires 10s to 100s of spatially distributed observations
of the water surface. Interferometric processing of a Space Shuttle based swath of synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) data collected over central Amazon floodplain locations reveals one-day
decreases in water levels ranging from 1 to 11 cm. Using a spatial integration scheme based on
flow path distance, these water level drops were used to estimate a floodplain-to-river exchange
rate during mid-recessional flow. Given the geomorphic complexity of the floodplain, we
suggest that diffusion based models of flow and storage change are simpler to parameterize than
open-channel hydraulic equations. The water level changes represent change in water surface
height with change in time (dh/dt) in the continuity equation, which given a linear relationship
between discharge and water surface slope, can be used to predict storage changes and related
floodplain discharge. The diffusion model involves little parameterization, with the only
significant requirement being either dh/dt or floodplain conductivity (this parameter encapsulates
the geomorphic complexity across the entire floodplain). Our diffusion model will provide a link
between local hydrologic observations and continental-scale ecological models requiring
inundated area and floodplain storage change.
Abstract for LBA Conference in Manaus, July 2002
Submitted by E.R. Williams

The Drought of the Century in the Amazon Basin:

An Analysis of the Regional Variation of Rainfall in South America during the Dry
Year of 1926

Earle Williams, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

Alaor Dall’Antonia, Vitoria Dall’Antonia, Fransisco Soares, INMET, Brasilia, BRAZIL

Brant Liebmann, NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, CO, USA

The century-old river gauge record at Manaus, Brazil documents a pronounced

minimum in Amazon River discharge in the year 1926 (Richey et. al., 1989). The
estimated mean discharge rate in 1926 (50,000 m3/s) is approximately half of the
climatological mean (95,000 m3/s). Earlier reports (Knoch, 1926; Knoche, 1937;
Sternberg, 1987) indicate widespread fire and smoke in the upper Amazon and Orinoco
basins in the same year. Monthly station rainfall accumulations during the decade 1920-
1930 from Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia have been collected to examine the regional
pattern of rainfall anomaly during this pronounced El Nino year. A deficit of rainfall, of
order –20% from the long term mean, is evident at stations west and northwest of
Manaus, in the Rio Negro basin upstream from the gauge, consistent with the negative
discharge anomaly in the gauge record. However, at rainfall stations east and
downstream from Manaus, and extending to Belem (at the mouth of the Amazon) and
beyond to the Nordeste region of Brazil, a surplus of rainfall is apparent, of order +20%
of the long term mean. The overall rainfall pattern is therefore approximately
characterized as an east-west dipole, with no pronounced rainfall anomaly over the
complete Amazon basin in 1926. The cause-and-effect aspects of this anomalous year
will be examined in light of earlier interpretations: (1) widespread rainforest fire raised
the atmospheric temperature and smoke enhanced the rainfall (Knoche, 1937), and (2)
more recent evidence that El Nino-related higher temperatures and suppressed rainfall
render rainforest vegetation more flammable, that elevated temperatures and a dryer
surface contribute to enhanced lightning activity per storm (Williams et. al, 2002), and
that widespread aerosol from fire suppresses rainfall (Rosenfeld, 1999).
 Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern
Amazonia (Santarém km83)

Humberto R. da Rocha1*, Michael L. Goulden2, Scott D. Miller2, Mary C.

Menton2, Leandro D.V.O. Pinto1, Helber C. de Freitas1, Adelaine M.S. Figueira1
1Department of Atmospheric Sciences, IAG/University of Sao Paulo. 2Department
of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine

We used the eddy covariance technique to measure the fluxes of sensible

heat, water vapour and CO2 between a primary tropical forest in eastern Amazonia
(Santarém, Tapajós National Forest at km 83) and the atmosphere from July 2000
to July 2001. Precipitation varied seasonally, with a wet season from mid-
December 2000 to July 2001 characterized by successive rainy days, high soil
moisture status, and, relative to the dry season, cooler air temperatures, greater
cloudiness, and reduced solar and net radiation. Average evapotranspiration was
3.9 mm day-1 during the dry season, before decreasing to 3.1 mm day-1 during the
wet season, in parallel with decreasing radiation and decreasing water vapour
deficit. The daily mean Bowen ratio varied from 0.05 to 0.25, indicating that most of
the incoming radiation was used for evaporation. The Bowen ratio was relatively
low during the early wet season (December to March), as a result of both an
increased evaporative fraction and a reduced sensible heat flux. The seasonal
decline in Bowen ratio and increase in evaporative fraction coincided with an
increase in ecosystem carbon assimilation capacity, which we attribute to the
growth of new leaves. The roots extracted water throughout the top 250 cm of soil,
and hydraulic lift apparently partially recharged the shallow soil during dry season
nights. Evapotranspiration did not decline as the dry season progressed, implying
that the forest did not become drought stressed.
 1

A Regional Model Intercomparison Over Brazil

J. Roads1, S. Chen1, S. Cocke2, L. Druyan3, M. Fulakeza3
T. Larrow2, P. Lonergan3, J. Qian4, S. Zebiak4

jroads@ucsd.edu
http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/projects/brazil.html
1
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Experimental Climate Prediction Center
UCSD, 0224
La Jolla, CA 92023
2
Florida State Univ.
COAPS
Talahassee, FL
3
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
New York, New York
4
International Research Institute
Lamont
Columbia, NY

During the past several years, the International Research Institute (IRI) and a few of the NOAA
Applied Research Centers (ARCS), have been developing a community regional modeling
intercomparison project to assess the capabilities and readiness of various regional climate
models to downscale IRI global forecasts for various applications. Brazil was chosen for the
initial intercomparison since the IRI can make quite skillful seasonal global forecasts in this
region. Transferability of regional climate models is also an issue that the Global Energy and
Water-Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) has constantly stressed, since there is a recognized need to
test regional models where they have not explicitly tuned their parameterizations. Besides the
IRI, participating ARCS included the: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Experimental
Climate Prediction Center (ECPC), Florida State Univ. Cooperative Ocean Atmosphere Project
(COAPS), and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). The NCEP/NCAR analysis was
used as boundary conditions for two-year continuous simulations (Mar. 1, 1997-May 31, 1999).
The resulting climate simulations were somewhat encouraging. Although large-scale errors
dominated the solution, regional models did provide some improvement in precipitation
simulations, especially in comparison to available station observations. Nonetheless, additional
work is clearly needed to fully realize the added benefits of using regional models in conjunction
with global models and analyses.
Feasibility of Using Topex/Poseidon Altimetric Data in the Estimation of Amazon River
Stage and Discharge

By M. Jasinski, C. Birkett, S. Chin, and M. Costa

The feasibility of estimating stage and discharge of several Amazon Basin tributaries was
evaluated using satellite radar altimetry from the Topex/Poseidon Mission (T/P). T/P is a
joint NASA/CNES radar, operating since September 1992, that provides along-track
mean surface height with respect to a reference ellipsoid. T/P specifications include a
surface resolution of about 350m, approximately every 580m along ground track, and
average 1.5 degrees between tracks, with a ten-day orbital period. River stage data are
potentially available at the point of intersection of the T/P ground track with river reaches
wider than about 0.5 km. The feasibility of estimating discharge was examined by first
establishing an empirical relation between observed stage at the stream gage and
estimated stage at the point of ground track/stream intersection. Empirical rating curves
were then developed between the T/P estimated height and the stage-discharge relation at
the gage site. The accuracy of the results depended on basin size, topography, river width
and distance between the stream gage and the ground track.
 Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai : water and sediment
balance, influence of river stage and local rainfall, long term dynamics

Pascal Kosuth (IRD)

Pascal Kosuth, IRD, CP 70911 Lago Sul, CEP 711619-970 Brasilia DF Brazil kosuth.ird@apis.com.br

Floodplains play a key role in Amazon River hydrology, sediment dynamics, carbon cycle,
aquatic biodiversity and ecology. Nevertheless some basic questions related to floodplains
still have not been answered : What fraction of Amazon River waters actually flows through
floodplains ? What is the mean residence time of water in floodplains ? What percentage of
sediments entering a floodplain really stays trapped in it ? What is the signature of
floodplains on river waters chemistry ? To contribute to the understanding and quantification
of water and sediment fluxes through floodplains a specific flooded system has been
monitored since March 1999.

The Varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai, south of Obidos, has a 3660 km² watershed area, of
which 800 km² to 1600 km² are flooded depending on the hydrological cycle phase. The
varzea consists in interconnected lakes, linked to the Amazon River through eight major
channels, 3 of them permanent. Annual amplitude of river level fluctuation at Obidos is 7
meters, mean annual rainfall is 2400 mm and mean annual evapo-transpiration is 1400 mm.
This varzea was selected for its size and morphological diversity allowing to monitor various
types of lakes with and without river inflow.

Monitoring includes six daily measured gage stations, one simple meteorological station
(rainfall and evaporation), eleven stations with ten to ten days surface water sampling for
geochemistry and sediment measurement. Additionally fourteen measurement campaigns
have been realized since March 1999, at various hydrological stages, with discharge
measurement on thirteen channels and systematic water sampling at 35 points.

Measurement results enlighten the hydrological, sediment and geochemical dynamics of the
varzea. Water level inside the varzea changes regularly with river level with only slight
gradients (tens of centimeters). Annual water inflow from the river and outflow to the river,
estimated over November 1998 – October 1999 period, are respectively 10.6 10^9 m3 and
13.8 10^9 m3. Over the same period estimated suspended sediment inflow and outflow are
respectively 1 350 000 t and 500 000 t, meaning an estimated net trapping of 850 000 t/year.

A model of the varzea hydrological and sediment dynamics has been developed. Annual
inflow from the river mainly depends on annual rainfall and celerity of river level raise.
Percentage of flooded area in the watershed plays a crucial role in the balance between
rainfall inflow and river water inflow and so controls the suspended sediment trapping.
Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and land cover conversion on runoff processes and
rates in Rondônia, Brazil.

T Dunne, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of

California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; ph. 805-893-7557; fax 805-893-7612; e-
mail:tdunne@bren.ucsb.edu

J A Ballantine, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA

93106; ph. 805-893-8816; e-mail:andyb@bren.ucsb.edu

Jorge M. Moraes, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/USP, Piracicaba, SP –Brazil

13416-903; ph. 55 (-19) -429-4678; email moraes@cena.usp.br.

Hydrologic records in the state of Rondônia are still too sparse and short, and the extent
of deforestation too small and transient for recognition of deforestation signals in runoff
from mesoscale river basins (100s -1000s of km2). Large changes in soil recharge are
known to result from deforestation at a point, but the response of river flow to such
changes is complicated by subsurface transfer of this water, transient subsurface storage,
and increases in the amount of overland flow. These influences depend in turn on the
topographic ruggedness and hydrogeologic properties of a basin. Using data from
topographic and geologic maps, seasonal extreme water-table depths, and hydrogeologic
properties (both measured in situ and back-calculated from streamflow), we have
modeled runoff responses to deforestation that should be expected from typical hillslopes
in gauged river basins of Rondônia. The hillslopes vary in length and gradient, and in
degree of rockiness. The computations show that although complete deforestation should
increase total runoff by about 25%, the partitioning of the runoff into subsurface and
surface paths and the proportion of the flow reaching the river as quickflow should be
affected by the interaction of these increased volumes of runoff with the hydrogeology
and geometry of the basin. Steeper sloping basins, such as the Rio Massangana are
predicted to generate larger amounts of quickflow than low-gradient topography such as
that of the Rio Jacundá. However, when low-gradient hillslopes are deforested in the
model, the increased runoff is partitioned mainly into quickflow through an increase in
saturation overland flow.
 THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION EFFECTS ON
SMALL CATCHMENT HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN
THE EASTERN AMAZONIA
Schuler, A.E.1, J.M. Moraes1, R. de O. Figueiredo2, D. Markewitz3,
1
T. Dunne4, E. Davidson5, R.L.Victoria1.
CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP-Brazil; 2IPAM, Belém,PA –Brazil; 3The University of Georgia, Athens, GA-USA; 4The University of
California, Santa Barbara, CA-USA; 5Woods Hole Research Center,Woods Hole, MT-USA
Corresponding Author: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/ USP, Piracicaba, SP –Brazil 13416-903
E-mails: schuler@cena.usp.br, jmmoraes@cena.usp.br,rofig@amazon.com.br, dmarke@smokey.forestry.uga.edu,
tdunne@bren.ucsb.edu, edavidson@whrc.org, reyna@cena.usp.br

The aim of evaluating the forest/pasture conversion effects on nutrients transfers in the
humid tropical forest Amazonia has lead to a research project linking hydrological fluxes and
ecosystem mass balance studies. In order to model the water flow mechanisms and their
relationship with nutrient cycling processes in tropical forests, two monitoring sets were
installed on a couple of swales with forest and pasture each one, located on a 10,000 ha
catchment draining towards Igarape 54 in the Eastern Amazonia.
The hydrological monitoring includes the following measurements: streamflow;
overland flow; subsurface flow; water table depth; rainfall and throughfall under canopy
forest; a physical survey in both swales, measuring the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil
(Ksat), bulk density, water retention curve and soil granulometry, besides a topographic
survey. The soil hydraulic conductivity showed high values in a shallow depth under forest
(230.3 mmh-1), while in the pasture, the median value reached 3.7 mmh-1. Rainfall data show
30% of rainfall intensity exceeds the pasture Ksat value near the surface, generating Hortonian
overland flow. In both land cover an impeding layer related to a dense plinthite horizon was
found at around 0.80-0.90 m. This leads to a perched water table development at a shallow
depth. In pastures, the near surface compacted soil is possibly related to the “root-zone
collapse”, due to burnings, cattle trampling and rain drop impact causing splash erosion and
surface sealing. Such changes in soil surface hydraulic properties might move the delivery
mechanism from deep and lateral subsurface flow to infiltration-excess overland flow,
increasing hillslope runoff considerably. How much this alters the nutrient leaching patterns
has been inquired in the proceeding hydrological modeling studies.
Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an open savanna (campo sujo)
in central Brazil.
Quesada, C.A.; Santos, A.J.B.; Breyer, L.M.; Miranda, A.C.; Miranda, H.S. & Viana, S.
Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF. quesada@unb.br

Savanna formations with scattered shrubs, few trees and a continuous herbaceous layer,
characterise the Campo Sujo, an open form of the Brazilian savannas. High seasonality is
an important characteristic what may suggest strong water stress during the dry season
what is about five to six months long. The present study was carried out from August 1999
to September of 2001 at the Reserva Ecólogica do IBGE, 35 km south of Brasília, Brazil
(15o56′41′′ S e 47o51′02′′ W). The soil is a well-drained yellowish red oxisol with clay
texture (60% of clay) and less than 2º of slope. The measurements of soil water content
were taken with a neutron probe in three access tubes, measuring 3.60 m in length. Soil
moisture was marked seasonal, the variation between the wettest and driest day was
403.3 ± 7.7 mm 65% of which occurred below 1m. The profile storage at the last days of
the 1999, 2000 and 2001 dry seasons was very similar despite a difference in dry season
duration and large differences in rainfall in the preceding wet seasons, indicating that the
vegetation is conservative in its water use. A water balance was done to determinate
evapotranspiration rates (E) and others components of the annual water balance. E from wet
season was determinate as 2.4 mm/d and 1.6 mm/d in the dry season. During the end of all
the measured dry seasons the top 0.6 m water content did not change for about two months
until the onset of the subsequent wet season, suggesting that the vegetation has already used
all the available water content from this soil layer.
 Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia
on the Local Hydrological Cycle:
The Scale-Dependence Issue

Cassiano D’Almeida1, Charles J. Vörösmarty1, Fekete Balazs1,

José A. Marengo2, Lelys B. de Guenni3, Cort J. Willmott4
1
CSRC/UNH/USA
2
CPTEC/INPE/BRAZIL
3
Simon Bolivar University/VENEZUELA
4
University of Delaware/USA

Cassiano D’Almeida
CSRC/University of New Hampshire
Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA
cassiano@eos.sr.unh.edu

Despite all the concern from the scientific community on major impacts of
Amazonian deforestation, its effects on the regional hydrological cycle are still uncertain.
While many modeling studies have observed that large-scale conversion of the
Amazonian rainforest into pastures, or croplands tend to induce an overall reduction in
precipitation, there are also meso-scale experiments that predicted the establishment of
enhanced rainfall over deforested areas. These contrasting results suggest that the net
effect of deforestation on precipitation might depend on the size of the clearing area.
However, precipitation in Amazonia follows more closely the fluctuations in the
general circulation of the atmosphere, which seems to be still offsetting the effects of
deforestation. Since runoff is not directly dependent on such remote forcings, it may,
unlike precipitation, carry the signal of deforestation and permit a better assessment on
the scale-dependence of its effects.
The present work applies different methods of Trend Analysis to historical
discharge records in the Amazon Basin, to detect significant trends potentially associated
with deforestation. Spectral Analysis is also applied to identify significant oscillations
present in the data, which are then removed after the application of suitable frequency
filters. Based on current and predicted deforestation scenarios, a numerical model
representing the Water Budget Closure (WBC) system in Amazonia is also applied,
providing high-resolution gridded runoff and discharge outputs.
Preliminary results indicate the existence of organized spatial patterns in the
trends of non-filtered discharge records, indicating a potential association with deforested
areas. After removing significant oscillations from these records – determined from
power spectrum calculations –, these patterns might get intensified. The application of
WBC as proposed, will assess the coherence of deforestation and trend patterns.
 Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and Water Balance through Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing

Victoria, D. C.1 Ballester, M. V. R.2; Pereira, A. R.3

1 – Mestrando em Ecologia de Agroecossistemas da ESALQ/USP

2 – Professora visitante do CENA/USP
3 – Professor asociado do departamento de ciências exatas da ESALQ/USP

Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Laboratiório de Geoprocessamento e

Tratamento de Imagens.
Av. Centenário, 303
São Dimas
Piracicaba, SP
Cep 13416-000
Braizil
daniel_victoria@yahoo.com

In order to accomplish an estimate of the actual evapotranspiration and water balance,

AVHRR imagery were used to calculate the monthly temperature using the Ulivieri
algorithm. The data was then used as the input on the classical Thornthwaite empirical
potential evapotranspiration and water balance model, which uses the Water Holding
Capacity concept to calculate the actual evapotranspiration. Integration between the
Thornthwaite method and the GIS, done through an AML script created for ArcInfo,
provided a monthly spatially distributed estimation of the studied parameters over the Ji-
Paraná basin (RO). For this LBA site, the monthly actual evapotranspiration and water
balance was calculated from February 1995 to December 1996. The information will be
checked against the annual actual evapotranspiration, calculated through a water balance
method, for 10 sub-basins using data from Brazilian’s Eletryc Energy Agency (ANEEL).
Preliminary results show that for 1995 (Feb. – Dec.), the estimated values follow the
same pattern as the water balance, with evapotranspiration ranging from 1039 to 1090
mm*year-1. For 1996 (Jan. – Dec.) the results obtained with the remote sensing method
ranged from 1114 to 1190 mm*year-1 but it did not follow the same pattern as the
evapotranspiration calculated by the water balance. These could be due to problems in the
data used in the water balance or to the coarse spatial resolution of the AVHRR images (8
km) which could not establish a relation between the soil cover and surface temperature,
thus evapotranspiration. Further study, using finer spatial resolution imagery and a better
water holding capacity estimation, will be conducted in order to better evaluate the model
proposed.
 Abstract for the 2nd International Scientific Conference of the Large Scale Biosphere-
Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment, Manaus, July 7-10 2002.

Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia, south western Amazon) and

associated atmospheric circulation features in South America.
Josyane Ronchail, Luc Bourrel, Gérard Cochonneau, Eurides de Oliveira et Jean-Loup
Guyot.
HiBAm (Hidrology and Geodynamics of the Amazon basin) – Institut de Recherche pour le
Développement (IRD) / Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL).
IRD, CP 7091, Lago Sul 71619-970, Brasilia (DF), Brasil.
josyane@aneel.gov.br

Inundations in the region of Trinidad (Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia) are associated with intense
rainy episodes in the lowlands of Bolivia, as those of February 1992 (400 mm in 5 days),
and with sustained positive rainfall anomalies as during the February 1992-January 1993
period.
Outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), and low and high level geopotential height and wind
fields from NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis are used to compute composites for the days with
intense rainfall in Trinidad (55 days with rainfall above 20 mm during the February 1992-
January 1993 period, with exception of the winter episodes).
At 200hPa, a wave-ridge pattern is observed with negative geopotential height anomalies
over the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and positive ones eastward, at mid and
subtropical latitudes. In the tropics, a negative geopotential height is observed over
northeastern Brazil while the Bolivian High is slightly enhanced.
Near the ground (850hPa), the south Atlantic subtropical High is stronger than usually
while negative height anomalies prevail over a great portion of the South American
continent and especially over the southwestern part of the Amazon basin and in central
Brazil. Over these regions, westward and northward abnormal winds, consistent with the
geopotential height anomalies, show that an enhancement of the perturbations from the
Atlantic and from the extra-tropics may give rise to strong convection and heavy rainfall
over the southwestern region of the Amazon basin. This is confirmed by the analysis of the
OLR anomalies.
 TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerrado soils
Liliane Bezerra1, Euzebio Medrado da Silva2 e Carlos Augusto Klink1
1
Universidade de Brasília, 2 Embrapa Cerrados
Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Biologia, Dept. de Ecologia, CP 04631,
70919-970, Brasília-DF, Brasil.
lils@unb.br
Water availability is one of the major factors determining the structure and functioning of
the Brazilian Cerrado. The volumetric soil-water content (θ ) in deep soil profiles has been
measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). TDR measures the relative dielectric
constant (ka) of the soil which is mainly dependent on the water content in the soil. The
“universal relationship” between ka and θ earlier developed has been shown to deviate for
some types of soils. The relationship ka (θ ) has been investigated to obtain a specific
adjustment for TDR measurement for Cerrado soils. In the calibration procedure twelve soil
columns were brought to the desired water content from 0.03 to 0.30 cm3 cm-3, and 24 h
later, the ka was measured using a set of 35 TDR triple-wire probes. The best-fit polynomial
relationship between θ and ka was θ = - 7.857x10-2 + 4.631x10-2 ka – 2.024x10-3 ka2 +
3.765x10-5 ka3 (R2 = 0,93). This relation mostly overestimated the universal relationship as
θ increases, reducing the departure as θ approaches 0.31 cm3 cm-3. This finding was in
agreement with other clay-textured soils studies. The application of TDR data to other two
calibration models, an empirical and a linear three-phase mixing model, was consistent with
the experimental results obtained in this study. The conclusion is that the TDR calibrations
models tested are adequate. However, their application should take into consideration the
type of soil to be analyzed and the intended accuracy requirements.
 Development of new Instrumentation for Accurate Measurement of Throughfall
and Stemflow, and the Coupling of this in the study of Water Interception for an
Undisturbed Rainforest in Central Amazonia.

Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda1, Antonio D. Nobre1, Martin Hodnett2,

Alessandro C. Araújo1, Ari O.Marques1, Javier Tomasella3
1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
2
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Grã-Bretanha
3
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil

Av. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3153.

E-mail: lacuarta@inpa.gov.br

Abstract

This work is part of a project that aims at quantifying the C fluxes associated to the
water cycle, in a 5 km2 catchment in the INPA Manaus-Cuieiras reservation. The short-
term water balance (daily, weekly, monthly time scales) requires some variables, like
interception, that for the long-term estimations (like the ones to feed climate models)
could be negligible in the volumetric sense, once canopy storage of water is near to nil.
However, interception is closely related to the energy balance through its effects on
evaporation. Thus, interception is a crucial component of the energy budget that has
been very poorly quantified due to difficulties associated to inherent complexities of the
rainforest environment. Therefore, we have designed and developed a new permanent
and tiping-bucket gauged collector system for througfall and stemflow that is much
superior to the traditional array of collectors used in past studies. The unique feature of
this system is the associated measurement of water vapor exchange at the interface
forest-atmosphere using a tower and eddyflux covariance. Previous studies had to rely
on estimations or empirical measurements of evapotranspiration. Throughfall is gauged
through two sets of specially designed and built 5cm X 36 m V shaped troughs,
connected each to a large volume tiping-bucket. Stemflow is collected from
aproximately 60 trees, that cover roughly the area of the throughfall study, using
encircling aluminum/asfalt tape shaped to divert the flow to a pipe system that join all
the flows into two tiping-bucket gauges. The measurement system is completed by a
vertical profile of surface wetness logging sensors and a free rainfall improved gauging
system.
Processes of streamflow generation in a headwater catchment in central Amazonia.

Authors:: M.G.Hodnett1, A.D.Nobre2, M.J.Waterloo3, W.W.P.Jans4, A.Cuartas Pineda2,

J.M.Heijmenberg3, W.Gomes Neto2, A.Nascimento2, J.Tomasella5.

1
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

2
INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil

3
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV
Amsterdam The Netherlands

4
Alterra Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building 101, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

5
CPTEC-INPE, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista - SP, Brasil.

ABSTRACT

A 5 km2 headwater catchment in terra firme forest close to the Manaus k34 eddyflux
tower has been instrumented to measure the components of the water, carbon and
nutrient balances. This paper concentrates on the hydrological aspects: the processes
by which streamflow is generated, and the routes taken by the water arriving in the
stream. The variables being measured are: rainfall (4 locations), evaporation flux,
throughfall, soil moisture storage (to 4.8m) and groundwater level along a
toposequence, and streamflow. Data collection began in December 2001.

The response of streamflow to rainfall is very rapid, indicating that stormflow peaks
are generated from the valley floor areas, where the water table is close to the surface.
Peaks in DOC concentrations confirm the valley floor as the source of the stormflow
– DOC concentrations in the groundwater beneath the hillslope are very low.

The groundwater level response to rainfall at different positions in the toposequence

changes as the season progresses because the arrival of recharge from the plateau and
slope areas is delayed by the travel time through the deep unsaturated zone. Late in
the wet season, the discharge of groundwater from beneath the plateau and slope areas
begins to dominate the water table behaviour in the valley floor.

The water balance is being calculated on a daily basis to attempt to quantify storage in
the deep unsaturated zone and groundwater. Data collection is still at an early stage,
but important results are emerging. These are important in understanding the carbon
balance.
Long-term Simulations of Discharge and Floods in the Amazon Basin

Michael T. Coe1, Marcos Heil Costa2, Aurélie Botta1, and Charon Birkett3
1
Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Institute for Environmental
Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706,
mtcoe@wisc.edu
2
Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil
3
ESSIC, University of Maryland at College Park, Mail Code 923, NASA/GSFC,
Greenbelt, MD, 20771

A terrestrial ecosystem model (IBIS) and a hydrological routing algorithm (HYDRA) are
used in conjunction with long time-series climate data to simulate the river discharge and
flooded area of the Amazon/Tocantins River Basin over the last 60 years. Evaluating the
results of this modeling exercise over the entire basin against land and satellite based
observations yields three major results: (1) Observations at 121 stations throughout the
basin show that discharge is well simulated for most tributaries originating in Brazil.
However, the discharge is consistently underestimated, by greater than 20%, for
tributaries draining regions outside of Brazil and the main stem of the Amazon. The
discharge underestimation is most likely a result of underestimated precipitation in the
data set used as model input. (2) A new flooding algorithm within HYDRA captures the
magnitude and timing of the river height, and flooded area in relatively good agreement
with satellite based observations, particularly downstream of the confluence of the Negro
and Solimões Rivers. (3) Climatic variability strongly impacts the hydrology of the basin.
Specifically, we find that short (3-4 year) and long (28 year) modes of precipitation
variability drive spatial and temporal variability in river discharge and flooded area
throughout the Amazon/Tocantins River basins.
 CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615 WATER CONTENT
REFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THE
FLONA TAPAJOS

Raimundo Cosme de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, Jose Pinheiro Lopes NETO, Michael

KELLER, Patrick CRILL, Jadson Dezencourt DIAS, Hudson SILVA, Heraclito NETO

Soil moisture content and its temporal and spatial variation deserves attention in all soil
studies. It is a critical indicator of soil structure, infiltration capacity, plant available
water, etc. Soil moisture content is a critical variable related to soil management.
Recently automated measurements of soil moisture content using time domain
reflectometry (TDR) and frequency domain reflectometry have become more common.
These techniques measure water content based on the variation of the apparent soil
dieletric number that varies chiefly as a function of water content. We adopted the
Campbell CS-615 water content reflectometer probes for use in the FLONA Tapajos. We
calibrated these probes using undisturbed soil blocks removed from 6 depths coincident
with the levels we have established for automated monitoring (5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, 50
cm, 100 cm, 200 cm). Calibration compared CS-615 response in saturated and dried soil
blocks with gravimetry. Multiple moisture contents were collected for each block and the
resulting water contents were fit as polynomial and logarithmic functions of the
instrument responses.
STUDY OF WATER TABLE’S TOP VARIATION, UNDER THE INTERIOR OF
AMAZONIAN TROPICAL TRANSITIONAL FOREST, SINOP, MT, BRAZIL, -
PRELIMINARY RESULTS.

Shozo Shiraiwa*, Tania Helena Marcelino, Moacir Lacerda*, Welitom Rodrigues Borges,
*Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Departamento de Física
Av. Fernando Correia da Costa, sn,
Cuiabá – MT - CEP 78060-900
shozo@cpd.ufmt.br

Recent studies about the soil moisture in a Amazonian transitional forest, the water content in soil
indicated that is invariable until approximated four meters depth, without variations on observed
pluviometric level. To intend to verify the hydric balance on that transitional forest, geophysical
methods were applied to determine the top of water table. These methods were Vertical Electric
Sounding – VES – with Schulumberger array and Ground Penetrating Radar – GPR . Three
measure was made: first on May, second on October/2001 and third on March/2002, 50 m apart
from LBA - Sinop Tower. With maximum AB/2=240m the electrical resistivity apparent range
from 37.7Ohm.m to 7812 Ohm.m and indicated that water table’s top under 12.1 m. The GPR
line with 200MHz antennas and 50 m long was conduct on same time and the sections of GPR
show irregulars reflectors associated to lateritic beds at 3.5 m and another reflector at 6.0 m. After
this results, a monitoring hole was made with 5.3 m depth. From December to January/2002
water table’s top change from 5.14 to 3.18m depth, after intense pluviosity. After this until now,
this level variety between 3.1 and 3.6 m until now, April/2002.
Flooding Regime Characterization with Multi-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery
in the Peruvian Amazon Basin

Viviana Horna 1,2), Annett Boerner 1,2) and Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)
1)
Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG,
University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
2)
Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.

viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710

Abstract

Extend and intensity of flooding in the Amazon lowlands controls the development of
vegetation types. Therefore it is important to add geographic information on flooding
intensity and aerial extent to existing vegetation maps of the Peruvian Amazon region.
Currently available vegetation maps of the Peruvian Amazon are based on classification
of optical range images. Closer examination reveals that vegetation maps derived from
these sources differ considerably, especially for flooded lowland regions.

Medium wavelength (L-band) radar microwaves penetrate vegetation canopies to some

degree and give a strong return signal to the radar antenna if water saturated soils or open
water tables are encountered in vegetated areas. The increase in signal return from
waterlogged forests is caused by the double reflection of the microwave signal from soil
and stems. Comparison of vegetation classification using available JERS-1 radar L-band
imagery and Landsat images showed that optical imagery information often results in
well defined vegetation units but does not necessarily allow interpretation of flooding
type. Gradual changes in strutural properties or species composition limit the application
of well defined reflectance property classes to determine vegetation types. Forest
flooding information from JERS-1 imagery allows an improved geographic delineation of
densely vegetated lowland amphibiomes.

In our mapping of Northern Peruvian lowland forests we demonstrate that detection and
mapping of forest flooding extent is possible for the Peruvian Amazon with JERS-1 L-
Band radar imagery. It can be expected that the interpretation of existing optical imagery
as a basis for vegetation classification will be significantly enhanced and classification
ambiguities will be reduced if this flooding information is added. In the absence of
ground truth information, JERS-1 generated flooding maps are for the near future one of
the few independent data sources which is available for the entire Amazon basin for
checking plausibility of optical classification results especially in forested amphibiomes
and hydrobiomes.
Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Ali Tokay JCET/UMBC Oral Comparison of three rain type
classification algorithms in TRMM-LBA

Celso von Randow INPE Oral Boundary-layer moisture regimes

during wet and dry season above
Rondonia forest

David Fitzjarrald State University of Oral IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL

New York, Albany FOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?

German Poveda Universidad Nacional Oral SCALING PROPERTIES OF

de Colombia EXTREME VALUES,
INTERMITTENCY, AND LYAPUNOV
EXPONENTS OF WIND AND
TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS OF
CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Maria Assunção Silva Dias USP Oral Observation and numerical simulation
of the river breeze circulation in the
vicinity of the Tapajós and Amazon
rivers

Renato Silva Duke University Oral A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the
Boundary Layer Evolution Over a
Deforested Region of Rondonia
(Brazil)
Rosana Nieto Ferreira USRA/NASA/GSFC Oral Variability of South American
Convective Cloud Systems and
Tropospheric Circulation during
January-March 1998 and 1999

Adilson Gandu DCA-IAG-USP Poster Deforestation Impact in Eastern

Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using
RAMS Model for the Local Dry
Season

Alexandra Lima Instituto Nacional de Poster THE UPPER LEVEL WIND

Pesquisas Espacias DIVERGENCE THE ITS
RELATIONSHIPWITH THE CLOUD
COVER AND PRECIPITION, DURING
WETAMC/LBA
Aline Procopio GEPA - Instituto de Poster Observed changes in Aerosols
Fisica, USP Properties at the Amazon Basin
caused by a "friagem" phenomena
during the LBA-CLAIRE 2001
experiment

David Mendes Centro de Previsao de Poster VARIABILITY OF THE ONES OF

Tempo e Estudos EXTREME RAIN EVENTS IN THE
Climaticos - ESTUARY OF THE RIVER AMAZON
CPTEC/INPE
Dirceu Herdies CPTEC/USP Poster Development of a High-resolution
Assimilated Dataset for South America

Eliana Andrade LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Some characteristics of the temporal

evolution of the atmospheric boundary
layer above Pantanal wetland

Fabio Sanches Universidade de Poster DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE

Taubaté MODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? A
CASE STUDY OF THE RAINFALL
VARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAM
IN PARA.

Fernando Ramos LAC/INPE Poster Modeling the fine-scale turbulence

within and above an Amazon forest
using Tsallis' generalized
thermostatistics. II. Temperature

Gannabathula Prasad LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Sensible heat flux height variation

above the Rebiu Jaru Amazonian rain
forest canopy during diurnal periods

Gannabathula Prasad LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Evidence of non-existence of a

"spectral gap" in turbulent data
measured above Rondonia, Brazil.
Part II: Amazonian pasture

Gilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY

LAYER OVER PASTURE AND
FOREST IN AMAZONIA

Gilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster The modification of the ABL structure

due to a Friagem event in Amazonia:
a case study

Gilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster The intercomparison of radiosonde

systems during the LBA/TRMM
experiment
Henri Laurent IRD Poster CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION DURING
WETAMC/LBA - COMPARISON
WITH WEST AFRICAN
CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

Igor Trosnikov Center for Weather Poster MODELLING OF THE

Forecast and Climate
Studies, National
Institute for Space
Research,
INPE/CPTEC
José Francisco de Oliveira Instituto Nacional de Poster
Júnior Pesquisas Espaciais -
LMO/CPTEC
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF
SPECIES EMITTED BY
CONTROLLED BURNINGS IN
AMAZÔNIA
THE DEEP CONVECTION
THROUGH THE CAPE IN
COMPARISON WITH RADAR
DOPLER BAND-L IN THE REGION
OF SERPONG-INDONESIA.

Jose Ricardo Souza Universidade Federal Poster Soil Temperature and Moisture
do Para Variability, Beneath Forest, Pasture
and Mangrove Areas, in Eastern
Amazonia.

Jose Ricardo Souza Universidade Federal Poster Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil
do Para Beneath Pasture, in Marajó Island

Julia Cohen Departamento de Poster CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE

Meteorologia - UFPA FORMATION OVER EASTERN
AMAZÔNIA.
Julio Tóta INPE Poster EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF
Eta REGIONAL MODEL DURING
WET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION
OF CPTEC´s RPSAS

L. Gustavo Goncalves de University of Arizona Poster Towards a South American Land Data
Goncalves Assimilation System (SALDAS):
Investigating Potential Precipitation
Forcing Data

Leonardo Sá LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Coherent structures observed

immediately above Amazonian forest
canopy in Rebiu Jaru Reserve,
Rondônia, Brazil
Luis Marcelo Mattos Zeri LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Some characteristics of the turbulence
structure evolution in the atmospheric
surface layer above Pantanal Wetland

Luiz Machado CTA/IAE-ACA Poster THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE

CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING
TRMM-WETAMC/LBA

Luiz A. T. Machado CTA/IAE-ACA Poster THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA

EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO
THE LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND
THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WIND
DIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS
USING WETAMC/LBA.

Marcel Rocco University of Sao Poster MICROPHYSICAL

Paulo/DCA CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALL
LINE IN THE AMAZON REGION

Marcos Longo Instituto de Poster Horizontal vorticity budget associated

Astronomia, Geofísica to an Amazonian squall line during the
e Ciências CIRSAN/LBA experiment
Atmosféricas -
Universidade de São
Paulo
Marcos Longo Instituto de Poster Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a
Astronomia, Geofísica Cold Outbreak during Wet-Season on
e Ciências South-western Amazon
Atmosféricas -
Universidade de São
Paulo
Marcus Bottino Centro de previsão de Poster The distribution of convective systems
tempo e estudos detected by satellite in the Tropics of
climáticos - CPTEC- South America and some relationships
INPE with the precipitation and the general
circulation

Margarete Domingues LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Evidence of non-existence of a

"spectral gap" in turbulent data
measured above Rondonia, Brazil.
Part I: Amazonian Forest

Maria Aurora Santos da Universidade Federal Poster Relationship between CAPE and
Mota do Para / Instituto Bolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBA
Nacional de
Pesquisas Espaciais
Mauricio Bolzan LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Modeling the fine-scale turbulence
within and above an Amazon forest
using Tsallis' generalized
thermostatistics. I. Wind velocity

Osvaldo Moraes Universidade Federal Poster Wind, Temperature and Moisture

de Santa Maria Vertical Profiles at the FLONA Pasture
(UFSM) Site
Paulo Jorge Oliveira UFPa/UEdin Poster ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS
DURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVER
AMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASE

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht Instituto de Poster WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding

Astronomia, Geofísica data quality control
e Ciências
Atmosféricas -
Universidade de São
Paulo
Rachel Ifanger Albrecht Instituto de Poster TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R
Astronomia, Geofísica RELATIONSHIPS OVER
e Ciências PRECIPITATING SYSTEMS DURING
Atmosféricas - WETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBA
Universidade de São
Paulo
RILDO MOURA CENTRO DE Poster COMPARISON AMONG TWO
PREVISÕES DE SIMPLE MODELS IN THE
TEMPO E ESTUDOS CLASSIFICATION OF DAYS AS
CLIMÁTICOS - RESPECT TO CLOUDINESS
CPTEC
Robert Chatfield NASA and Ames Poster Rationalizing Burned Carbon with
Carbon Monoxide Exported from
South America

Rosa Maria N. Santos Instituto Nacional de Poster THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY

Pesquisas Espaciais - LAYER: OBSERVACIONAL
INPE/CPTEC/LMO ASPECTS IN RONDÔNIA

Rosângela Cintra INPE Poster Statistical Evaluation of the Wet

Season Atmospheric Mesoscale
Campaign – LBA and GTS
Observations used in RPSAS with
CPTEC Eta model

Saulo Freitas USP Poster Explicitly Modeling the Vertical

Transport of Biomass Burning
Emissions by a Mesoscale Convective
System on Amazon Basin
Scott Denning Colorado State Poster Atmospheric Responses to Land and
University Water: Simulations and Observations
of Mesoscale Circulations and CO2
Concentrations in the Santarém
Mesoscale Campaign
 Comparison of three rain type classification algorithms in TRMM-LBA

Ali Tokay, David B. Wolff, David Marks, Christopher R. Williams, Kenneth S. Gage
JCET/UMBC

This paper presents three different precipitation classification algorithms that were
constructed through disdrometer, scanning, and vertically pointed (profiler) radar
measurements. The radars and disdrometer were operated in part of the TRMM-LBA
field campaign, on January-February, 1999. The precipitation type was determined either
convective or stratiform. Regarding rain occurrence, 70%, 75%, and 77% agreement was
obtained between disdrometer and profiler, disdrometer and radar, and profiler and radar
algorithms, respectively. Regarding rain volume, the agreements were 84%, 73%, and
85% for the same pairs of the comparison. The relations derived between radar
measurements and surface rainfall (R-Z), differed from each other due to the different
convective and stratiform partitioning. At reflectivities above 50 dBZ, the absolute
difference in rain rate ranged between 0.5 to 1 mm/h. The results presented here
demonstrate the importance of the precipitation classification in radar rainfall estimation.
Boundary-layer moisture regimes during wet and dry season above
Rondonia forest
Celso von Randow1,*, Leonardo D. Abreu Sá2, Antonio O. Manzi1
1
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas
Espaciais, Rod Pres. Dutra, km 40, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, 12630-000
2
Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, CPTEC/INPE

* Corresponding author
e-mail: randow@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract: Two distinct boundary-layer moisture regimes are observed over Rondônia
Amazonian forest during diurnal periods of a few days in wet and dry seasons. To
identify these two regimes, the scale dependence of skewness of moisture and
temperature was investigated. Turbulent signals of temperature and specific humidity
measured with an eddy covariance system installed at 62 m height, over a 30-35 m tall
forest, were scale projected using Daubechies-8 orthogonal wavelet, and the skewness
factor at each scale was calculated for these signals. The data were measured in March-
April (late wet-season) and in August-September, year of 1999, as a part of the
Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium. Measurements are made at
micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´
W), Ji-Paraná, Rondonia state. The fast response temperature and specific humidity
measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made using a three-dimensional sonic
anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments) and a closed-path infrared gas analyzer
(LI 6262, LI-COR). During dry season, the boundary-layer is characterized by relatively
weak surface evaporation (comparatively to the wet season) and the entrainment of dry
air from the top of boundary-layer occasionally reaches the surface, leading to negative
moisture skewness in spite of positive temperature skewness associated with warm
moist updrafts. This is observed specially during late morning, when the boundary layer
rapidly grows into the residual layer from the previous day. In contrast, during wet
season, associated with greater surface evaporation and a ‘disturbed’ state caused by
frequent strong convection activities, the boundary-layer is characterized by positive
moisture skewness and negative temperature skewness.
IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?
(1) (2) 1) (1) (3)
David .R. Fitzjarrald , Osvaldo.L.L. Moraes , Ricardo K. Sakai , Ralf Staebler Maria A. F. Silva Dias ,
(2) (1) (2)
Otávio C. Acevedo , Matt Czikowsky , and Rodrigo da Silva
(1) University at Albany, SUNY, NY, USA
(2) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS
(3) Universidade de São Paulo, SP

1. Introduction:
The success of LBA-ECO depends on valid extrapolation of measurments made at intensive
observation sites, through the numerical modeling, use of remote sensing products or both. In the Amazon,
river breezes are known to exert a strong influence on regional climate (Oliveira and Fitzjarrald, 1993). We
present evidence that the cumulative effect of the river breeze circulation is to make the Tapajos National
Forest (TNF) LBA-ECO flux sites (near Santarém, Pará, Brazil; 2° 25’S, 54° 42’W), cloudier than more
representative forests distant from rivers. Measurements of H, LE, and FC (the CO2 flux) at the TNF may
also be biased both by precipitation anomalies and by changes in radiative fluxes caused by enhanced
cloudiness. We examine data from satellite and ground-based instruments to quantify the bias in incident
PAR and suggest what this means in terms of a bias in maximum daytime carbon uptake.
Observation sites of the LBA-ECO project are located in and around the Tapajos National Forest
(TNF). The TNF is a thin strip of forest near the confluence of the Tapajos and Amazon river. It is wedged
between a partially managed mosaic of forests, pastures, agricultural fields and secondary succession to the
east and the 10-25 km wide Tapajos River to the west. To the north is the braided expanse of the main
Amazon River. This region experiences persistent easterlies during much of the year, a “continental trade
wind” regime. These trades are punctuated at intervals by light winds associated with weakening of the
large-scale E-W pressure gradient by synoptic-scale events. Breezes lead to strong gradients in
precipitation and cloudiness. In the daytime, rivers are clear areas surrounded by cloudier land areas.

2. Methodology:
Surface observations are made at a network of five surface observation stations, a cloud
ceilometer, in situ data complemented by hourly recording of GOES infrared and visible satellite imagery in
the region. In 1998, two automatic weather stations were installed; three additional stations were added in
2000. These are supplemented by the regular hourly observations at the Santarém airport and at the three
LBA-ECO eddy flux towers. At one of these flux towers, a Vaisala cloud ceilometer capable of recording
cloud base to 12,000 m was installed in early 2001. Evidence of the breeze is sometimes apparent at
stations as far as 50 km from the rivers. Radiation anomalies depend on distance from the nearest river.
The perturbation pressure gradient of the river breeze can be found through composite analysis. Hourly
composites of forced cumulus cloud-cover fraction from GOES images illustrate the preferred regions for
initial convective activity, locations consistent with the idea of convergent river breezes. The TNF sites of
the LBA flux towers appear to be located in an anomalously cloudy region, especially during large portions
of the transition and dry seasons.

3. Acknowledgements:
This work was entirely supported by NASA as a part of the LBA-ECO program, grant NCC5-283.
GOES images for the Santarém region are being recorded at the University of São Paulo as part of our
ongoing collaboration. We are grateful to Mr. Eleazar Brait and the staff of the LBA Field Office in Santarém
for assistance in field deployment and in acquiring data.

4. References:
Oliveira, A. P. and D. R. Fitzjarrald, 1993, The Amazon river breeze and the local boundary layer: I.
Observations Bound.-Layer Met. 63, 141-162.
 SCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREME VALUES, INTERMITTENCY, AND
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS
OF CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Germán Poveda, Jorge M. Ramírez, Carlos D. Hoyos, John F. Mejía.

Posgrado en Aprovechamiento de Recursos Hidráulicos

Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín

jramirez@hidraulica.unalmed.edu.co

Abstract

We use high resolution (60 Hz) wind velocity and temperature data gathered during
May 1999 at Rodonia (central Amazonia) as part of LBA field campaigns, to study
diverse features of turbulence in and over the canopy. Our analyses are aim to
determining scaling properties of the extreme events of wind velocity over a broad
range of timescales. The scaling relation between the tails of the probability density
function (PDF) are calculated for different time scales, and upon these relations,
predictions are made for the PDF at any particular timescale. Secondly, we apply
wavelet transforms to detect intermittency features in the energy dissipation rates.
Intermittency is a fundamental issue that is brought about to explain the insufficiency of
Kolmogorov’s theory to describe the sample structure function and the non-Gaussian
nature in the dynamics of turbulent signals. Also, we use ideas pertaining non-linear
dynamical systems to artificially reconstruct the attractor in phase space. Towards that
end, we use the methods of “false neighbours” and the Shannon mutual information,
and then we estimate the largest Lyapunov exponent of the reconstructed attractor. Our
results indicate the exponential divergence trajectories in phase space, thus suggesting
the existence of a strange attractor in the dynamics of the turbulent atmospheric
boundary layer over Central Amazonia.
 Observation and numerical simulation of the river breeze circulation
in the vicinity of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers

Maria A. F. Silva Dias (1)

Marcos Longo(1)
Pedro L. Silva Dias(1)
David R. Fitzjarrald (2)
A. Scott Denning(3)
Priscila Brier D'Auria(1)

(1) Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo

(2) Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany
(3) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University
Rua do Matão, 1226 - 05508-900 São Paulo - SP - mafdsdia@usp.br

During the beginning of the dry season of 2001 in the Amazon Region, basically from middle July
to middle August, an atmospheric intensive field campaign called CIRSAN/LBA (Circulation in
Santarém) was carried out close to Santarém as part of the LBA. Boundary layer and upper air
measurements were carried out in both margins of the Tapajós rivers and on the southern margin of
the Amazon with the objective of studying the local circulation. This paper presents preliminary
data on the local circulation evolution close to the Tapajós and Amazon rivers intersection,
embedded in weak trade winds during an event of “friagem” in the Amazon region. Numerical
simulations of the river circulation with 2 km resolution are presented and used to help the
understanding of the observations. The preliminary analysis of the observations taken during
CIRSAN/LBA indicate that the margins of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers, close to the city of
Santarém in Eastern Amazon, are influenced by river induced thermal circulations; the local
circulation is more evident during periods of light large scale winds. A "friagem" event reaching
western Amazon during CIRSAN produced the ideal conditions for the development of river
induced circulations in Santarém. The effect of the river breeze is basically to lower the mixed layer
height and enhance cumulus cloud at the river margin. The effect of these on the venting of mixed
layer trace gases may be an important feature in the interpretation surface measurement in the area.
The numerical simulations show the coupling of the circulation on both sides of the river and the
advection of the circulation cell to the west, thus inducing cloudless skies in the western margin of
the Tapajós.
 A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Boundary Layer Evolution
Over a Deforested Region of Rondonia(Brazil).

Renato Ramos da Silva and Roni Avissar

Duke University
Civil and Environmental Engineering
PO BOX 90287
Durham,NC 27701 (USA)
renato@duke.edu

Maria Silva Dias*

Pedro Leite Silva Dias*
Adilson Vagner Gandu*
*USP - University of São Paulo

ABSTRACT

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to study the atmospheric impacts of land use change

over Rondonia (Brazil) during the wet season. Spatial distribution of land cover types for the region

were evaluated from Landsat images and implemented into the model. Atmospheric variables

recorded during the LBA Wet Campaign in January 1999 are used as initial conditions for the

model and to evaluate its performance. Case studies for selected days having weak winds and

strong solar radiation were chosen in order to capture possible landscape impacts on the

atmosphere. The preliminary results show that the model is able to realistically represent the

evolution of the boundary layer. Also, the model shows that the “fish-bone” structure of the

vegetation is able to organize local convection and impact the rainfall distribution. This LES

approach is a preliminary effort to develop a reliable tool to represent and understand the impacts

of land use in the Amazon on scales not yet explored. In the near future, a larger domain will be

covered by the model to better represent the mesoscale features. Additionally it will help to

increase our understanding the distribution of rainfall and the transport of trace gases over the

Amazon.
 Variability of South American Convective Cloud Systems and Tropospheric
Circulation during January-March 1998 and 1999

Rosana Nieto Ferreira (JCET/UMBC/NSIPP/NASA/GSFC)1, Thomas M. Rickenbach

(JCET/UMBC/NASA/GSFC) , Dirceu Herdies (CPTEC/INPE) , Leila M. Vespoli de
Carvalho (USP)

A comparison of the variability of atmospheric winds and of the organization of

cloudiness and rainfall in South America during January-March of 1998 (JFM98) and
January-March of 1999 (JFM99) is presented.

The variability of precipitation in subtropical South America is strongly related to

the variability of the South American low-level jet (SALLJ). The SALLJ is a northerly
current that flows along the eastern side of Andes Mountains bringing warm, moist
tropical air from the Amazon basin to subtropical South America (parts of Southern
Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina). According to the National Center for Environmental
Prediction, the SALLJ was nearly twice as strong during January-March (JFM) of the
1998 El Niño episode than during JFM of the 1999 La Niña episode. The difference in
SALLJ strength between these two years translated into a stronger flow of moist tropical
air into subtropical South America during JFM98. As a consequence of the enhanced
moisture supply, twice as much rainfall fell in subtropical South America during JFM98
than during JFM99. A careful analysis of 3-hourly satellite imagery showed that larger
and more numerous long-lived cloud systems were present in subtropical South America
during JFM98 than during JFM99. This showed that most of the large, long-lived cloud
systems observed in subtropical South America occurred during times when the SALLJ
was strong over Bolivia.

The difference between JFM98 and JFM99 SALLJ strength in Bolivia is in part
explained by the winds produced by the South Atlantic Convergence zone (SACZ).
Periods when the SACZ is present are marked by southerly or weak northerly winds in
Bolivia. The SACZ was more prominent during JFM99 than during JFM98 leading to a
weaker SALLJ during JFM99. The Southern Oscillation also contributed to the observed
variability of the SALLJ in Bolivia.

In the tropical portions of South America nearly six times more cloud systems
were observed during JFM99 than during JFM98. This was accompanied by more
plentiful precipitation in the Amazon basin and in the Bolivian Altiplano during JFM99
than during JFM98. In this region, the Southern Oscillation was probably the most
important contributor to the observed cloud system and precipitation differences.

1
GEST/UMBC/NSIPP/NASA/GSFC Code 913.0, Greenbelt, MD 20770, E. U. A.
e-mail: ferreira@janus.gsfc.nasa.gov
 1

Deforestation Impact in Eastern Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using RAMS Model for the
Local Dry Season

Adilson W. Gandu(1) , Julia C. P. Cohen(2)

(1) Department of Meteorology

Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
e-mail : jcpcohen@ufpa.br

(2) Department of Atmospheric Sciences

University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
e-mail : adwgandu@model.iag.usp.br

ABSTRACT

The RAMS model was used to simulate the effect of possible climatic impact produced by
deforestation in Eastern Amazonia. Biophysical parameters derived from field experiments at three
representative sites, of the local soil-vegetation-atmosphere responses, were adapted in the numerical
modeling.
Two numerical experiments were run, for a two month period, August-September/2000, which
corresponded to the drier season of that year. In the first experiment, designated as “control”, the existent
types and distribution of vegetation, were used as standard in the model. In a second experiment
designated as “deflorested”, the forest biophysical parameters were replaced by those corresponding to
“pasture”.
This procedure resulted in the “deforested” experiment showing a diminishing precipitation,
within a narrow coastal strip, at the same time that the preciptation raised towards the continental regions.
This experiment also showed a generalized air temperature increment, varying between 0.5 and 1.5 oC,
which is compatible with previous results derived from large scale models. Neverthetless, the higher
spatial resolution model used in study expressed clearly the thermal regulation effect of the larger rivers
of this region, on the spatial distribution of the nuclei of temperature.
The “deforested” experiment showed a 50% raise in the sensible heat flux at the surface, with
relation to the “control” experiment, within a continental strip near the coast. An inverse variation, of the
same magnitude, happened to the latent heat flux, over the same region.
In the other hand, within the continental area, corresponding to the southwestern and eastern
potion of the State of Para, it was redicted a decrement of the sensible heat flux by the “deforested”
experiment.
The results show the influence of deforestation over the climate in Eastern Amazonia and that is
essential to use high resolution models to detect the regulating effects of the large rivers existing in this
region.
It was also shown the relative importance of the biophisycal, thermal and mechanical parameters,
near the Atlantic coast and in more continental areas.

Corresponding author address : Dr. Adilson W. Gandu

Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas.
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas
Universidade de São Paulo
Rua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária
 2
CEP : 05.511-900 – São Paulo – SP
 THE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCE THE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THE
CLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION, DURING WETAMC/LBA

Alexandra Amaro de Lima

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias-CPTEC/DAS
Rodovia Presidente Dutra km SP-RJ
Cep 12630 – 000, Cachoeira Paulista SP
xanduca@cptec.inpe.br

Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado

machado@iae.cta.br

Henri Laurent
laurent@iae.cta.br

This work´s objetive is to analyze the upper level wind divergence obtained by three
different methods to evaluate the diurnal cycle and which of them has the more effetive
response to the cloud fraction and the precipition. It was used cloud fraction data
(calculated from images of the GOES-8), rain fraction (calculated from the refletividade
supplied by the radar TOGA), and upper level wind divergence (starting from the water
vapor channel, radiossondas and NCEP), obtained during the WETAMC/LBA campaign,
on January and February of 1999. The diurnal cycle of the divergence was marked by a
maximum 11:00 LST, and it showed good correlation with the precipitation. Related to
cloud cover it was possible to verify that the divergence didn´t show any relationship with
clouds with low and hot tops (threshold of 284 K), but on the other hand, it behaved as a
predictor of the convective cover.
 Second International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus 2002

Observed changes in Aerosols Properties at the Amazon Basin caused by a

friagem phenomena during the LBA-CLAIRE 2001 experiment

Aline Sarmento Procópio (1), Paulo Artaxo (1), Luciana V. Gatti (2), Ana Maria C. Leal (2), Maria
Assunção F. da Silva Dias (3)

(1) IF/USP -Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil;

(2) IPEN - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Brazil;
(3) IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

* corresponding author
Aline Sarmento Procópio aline@if.usp.br
Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo
Rua do Matão, travessa R, 187, Cidade Universitária
São Paulo – SP, Brazil 05508-900

The LBA-CLAIRE intensive field campaign took place in Balbina (1º 55.20’ S, 59º
28.07’ W), Amazonas, during the transition of the wet to dry seasons, in June and July of 2001.
Aerosols gravimetric mass, size distribution, scattering coefficient and black carbon
concentration were measured in parallel with trace gases as NO and NO2. Several meteorological
parameters were obtained from a meteorological station and from a SODAR installed at the site
during the experiment.
At this time of the year very low concentration of aerosols and trace gases are observed at
the forest, but changes in aerosol concentration and in its composition was seen during a cold
front (friagem) that reached Amazonas from June 19th to 21st. The mean daily air temperature
dropped from 28oC to 23oC, and the SODAR registered a change in the meridional wind from
north to south and a strong subsidence regime during these days. The mean linear light scattering
coefficient decreased from 5.35 x 10 –5 m-1 to 4.0 x 10 –5 m-1, indicating an increase in the fine
mode aerosol fraction. The ratio of black carbon to the aerosol fine mass concentration increased
from a mean value of 7% to 12%. Black carbon mean concentration increased by a factor of 2,
from 60ng/m3 to 125ng/m3. A strong correlation was found between black carbon and NOx
concentrations during this period, both being tracers of combustion. All these changes in the
concentration and composition of aerosols and trace gases clear indicate an entrance of a polluted
air mass at the site. This reflects the occupation and anthropogenic influences on a forested area,
changing the background atmosphere of a remote region at Amazonia.
Variability of the ones of extreme rain events in the estuary of the river Amazon
David Mendes
José Antonio Marengo
Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC
Rod. Presidente Dutra Km – 40
Cachoeira Paulista – SP 12630-000
david@cptec.inpe.br

The study of physical factors that act on the forest it is of vital importance in the knowledge
of the caused climatic impacts in such a way in the regional scale as in the global one. The
region of the estuary of the river Amazon has a climatic behavior of different rains of the
too much areas of the Amazon region. The main meteorological system that acts on this e
region the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The rainy period in this region goes of
December the April. This work has the intention to show a possible change in the
variability of rains, using given of stations located in the band of 51°W 48°W and 02°S 0°.
These data had been gotten through the National Agency of Energy from Brazil (ANEEL).
The variability of rains in the February months the May (rainier period) since of 1979 up to
2000, sample that mainly had a bigger variability of the anomalies, in the period of 1979 up
to 1988, from 1989 this variability diminished, being the year of 1983 what it presented the
biggest rain anomaly, this due to presence of the phenomenon El Niño that was acting. This
region has a possible influence of the El Niño. In this period of study, it was verified that
extreme rains (superior 60 mm) will diminish in the reason of y = -0,1228x + 5,6491. In the
years of the 1982-83 and 1991-92 occurrence of extreme events she was very low, in the
1991-92 case was not registered superior rain occurrence 60 mm. The number of days
without rains, also had a reduction in the reason of y = -0,8793x. 103,81. In the years of
1979-80, the 1980-81 and 1982-83 number of days without rains had been bigger, this
associate the presence of the El Niño, mainly in the years of 1979-80 and 1982-83.
 Development of a High-resolution Assimilated Dataset for South
America

Dirceu L. Herdies, José A. Aravéquia, Rosangela Cintra, Julio Tóta e José P. Bonatti

Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, CPTEC/INPE

Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40
12630-000 Cachoeira Paulista – SP Brazil

Arlindo da Silva
Data Assimilation Office NASA/GSFC
Greenbelt, MD USA

This work is concentrated on the period from January to February 1999, when the
combined TRMM-LBA and WETAMC-LBA experiments took place in southeast
Amazonia. The experiment measured temperature, moisture and wind profiles from
rawinsondes, surface fluxes, soil parameters, precipitation, etc.
The Regional Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (ETA/RPSAS), implemented at
CPTEC since 1999, was used to produce a high-resolution reanalysis (40 km) for this pilot
period. Results for whole South America circulation obtained with this reanalysis get a
better agreement with the observation and a more detailed structure.
On a longer time scale, this regional system will be the engine for a regional South
American Project, which will serve the purpose of refining the data products available with
recent reanalysis from NCEP, ECMWF and DAO.
These regional data assimilation datasets represent an advancing in our undestanding of the
South American climate and synoptic climatology, given its high resolution and utilization
of observational data not yet available to the global reanalysis aforementioned. This work
will also serve as a “proof of concept” for a long-term reanalysis project for the South
America.
 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ABOVE PANTANAL WETLAND

Eliana Soares de Andrade1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Maria Paulete P.M. Jorge1, Amaury de

Souza2

(1) Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e

Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas
1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, Brazil; (2) Departamento de Física, Universidade
Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
eliana@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract: Pantanal is one of the biggest wetland regions of the world, with an area of

approximately 150,000 km2. It is located in central part of the South America (19o S, 57o

W) and presents a climatology which is characterized by a very dry season and a wet period

in which strong floods are often observed. The Interdisciplinary Pantanal Experiment (IPE)

aims to investigate the micrometeorological aspects and the differences between these two

seasons. An important goal of IPE researches is to characterize the atmospheric boundary

layer (ABL) structure above Pantanal wetland, particularly the nocturnal boundary layer

(NBL). For this purpose, it is important to take into account the meteorological processes

which drive the early evening transition (EET) and define classes of the NBL. In Pantanal

some cases studies have shown two distinct classes of EET: a) one with the generation of a

strong low level jet (LLJ), below 600 m height; b) one without a well defined LLJ. LLJ is

more frequent during the dry season and seems to be generated as a response to the strong

stability created by next surface intense radiative cooling process after the sunset. Besides

the LLJ, other aspects of the dry and wet CLA structure are presented and some possible

physical explanations of the results are discussed.

 DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? A CASE
STUDY OF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.

Fabio Sanches
Gilberto Fisch
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da UNITAU
e-mail: fosanches@uol.com.br

Abstract: There are a lot of concern about the impacts from an artificial lake in Amazonia
can make, especially related with the microclimate. These impacts are not well understood
yet. The rainfall data (daily values) from 1972 up to 1983 (namely prior) from INMET and
from 1984-1996 (namely post) from ELETRONORTE were used in this work. Comparing
the monthly totals, there is no significant differences between the prior and post period
according to statistical tests (Mann-Whitney and/or Fisher Test). Only one month
(December) has not failed to pass the hypotheses of equal precipitation at 5% level of
confidence. Analyzing the occurrence the days with rains higher than 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50
mm, the number (and frequency) of light rains has increased, especially during the dry
season. This may be due to the increase of evaporation from the lake. Although the onset of
the rainy season is controlled by large-scale factors, there is a weak signal that it can start
earlier (September) for the post conditions than for the prior conditions (October). An
autoregressive-moving average model (Arma) has been simulated with the prior data-set in
order to identify the influence of the lake. The post conditions (in a monthly scale) match
quite well the forecast data, suggesting that the lake did not modify the characteristic of the
rain.
 Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest
using Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. II. Temperature

Fernando M. Ramos2, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Maurício J. A. Bolzan1,3, Camilo Rodrigues

Neto2, Reinaldo R. Rosa2

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e

Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos,
Brazil

2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de

Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil

3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos

Campos, Brazil

Abstract: In this paper, we show that Tsallis generalized thermostatistics provides a simple
and accurate framework for modeling the statistical behavior of turbulent temperature
fluctuations. For this, we compared our theoretical framework to data measured during the
Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) wet-season campaign,
in the southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneously
with Campbell sonic thermometers at different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological
tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. The
theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with experiment through spatial
scales spanning at least three orders of magnitude and for a range of up to 10 standard
deviations, including the rare fluctuations in the tails of the distribution. For scales larger
than approximately 10 m, a gradual transition to Gaussianity becomes evident in the
experimental histograms which is not captured by the present model. A generalization of
this model is proposed to take this effect into account, assuring thus a smooth transition to
Gaussianity as the scale increases.

____________________
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: fernando@lac.inpe.br
SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX HEIGHT VARIATION ABOVE THE REBIO
JARU AMAZONIAN RAIN FOREST CANOPY DURING DIURNAL
PERIODS

Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad and Leonardo D. A. Sá

Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia

Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos
prasad@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract: In this work we verify if the vertical sensible heat fluxes change with height
above the Amazonian rain forest canopy, under diurnal conditions. The data were measured
in March 1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere
Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements
were made at three different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located in
the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. We used the fast response
sonic data of wind velocity and temperature measured simultaneously at heights of 64m
and 42m, during the 11 Hrs to 15 Hrs time interval (local time). The wind velocity
components and temperature data were decomposed into various frequency bands using
biorthogonal wavelets and the vertical heat fluxes were computed in each of the bands.
Non-parametric statistical tests were then performed to examine the hypothesis that the
fluxes in each of the bands are different at the two heights. Results show that the sensible
heat fluxes measured at the 64m and 42m heights are statistically different during diurnal
period.
 Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral-gap" in turbulent data
measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part II: Amazonian Pasture

Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad1,*, Margarete O. Domingues1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Celso von

Randow1, Antônio O. Manzi1, Bart Kruijt3

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de

Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515,
12201-970, São José dos Campos, Brazil
2. Alterra, P.O. Box 47,Wageningen, Netherlands

Abstract:

Wavelet and Fourier analyses are used to identify the spectral characteristics of wind
velocity (u, v, w components), temperature, humudity and CO2 concentration data sets,
obtained during dry and wet seasons in a pasture in a deforested area in Amazonian. The
data were measured in August (dry-season) and in December (wet-season), year of 2000, as
a part of the Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium, in southwestern part of
Amazonian region. Measurements are made at micrometeorological tower located in the
Nossa Senhora Farm (10o 045.7´ S, 62o 21.4´ W) county of Ouro Preto D’Oeste. The fast
response wind speed and temperature measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made
using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments), at a
height of 4 m. Analyses are performed over a wide frequency range, from the inertial
subrange domain up to one day time-scale. Data are studied for a five day only spectrum
and for one day mean spectra and cospectra. Results showed that is not possible to identify
spectra gap in any of the investigated variables. This has important consequence in that
separating the turbulence flow into mean and fluctuation components may not be valid.
This also makes it difficult to determine a cutoff frequency for filtering the data. This
absence of a spectral gap is probably due to the non-stationary characteristics of turbulent
fields above deforested area. A comparison is made with the turbulent spectra computed
above the Amazon rain forest in Rebio Jaru. Possible physical phenomena in tropical
meteorology are proposed to explain the findings.

__________________
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: prasad@cptec.inpe.br
 THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER PASTURE AND
FOREST IN AMAZONIA

G. Fisch*1, J. Tota2, L.A.T. Machado1, M.A.F. Silva Dias3, R.F. da F. Lyra4, C. A. Nobre2
A.J. Dolman5, A. D. Culf 6
1
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE), São José dos Campos, 12228-904, Brazil,
gfisch@iae.cta.br
2
Inst. Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), SJ dos Campos, 122201-970, Brazil
3
Universidade de São Paulo (USP/IAG), São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
4
Universidade Federal das Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, 57072-970, Brazil
5
Vrije Universiteit Amesterdam, Amesterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
6
Center of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

Abstract: The Amazon region is suffering from a high rate of deforestation, with the
tropical forest initially being replaced by pasture and agricultural crops. The coupling
between different types of surface (tropical forest or grass) and the Convective Boundary
Layer (CBL) has been investigated using observational (rawinsoundings) data collected
over Rondônia in the southwest Amazonia. The data reported here support the notion that
deforestation may modify the dynamics of the boundary layer, in particular during the dry
season. In this period the sensible heat fluxes are very high over pasture, creating a CBL
around 550 m deeper compared to that over the forest. The height of the fully developed
CBL for pasture has been computed to be 1650m compared to around 1100 m for forest.
During the wet season the height of CBL is lower than during the dry season and it has the
same height (around 1000 m) for forest and pasture sites. The CBL over pasture is hotter
and drier than over forest during the dry season, but during the wet season the air
temperatures and humidities fields are similar. Comparing the CBL growth during the dry
and wet season, there is evidence that the CBL properties over the forest are not dependent
on the surface characteristics, but the pasture CBL are.
The modification of the ABL structure due to a Friagem event in Amazonia: a case study

Gilberto Fisch
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA)
São José dos Campos, 12228-904, SP, Brazil
gfisch@iae.cta.br

Alistair D. Culf
Center of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

Roberto Fernando da Fonseca Lyra (UFAL)

Departamento de Meteorologia/Universidade de Meteorologia
Maceió, CEP 57000-000, AL, Brazil

Abstract: A cold front invasion into Amazonia during the winter times is known regionally
as Friagem. These phenomena is an important feature of the climate, as intermittent events
can modify the meteorological conditions, altering the way of life from Amazonidas as well
as the flora and fauna. During the field campaign of RBLE 2 (july 1993), a Friagem event
has happened in the Ji-Parana area (Rebio Jaru tropical forest) and was fully measured.
Using temperature data from ABRACOS Project (1992-1993), usually there are 6-7 events
of Friagem during the year, with 2-3 cases in July. The invasion of cold air (classified as
moderate) had occurred in early evening on July 6, provoking a light rain (3.6 mm at 6 AM
on July 7). The radiation integrated fluxes (solar and net radiation) showed a remarkable
change from a value of 17.1 and 11.8 MJ.m-2.day-1 for solar and net, respectively, on July 6
to 7.1 and 5.2 MJ.m-2.day-1 during the event (July 7,1993). The air temperature also showed
a dramastic change from a daily average of 25.3 °C to a value of 18.7 °C. The specific
humidity also reduces from 18 g.kg-1 to a value around 13 g.kg-1. The windspeed had
increased from 1.5 m.s-1 to 3.8 m.s-1. All these changes are expected by the modification
from a cold and dry air mass. The following day (July 8, 1993), as the cold front was in
dissipation, the radiation fluxes return to their typical values. The behavior of the sensible
heat flux is interesting as it has a reduced during the friagem (as normally one expected) but
it was very high: 3.5 after on July 9, 1993. This value is very high (correspond a sensible
flux of 200 W.m-2 which is not typical). This can suggest the hypothesis that the principal
mechanism chosen by the plants were the sensible heat flux instead the usual latent heat
flux. In terms of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), prior of the Friagem the height of
the convective boundary layer was 1350 m, with an average virtual potential temperature of
307.8 K. The ABL was very well mixed at late afternoon with a temperature discontinuity
almost null. On June 7, there was a cooling of the layer (temperature of 293.5 K) and only a
shallow but still well mixed layer (height around 420 m). This value is 1/3 of the typical
values and the mechanical turbulence was very important. The temperature jump at the top
of mixed layer was 9 K, indicating a strong subsidence acting at Ji-Parana area. The next
day the insolation has begun to heat the layer and the averaged virtual potential temperature
was 300.5 K, with a discontinuity of 3.5 K and still shallow CBL. The cooling of the
atmosphere was so intense in the lower 1-2 km that first the mixed layer has to be heated
and then it can grow its depth. Also the intensity of jump of temperature was so strong that
it may inhibited the entrainment, which act on the CBL development. The timescale
associated with the influence of a Friagem is 2-3 days, depending the intensity of it. The
structure from the atmosphere above 2 km is not modified by the event.
 The intercomparison of radiosonde systems during the LBA/TRMM experiment

Gilberto Fisch
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA)
São José dos Campos, 12228-904, SP, Brazil
gfisch@iae.cta.br

Rafael Ferreira da Costa

Museu Gueldi, Belém, 66000-000, Brazil

Maria Assunção F. Da Silva Dias

Universidade de São Paulo (USP/IAG), São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil

Abstract: As a part of the LBA/TRMM strategy design, an intercomparison of the

radiosonde systems was performed at the end of experiment (Feb 22-24, 1999) at the
pasture site. A dataset of 17 flights (1 launch each 3 hours) were made with VIZ and
Vaisala sondes attached to the same balloon. For each of the flights, the variables measured
by the radiosoundings were: air temperature, relative humidity, pressure (Vaisala only) and
wind components. These variables were extracted from the raw data and have been linearly
interpolated at 50 m intervals up to 5000 m in 500 m layers. In summary, although the
individual profiles can show some alternate patterns, on average the difference between
Vaisala and VIZ was –0.3 °C for the temperature and –5 % for relative humidity
(equivalent to 1.0 up to 1.5 g.kg-1). In this analysis, the Vaisala measurements have been
considered as the reference. The humidity profile deserves a special attention, since one of
the goals of the LBA/TRMM is to validate the algorithms applied to the data from the
satellite TRMM. The humidity profiles show overall differences around 5 %, with Vaisala
presenting the smaller values. The layer between 1000 and 2000 m shows the largest
differences (values around 8%). This layer is often the cloud layer and sometimes the sonde
goes in and out cloud, not allowing enough time for the sensor to come into equilibrium
with the environment (time constant of the sensors is around 1 s). The differences for the
pressure is insignificant (around 0.1 hPa) and the winds (both components) show a
reasonable agreement (between 0.5 and 0.8 m.s-1). The humidity data do not show any
significant difference between daytime and nighttime. The temperature differences between
Vaisala and VIZ is larger during daytime than during nighttime
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
DURING WETAMC/LBA – COMPARISON WITH
WEST AFRICAN CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

Henri Laurent and Luiz Augusto T. Machado

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial–Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço–Divisão de Ciências Atmosféricas

São José dos Campos/SP - 12228-904 , Brasil
and
IRD, LTHE, Grenoble, France

hlaurent@iae.cta.br - machado@iae.cta.br

Tropical convection tends to cluster into mesoscale convective systems that are responsible for the
main vertical exchanges of energy in the tropical troposphere, and that account for most of the total
rainfall. An automatic method, based in infrared images from geostationary satellites, has been used
for tracking cloud clusters during their life cycle. This objective tracking has been applied over
Amazonia during the WETAMC/LBA (Wet season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign), in January-
February 1999. The results allow for analyzing the MCS organization and propagation and to
compare them to the rain cells observed from meteorological surface radar. The convective activity
showed two different patterns named Easterly and Westerly regimes according to the wind flow in
the middle-to-low troposphere. During Easterly regime, MCS and rain cells have closely related
propagations, mostly associated to the mean flow at 700 hPa. During Westerly regime, the
propagations of both MCS and rain cells are much more disorganized, there is no clear relationship
with the mean atmospheric flow at any level, and the low-level rain cells propagate quite
independently from the high-level cloud cover.
The same tracking methodology was originally employed over West Africa during the rainy season;
therefore a limited comparison between these two continental tropical regions can be addressed.
The convective systems are mostly driven by the diurnal cycle in the Southwestern Amazon during
the rainy season, in contrast to the Sahel where squall lines and other long-lived MCS are the most
important convective systems. Another finding is that the behaviors of Amazonian and Sahelian
convective systems are quite similar during the Easterly regime, whereas they are very different
during the Westerly regime. This is consistent with the presence of a mid-level “jet” favouring a
wind shear essential for the organization of the convection.
MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BY
CONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIA

Igor Trosnikov1, Ralf Gielow2, João Andrade de Carvalho Jr3, Carlos Alberto Gurgel
Veras4, Ernesto Alvarado5, David Victor Sandberg6, José Carlos dos Santos7

1. CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP igor@cptec.inpe.br

2. LMO/CPTEC/INPE, São José dos Campos, SP ralf@cptec.inpe.br
3. FEG/UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP joao@feg.unesp.br
4. ENM/UnB, Brasília, DF gurgel@enm.unb.br
5. U W, Seattle, WA alvarado@u.washington.edu
6. USDA FS, Corvallis, OR sandberg@fsl.orst.edu
7. LCP/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP jcsantos@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract

A coupled numerical Transport-Eta Mesoscale model was used for the determination of the
transport of CO2 from a slashed Terra Firme Amazonian forest controlled burning with an
area of 9 ha, effected on August 31, 1998 in the region of Alta Floresta, MT, with an emission
of 2052 Mg CO 2 during 144 min. The path of the resulting CO2 plume was computed for 78
hours, and reached the coast of Santa Catarina as a compact mass. Its concentration, following
the wind, was modified by mesoscale diffusion, with values that agreed well with the ones
obtained through Taylor's similarity theory.
The results of the same numerical experiments for others dates will be presented.
Igor Trosnikov:
Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies
National Institute for Space Research
Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40
Cachoeira Paulista, SP
CEP 12630-000, Brazil
Tel:55 12 561 2822; Fax: 55 12 561 2835
e-mail:igor@cptec.inpe.br
THE DEEP CONVECTION THROUGH THE CAPE IN COMPARISON
WITH RADAR DOPLER BAND-L IN THE REGION OF SERPONG-
INDONESIA.
José Francisco de OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR1, Paulo Yoshio KUBOTA2, José Augusto Paixão
VEIGA3,

1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - Laboratório de Meteorologia e Oceanografia

(LMO) Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Clima (INPE/LMO/CPTEC),
São José dos Campos, SP – Brasil
Av. dos Astronautas, 1758 – Jardim da Granja – CEP: 12227-010
Nº inscrição JDE-0395
tel. : 0XX12 3945-6660

e-mail : jfoliver@cptec.inpe.br

ABSTRACT

Deep convective activity in the region of Serpong-Indonesia (6° 24’S – 106° 42’E)
identified with the help of the radar reflectivity and CAPE (Convection Avaliable Potential
Energy) shows strong diurnal variation with different chacarteristics in the dry and wet
seasons. Maximum convective activity in the dry season occurs around the early afternoon.
Whereas in the wet season it is in the morning and early evening hours. During the dry
season the CAPE is stable to moderately unstable agreeing with the Stutevant (1994) scale
except at 1500 LT (Local Time). Sometimes CAPE obtained values of over 3000 J/Kg at
this time. During the wet season CAPE was unstable to very unstable, values reaching 3500
J/kg, especially around 1800-2100 LT. High values of CAPE is only a necessary condition
for convection. In future the characteristics of convection over Indonesia and Amazonia
will be compared.
 Soil Temperature and Moisture Variability, Beneath Forest, Pasture and Mangrove
Areas, in Eastern Amazonia

José Ricardo S. de Souza, Julia C. P. Cohen, Antônio C.L. da Costa, Zilurdes F. Lopes

Department of Meteorology
Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
e-mail : jricardo@ufpa.br

ABSTRACT

Soil temperatures down to 50 cm depth, and volumetric moisture content within the
upper 30 cm layer of soils, were measured with similar thermistor sonde and soil moisture
reflectometer probe sensor systems, beneath natural forest (Caxiuanã), pasture (Soure) and
mangrove (Bragança) areas, in Eastern Amazônia. The sites were selected along a 500 km
transect, parallel to the equador, between latitudes of 0 and 2 degrees south.
The climatic regimes at all three monitoring sites were quite similar and regulated
by the passage of the ITCZ over the equator, which determines the transition between their
drier and rainy seasons. The soils temperature and moisture levels and variability, before
and after the onset of the rainy season, were analysed considering the observed short wave
incident solar radiation flux and pluviommetric precipitation, at each site.
At the depths studied, the soil temperatures in general decreased in the sequence :
pasture, mangrove and forest. On the other hand, the soil moisture beneath the forest was
high throughout the dry season.
The soils vegetation coverage was found to be, the principal agent responsible for
the wide range of soil temperatures variability found among the studied sites.The water
storage recharging beneath the pasture was intense and abrupt, just after the onset of the
rainy season. A smooth soil moisture transition was observed beneath the forest.

Corresponding author address : Dr. José Ricardo S. de SOUZA.

Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPA
CP. 1611 , Belém Pará Brasil CEP 66075-900.
 Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil Beneath Pasture, in Marajó Island

José Ricardo S. de Souza, Julia C. P. Cohen, Antônio C.L. da Costa, Zilurdes F. Lopes

Department of Meteorology
Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
e-mail : jricardo@ufpa.br

ABSTRACT

Soil temperature and moisture were monitored within the upper 30 cm layer, beneath
a natural pasture area in Soure, Marajo Island, Pará, Brazil. The data collected during an 18
month observation period (Aug/2000 up to Jan/2002) inclued also the short wave incoming
solar radiation flux and pluviommetric precipitation, at that experimental site. An
automatic station was used, with thermistor sonde, soil moisture reflectometer probe,
silicon photodiode pyranometer and tipping bucket rain gage sensor systems.
The results presented, include the monthly averages, hourly behavior and respective
extremes, for those soil physical variables. Selected case studies are presented, to show
sudden temperature falls and/or moisture recharging, associated with severe rainshower
events or the transition between the local dry and rainy seasons.
The soil temperatures observed at 20 cm depth were nearly 3 ºC above those measured
at the same depth, beneath other pasture sites in the Amazon Region (Souza et. al; 1996).
This may be attributed to differences in soil composition and climatic conditions among the
sites considered. The soil moisture values were within the range observed for shallow
depths, at other pasture sites, in Marabá, Manaus and Ji-Paraná (Hodnett et. al; 1996).
The soil parameters measured, will be used to initialize regional weather and
climate numerical models, and serve as reference for comparisons with other ongoing
experiments, in soils beneath native forest and mangrove areas, as part of the Amazonian
Large Scale Biosphere – Atmosphere Experiment (LBA).

Corresponding author address : Dr. José Ricardo S. de SOUZA.

Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPA
CP. 1611, Belém, Pará, Brasil CEP 66075-900.
 CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE FORMATION OVER EASTERN AMAZÔNIA.

Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen (1) , Adilson Wagner Gandu (2), José Ricardo S. de Souza(1)

(1) Department of Meteorology

Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
e-mail : jcpcohen@ufpa.br

(2) Departament of Atmospheric Sciences

University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
e-mail : adwgandu@model.iag.usp.br

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the observational results of two squall lines (SL) originated over
the continental eastern part of the Amazon Region.
Satellite images and automatic weather stations observations at three sites
(Bragança, Soure and Caxiuanã), located along a 500 km transect parallel to the equator
and between 0 and 2 degrees south, were used to monitor the SL´s genesis and
displacement.
The observation period, between 17 and 18 September, 2002, was within the drier
season. Nevertheless the pluviommetric precipitation monitored at three experimental sites,
indicated the occurrence of a large scale convective system over the region. This
atmospheric system produced a nearly 4oC temperature fall below seasonal daily average in
Soure and Bragança. This fact might be associated to downdrafts during the local dayligth
hours. Precipitation intensities in Soure and Caxiuanã reached 36 mm/h , followed by 8
mm/h observed in Bragança.
It was observed from the satellite images that before the disturbance, there were
some scattered convective clouds, over the central portion of the state of Maranhão. The
combination of an easterly wave disturbance plus the existence of a 300 m high topography
to the west appear to have produced an internal gravity wave, which apparently organized
those clouds in a linear form. The propagation speed of the SL´s formed was about 14 m/s.
Even though these continental SL´s have different generation mechanisms from the
maritime breeze circulation, which produce SL´s along the Atlantic coast of Amazonia
(Kousky, 1980 ; Cohen et al, 1995); the present case study shows that they both have
similar structure and propagation speeds.

Corresponding author address : Dr. Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen.

Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPA
CP. 1611 , Belém Pará Brasil CEP 66075-900.
 EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF Eta REGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-
AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OF CPTEC´s RPSAS

Julio Tóta 1, jtota@cptec.inpe.br

Dirceu Luiz Herdies 1, dirceu@cptec.inpe.br
Rosângela Cintra 1, rcintra@cptec.inpe.br
José Antônio Aravéquia 1, araveq@cptec.inpe.br
José Paulo Bonatti 1, bonatti@cptec.inpe.br
Clemente A. S. Tanajura 2, tanajura@cptec.inpe.br
1
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), Cach. Paulista, SP, Brazil.
2
Laboratório de Computação Científica -LNCC/CNPG, RJ, Brazil.

Words Key: Modeling, Amazon, Tropical Forest, and Precipitation

Suggested Thematic group: Measurement and modeling of precipitation

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the seasonal simulation of two
versions of CPTEC´s Eta model using data from the WET-AMC/LBA campaign in 1999
assimilated by CPTEC RPSAS (Regional Physical-space Statitical Analysis System). As
part of the investigations of the LBA experiment, upper air and surface data were measured
continually during the WET-AMC/LBA campaign from January to February 1999 over part
of Amazon region. Those data were used to evaluate and validate variables simulated by
two versions of the CPTEC regional Eta model at a seasonal time scale. Two versions of
the CPTEC regional Eta model were used. One version of the Eta Model was coupled to the
OSU (Oregon State University) surface scheme, and another version was coupled with the
SSiB (Simplified Simple Biosphere Model) surface scheme. The models were configured
with a horizontal resolution of 40 km and 38 vertical levels over South America. A control
simulation was accomplished using analyses and forecasts of the CPTEC global model.
Another experimental simulation was accomplished using initial conditions and analyses
generated by CPTEC´s RPSAS, which assimilated the data from the WET-AMC/LBA
campaign during 1999 and the Global Telecomunication data (GTS). The spatial
distribution and daily variability of meteorological variables, for both simulations, were
assessed against observed data. The performance and the peculiarities of the surface
schemes, as well as its limitations over Amazon region were evaluated. The initialization of
the model and its respective characteristics are discussed. Heterogeneity of the surface and
its influence in the precipitation regimes were assessed. The data generated by the LBA
Project has been extremely important in the validation and improvement of several models
in Amazônia. This work mainly evaluates the use of the data available from LBA
campaigns in Amazônia to improve CPTEC´s regional Eta model at seasonal time scale.
 Towards a South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS):
Investigating Potential Precipitation Forcing Data

L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves1,2, W. James Shuttleworth1, Bart Nijssen1,

Jose A. Marengo2, David Gochis1, Chou Sin Chan2, Kuolin Hsu1
1
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721
2
CPTEC-INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The overall goal of this research is to provide better understanding and

documentation of soil moisture and surface-atmosphere processes and to
improve the initialization of the land-surface variables in the CPTEC SSiB-ETA
coupled model across South America in general, and the Amazon Region in
particular. This will be done by creating and using a South American Land Data
Assimilation System (SALDAS) consisting of a two-dimensional array of
uncoupled SSiB models, calibrated using appropriate field data from LBA and
earlier studies. This array of land surface models will be forced by near-surface
variables derived from the assimilation fields of the ETA model supplemented by
real surface-based and remotely sensed observations of precipitation and
radiation to the extent possible. In due course, observations gathered under the
LBA program will be used for validation of the SALDAS modeled fields, where
available. An initial priority in this study is to evaluate alternative sources of
precipitation forcing data. This paper reports our early studies that are concerned
with investigating the relative value of three alternative sets of precipitation
forcing data, specifically, the precipitation fields used as initial condition in the
CPTEC/ETA model (derived from the NCEP global model), the precipitation
fields derived using the PERSIANN system (Precipitation Estimation from
Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) at the University
of Arizona, and experimental NOAA/NESDIS precipitation estimates. These data
are evaluated relative to daily rain gauge data from South America provided by
several Brazilian agencies (CMCD/INPE, INMET, FUNCEME, LMRS/PB, ARN,
DMRH/PE, SRHBA, CEPES and NMRH/AL) and compiled by CPTEC/INPE.
Comparative statistics are reported for the three sets of potential forcing data
relative to the rain gauge observations for the calendar year 2000.

Email Address of Corresponding Author: gustavo@hwr.arizona.edu

 Coherent structures observed immediately above Amazonian forest
canopy in Rebio Jaru Reserve, Rondônia, Brazil

Leonardo D. A. Sá1,*, Maurício J. A. Bolzan1,3, Fernando M. Ramos2, Reinaldo R. Rosa2

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e

Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos,
Brazil

2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de

Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil

3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos

Campos, Brazil

Abstract: We used Morlet wavelet transform to detect coherent structures in wind velocity
turbulent field above and within Amazon forest canopy. The data were measured in March
1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in
Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made
simultaneously at three different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located
in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. The fast response wind
speed measurements, sampled at 60 Hz rate, were made using Campbell three-dimensional
sonic anemometers at the heights of 66 and 42 m (above the canopy), and 21 m (below the
canopy). The results show that coherent structures are allways present at the 42m level,
irrespectively of the time of the day. On the other hand, coherent structures are not
ubiquous in the wind velocity turbulent signal measured at 66 and 21 m. During the day,
the time-scale associated with the coherent structures detected at 42 m is of the order of 30
to 40 s. During the night, this time-scale grows up to values between 90 and 100 s. We
congecture that these coherent structures are "role-type" structures asociated with inflexion
point instability. They have a time-scale of the same of order of magnitude, and defined as t
= 1 / (d u / dz) |h, where du / dz |h is the mean horizontal wind velocity vertical gradient at h
= 32 m, the mean height of the forest canopy.

____________________
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: leo@cptec.inpe.br
 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURBULENCE STRUCTURE

EVOLUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER ABOVE PANTANAL

WETLAND

Luís Marcelo de Mattos Zeri1, Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Eliana

S.Andrade1, Amaury de Souza2

(1) Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e

Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas
1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, Brazil; (2) Departamento de Física, Universidade
Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
lmarcelo@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract: Pantanal is one of the biggest wetland regions of the world, with an area of

approximately 150,000 km2. It is located in central part of the South America (19o S, 57o

W) and presents a climatology which is characterized by a very dry season and a wet period

in which strong floods are often observed. We compare some mean characteristics of the

atmospheric surface layer (ASL) structure during wet and dry seasons over Pantanal

Wetland. Momentum and sensible heat fluxes and its associated correlation coefficients

were calculated for some periods during IPE-1 wet season campaign and IPE-2 dry season

campaign. Turbulence scale characteristics, stability parameters and coherent structures

behavior were also investigated. It seems that turbulence structure characteristics are

similar during wet and dry seasons, except during early evening transition periods. This is

probably due to peculiar energy budget conditions associated to the existence of a 15cm

shallow water layer during wet season in Pantanal. Other aspects of the dry and wet ASL

characteristics are presented and some possible physical explanations for the results are

discussed.
 THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING TRMM-WETAMC/LBA

Luiz A. T. Machado, Henri Laurent* and Alexandra A. Lima

machado@iae.cta.br, hlaurent@iae.cta.br and xanduca@cptec.inpe.br

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial / Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço / Divisão de Ciências

Atmosféricas. São José dos Campos/SP , Brasil

* Also filliated to the IRD/LTHE Grenoble – France

Radiosonde, satellite data, TOGA radar 2 km CAPPI and rainfall collected from the
TRMM-WETAMC/LBA experiment have been used to investigate the diurnal cycle of the
tropical convection. GOES satellite images were used to describe the diurnal modulation of
the total/high/convective cloud fraction and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and
initiation/dissipation of the convective systems. Radar 2km CAPPI were used to describe
the diurnal cycle of the rain fraction for different thresholds and the diurnal evolution of the
size spectrum and initiation/dissipation of the rain cells. An average over the four rain
gauge networks was applied to describe the average hourly rainfall. The upper air network
dataset was used to compute the thermodynamic variables: equivalent potential temperature
(θe), convective available potential energy (CAPE), thickness of positive buoyancy,
instability and convective inhibition. High and convective cloud areas fractions reach their
maximum some hours after the maximum rainfall detected by rain gauge and radar 2 km –
CAPPI. The minimum cloud cover occurs only a few hours before the maximum
precipitation and the maximum cloud cover occurs during the night. The maximum rainfall
takes place at the time of the maximum initiation of the convective systems observed by
satellite and rain cells. At the time of maximum precipitation the majority of the convective
systems and rain cells are small sized and present the maximum increasing area fraction
rate. The diurnal evolution of θe also presents a very clear diurnal variation with maximum
occurring in the beginning of the afternoon. The CAPE is well related to θe; when θe is
high CAPE is high, the atmosphere is unstable and has a deep layer of positive buoyancy
and small convective inhibition. These results suggest the following mechanism controlling
the diurnal of convection: in the morning, cloud cover decreases as the solar flux reaching
the surface increases and consequently θe. In the beginning of the afternoon convection
rapidly develops, high and convective clouds fractions increase rapidly and the maximum
precipitation and initiation is observed. After convection is developed the atmosphere
profile is modified reaching a nearly saturated state; the water vapor flux decreases in the
boundary layer which becomes very stable, which inhibits surface fluxes and consequently
extinguishes the convection.
THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO THE
LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WIND
DIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USING WETAMC/LBA.

Luiz A. T. Machado
(machado@iae.cta.br)

Henri Laurent*
(hlaurent@iae.cta.br)

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço – Divisão de Ciências

Atmosféricas São José dos Campos/SP CEP: 12228-904 , Brasil
*
Also filliated to the IRD/LTHE Grenoble - France

The WETAMC/LBA data measured during January February 1999 combine many different
sources of data resulting in one of the most complete dataset to describe the convection in
the tropical continental region. Based in this dataset we have studied the convective system
life cycle obtained from GOES images and the methodology described in Laurent et al.
(2002). Machado et al. (1998) suggested that the normalized area expansion of the
convective system can be associated to the upper tropospheric wind divergence and
proposed a possible relationship with the life cycle duration of convective system. This
paper analyses this hypothese combining the convective system tracking, the upper level
winds derived from the GOES water vapor channel and the divergence computed using the
radiossonde data. The main goal of this study is to verify if the area expansion of the
convective system at the first moment of detection (i.e., at the initiation) can be related to
the life duration of the convective system. The physical explanation for this relationship is
based in the association of the area expansion with the upper tropospheric wind divergence.
Large wind divergence at these levels corresponds to strong mass flux in the convective
parts of the cloud cluster, a convective system having strong mass flux will live for more
hours than a convective system with smaller area expansion (mass flux). The results show
that there is an exponential relationship between these two parameters, and that up to 10
hours the life duration of the convective system can be predicted using only the convective
system area expansion at the initiation life stage. Also this study compares the upper
tropospheric wind divergence estimated from radiossonde, water vapor wind and area
expansion, to analyse the performance of these kinds of observations to describe the
convective activity. The diurnal cycle of the upper tropospheric wind divergence is
computed and compared with the precipitation (radar and pluviometer) and the convective
and total cloud cover. The maximum upper level wind divergence (as well as the area
expansion) occurs at the moment of maximum precipitation and two hours earlier than the
convective cloud cover maximum.
 MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALL LINE IN THE
AMAZON REGION

Marcel Ricardo Rocco and Augusto José Pereira Filho

Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo – USP / IAG / DCA
Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-900
e-mail: marcelri@model.iag.usp.br

ABSTRACT
A hydrometeor classification is performed for a squall line that passed through the WET
AMC and TRMM LBA experiment area in 26 January 1999. Polarimetric measurements
from a S-band dual Doppler weather radar were used in conjunction with a classification
procedure developed by Straka et al. (2000). This method is based on extensive
observational and modeling studies of polarimetric hydrometeors signatures. Hydrometeor
types are classified according to arbitrary boundaries or thresholds in a multidimensional
polarimetric space. The hydrometeors are divided in the following groups: rain, hail, rain-
wet hail mixtures, small graupel, snow crystals and aggregate. Preliminary results are
consistent with expected vertical microphysical structures; warm and could types below
and above the bright band, respectively. In the end, this classification showed to be very
restrictive. A fuzzy classification algorithm that builds upon this foundation will be
discussed in a forthcoming paper, because the fuzzy logic-based method makes use of a
smooth transition in polarimetric observable boundaries among precipitation types instead
of simple thresholds. Finally, this study will support a different number of scientific and
operational studies that needs a better understanding to deduce hydrometeor types from
polarimetric data. These include: determination of Z-R relations, evaluation of interactions
between microphysics and kinematics in severe storms and mesoscale systems, estimation
of latent heating budgets, initialization of hydrometeor types and amounts in storm-scale
and mesoscale numerical models, determination of detrainment rates in hybrid cumulus
parameterization schemes, improvement and verification of microphysical parameterization
in cloud and mesoscale models, and verification of quantitative precipitation models,
among others.
 Horizontal vorticity budget associated to an Amazonian squall line during the
CIRSAN/LBA experiment

Marcos Longo
Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo

Rua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP
Tel.: +55 +11 3091 4808 FAX: +55 +11 3091 4808
E-mail: marcos@master.iag.usp.br

Since vorticity has a governing conservation principle, it is more adequate to study the
flow in terms of vorticity than in terms of wind speed, especially when Reynolds number is
large, like in the case of convection, for instance. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyse
the horizontal vorticity budget associated to a squall line formed on Amazon basin during
CIRSAN/LBA experiment. This budget was developed using RAMS model, applied to a grid
suitable to convective scale. Only horizontal components were considered here because they
are about 2 orders of magnitude larger than the vertical component.
The squall line system chosen for this study was formed along the Amazonian coast,
between Pará and French Guyana in August 10th, 2001, reaching Santarém area by the
morning of the 11th. Most important synoptic-scale and thermodynamic features determining
appropriate conditions for propagation were found. This system did not produce much rain,
but, considering its overall structure it can be considered a typical squall line.
Results show that horizontal vorticity terms depict important convective structures:
meridional component of vorticity tendency is positive when convective cells are developing
and it is negative on decaying stage. Vorticity tendencies describe also some gravity waves on
the top of troposphere. Moreover, it was verified that the flux term acts at the same direction
of tendency, while tilting and solenoidal terms act in the opposite direction. Three-
dimensional divergence is positive in deep cumulus from cloud base to near the cloud top,
while at the top there is three-dimensional convergence. Equivalent potential temperature and
buoyancy have also important structures during deep convection, showing stabilization after
convection.
 Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a Cold Outbreak during Wet-Season on South-
western Amazon

Marcos Longo
Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias
Ricardo de Camargo

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo

Rua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP
Tel.: +55 +11 3091 4808 FAX: +55 +11 3091 4808
E-mail: marcos@master.iag.usp.br

The aim of this work is to analyse a cold outbreak, or “friagem”, event that reached
South-western Amazon and Southern and Middle Brazil on November 9th, 1999. Using
satellite images, CPTEC-INPE analysis and surface and sounding data, it was found that this
event induced, on South-western Amazon Basin, decrease of temperature — reaching about
12°C — and specific humidity — as low as 8 g/kg — and increase of wind magnitude — to 7
m/s southerlies. Convection activity, which was intensified before cold front interaction, was
suppressed for 2-3 days after the cold outbreak.
Since vorticity advection at middle to high troposphere is related to temperature
advection at low levels, it was verified that the anticyclonic advection induces pressure
increase at west side of trough and pressure decrease at east side of trough. This feature in
pressure field generates cold advection in low levels, which intensifies the trough.
Cold advection was the most important term in the temperature budget equation, and
an equilibrium was found between adiabatic cooling and diabatic heating. While it moved
northward, the layer which has cold advection became shallower.
 The distribution of convective systems detected by satellite in the Tropics of South
America and some relationships with the precipitation and the general circulation

Marcus Jorge Bottino1

Paulo Nobre1
Glaucia Meira Carneiro1

1
CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, km 40-SP, Brasil
bottino@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract

The distribution of convective systems (CS) identified in images of the satellite GOES 8 it
was implemented by a simple method of classification of high top and deep clouds based
on the information of the water vapor and thermal infrared channels. Images of the period
from 1998 to 2000 were processed on the tropical strip of South America. In this work it is
presented: the) the classification methodology and identification of SC; b) some aspects of
the annual and seasonal average distribution of the frequency and dimensions of these
systems and its relationship with the vertical movement and the precipitation; c) the
monthly evolution of SC in the area of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and
relationships with the circulation and the vertical movement. In a general way that areas of
intense annual and seasonal precipitation are associated to a larger covering of convective
clouds. The annual march of ITCZ and the continental convection present phase differences
that exercise it influences in the vertical movement of the atmosphere of the coast north of
Brazil.
 Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral-gap" in turbulent data
measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian Forest

Margarete O. Domingues1,*, Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Celso von

Randow1, Antônio O. Manzi1, Bart Kruijt3

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de

Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515,
12201-970, São José dos Campos, Brazil
2. Alterra, P.O. Box 47,Wageningen, Netherlands

Abstract:

Wavelet and Fourier analyses are used to identify the spectral characteristics of wind
velocity (u, v, w components), temperature, humudity and CO2 concentration data sets,
obtained during dry and wet seasons above Amazonian forest. The data were measured in
August-September (dry-season) and in December (wet-season), year of 2000, as a part of
the Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium, in southwestern part of Amazonian
region. Measurements are made at micrometeorological tower located in the Biological
Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W) above a 32 m height forest canopy. The fast
response wind speed and temperature measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made
using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments), at a
height of 62.7 m. Analyses are performed over a wide frequency range, from the inertial
subrange domain up to one day time-scale. Data are studied for a five day only spectrum
and for one day mean spectra and cospectra. Results showed that is not possible to identify
spectra gap in any of the investigated variables. This has important consequence in that
separating the turbulence flow into mean and fluctuation components may not be valid.
This also makes it difficult to determine a cutoff frequency for filtering the data. This
absence of a spectral gap is probably due to the non-stationary characteristics of turbulent
fields above Amazonian forest. Some physical phenomena in tropical meteorology are
proposed to explain the findings.

__________________
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: margaret@cptec.inpe.br
 Relationship between CAPE and Bolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBA
Maria Aurora Santos da Mota
Universidade Federal do Pará/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos
Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJ- 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brasil
Phone: +55 12 5608562 - email: aurora@cptec.inpe.br

ABSTRACT

Radiosonde date from the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign of the Large
Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (January and February 1999) held
in Rondônia-Brazil, rainfall date sets as well as the global analysis from CPTEC were used
in this study. Analysis of the transient variability of convective available potential energy
(CAPE) and any possible relationship with Bolivian high and convective activity was
carried out. Results show that there is a direct relationship between CAPE and vorticity
field in 250 hPa, in the studied period. When CAPE increases, anticyclonic vorticity also
increases, if CAPE decreases cyclonic vorticity appears in the region. This means that
when CAPE is released for formation of the deep convection event, it will occur
convergence in the low levels with rising motion and divergence in the upper troposphere
favoring thus the formation of the Bolivian high.
 Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest
using Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. I. Wind velocity

Maurício J. A. Bolzan1,3,*, Fernando M. Ramos2, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Camilo Rodrigues

Neto2, Reinaldo R. Rosa2

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e

Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos,
Brazil

2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de

Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil

3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos

Campos, Brazil

Abstract: Modelling of the fine-scale for vertical wind velocity component above and
within Amazonian forest has been performed using Tsallis' generalized thermostatistics
theory (GTS). We show that such a theory provides an accurate framework for modeling
the statistical behavior of the inertial subrange above and below the canopy. For this, we
compared the experimental probability density functions (PDFs) with the theoretically
predicted ones. The data were measured in March 1999, during the wet-season of the Large
Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of
Amazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneously at different heights in a 60
meters micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o
56´ W), Brazil. The fast response wind speed measurements, sampled at 60 Hz rate, were
made using Campbell three-dimensional sonic anemometers at the heights of 66 m (above
the canopy) and 21 m (below the canopy). Above the canopy forest, results showed good
agreement between experimental data and the Tsallis´ generalized thermostatistics theory.
For below canopy data, the agreement between the experimental and theoretical PDFs was
fairly good, but some distortion was observed. This is probably due to some peculiar
characteristics of turbulent momentum transfer process inside the forest crown. Discussion
is presented to explain these results; conclusions regarding the absence of “universal
scaling” in the inertial subrange are also presented in the context of the entropic parameter
of Tsallis’ theory.

____________________
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bolzan@univap.br
 Wind, Temperature and Moisture Vertical Profiles at the FLONA Pasture Site
Osvaldo L. L. Moraes, Otávio C. Acevedo, Rodrigo da Silva
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

David R. Fitzjarrald, Ricardo K. Sakai, Ralf M. Staebler, Matthew Czicowski

Atmospheric Sciences Reesearch Center, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA

Two campaigns of tethered balloon observations were conducted in 2001 (July and
October, 5 nights each) at the Km 77 LBA-ECO pasture site, 500 m away from the
micrometeorological tower. The tethered balloon carries a sonde that measures
temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction up to heights of 1000 meters, and sends
the signal to a receiving station at the ground. The soundings were performed throughout
the nights, starting before dusk, finishing when the convective boundary layer was well
developed, usually around 0800 LST. Typical profiles were taken every half hour, up to
400 m. Intensive observations were conducted at dawn, to get the early development of the
convective boundary layer.
Nocturnal soundings were designed to understand the development of the stable
layer and the vertical wind profile. Drainage flow was expected and found in a shallow
layer above which the large scale easterlies persist.
Observations indicate that the drainage layer has a 50-m thickness. Wind speed
composites for the 5 nights in october show that it starts its development around 1800 LST,
reaching 50 m around 2100 LST, after which it stays steady until 0400 LST, when it starts
to disappear. The wind direction in this layer comes from south/southwest. We found that
extremely calm conditions are common in the cleared areas. In the core of the night, the
eddy covariance flux effectively vanished on most nights.
The intensive sets of soundings performed from just before dawn until the CBL was
well developed allows the estimation of surface fluxes from the convergence of heat and
moisture observed in subsequent soundings, using the boundary-layer budget approach.
The estimated fluxes from this technique are in good agreement with those measured by
eddy covariance measurement at the nearby pasture tower. This period is of special interest
for canopy studies, because an appreciable portion of the CO2 released by the plants at
night is transferred to the atmosphere that is starting to become turbulent.
 ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVER
AMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASE

Paulo Jorge de Oliveira

Universidade Federal do Pará(UFPa), Belém, CEP 66000-000, PA, Brasil,
pjosouza@aol.com

Edson José Paulino da Rocha

Gilberto Fisch

Julio Tota

Bart Kruijt

Antonio O. Manzi

Celso Von Randow

ABSTRACT

An observation of the Friagem phenomena influence at Meteorological variables and

both energy and CO2 fluxes were made, in forest site near Ji-Paraná area, (Rondonia),
during June of 2001. Data used in this study belong to the LBA project and they were
carried out from an automatic weather station (AWS) which gave mean information at
each 30 min and surface fluxes were measured by LICOR/SONICO system
(Moncrieff et al., 1997). Not only mean air temperature but also maximum and
minimum air temperature showed a decreasing of 35% during Friagem days. We have
noticed a decreasing of 75W.m-2, from normal days (200W.m-2) to cold days
(125W.m-2) at daily mean incoming solar radiation. During Friagem days, both
Sensible (H) and Latent Heat fluxes (LE), showed a decreasing in their mean
maximum daily value. The CO2 concentration stayed almost constant, without
increasing during the night, due to the windiness condition at Friagem days. During
normal days the mean diurnal CO2 flux (-2.44µmol m-2 s-1) was lesser than that one at
friagem days (-5.78µmol m-2 s-1), while the mean nocturnal fluxes were 1.77µmol m-2
s-1 e 2.83µmol m-2 s-1 during normal and cold days, respectively.
 WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding data quality control

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht (1)

Marcos Longo (1)
Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado (2)
Gilberto Fisch (2)
Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias (1)
(1)
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas
Universidade de São Paulo
Rua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária 05508-900 São Paulo, SP
Tel.: +55 11 3091 4808 Fax: +55 11 3091 4769
E-mail: rachel@master.iag.usp.br
(2)
Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial
Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 CEP 12228-904 São José dos Campos, SP
Tel.: +55 12 3947 4558

This work presents a quality control of radiosonde data collected during WET-
AMC/LBA. There were four radiosonde stations: ABRACOS, Rancho Grande, Rolim de
Moura and Rebio Jaru, where the first two ones launched VIZ radiosondes and the others
launched Väisälä radiosondes. The quality control method was based on visual inspection,
plausibility and spatial and physical consistency. The visual inspection corrected date and
hour in files and name files, while plausibility checked surface measurements and its units.
A statistical plausibility method based on temporal site series and its consistence with each
radiosonde at a 95% interval of confidence.was also applied. Finally the mass divergence
integrated in the atmospheric column in a triangle which vertices were the radiosonde
stations were computed to verify the horizontal consistency of wind vector data. It was
verified that the substitution or elimination of suspected data improves the reliability of
thermodynamical parameters, for instance, CAPE. Consequently, it is strongly
recommendable to use the corrected data series.
 TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R RELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATING
SYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBA

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht

Augusto José Pereira Filho

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas

Universidade de São Paulo
Rua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP
E-mail: rachel@master.iag.usp.br

This work is concerned with the time evolution of the ZR relationship of precipitating
events during the WETAMC and TRMM-LBA experiment in Rondônia, Brazil carried out between
January and February 1999. Particularly, five squall lines were analyzed. The results indicate that
most events are characterized by three distinct ZR relationships during the life cycle of such
systems. Disdrometer estimations and weather radar measurements of the reflectivity factor show
good agreement for convective rainfall and poor correlation for the stratiform type. Since the later is
responsible for nearly 50% of the total rainfall volume, one might be careful while using radar
derived rainfall accumulations.
COMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLE MODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF
DAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESS

Moura1, R. G., Correia1, F. W. S., Mendes1, D.

1
CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Brasil
rildo@cptec.inpe.br

ABSTRACT

The Amazon Area, with its gigantic dimensions, a lot of times is studied by means of
simulations using models. However, it is not easy, for example, to assess the amount of
short wave radiation that reaches a certain surface, once this radiation depends mainly on
the cloudiness cover, which is difficult to estimate. This work consists of verifying the
performance of simple mathematic formulations to estimate the cloudiness, with the
objective of evaluating the convenience of using those formulations in the classification of
days as respect to cloudiness. The results showed that in both formulations used in this
work, it was verified that a large percentage of days was classified as cloudy days, and most
was classified as partially cloudy, reminding that these results refer to the rainy periods of
the first LBA campaign. However the largest differences found among the formulations is
in the classification of days of clear sky, as one of them classifies, like this, approximately
half of the studied days. Possibly this is related with the different ranges established by
each one of the different formulations.
 Rationalizing Burned Carbon with Carbon Monoxide Exported from South America

R. Chatfield 1, S. R. Freitas 2, M. A. Silva Dias 2, and P. L. Silva Dias 2

2
NASA Ames Research Center, Bldg. 245-5, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA, E-mail: chatfield@clio.arc.nasa.gov,
2
Rua do Matão, 1226, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
E-mail: sfreitas@model.iag.usp.br; mafdsdia@model.iag.usp.br; pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br;

We present several estimates cross-checking the fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere from burning,
comparing models that are based on simple land-surface parameterizations and atmospheric transport
dynamics. Both estimates made by NASA Ames and USP modeling techniques are quite high
compared to some detailed satellite/land-use studies of emissions. The flux of carbon liberated to the
atmosphere via biomass burning is important for several reasons. This flux is a fundemental statistic
for the parameterization of the large-scale flux of gases controlling the reactive greenhouse gases
methane and ozone. Similarly, it is central to the estimation of the translocation of nitrogen and
pyrodenitrification in the tropics. Thirdly, CO2 emitted from rainforest clearing contributes directly to
carbon lost from the rainforest system as it contributes to greenhouse gas forcing. While CO2 from
pasturage, agriculture, etc, is considered to be reabsorbed seasonally, and so “off budget” for the
carbon cycle, it must also be accounted. CO2 anomalies related to daily weather and interannual
climatic variation are strong enough to perturb our scientific perception of long-term carbon storage
trends. We compare fluxes deduced from land-use statistics (originally, W.M. Hao) and from satellite
hot pixels (A. Setzer) with atmospheric fluxes determined by the mescoscale/continental scale models
RAMS and MM5, and point to some new work with highly resolved global models (the NASA Data
Assimilation Office’s GEOS4). Our simulations are tied to events, so that measured tracers like CO
tie the models directly to the burning and meteorology of a specific period. We point out a particular
sensitivity in estimates based on CO, and indicate how analysis of CO2 along with other biomass-
burning tracers may lead to an improved multi-species estimator of carbon burned.
 THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER:
OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS IN RONDÔNIA
R. M. N. Santos1, G. Fisch2, A. J. Dolman3

The dynamics and the structure of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer (NBL) are
still not very understood especially in tropical forest areas, despite of its
importance for the weather and climate control mechanisms. Data set from
RBLE and WETAMC-LBA field experiments (dry and wet season
respectively) in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia – Brazil were analysed and consist of
tethered balloon profiles, surface fluxes (sensitive heat flux, H, latent heat
flux, LE, soil heat flux, G, and net radiation, Rn), and surface meteorological
data. These data were collected in 2 sites: one representative of the pasture
(Fazenda Nossa Senhora Aparecida/ABRACOS - 10o45’S, 62o21’W, 290 m),
and another representative for tropical forest (Rebio Jarú–10o05’S, 61o55’W,
120 m). During the dry season on the forest the NBL was deeper than on the
pasture. Otherwise, during the wet season the NBL was deeper on the pasture.
The maximum development has occurred at around 5 am for dry season (420
m and 320 m, on forest and pasture, respectively). During the wet season the
maximum development accured at 10 pm on the forest (270 m) and 04 am on
the pasture (450 m). Pasture was warmer and drier than forest for the dry
season. The stable stratification on the pasture was larger in both of seasons.
The CLN erosion occurred between 7-8 am, in both seasons (for the dry and
wet periods). On the pasture it seems to exist a contribution of a horizontal
flux to broken of nocturnal capping inversion, which is more effective during
the dry season. This advection can be created by the juxtaposition of
remanescent of tropical forest inside a larger deforested pasture. This situation
is not so clear on the forest yet, where more detailed analysis are still needed.

1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE/CPTEC/LMO. Av dos Astronautas, 1758 – Caixa Postal
515 – Jardim da Granja – CEP 12201-970 – São José dos Campos – SP
Fone: 0xx12 3945-6821 Fax: 0xx12 3945-6817 E-mails: rosa@cptec.inpe.br ou rosa_
2
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – CTA/IAE
3
Free University (Vrije Universiteit) of Amsterdam
Statistical Evaluation of the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBA
and GTS Observations used in RPSAS with CPTEC Eta model

Rosângela Cintra, José A. Aravéquia, Julio Tóta,

Dirceu Herdies, Jose P. Bonatti
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos - CPTEC/INPE
Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40
12630-000 -Cachoeira Paulista - SP
e-mail:rcintra@cptec.inpe.br

Abstract

To improve the skill of the CPTEC regional model was developed and implemented a
analysis system, called Regional Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (RPSAS),
that make use of the core system PSAS from Data Assimilation Office (DAO) on the
GSFC/NASA. The RPSAS has ben designed as an improvement over the current
Optimal Interpolation (OI) based on the Data Assimilation System (DAS). From
January to February 1999, during AMC-WET/LBA campaign, comparisons of the
Observation Data Stream (ODS) and the RPSAS analysis fields were made using the
Eta six hour forecast fields (first guess). The Eta model was integrated daily for 00, 06,
12 and 18 GMT using initial conditions from RPSAS analyses. The statistical indexes
were calculated with the purpose of evaluating the quality of the analysis. The
observations minus analysis and the observations minus first guess for geopotential
height and humidity at the levels 850, 500 and 300 hPa levels were used to generate
mean bias score and standard deviation (RMS) for each region to produce a statistical
evaluaton of the observing system for South America. The first results show mean bias
score for geopotential height amplitude on 500 hPa of approximately 16 mgp at 00Z , 28
mgp at 06Z, 8 mgp at 12Z, and 14 mgp at 18Z.
 Explicitly Modeling the Vertical Transport of Biomass
Burning Emissions by a Mesoscale Convective System on Amazon Basin

S. R. Freitas 1, R. Chatfield 2, M. A. Silva Dias 3 and P. L. Silva Dias 4

1
Rua do Matão, 1226, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
E-mail: sfreitas@model.iag.usp.br; 2 NASA Ames Research Center, E-mail: chatfield@clio.arc.nasa.gov,
3
USP, E-mail: mafdsdia@model.iag.usp.br; 4 USP, E-mail: pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br;

The convective transport of trace gases by a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the Amazon
basin is explicitly modeled through a numerical simulation with high spatial resolution. The study is
carried out using the atmospheric model RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System). The
model configuration was set up with 3 grids with horizontal resolution of 50, 10 and 2.5 km. The
resolution of the finer grid should permit the model to resolve the main eddies associated with deep
convective activity, simulating the transport of pollutants from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) to
the high troposphere. The case study is related to a MCS that was observed on September 26, 1992 in
Amazon basin. The PBL was polluted by biomass burning emissions on the previous days. The
atmospheric simulations were carried out using ECMWF reanalysis for initial and boundary
conditions. The initial condition for carbon monoxide (CO) in the PBL was defined using profiles
obtained by an instrumented aircraft of the TRACE-A experiment and the remote-sensing product
'aerosol index' of TOMS. The simulated thermodynamic and CO vertical profiles inside the MCS and
in the environment are presented, as well the role of updrafts and downdrafts in the vertical transport
of pollutants. Comparison between the CO measured by aircraft at the MCS anvil and modeled is
shown. The main information resulting from high resolution experiments are discussed in the context
of convective transport parameterization for low spatial resolution models.
Atmospheric Responses to Land and Water: Simulations and Observations of
Mesoscale Circulations and CO2 Concentrations in the Santarém Mesoscale
Campaign

A. Scott Denning1, Lixin Lu1, Elicia Inazawa1, Maria Assuncao Silva Dias2, Pedro Silva
Dias2, Raymond Desjardins3, Jeffrey Richey4, Marek Uliasz1, and Peter Bakwin5

1
Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, USA
2
Universidade de São Paulo, IAG, São Paulo, Brazil
3
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
4
School of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA
5
Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Boulder, CO, USA

Variations of the concentrations and stable isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 contain
information about sources and sinks at the underlying surface. We have investigated
mesoscale variations of atmospheric CO2 over a heterogeneous landscape of forests,
pastures, and large rivers during the Santarém Mesoscale Campaign (SMC) during
August, 2001. We simulated the variations of surface fluxes and atmospheric
concentrations of CO2 using the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)
on a multiply-nested grid which included a 1-km inner grid centered on the Flona
Tapajos. Surface fluxes of CO2 were prescribed in the model using idealized diurnal
cycles over forested and pasture vegetation, and over surface water using a value
suggested by in-situ measurements in the Amazôn River. Land vegetation cover was
prescribed using AVHRR NDVI data. Atmospheric winds and structure and boundary-
layer depth were compared to observations made by radiosondes at Belterra and by
SODAR at Santarém.

Mesoscale circulations were simulated in the vicinity of both the Amazôn and
Tapajos Rivers on most days, with magnitudes of 1-2 m s-1 near the surface. These
“riverbreeze” circulations were also present in observations made in the field. Simulated
CO2 concentrations were perturbed by over 10 ppm in the immediate vicinity of the
rivers, with the strongest effect in the early morning. By midafternoon, the effect of the
river evasion fluxes on simulated concentrations was mixed through a deeper layer and
influenced by the riverbreeze, but still easily measurable.

In-situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 and its stable isotopic ratios during
transects flown in a small aircraft at midmorning were consistent with the river evasion
flux hypothesis, though the magnitude was weaker than simulated. This suggests that the
prescribed evasion flux in the model was too strong.

Corresponding Author: Scott Denning, Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University

Fort Collins, CO 80523-1371 USA denning@atmos.colostate.edu
Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use
PRIMARY AUTHOR
CARLOS CLEMENTE
CERRI
Eric Davidson
Erick Fernandes
Regina Luizao
Tatiana Sa
Alexandre Pinto
Carol Schwendener
Christienne Kuczak
Christoph Steiner
Cláudio Carvalho
Goetz Schroth
Guilherme Silva
Ilse Lieve Ackerman
Iván Cortés
ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE
CENA/USP Oral STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF
DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIA
EXAMINING AGRONOMIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC
CRITERIA
WHRC Oral Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus for
biomass growth in a six-year-old secondary
forest: results of a nutrient amendment
experiment
Cornell University Oral Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas
Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on Degraded
Pastureland in the Central Amazon.
INPA Oral Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an
agroforestry system in Rondonia, Amazonia,
Brazil
EMBRAPA/CPATU Oral Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainability
in Eastern Amazonia: bringing out ecological
features in the present and alternative scenarios
University of Poster Effects of different pasture management in
Brasilia - UnB emissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO and
CO2)
Cornell University Poster Green mulch applications affect mineral
nitrogen beneath cupuaçu trees
Cornell University Poster Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts and
soils of agroforestry systesms, pasture, and
secondary forest in the Central Amazon Basin
EMBRAPA, Poster Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility
Manaus, University and create a carbon sink.
of Bayreuth
EMBRAPA/CPATU Poster Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of N
and P in a chronosequence of secondary
vegetation in Eastern Amazonia
Biological Dynamics Poster Can traditional agroforestry practices stabilize
of Forest forest borders, reduce edge effects and fire
Fragments hazards while increasing community wellbeing ?
Project/INPA The case of rubber agroforests in the Tapajós
National Forest, Pará
INPA Poster Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection in
roots of agroforestry systems plantations in
central Amazonia
Cornell University Poster Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in central
Amazônia
Instituto Nacional Poster Diversity and vertical distribution of soil fauna
de Pesquisas da functional groups in two agroforestry systems in
Amazônia (INPA) Central Amazon
Janaina Braga Carmo CENA/ESALQ Poster ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUM
CONCENTRATIONS IN PASTURE SOILS
SUBJECTED TO TILLING
Jessica Milgroom Cornell University Poster The effect of lime and phosphorus on
nodulation of the leguminous trees, Inga edulis
and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian
agroecosystems
Johannes Lehmann Cornell University Poster Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solution
of mixed tree cropping systems and forests of
central Amazônia
Jorge Luis Enrique Gallardo INPA Poster ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS IN
Ordinola CENTRAL AMAZONIAN ABANDONED
PASTURES AND AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS.
Julio Resende Universidade de Poster The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the
Brasilia Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado Savannas
Karen Holmes University of Poster Modeling regional soil patterns based on
California lithology and topographic attributes
Lucerina Trujillo INPA Poster Nutrient use efficiency in abandoned pasture
soils under organic and chemical amendments
Manfred Verhaagh SMNK/EMBRAPA Poster Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a field
experiment in central Amazonia
Megan McGroddy Princeton University Poster Fate of phosphorus in a lowland Amazonian
rainforest
Ralf Gielow LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE
SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE AFTER
THE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO
"TERRA FIRME" FOREST PARCELS IN
NORTHERN MATO GROSSO.
Romilda Paiva INPA Poster Relationship between soil nutrient availability
and carbon fixation in seedlings and trees in
central Amazonia
Tatiana Sá EMBRAPA/CPATU Poster Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemical
processes in traditional and alternative
agriculture systems in Eastern Amazonia

Terezinha Monteiro INPA Poster LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FOREST

TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA
STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIA
EXAMINING AGRONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC CRITERIA

Carlos Clemente Cerri

Brigitte Josefine Feigl
Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
Maria da Conceição Santana Carvalho
Jerry Michel Melillo
Christopher Neill
Paul Steudler
Diana Garcia
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – CENA/USP
Av. Centenário, 303
13416-000 Piracicaba-SP
e-mail: cerri@cena.usp.br

Pastures make up the principal use of cleared land in the Brazilian Amazon. Observations
show that after 4 to 10 years after they are formed, pastures generally begin a process of
degradation that characterized by a decline in grass productivity and an increase in the
cover of weeds. For both environmental and economic reasons, development of strategies
for reformation and restoration of these existing degraded pastures is preferable to
formation of new pastures by traditional slash and burn activities. The objective of this
project is to examine strategies for recuperation of degraded pastures in Amazônia
examining agronomic, environmental and economic criteria. To achieve this objective, we
are conducing an experiment on an existing 63-ha area of pasture in the process of
degradation located at Fazenda Nova Vida, in Ariquemes, Rondônia. The experiment
consist of four blocks (replicates) of six pasture reformation techniques: 1) control, 2)
herbicide + NPK +micronutrients, 3) disking + NPK + micronutrients, 4) plowing + disking
+ planting of rice + NPK + micronutrients and 5) plowing + disking + planting of soybean
+ NPK + micronutrients. Before and during the three years following the initiation of the
treatments, they will be evaluated for a number of agronomic, environmental and economic
criteria. Results will be analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance to determine the
treatments that best meet the criteria in each of the three areas and to examine the tradeoffs
between these reformation objectives.
Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus for biomass growth in a six-year-old
secondary forest: results of a nutrient amendment experiment

Eric A. Davidson
The Woods Hole Research Center

Cláudio Reis de Carvalho,

EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental

Ima C. G. Vieira,
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Ricardo Figueiredo, Paulo Moutinho, FrançoiseYoko Ishida, Maria Tereza Primo dos
Santos, José Benito Guerrero, Kemel Kalif, and Renata Tuma Sabá
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia

Address of corresponding author:

Eric A. Davidson
The Woods Hole Research Center
P.O. Box 296
Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
Email: edavidson@whrc.org

Deforestation and agricultural abandonment are increasing the area that passes through
secondary successional stages. Most Amazonian soils are highly weathered and
relatively nutrient poor, but the role of nutrients in successional processes is unclear. We
fertilized a six-year-old secondary forest growing on an abandoned cattle pasture on a
clayey Oxisol near Paragominas, Pará. Four treatments (control; 100 kg N ha-1 as urea;
50 kg P ha-1 as simple superphosphate; and N + P at these same rates) were applied with
three replications to 20x20m plots in January 2000 and February 2001. All trees >2cm
diameter were tagged and measured for height and diameter in November 1999, June
2000, and June 2001. Nonwoody biomass was measured destructively in 2x1m subplots.
Growth of remnant grasses responded significantly to the N+P treatment, whereas tree
growth rates increased significantly following N-only and N+P treatments. Responses of
foliar concentrations were species specific. The plants took up about 10% of the applied
P, and recovery in soil fractions accounted for the rest. The trees took up about 20% of
the applied N. Emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were elevated in the N-treated
plots only briefly after the second year of fertilization. Net N immobilization in soil
incubations indicated that much of the N was probably retained in soil. Our results show
a co-limitation of N and P to biomass growth and a strong capacity to retain both
nutrients in the plant/soil system. We intend to continue monitoring growth rates and
species composition to determine long-term responses to nutrient manipulations.
Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on Degraded
Pastureland in the Central Amazon.

E.C.M. FERNANDES1*, E. WANDELLI2 , K.A. McCAFFERY and M.A.RONDON1

1. Cornell University, 2. EMBRAPA-CPAA
*Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences, 624 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
ecf3@cornell.edu; +1 (607) 255-1712.

Rehabilitation of degraded pastureland in the Brazilian Amazon could yield significant

environmental benefits in terms of C sequestration, enhanced water and nutrient
conservation, reduction in GHG fluxes and increased biodiversity. We describe the
development and performance of four agroforestry systems as alternatives for degraded
pastures. In 9 years, the agroforestry systems accumulated 32-82 t/ha of aboveground
biomass, which is lower than the biomass on abandoned pastures (112 t/ha).
Approximately 50% of all root biomass is concentrated in the top 20 cm of soil. Litter
stocks in the agroforestry systems (2.2 - 3.3 t/ha) are significantly lower than in
abandoned pasture vegetation (3.9 t/ha). Wet season litter biomass is about 50% of the
dry season litter. Carbon stocks down to 1m, ranged from 140 to 150 Mg/ha of which 6%
is charcoal. Loss of C in the form of dissolved organic C is about 200 kg/ha/yr. Degraded
pastures are net sources of methane (10ugCh4/m2/h). The recolonization of such areas by
2-yr-old secondary vegetation, appears to reverse the flux into a net small sink. Methane
sinks in soils under agroforestry (15-20 ug CH4/m2-h) have been increased relative to
abandoned pastures (5-10 ug CH4/m2/h), but are 50% of forest sinks.
 Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an agroforestry system in Rondonia,
Amazonia, Brazil

Regina C.C. Luizão; Marciléa S. Freitas; Flávio J. Luizão & Sonia S. Alfaia
Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 478,
69011-970, Manaus, AM. rccl@inpa.gov.br

ABSTRACT
An agroforestry system (AFS) using only three plant species (Theobroma
grandiflorum, Bactris gasipaes and Bertholethia excelsa) was generally adopted in 1989
by farmers belonging to RECA´s (Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado e Adensado)
Association, in Rondonia, as their land use management model. Recently, after a period of
high productivity, the sustainability of the systems seem to be declining. In this study we
tested the hypothesis that low plant diversity in the systems prevents litter production in
adequate quantities and nutritional qualities to maintain an efficient turnover of nutrients
promoted by microbial activity. For that purpose, our objectives were to compare AFS and
natural forest regarding to the following parameters: (i) the amount of carbon immobilized
by soil microbial biomass, (ii) the stock of soil mineral nitrogen, relating their amounts
with N input from litterfall, (iii) the litter mass and their nutrients content, and (iv) to
evaluate the influence of soil type in the nutrient dynamics in both AFS and natural forest.
The study was conducted in three small farms in each of two secondary roads (Linha 5 and
Pioneiro) which present different soil types (Red Latossol and Yellow Cambissol,
respectively) with very similar agroforestry systems surrounded by natural forest, used as a
control. Results so far, including only the wet season sampling, showed that soil microbial
biomass was significantly higher in the forest (500 µgC g-1) than in the AFS (280 µgC g-1)
and particularly in the Cambissol than in the Latossol. Nitrate was the dominant form of
soil mineral nitrogen in both soil types and systems but there was more nitrate in forests
(25 µgN g1) than in the AFS (12 µgN g -1) soils. Nitrogen and calcium were the nutrients
with higher concentrations in the litterfall, independently of both soil and land use types.
Soil type was the major influence on litter mass accumulation, always higher in the
Latossol than in Cambissol, with little differences between AFS and forest. However,
regardless of the soil type, AFS showed higher proportions (> 80%) of leaf litter, the
fastest decomposing fraction, in the litter layer. Seasonal influences and AFS´s
sustainability will be discussed as soon as the dry season results become available.
 Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainability in Eastern Amazonia: bringing out
ecological features in the present and alternative scenarios∗

Tatiana D. de A . Sá1, Konrad Vielhauer2, Erick A . Davidson3

1
EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil, 2 ZEF/University of Bonn, Bonn,
Germany , 3 The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A.
Address of the first author: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro S/N, CEP
66095-100, Belém, PA e-mails: tatiana@cpatu.embrapa.br and tatiana@nautilus.com.br

Abstract
Over a century, smallholder agriculture has been practiced in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia,
alternating cropping periods with fallow periods, when the secondary vegetation develops
and allows to restore the soil fertility, with land preparation been made by slash-and-burn.
With the population pressure increasing over this old agricultural frontier, reducing the
duration of the fallow period and introducing other land uses in the system, sustainability
has been threatened and research effort focused in understanding the biophysical and
biogeochemical roles played by the fallow vegetation in the traditional and in the recently
introduced systems, and in proposing and assessing sustainable alternative technologies
taking into consideration ecological roles played by fallow vegetation (i.e. biophysical and
biogeochemical processes and biodiversity). Along this process, ecological features of the
fallow vegetation have been gradually revealed: the ability of numerous groups of plant
species in storing different nutrients (functional biodiversity); the role of their deep roots
pumping water and nutrients of deep layers during the fallow phase, and of maintaining the
nutrients in the soil, even during the cropping period, by avoiding leaching (the safety-net
hypothesis); the effect of this rooting mat associated to the maintenance of the riparian
vegetation by the small holders, keeping water quality in a watershed scale; the rates of
carbon stocked above and bellow ground; and the rate of water vapor exchange with the
atmosphere found even in young fallow vegetation approaching those found in primary
forests. The alternative technologies proposed include: fire-free land preparation (to avoid
burning allowing doubling the cropping period) and improved fallow (reducing the fallow
period, by planting fast growing tree species). The assessment of the effect of these
alternative technologies as compared to the traditional system includes studies of: water and
nutrient balances; emission of green house effect associated gases; carbon stocks; and
watershed level hydrometeorological and hydrogeochemical aspects.

∗
Based in results and activities of the “Tipitamba Project”, being carried out by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental and partners
in Northeastern Pará State, started by the activities of the SHIFT-Capoeira project, and presently complemented by other
initiatives, including some of LBA (LBA-ECO, Milênio LBA).
Effects of different pasture management in emissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO and
CO2)

Alexandre Pinto1, Mercedes Bustamante1, Richard Zepp2, Roger Burke2, Keith Kisselle2,
Laura Viana1, Catarina Garofalo1, Marirosa Molina2
1) Universidade de Brasília, Brazil (aspinto@unb.br)
2) United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA

In the central savanna region of Brazil, the “Cerrado”, it is estimated that there are
approximately 50 million hectares of planted pasture, mainly Brachiaria spp., almost all
utilized for beef production. Our objective was to assess the effects of active pasture
management on the exchange of trace gases (N2O, NO and CO2) between soil and the
atmosphere. Using chamber techniques, trace gases have been measured monthly on a farm
in Planaltina – GO, Brazil (15o 13’ S, 47o 42’W) since November 2001. Three areas of
cerrado stricto sensu were converted to pasture (Brachiaria brizantha) in 1991 and have
been managed since 1999 as follow: 1) N and P fertilized plot (N = 60 kg ha-1, P = 12 kg
ha-1), 2) Brachiaria associated with a legume (Stylosanthes guianensis) with addition of P
(12 kg ha-1), and 3) a control plot without management. A fourth area of cerradão (dense
cerrado) was converted to pasture in 1999 and was left without management. All treatments
showed high variability of soil N gases emissions. The plot converted in 1999 showed the
highest NO fluxes (0.05 – 0.2 ng N cm-2 h-1) except during November 2001, when the
highest average NO flux (3.6 ng N cm-2 h-1) was observed in the control treatment. The plot
associated with legumes showed higher emissions of N2O (0.6 – 2.0 ng N cm-2 h-1) in the
beginning of the wet season, but in March 2002 the highest average N2O emission was
observed in the control plot (6.7 ng N cm-2 h-1). Despite some peaks, the total emissions of
NO and N2O could be considered low. The CO2 fluxes were larger in the managed pastures
(fertilized and legume treatments, highest average flux = 9.9 µmol m-2 s-1) than in the
control plot early in the rainy season. The variability of CO2 fluxes decreased within
treatments and between treatments at the end of the wet season (April 2002).

Address first author: Universidade de Brasília

Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte
Departamento de Ecologia
CEP 70919-970, Brasília - DF
Green mulch applications affect mineral nitrogen beneath cupuaçu trees

Carol M. Schwendener1, Erick C. Fernandes1, Johannes Lehmann1, Marco

Rondon2, Elisa Wandelli3
1
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
2
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
3
EMBRAPA, Amazonas-Occidental

Corresponding Author
Carol M. Schwendener
610 Bradfield Hall
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853
(607) 254-1244
cms67@cornell.edu

Erick Fernandes (ecm3@cornell.edu)

Johannes Lehmann (cl273@cornell.edu)
Marco Rondon (m.rondon@cgiar.org)
Elisa Wandelli (elisa@cpaa.embrapa.br)

Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is an economically important crop and the

most utilized fruit species in agroforestry systems in the Amazonas state of
Brazil. It is often produced on degraded soils and has a shallow root system and
low quality litter that perpetuate the low nutrient status of the soil. The application
of high quality gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and inga (Inga edulis) prunings could
increase decomposition rates of cupuaçu litter and improve soil nitrogen (N)
availability beneath cupuaçu. Our objectives are to compare the effect of gliricidia
and inga leaf applications to cupuaçu litter on decomposition and N availability in
the soil and to determine if interactions occur between litter species during
decomposition and nutrient release. In a greenhouse experiment, dried gliricidia
and a gliricidia/inga combination were mixed with cupuaçu litter and applied to a
degraded Oxisol. Mineral soil N, carbon (C) and macronutrients in the soil and
litter, and litter decomposition were analyzed at 7, 29, 50, 98, and 162 days after
litter application. Mineral N accumulation in the soil corresponded positively to
the amount of gliricidia present in the litter, however the litter decomposition rate
related only to the presence or absence of gliricidia. Additions of legume
biomass were additive to N release rates of cupuaçu litter. Further studies will
test for immobilization of nutrients by cupuaçu litter and increases in cupuaçu
litter decomposition rates in the presence of gliricidia. An understanding of these
interactions will facilitate development of green mulch application rates
appropriate for cupuaçu trees.
 Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts and soils of
agroforestry systesms, pasture, and secondary forest in the
Central Amazon Basin
Christienne N. Kuczak*, Erick C. M. Fernandes, Johannes Lehmann, and Marco Rondon
Cornell University
*address of primary author: 610 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 U.S.A.; email: cnk4@cornell.edu

Phosphorus is limiting to agricultural production throughout the tropics and 96%

of land in the Amazon basin has been reported to be P-limited (Dematê and Dematê
1997). Because P dynamics can be greatly affected by vegetation cover and nutrient
cycling (Solomon et. al 2002), we investigated the effects of tree species and earthworms
(Family Glossoscolecidae) on P in soils and earthworm casts. Soils and earthworm casts
beneath the agroforestry species Theobroma grandiflorum, Bactris gasipaes, Eugenia
stipitata, and Bertholletia excelsa, the pasture grass Brachiaria sp., and the secondary
forest species Vismia sp. and Cecropia sp. were sequentially extracted using a
modification of the Hedley fractionation (Hedley 1982; Tiessen and Moir 1993).
Earthworm casts had significantly more total P, inorganic P, and organic P than soils.
Soils and casts beneath agroforestry species had significantly more total P, inorganic P,
and organic P than soils and casts beneath Brachiaria sp. and the secondary forest
species; and soils and casts beneath Brachiaria sp. had significantly more total P,
inorganic P, and organic P than soils and casts beneath secondary forest species. The
soils and casts beneath the agroforestry species had significantly more P in the resin
fraction than soils and casts beneath the secondary forest species. The greatest total P
was in earthworm casts beneath Eugenia sp. with a mean of 251 µg cm-3 and in soils
beneath Bertholettia sp. with a mean of 89 µg cm-3. Secondary forests had the least total
P in both casts and soils with a mean of 11 µg cm-3 and 41 µg cm-3, respectively. Given
that bulk density of earthworm casts was 1.47 g cm3 and the bulk density of soil was 0.96
g cm-3, casts contained 1.87 to 2.97 times more total P (g cm3) than soils. Within the
-1
system studied, earthworm casts can contribute from 61 kg ha in secondary forest to 140
-1
kg ha beneath Eugenia sp. It was shown that earthworm casts and vegetation cover
contributes greatly to P dynamics in agroforestry systems, pasture, and secondary forest
in the Central Amazon Basin.
 Abstract for the 2nd international LBA Conference in Manaus, Brazil, 7th to 10th of July 2002

Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and create a carbon sink.
Christoph Steiner*1, 2, Wenceslau Teixeira2, Johannes Lehmann3, Thomas Nehls1 and Wolfang Zech1.

1
Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; 2 Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental,
69011-970 Manaus, Brazil; 3 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
* corresponding author: Christop@cpaa.embrapa.br, Christoph.Steiner@uni-bayreuth.de

Soil nutrient and carbon contents are generally low in the highly weathered and acid
upland soils of central Amazônia. In agro-ecosystems, high precipitation and temperature
lead to a loss of soil organic matter (SOM) as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and
nutrients into the sub-soil. Patchily distributed anthropogenic soils (Terra Preta de Índio) of
Brazilian Amazônia make an exception. These soils are rich in stable SOM and nutrients.
SOM is especially important to the cation exchange capacity of soils.
Recent investigations of Glaser et al. (2002) presented evidence that charcoal from
incomplete combustion of organic material is a key factor in maintaining high levels of SOM.
Terra Preta contains high concentrations of charcoal and SOM.
In a series of experiments, we are studying the use of charcoal in agricultural praxis
and management of a highly weathered Xanthic Ferralsol on terra firme north of Manaus. In
a randomized complete block design with five replicates 15 amendment combinations are
being tested on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). During the second growing period a significant
difference between NPK plus lime-fertilized plots and NPK, lime, and charcoal plots was
observed. Charcoal amendments alone had no effect. These results are evidence of
charcoal’s nutrient retention and/or sorption capacity and its positive effect on crop
productivity. Slash and char as alternative to slash and burn could be a further step toward
sustainable agriculture in the tropics as well as toward the management of the carbon cycle by
simultaneously transferring carbon to stable pools.
Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of N and P in a chronosequence of
secondary vegetation in Eastern Amazonia

Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho1, Elizabeth Ying Chu1, Eric A. Davidson2, Maria Tereza
Primo dos Santos3, Ricardo de O. Figueiredo3, Geórgia S. Freire4, Karina de Fátima R.
Pantoja4.
1- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental.
2- The Woods Hole Research Center MA, USA
3- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM)
4- Bolsista DTI, CNPQ/LBA

Address of corresponding author:

Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho
Embrapa Amazonia Oriental
Trv. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, Marco
Belém-PA, 66095-100 Brasil
Telephone: (91) 299-4505
E-mail: carvalho@cpatu.Embrapa.br

The availability of nitrogen and phosphorus may restrict rates of regrowth of Amazonian

secondary forests. The dynamics of these nutrients was studied in a chronosequence of

secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, and 70 years) growing on highly weathered, acid,

nutrient-poor soils of following traditional slash-and-burn agriculture. An abandoned,

intensively cultivated pepper field and a remnant mature forest were also studied. In

addition to C, N and P stocks in the litter layer and soil, the number of mycorrhizal fungal

spores was counted and the activity of acid phosphatase was measured in the top 0-30 cm

of soil. The lowest stocks of N and P in fine litter were in the pepper field (14 kg N ha-1

and 0.5 kg P ha-1) and 3-year-old secondary forest (66 kg N ha-1 and 1.7 kg P ha-1), but

there was no clear pattern with age among the other forested sites (ranging from 93 to

130 kg N ha-1 and 1.4 to 2.7 kg P ha-1). The stocks of nonwoody litter were equivalent to
the mature forest by about 6 years of succession. A similar trend was observed for soil C

and N, although the mature forest had somewhat higher concentrations. Soil fungal

spores measured at the end of the rainy season decreased with increasing age of the

secondary forests. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity increased with forest age.

Although N and P litter stocks recover quickly during succession, the mechanisms of P

dynamics appear to change, with a greater importance of mycorrhizae in young forests

and more extracellular production of phosphatase in older forests.

Can traditional agroforestry practices stabilize forest borders, reduce edge effects and
fire hazards while increasing community wellbeing ? The case of rubber agroforests
in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará

Götz Schroth and Paulo Coutinho

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Research in the
Amazon, C.P. 478, 69011-970 Manaus-AM, Brazil; Tel.: 55-92-642 1148, Fax: 55-92-642
2050, Email: schroth@inpa.gov.br

Abstract

Throughout the tropics, farmers threaten primary forests with conversion into slash-and-
burn plots and pastures and expose forest borders to the degrading effects of timber
extraction, hunting, wind damage and fire. However, certain traditional agroforestry
practices may have the potential to "soften" the edge between forest and agriculture and, in
concert with effectively enforced conservation legislation, may help to protect forests from
degradation. At the same time, they may offer income opportunities for farmer
communities at the forest frontier. The traditional rubber agroforests in the lower Tapajós
region, which have been studied in a farm survey comprising the Tapajós National Forest
and neighboring areas, are a case in point. On the margins of the Tapajós river, where in the
1930s and 40s attempts to establish industrial rubber monocultures in Amazonia
spectacularly failed, small farmers have been cultivating the rubber tree for over a century
by sowing locally collected seeds into their slash-and-burn plots. Extensive management of
the plantations and their periodic abandonment at times of low rubber prices favor the
development of secondary forest-like systems, where rubber trees are associated with
variable amounts of spontaneous regrowth, often including large forest trees. In parts of the
population zone of the Tapajós National Forest, these systems form the transition between
agricultural land and forest. We hypothesize that the small-scale mosaic of permanent
agroforests and slash-and-burn plots which can be found along the forest boundaries
obliges the farmers to closely control the use of fire, thereby also protecting the forest.
Furthermore, while the otherwise very similar "jungle rubber" systems of south-east Asia
are clear-felled and burnt every few decades because of exhaustion of the rubber trees,
locally developed management practices allow to maintain Amazonian rubber agroforests
over much longer time periods. We propose the integration of local agroforestry practices
into forest management plans as a step in the harmonization of forest conservation and
community development.
 Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection in roots of agroforestry systems
plantations in central Amazonia

Guilherme C. da Silva, Rejane O. Freitas & Regina C.C. Luizão

Curso PG-Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 478,
69011-970, Manaus, AM. gsilva@inpa.gov.br

This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of the litter standing crop and
mycorrhizal infection rates in the roots of agro forestry systems (AFSs).The study has
been carried out at the CPAA/EMBRAPA experimental AFSs and in the surround second
growth, located 50 km north of Manaus. Three formulations of AFSs, with three
replicates each were used, one with low density of plants (AS1) and other with high
density (AS2). A third one included pasture in its formulation (ASP1). In each system
parallel transects were delimited, 50 m apart from each other, following the plantation
line. Two samplings were made so far, one in the wet season and the other in the dry
season. Composite soil samples from two depths, 0 – 10 and 20 – 30 cm were made of
five individual samples taken at each two meters along the transect. Root fragments were
manually extracted, clarified and stained for visualization of fungal structures. Results so
far showed that litter standing crop did not change with seasons but was higher in the
second growth (219g ± 58) and lower in the ASP1 (57g ± 35). Among the litter
components, the accumulation of leaves (100g ±50) was much higher than the
accumulation of branches (28g ± 26) and fruits (2 ± 4). Litter accumulation on second
growth soil is associated with its physical-chemical composition: leaves hard and thick
with high content of lignin and therefore low decomposability. Mycorrhizal infection
rates were higher in the dry season. In ASP1 soils, rates of infection were higher in the
topsoil (0 – 10 cm) than in the 0 – 20 cm layer. During the wet season, AS1 and second
growth soils showed the lowest rates of infection with 8.2 and 10.8% respectively.
Among the fungal structures, formation of hyphae were higher (18%) than the formation
of vesicles (2.4%) arbuscles (0.9%) or coils (0.1%). Litter standing crop were not related
with the rates of mycorrhizal infection. During the dry season higher rates of mycorrizal
infection in ASP1 soils may be related with the lowest accumulation of litter (and its
nutrients), which triggered mycorrhizal proliferation.
 Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in a secondary forest
in Central Amazônia

Ilse L. Ackerman1, Erick C. M. Fernandes1, and Elisa V. Wandelli2

1
D e p t . o f C r o p a n d S o i l S c i e n c e s , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y, I t h a c a , N Y 1 4 8 5 3 i l a 1 @ c o r n e l l . e d u
2
Embrapa-CPAA, AM-010 km 29, Manaus, AM BRAZIL

Abstract

Termite mounds are a prominent feature of the post-clearing landscape in central

A m a z ô n i a . A s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e a d w o o d y d e b r i s , t h e i r a b u n d a n c e i n c r e a s e s w i t h e a c h c yc l e o f
clearing. In our study site, a secondary forest which has been cleared twice, termite mounds
are found at an abundance of 800 per hectare. These numerous termite-modified patches
h a v e d i f f e r e n t c h e m i c a l , p h y s i c a l , a n d h yd r o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g
landscape and support little vegetation. Total nitrogen is elevated in the termite mounds,
but microbial biomass is lower, suggesting that conditions for microbial activity may be
more limiting in termite mounds than in the surrounding soil. Termite mound material is
drier than the surrounding soil and has a greater proportion of large aggregates. We tested
t h e h yp o t h e s e s t h a t ( 1 ) n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s l o w e r i n t e r m i t e m o u n d s a n d t h a t ( 2 )
m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s l i m i t e d b y m o i s t u r e a n d b y p h ys i c a l p r o t e c t i o n o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r .
Material from termite mounds and control soil was incubated in a factorial experiment with
two moisture and two aggregation levels.

Although the ammonification rate was not significantly lower, the nitrification and total
mineralization rate were indeed significantly lower in the termite mound than in the control
soils. The elevated moisture level did not affect the nitrification rate but decreased the
ammonification rate in both materials. The level of aggregation did not significantly affect
any of the response variables.

T h e s e r e s u l t s c o n f i r m t h e h yp o t h e s i s t h a t t e r m i t e m o u n d s m i n e r a l i z e n i t r o g e n a t l o w e r r a t e s
than the surrounding soil. At the levels chosen, moisture was not a limiting factor for
nitrogen mineralization in thenitrogen at lower rates than the surrounding soil. At the
levels chosen, moisture was not a limiting factor for nitrogen mineralization in the termite
m o u n d . A g g r e g a t e s i z e m a y n o t h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d e n o u g h t o e x p o s e p h ys i c a l l y- p r o t e c t e d
organic matter, or termite mound-building activities may chemically protect organic
matter.
Diversity and vertical distribution of soil fauna functional groups in two
agroforestry systems in Central Amazon

Iván L. Cortés1; Flávio J. Luizão2; Elisa V. Wandelli3; Erick C. Fernandes4

In the native Amazon forest, the mineralization and humification of the soil organic matter
depend upon the complex activities of a large community of invertebrate organisms, which
can also affect other (physical and chemical) properties of the soil. For the rehabilitation of
degraded pasture areas, through implementation of agroforestry systems (AFS), it is still
poorly understood how the botanical composition and management of the AFS affect the
structure and activity of soil biota. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the
vertical distribution, biomass and diversity of functional groups of soil invertebrates in two
types of AFSs implemented by EMBRAPA/Manaus in 1992 (km 53 of BR-174): the
agrossilvicultural system AS1, less diverse, with dominance of the palm trees Bactris
gasipaes and Euterpe oleracea; and AS2, more diverse, with several fruit species and
without any type of palm trees. Both systems are surrounded by live fences of Gliricidia
sepium, used as green manure. The field sampling procedure followed the TSBF method
(monolith 25 x 25 x 30 cm), and the classification of functional groups used the guidelines
given by the project SHIFT ENV-052 (Beck & Gasparotto, 2000). The number of
taxonomic groups within the functional groups was larger in the AS2 system (more
diverse). The more abundant functional groups in the AS2 and AS1 systems were: the “soil
engineers” (2407 and 2005 ind/m2), the social groups (2299 and 1819 ind/m2), and the
decomposers (634 and 603 ind/m2), in decreasing order, always with larger abundance in
the AS2 system. The vertical distribution of the functional groups showed larger
abundances in the litter and in the 0-10 cm soil layers, for all groups. Largest abundances
were found in the 0-10 cm soil layer in the two systems, for most of the functional groups,
except for the herbivores in AS1, and the predators and "other groups" in AS2, abundant in
the deeper layers (10-20 and 20-30 cm), especially in the system AS2. It is concluded that
the agroforestry systems, and especially the most diverse in species composition, AS2, are
housing a diverse and active soil fauna, presumably able to keep and improve soil
conditions towards a sustainable system.

Keysword: Soil macrofauna; agroforestry systems, Soil functional groups

1
Grant holder LBA-ND-04, Master's degree in Ecology of the National Institute for Research in
Amazonia - INPA. E-mail: cortarr@inpa.gov.br
2
Researcher of INPA - Ecology, Manaus AM. E-mail: fluizao@inpa.gov.br
3
Researcher of CPAA/EMBRAPA Manaus, AM. E-mail: elisa@cpaa.embrapa.br
4
Assistant Professor of Tropical Cropping Sistems and Agroforestry. Cornell University, Department of Crop
and Soil Science, Ithaca, NY. E-mail: ecf3@cornell.edu
 ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
PASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TO TILLING
Janaina Braga do Carmo1, Carlos Clemente Cerri2, Christopher Neill3, Marisa de
Cássia Piccolo2 and Diana Garcia3

1
Doutoranda do Curso de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas- ESALQ-USP, Av. Pádua Dias s/n caixa postal 9
CPG-Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. Email jbcarmo@esalq.usp.br
2
Centro de Energia nuclear na agricultura (CENA-USP).
3
The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory.

We examined the effect of tilling on soil extractable ammonium and nitrate

concentrations on an Ultisol at Nova Vida Farm (10°10`05” e 62°49`27”W) in central
Rondônia. Tilling was conducted as part of an investigation of biogeochemical
changes during different treatments designed to restore a degraded Brachiaria
brizantha pasture. We made intensive measurements of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N
concentrations before and for 25 days after soils were tilled to 30 cm depth in early
October. Soil was collected at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths and immediately prepared and
extracted with KCl 2N. Extractable NH4+-N and NO3--N concentrations increased
dramatically in the tilled treatment 7 days after tilling. Extractable NH4+-N and NO-3-
N concentrations during the same time remained unchanged in the control treatment.
NH4+-N concentrations were almost always higher than NO-3-N concentrations in
both treatments. An increase in NO3- concentrations after 18 days suggested an
increase in nitrification rate at that time. An increase in soil moisture 7 d after plowing
may have improved conditions for microbial activity, increasing the mineralization of
the soil organic matter. Higher NH4+ concentrations found in the tilled pasture can be
a consequence of the slow transformation of NH+4 to NO-3 and absence of plant
uptake in these pastures. More than 3 weeks after tilling, increases of NH+4 (1.18 to
24.75 µg g-1 dry soil) and NO-3 (0 to 14.83 µg g-1 dry soil) in the soil could lead to
higher losses of the gaseous forms of N (N2, NOx and N2O), loss of N through
leaching, as well as enhanced availability of this element to plant growth.
 The effect of lime and phosphorus on nodulation of the leguminous trees,
Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian agroecosystems
Jessica Milgroom*, Erick Fernandes, Marco Rondon, Karen McCaffery
Cornell University
*111 Donlon Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, jm120@cornell.edu

The Amazon rainforest is rapidly being converted to farmland and pasture. Many efforts are underway to
understand the ecology of reforestation of deforested areas and the sustainable management of associated
agroecosystems. Nitrogen-fixing trees in small-scale agricultural systems play an important role in
maintaining and restoring soil fertility via minimizing soil erosion and nutrient leaching, and enhancing
biological N fixation. Trees in agricultural systems also provide fruits, fuelwood and fodder. This study
focused on two N-fixing species, Inga edulis (native) and Gliricidia sepium (exotic) that are ubiquitous in
forests as well as on farms. The low levels of available Ca and P in local soils can severely restrict root
growth, nodulation and N-fixation. I investigated the effect of fertilizer treatments: phosphorus, lime and
phosphorus + lime on nodulation of I. edulis and G. sepium in a 2x2 randomized blocks field experiment
54km north of Manaus, Brazil. In addition, two methods: soil auguring and trenches were compared for
quantifying nodulation of I. edulis and local farmers were surveyed about their knowledge and uses of
Inga. Results showed that additions of lime (Ca) significantly increased total number of nodules of I.
edulis and there was a significant interaction effect between P and lime in terms of nodule biomass for I.
edulis. In comparing G. sepium and I. edulis, P had a significant positive effect on nodule biomass and
activity and there was a significant interaction effect with species. The augur method cannot be used to
predict nodulation values found with the trench method. All but three of 24 farmers interviewed cultivated
species of Inga, mainly for fruit and shade purposes.
Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solution of mixed tree cropping systems
and forests of central Amazônia
Johannes Lehmann1 and Klaus Kaiser2
1
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, Email:
CL273@cornell.edu; 2Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth,
Germany

Dissolved organic matter comprises a large portion of total nutrients in throughfall, stemflow
and soil solution of forests. In most ecosystems, the organically bound nutrients are mobile and
contribute largely to the leaching from soil. Under the strong leaching conditions of the humic
tropics, soluble organic nutrient forms may be even more mobile and thus control nutrient
losses.
We tested this hypothesis in soils under species of agroforestry systems (Bactris gasipaes
Kunth., Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum., Pueraria phaseoloides), of a
secondary (Vismia spp) and of a primary forest (Oenocarpus bacaba, Eschweilera spp) in
central Amazônia. We sampled throughfall, stemflow, and soil water at 10, 60, and 200 cm
depth in January 1999 and measured inorganic and total organic N, S and P and organic carbon
therein. In addition, a fractionation procedure was used to separate labile hydrophilic and
refractory hydrophobic (humic) compounds.
Under the species of the agroforestry systems, the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) were larger in the soil solution at 10 cm depth than in stemflow and throughfall. With
increasing soil depth the DOC concentrations decreased. Under Eschweilera and Vismia, the
concentrations of DOC in stemflow were larger than at 10 cm depth. The DOC concentrations
under both primary forest species increased with increasing soil depth and decreased only
slightly under Vismia. Dissolved organic carbon in throughfall and soil solutions of the
agroforestry and secondary forest stands were mainly in the hydrophilic fraction. The
proportions of hydrophobic DOC in soil water decreased with depth under the agroforestry
species. In contrast, the proportions of hydrophobic DOC under secondary and primary forest
species were largest in the subsoil. This result is opposite to those of temperate forests were
DOC typically decreases with soil depth and DOC in the subsoil is mainly hydrophilic.
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in all solutions comprised up to 90% of total N. The
concentrations of DON under all investigated species remained unchanged with increasing soil
depth or even increased. This suggests that the organic N is more mobile compared with DOC
which is in agreement with observations in temperate forests. But in contrast to these systems,
DON is predominately in the hydrophobic fraction. The largest dissolved organic sulphur (DOS)
concentrations occurred in the topsoil. Here, up to 80% of total S were organically bound. The
concentrations of DOS increased strongly with soil depth. Thus, DOS was less mobile in these
soils than DOC. In all compartments of the investigated forests, DOS was entirely in the
hydrophilic fraction. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) was not detected in any solution.
Our results show that dissolved organic matter contained the major part of the nutrients in
throughfall, stemflow and soil solutions not only in natural forest ecosystems but also managed
and fertilized agroforestry systems of central Amazônia. Organic nutrient forms contribute
especially to the leaching of N into the subsoil. Thus, organically bound nutrients are of much
higher relevance in tropical soils than in temperate soil.
ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN
ABANDONED PASTURES AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS.

Gallardo-Ordinola, J.L.E.; Luizão, F.J.; Fernandes, E.C.;Wandelli, E.&

Rebeca Afonso Meira
INPA-Ecology; Cornell University and EMBRAPA-CPAA
E-mail: ilego@inpa.gov.br

The quantity of roots in two agroforestry systems (AFSs) and in three abandoned
pasture areas in Central Amazonia as well as their carbon an nutrient content was
measured in 2001. Two 9-year old agroforestry systems (AFSs) were studied: one
agrosilvicultural system (AS1) which is based on two perennial fruit trees
(Theobroma grandiflorum and Bactris gasipaes), and an agrosilvipastoral system
(ASP1), which has a forrage cover of Desmodium ovalifolium Wall, associated
with the herbaceous Brachiaria brizantha, between rows of timber trees. Native
(13-14 year old) secondary forest (SF) stands where the natural regeneration was
kept, were used as controls in each block. Vismia sp is the predominant species in
the secondary forest. One 1,5 m deep trench was excaveted in each plot,
according to the vegetation, structure where the roots were collected: at AS1, the
trench measured 3 m x 3 m; at ASP1 and secondary forest the trenches were 3 m
long x 0.5 m wide. Two sampling techniques were combined for sampling the
roots: soil corer were used for the fine roots, separating them layer by layer.
Coarse roots were collected at every 10 cm, up to a depht of 1.5 m, collecting all
the soil present in the corresponding layer of the trench. Coarse roots were
separated by species, into two categories of diameter: 2.5-5.0 mm and >5 mm.
Roots were dried at 65-70 ºC for 3 days, weighed and stored for organic carbon
and macronutrient analyses. Total root biomass up to 1.5 m deep was 20.8 Mg.ha-1
in the secondary forest; 9.5 Mg.ha-1 in AS1 and 1.5 Mg.ha-1 in the ASP1. The
highest root yield occurred in the secondary forest (SF). Nutrient concentration was
higher in the fine than in the thick roots for most species. The carbon and nutrient
contents in the different species shows the species’ stocking potential of carbon
and nutrients, with marked influence of some species: for instance, in the AS1
Columbrina glandulosa is stoing high amounts of C and nutrients, since it is clearly
the dominant species in the belowground plant biomass.
The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado Savannas
Resende1, J. C. F.; Klink1, C. A.; Bustamante1, M.; Markewitz2, D.; Davidson3, E. 1-
Departamento de Ecologia-UnB, 2-University of Georgia; 3-Woods Hole Research
Center. e-mail: resende@unb.br

The effects of controlled burning on the flows and stocks of nutrients were measured in
areas “cerrado denso” (savanna woodland) vegetation at the IBGE Ecological Station in
Brasília. Two experimental plots were evaluated: fire exclusion for 26 years and
burning every four years since 1992. The two plots are on a Haplustox. The stocks of
Ca, K and Mg in the biomass (litter + root biomass) were 108, 62.4, and 30 kg.ha-1,
respectively, while the stocks in the 0-100 cm soil were 77, 81 and 25 kg.ha-1,
respectively. The stocks of N and P in the biomass were 218 and 12.9 kg.ha-1,
respectively, much lower than in the soil (4,576 and 2,042 kg.ha-1, respectively). Litter
decomposition rates were low, with half-life of the 2.6 years and residence time of 10
years. The atmospheric deposition of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were of 4.2, 0.01, 1.5, 3.6,
0.5 and 0.7 kg.ha-1.year-1, respectively. P availability evaluated by sequential extraction
indicated a system with large stocks of total P, whose largest portion occurs in occluded
forms in the soil. The stock of total organic P (up to a depth of 100 cm) was of 259
kg.ha-1 . Fire increased the concentrations of inorganic P in the NaHCO3 and NaOH
fractions, and reduced the concentration of organic P. The organic fraction was
significantly reduced from 86 µg P/g soil to 78 µg P/g soil in the 0-10 cm depth. Fire
alters the cycling of nutrients in the Cerrado savanna due to the reduction in biomass
and nutrients and losses through volatilization and leaching, thus impoverishing the
ecosystem. The replacement of Ca, K and Mg by atmospheric deposition occurs in
cycles that can vary from 4 to 15 years, depending on the amount of burned biomass.
The replacement time of P may be as high as 200 years, due to low rates of atmospheric
deposition.
Modeling regional soil patterns based on lithology and topographic attributes

K.W. Holmes, 1Geography Department, 3611 Ellison Hall, University of California,

Santa Barbara CA, 93101-4060 USA, karen@geog.ucsb.edu (corr. author)
P.C. Kyriakidis1, phaedon@geog.ucsb.edu
E. Matricardi, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA, matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu
G.T.Batista, Department of Agricultural Science, Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU)
Taubaté - SP, Brazil, getulio@ltid.inpe.br
O.A. Chadwick1, oac@geog.ucsb.edu

Soil moisture and nutrient conditions are critical for modeling trace gas fluxes and
tropical forest biogeochemistry, but traditional soil maps are not designed to supply the
spatially explicit soil property information necessary for biogeochemical modeling. We
present a geostatistical method for producing gridded maps of soil properties from field
measurements combined with available geology, topography, soils, and precipitation
data.
The key to advancing research in tropical forest biogeochemistry and biosphere-
atmosphere modeling is to improve our understanding of the ecosystem moisture, carbon,
and nutrient flows. Basic hydrologic and pedologic processes regulate
evapotranspiration, net primary production (NPP), and soil microbial activity which can
either produce or consume atmospheric trace gases. Changes in the rates or magnitude of
these processes, such as those incurred through land-cover change, may significantly alter
regional NPP and carbon cycling, but how these processes react to disturbance under
different environmental conditions is not well understood. We model soil pH, total
organic carbon, and soil texture (2000 soil profile data from the SOTERON database)
across most of the state of Rondônia on a 1km grid with the following objectives: 1) to
improve our understanding of the natural controls on soil nutrient levels and the effects of
land-cover change; and 2) to refine a methodology for producing maps of soil
biogeochemical properties for use in biosphere-atmosphere models.
The geostatistical approach takes advantage of relationships between
environmental data, as well as spatial autocorrelation inherent in their measurement, to
predict attributes at locations where no data were available. Any regional trend in the soil
variable of interest is modeled through linear or non-linear regression, using topographic
attributes, lithology, precipitation, and existing soil maps as independent variables. The
residuals from the regression are then treated as stochastic variables and interpolated
(kriged) based on a model of their spatial dependence of data (variogram). The trend is
then added back to the interpolated residuals, to produce a raster map of the soil variable
under study. This method is an effective means of exploring relationships among soil
nutrients and edaphic gradients, visualizing spatial trends, and creating input layers for
regional biogeochemical models.
NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN ABANDONED PASTURE SOIL UNDER
ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS

Lucerina Trujillo; Flávio J. Luizão; Johannes Lehmann. INPA-Ecology and Cornell

University. E-mail: lucerina@inpa.gov.br

Most of the agricultural systems in Amazon do not take into account the organic matter use
and recycling, which is the key for the functioning of the original forest ecosystem. In order
to compare the efficiency of nutrient use for plant growth and production under two types
of fertilizers added to the soil (organic or chemical), an experiment was established at the
EMBRAPA/CPAA Experimental Station, near Manaus. Using a randomized block design
with five repetitions, 1-m2 suspended plots, filled with Yellow Latosol from abandoned
pastures, were planted with green pepper (Capsicum sp), used as test-plants. Four
treatments were used: addition of organic fertilizer; chemical fertilizer; organic+chemical
fertilizer; and, control (without fertilizer). Lime was applied in all treatments. The plant
biomass, amounts of nutrients in the leaves, shafts and roots of test-plants, besides the fruit
production, were measured. In the plants under organic amendment, were necessary 0.42 g
of P; 4.5 g de K; 1.19 g of Ca and 0.04 g of Mg to produce 1 kg of fruits. In the chemical
treatment, the amounts of nutrients necessary were much larger (except for Ca): 1.05 g of
P; 13.2 g de K; 1.19 g of Ca and 0.95 g of Mg. That means that the use of nutrients for fruit
production in the treatment with organic fertilizer was more efficient than in the treatment
with chemical fertilizer, possibly due to a better retention of water and nutrients in the soil
organic matter. One consequence of that was significantly lower leaching of nutrients under
the organic amendment: 17 kg /ha of N; 1.3 kg /ha of K; 3.3 kg /ha of Ca and 0.4 kg /ha of
Mg. Under chemical amendment, leaching losses were: 94 kg/ha of N; 212 kg/ha of K; 36
kg/ha of Ca and 7.4 kg/ha of Mg. Additionally, under organic amendment plants developed
larger biomass of leaves and roots which allow larger photosynthesis rates and larger
surface for nutriente uptake. At a basin scale, the largest nutrient retention in the soil and in
the plants would represent a lower risk of pollution of water bodies by agricultural
plantations, when organic fertilizer is used instead of chemical treatments.
Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a field experiment in central Amazonia

Verhaagh, Manfred 1, Martius, Christopher 2, Martins, Gilvan C.3, Medeiros, Lucilene G.S.3
1
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D- 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
manfred.verhaagh@smnk.de
² Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung – ZEF, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
3
Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, C.P. 319, 69.011-970 Manaus/AM, Brasil

Slash-and-burn cultivation is the method commonly used in Amazonia to clear land for crop
plants. Due to the normally highly weathered, nutrient-poor soils this practice has to be combined
with shifting cultivation. In practice fields are often abandoned already after one or two years to
allow the regeneration of the soil during the fallow period. Nevertheless, land degradation is a
common problem especially in densely populated areas like Manaus or Belém. Investigations
during the SHIFT-Project ENV 25 in the Zona Bragantina, Pará (HÖLSCHER ET AL. 1997) have
shown very high element losses during burning (e.g. up to 98% of C, 96% of N, 48% of K or 47%
of P) a major reason why this form of agriculture is not sustainable even under fertilization. In the
same project was shown, however, that fire-free land clearing by cutting and chopping the
secondary vegetation converting it into a mulch layer results in the preservation of organic matter
and nutrients. Crop production can be adequate especially in the second year under these
conditions, too.
In our field experiment as part of SHIFT-Project ENV 52/2 in Manaus (site of Embrapa Amazônia
Ocidental) we aim to investigate the role of the soil macrofauna, with a special focus on wood
consuming termites, during the decomposition of wood and in the release of plant nutrients in fire-
free land preparations. For this purpose, 9 areas of secondary forest (capoeira) were cut during the
drier season in 2001, each 30x40m sized. We prepared 3 replicates of 3 different land treatments:
(1) traditional slash-and-burn as control; (2) arranging the cut wood in files inside the areas leaving
the litter layer intact; (3) creating a several centimeters thick mulch layer of chopped wood via a
commercial wood chopper. Total wood biomass was at least 50 tons/ha (d.w.) in the selected areas,
and all areas were planted in November 2001 with cassava.
Wood decomposition and its colonization by fauna is monitored in wood bags of 70x40 cm filled
either with trunk pieces (about 4 kg d.w.) of two commonly encountered trees in the capoeira
vegetation (Vismia cayennensis, Bellucia sp.) or with a mixture of chopped wood of both species
(about 2 kg d.w.). Other methods used to compare macrofauna abundance and biomass in the
different areas are: extraction of fauna from the organic layer from 0,56 m² sized areas in Winkler-
bags; extraction from litter and soil cores (21 cm Ø, 7 cm depth) in a Berlese funnels; extraction of
earthworms from 4m² squares by diluted formol; direct counts of termites nests and galleries. Soil
organic matter, soil nutrients (N, P and major cations) and characters of soil physics are
determined in the same intervals as the fauna, i.e. every 6 months so far until the end of the project
in September 2003. To compare the effect of fertilizer on root production of cassava we fertilized
one third of each area.

Literature: HÖLSCHER, D., MÖLLER, M.R.F., DENICH, M., FÖLSTER, H. (1997): Nutrient input-output
budget of shifting agriculture in Eastern Amazonia. – Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 47: 49-57.
The fate of phosphorus in a lowland Amazonian forest ecosystem.

M. McGroddy1,2†, W. Silver1, R. Cosme de Oliveira Jr.3, M. Keller4,5, and W. Zamboni

de Mello6
1
University of California, Berkeley, 2Princeton University, 3EMBRAPA Amazônia
Oriental, 4IITF/ USDA Forest Service, 5University of New Hampshire, 6Universidade
Federal Fluminense
†
corresponding author: 32M Guyot Hall, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
Biology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08542, email <mcgroddy@princeton.edu>

Phosphorus may limit net primary productivity in highly weathered tropical

ecosystems. Under limiting conditions the size of the component fractions of the soil P
pool can indicate the relative strength of biological and geological processes in soil P
cycling. We conducted a field fertilization treatment to study the fate of P in two highly
weathered soils, which varied both with respect to texture and total soil P pools. In each
treatment (clay control, clay fertilized, sand control and sand fertilized) we examined P
sinks including fine root, microbial and three soil pools (soil P that is considered readily
available, of intermediate availability or unavailable for plant uptake) using ingrowth and
exclusion cores over the course of one year. Of the soil P pools measured only the
intermediate availability pool (NaOH + dilute acid extractable) showed a significant
increase with fertilization, and this occurred only in clays (+ 18.3 kg ha-1 + 3.2 after 1
year). In contrast, both root and microbial biomass P pools increased more in sands with
fertilization suggesting a larger biotic P sink in these soils. Leaching of inorganic P from
the surface soils was an unexpectedly significant fate of added P in both soil types (up to
18 % + 3 of added P in the sands and 9 % + 1 in the clays). Patterns in soil P pools and
fluxes were strongly seasonal indicating high turnover rates and the dominance of
biological mechanisms in short-term P cycling in this ecosystem.
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE
AFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO “TERRA FIRME” FOREST
PARCELS IN NORTHERN MATO GROSSO.

Ralf Gielow1, Maria Cristina Forti1, João Andrade de Carvalho Jr2, Carlos Alberto Gurgel
Veras3, Ernesto Alvarado4, David Victor Sandberg5, José Carlos dos Santos6

1. LMO/CPTEC/INPE, C. P. 515, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12201-970

ralf@cptec.inpe.br
2. FEG/UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP
3. ENM/UnB, Brasília, DF
4. U W, Seattle, WA
5. USDA FS, Corvallis, OR
6. LCP/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP

ABSTRACT

Changes in the chemical composition, with depth and time, of the soil water solution that
results from rainfall and that percolates through the unsaturated zone, are studied after the
slashing and burning of two “Terra Firme” Amazonian forest parcels located (9o57'42.20"S,
56o20'52.05"W) near Alta Floresta, MT. The samples were collected with zero tension
lisymeters installed in the following parcels: (i) pristine forest, (ii) forest with the litter
accidentally burned, (iii) and (iv) slashed and burned forest, in 1999 and 2001, respectively.
The concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+
and Al3+ in the soil solution were determined. The major cations and anions presented a
concentration decrease with time, after initial peaks caused by the burning, while for most
metals a mobilization was observed. Also, unbalances which decrease with time were
evidenced by the electronegativities determined. The pulses introduced in the soil solution
composition lasted about two months for each major ion, and react with the soil system.
Relationship between soil nutrient availability and carbon fixation in seedlings and
trees in central Amazonia

Romilda M. Q. Paiva; Claudio Y. Yano; Flávio J. Luizão. INPA-Ecology. E-mail:

romilda@inpa.gov.br

Tropical rain forests generally grow on nutrient-poor soils. Despite of efficient mechanisms
for nutrient conservation and recycling, developed by the forest, nutrient limitations may
prevent higher carbon fixation, and consequent plant growth. The present study aim to test
the hipothesis that soil nutrient limitations can influence both, the initial growth of
seedlings as well as carbon sequestration and additional growth in adult trees. The study
has been conducted at the ZF-2 INPA’s Reserve, ca. 80 km north of Manaus, in two phases:
i) test of the effect of fertilizer additions (N + P and Ca + Mg) on the growth of seedlings of
pioneer and climax species; and, ii) study of the relationship between C and nutrient
concentrations, and the possible nutrient limitation to the atmospheric CO2 uptake by adult
trees in the forest. In a toposequence (plateau, slope and valley), the ratios C/N, C/P,
C/bases, were calculated in selected trees and surrounding soil. The addition of N+P to the
soil induced a higher seedling mortality; however, there was a positive effect on the growth
of surviving seedlings, suggesting a possible N and P limitation to the establishment of
seedlings. Adult trees located in the valley plots showed the most favorable C/bases
(K+Ca+Mg) ratio: 83, against 145 in both, plateau and slope plots. Mean N concentrations
were similar in tree leaves at plateau (1.9%) and slope (2%); however, both were higher
than in the valley (1.3%). That is also reflected in the C/N ratio, significantly lower in the
plateau and slope than in the valley plots (26.1%, 26% and 36.6%, respectively). Carbon
concentrations in mature leaves were higher (49.2%) in the slope than in both, plateau and
valley (47.5% and 47.8% respectively). Suggestions are made that: (i) lower CO2 fixation
in the valley plots may be influenced by low soil nutrient availability for plants; and, (ii)
slopes may have better supplies of other elements (e.g., water in soil) which favor C
fixation in trees.
 Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemical processes in traditional and alternative
agriculture systems in Eastern Amazonia∗

Tatiana D. de A . Sá1, Andreas Block2, Ana C. L. Rendeiro3, Antonio R. Fernandes4,

Cláudio J. R. de Carvalho1, Eric A . Davidson5, F. Yoko Ishida7, Geórgia S. Freire8,
Izildinha de S. Miranda4, Jorge F. B. de Freitas6, Josie H. O . Ferreira9, Karina R. Pantoja8,
Liane S. Guild9, M. Tereza P. dos Santos7, M. do Socorro A. Kato1, Osvaldo R. Kato1,
Paulo F. S. Martins4, Renata T. Saba8, Silvio Brienza Junior1
1
EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil, 2 Universidade de Göttingen,
Göttingen, Alemanha, 3FCAP/CNPq (SHIFT), Belém, PA, 4FCAP, Belém,PA, 5 The Woods
Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A ., 6FCAP- trainee at Embrapa, 7IPAM,
Belém, PA, 8CNPq/LBA, Belém, PA, 9FCAP PIBIC/CNPq, Belém, PA,10NASA Ames
Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, EUA
Address of the first author: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro S/N, 66095-
100, Belém, PA e-mail: tatiana@cpatu.embrapa.br

Abstract

Shifting-cultivation in the Eastern Amazonia is becoming less sustainable, since pressure

on land use is leading to shortened fallow periods, and to a move to semi-permanent crops
(e. g. passion fruit). This reality, completed by the persistency of land preparation by the
traditional slash-and-burn technique, is endangering the biophysical and biogeochemical
functions of the fallow vegetation, and may lead to degradation. One of the promising
alternatives to avoid burning is the chop-and-mulch technique, which may be associated to
the improved fallow technique, to foster biomass and nutrient accumulation. The
understanding of how biophysical and biogeochemical processes are changed in these
alternative systems as compared to the traditional ones is crucial to safely disseminating
their use, and to provide scientific background for proposing polices accounting for
environmental services offered by them. As an attempt to do that, an interdisciplinary
study started in November 2001, in Igarapé-Açu, PA, where large plots (2 ha each) are
being submitted to the following sequences: 1) traditional system (slash-and-burn land
preparation followed by non-fertilized maize and cassava crops, followed by a fallow
period); and 2) alternative system (chop-and -mulch land preparation, followed by fertilized
maize and cassava crops, followed by improved fallow). Major focus is given to soil gases
emissions (CO2, N2O, NO and CH4) and carbon and nutrient dynamics. Biophysical
variables are being monitored mainly during field campaigns. An attempt to test IKONOS
images as tools for detecting seasonal and system-induced differences is also planned.
Preliminary results are presented.

∗
Segment of the Milênio LBA project financed by MCT, and leaded by P. Artaxo Neto, USP, and component
of the Tipitamba Project, a long term research initiative underway by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental associated
with several partners, focusing on fallow management oriented alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.
 LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL
AMAZONIA

Maria Terezinha F. Monteiro & Flavio J. Luizao. INPA-Ecology.

E-mail: mtfmonteiro@aol.com

Fine litter production, its nutrient contents, and litter-layer deposition and
changes over time were studied in a toposequence of an upland moist forest in
central Amazonia, 80 km north of Manaus. The aim of this study was to assess the
dynamics of litter production and deposition at different climatic periods of the year
(dry and wet season) and topographic positions in the local relief. Three plots were
established in each of three distinct topographic levels: plateau, slope and valley,
at km 34 of the secondary road ZF-2. Litterfall was measured semi-monthly in ten
squared 50 cm X 50 cm traps for each plot. Litter was sorted into four main
components: leaves, woody material, reproductive structures, and fine fractions.
Macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were analysed on oven-dried leaf samples. Leaf
carbon concentration was determined by elemental CHN Analyser. Each 3 months,
samples of the litter layer were also taken, in the same plots used for measuring
litter production, in order to follow the dynamics of litter deposition on forest floor.
The greatest litter production, during the dry period, occurred in the plateau (1.17 t
ha-1), while the smallest one was measured in the valley plots (0.67 t ha-1). The
same patttern was found in the wet season (0.48 t ha-1 in the plateau and 0.41 t ha-
1
in the valley), when much less litter was produced in all topographic positions.
However, higher proportion of leaves (81%) were recorded at the plots located in
the slopes, while more woody material (17%) was found in the valley plots. The
greatest C/N ratio was found in the valley (43.7), while lower ratios were recorded
in the slope (33.9), suggesting that faster litter decomposition and more efficient
nutrient recycling occurs in the slopes. During the dry season, higher leaf C
concentrations were found in the slope samples. There are indications of higher
efficiency of C fixation at the slope, which agrees with other current work made in
the same forest location.
The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Alexandre Correia Institute of Physics, Oral Evidence for Changes in Amazon Basin
University of Sao Aerosol Composition During 20th Century
Paulo Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core,
Eastern Bolivian Andes
Francis Mayle University of Oral 50,000 year record of vegetation and
Leicester climate change in Noel Kempff Mercado
National Park, Bolivian Amazon.
Mark Bush Florida Institute of Oral Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake
Technology level and orbital variation.
Peter Toledo MPEG Oral NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY
LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA
BASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.
Renato Cordeiro Universidade UFF do Oral CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM
Rio de Janeiro TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: A
COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS
AND TIME SCALE
 Abstract submitted to the 2nd LBA Scientific Conference

Evidence for Changes in Amazon Basin Aerosol Composition During 20th

Century Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core, Eastern Bolivian Andes

Alexandre Correia1,2 (acorreia@if.usp.br); Rémi Freydier3; Jefferson Simões2,4; Jean-Denis Taupin5;

Robert Delmas2; Paulo Artaxo1; Bernard Dupré3.
1
Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, R Matão, Trav R, 187, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil;
2
LGGE, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; 3UMR5563, LMTG, CNRS and
Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; 4Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil; 5LGGE, IRD, Grenoble, France.

An 137m ice-core drilled in 1999 from Eastern Bolivian Andes at the summit of Nevado Illimani
(16°37' S, 67°46' W, 6350m asl) opens a new perspective on tropical ice-core research as the site is
strongly influenced by Amazon Basin weather systems, offering the possibility of investigating
amazonian atmospheric chemistry changes along the 20th century.
The upper 50m of the ice-core were dated by multi-proxy analysis (δ18O, δ2H, 137Cs, Ca+2
content, electrical conductivity, and insoluble microparticle content), providing a record of environmental
variations of about 80 years. Elemental concentrations for 46 chemical species (from Li to U) in 744 ice
and snow samples along the 50m ice-core section were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
Spectrometry, providing a complex database with sub-annual-to-annual resolution.
Lithium-rich salt lakes (salars) act as important local aerosol sources in the region. The average Li
and Al concentrations are 0.312 and 252 ng g-1, respectively. The measured Li/Al weight ratio is about 3
times above the ratio for the mean world soil composition, evidencing the contribution of regional sources
to the ice-core glaciochemistry. Analyses of austral summer and winter elemental concentrations show
different trends for the profiles of several elements, thus indicating changes in atmospheric chemistry.
After 1960-1970 the concentration of P during summer and Zn during winter show a growing trend,
which may be due to increasing biomass burning activity in Amazon Basin.
50,000 year record of vegetation and climate change in Noel Kempff Mercado
National Park, Bolivian Amazon.

Francis E. Mayle1, Rachel Burbridge1, Timothy J. Killeen2,3

1
Department of Geography, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1
7RH, UK. E-mail: fem1@leicester.ac.uk (address for correspondence)
2
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 2501 M Street,
NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20037, USA. E-mail: t.killeen@conservation.org
3
Museo de Historia Natural ‘Noel Kempff Mercado’, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla 2489,
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, ca. 15,000
km2, located in NE Bolivia on the Precambrian Shield, adjacent to the Brazilian states
of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. This is an ideal study area because it occupies the
climatically-sensitive ecotone between humid evergreen rainforests to the north, semi-
deciduous dry forests to the south, and upland cerrado savannas to the east. The
climate is highly seasonal, with mean annual precipitation of ca. 1500 mm.
The study sites are Laguna Chaplin (14028’S, 61004’W) and Laguna Bella
Vista (13037’S, 61033’W), 200-250 m above sea level, which are surrounded by
humid evergreen forest. They are large (4-6 km diameter), flat-bottomed, shallow
lakes (2.0-2.5 m water depth), formed by subsidence along fault-lines of the
underlying Shield.
Analysis of fossil pollen and charcoal from 3 metre cores from these 2 sites,
located 100 km apart, reveals a pattern of regional vegetation change over the last
50,000 years. Chronological control was provided by a suite of AMS 14C dates. A
mix of deciduous dry forest and savannas covered the park between 50,000 and
40,000 yr BP, while stable carbon isotope values show that more open savannas
predominated between 40,000 and 18,000 yr BP. We suggest that this expansion of
C4 grasses at the last glacial maximum (LGM) was driven by a combination of low
atmospheric CO2 concentrations and a slight reduction in precipitation. Gallery
forests contained Podocarpus trees, providing further evidence that LGM
temperatures were significantly lower than today.
Savannas continued to dominate throughout most of the Holocene, with
rainforests restricted to riparian zones. Humid evergreen rainforests only expanded to
dominate the area between 3,000 and 2,000 yr BP, due to increased precipitation in
SW Amazonia, an inference supported by comparison with ice-core (Thompson et al.,
1998) and lake-level records from the Bolivian Andes (Baker et al., 2001), as well as
soil carbon isotope data from more central parts of the Basin (de Freitas et al., 2001).
This Late Holocene increase in precipitation in southern Amazonia can be attributed
to more intense insolation in the austral summer, in turn explicable by orbital forcing
according to Milankovitch Theory.
Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake level and orbital variation.
Mark B. Bush

Text Temporarily Unavailable

 NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA BASED ON
EXTINCT MAMMALS.

Peter Mann de TOLEDO; Dilce de Fátima ROSSETTI and Heloísa Maria MORAES-SANTOS
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil.

Deciphering the origin of the Amazonian biodiversity has been a challenge to the scientific
community with special interest in the natural history, conservation of communities and
ecosystems, and the role of paleoindians in the shaping of the present landscape. An
important aspect of this multi-disciplinary field is the understanding of the main historical
factors characterized by the combination of physical and biological phenomena, which
acted upon the shaping of the biome as we see today. In order to reconstruct the origin and
the historical events of the main ecological processes that took place to form the rainforest,
an analysis and organization of a series of multi-disciplinary data related to geology and
climate, and a reasonable control of the fossil history is needed. Data focusing on pollen,
geomorphology and soil isotopes have been used as main sources to provide information
about Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes in Amazonia with precise dating control.
However, these records are still scarce and spotty, providing only a broad picture of what
happened during the major ecological shifts between glacial and inter-glacial periods. The
megafauna is a reliable element to detect landscape changes through time. New findings of
exceptionally well preserved individuals of the giant ground sloth Eremotherium laurillardi
added to a mastodon Haplomastodon waringi are recorded in an area near the town of
Itaituba (PA), located in Central Amazonia. C14 dating indicates an age of 13,340 B.P. for
these fossils. The presence of this megafauna confirms the assumption that, at this time, the
area was dominated by open environments, instead of the modern, closed rainforest as seen
today.
 CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: A
COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS AND TIME SCALE

1
Cordeiro, R.C., 3,1Turcq, B., 1,3Sifeddine, A., 1Albuquerque, A.L.S.,2,1Simões-Filho, F.F.L.

(1) PROFIX/CNPq/ Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S.João Batista, Niterói, R.J., Brazil.
rcampello@yahoo.com, tel/fax: 55216207025
(2) Institute de Recherche pour le development
(3) Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria. Conselho de Energia Nuclear

Fires records were obtained through the charcoal particles flux analyses in lacustrine sediments (da
Pata Lake, São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM); N4 Lake, Carajás, PA; Dom Helvécio Lake, Parque
Estadual do Vale do Rio Doce, MG; and Caracaranã Lake, RR), resevoir sediment (Alta Floresta,
MT), and an anual cicle of atmospheric deposition (Porto Velho, RO). The deposition of charcoals in
the sediments results from local or regional burns, caused by dry climates, associated or not to
anthropogenic action. The highest charcoal fluxes values were obtained in the period of intense
land use change in Alta Floresta and in sediments that represent the medium Holocene in Serra Sul
Carajás region. The lowest values were found Lagoa da Pata in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, a
pronounced humid region in Amazon and in Porto Velho region, atmospheric deposition in a humid
season. Paleofires The deposition of charcoals in the sediments results from local or regional burns,
caused by dry climates, associated or not to anthropogenic action. Thus, the charcoal analyses
could have also a great importance in evaluating the impact of dry climates and human in different
tropical ecosystems. Determination of fire frequencies and dimensions in key areas of South
America, is a first step to understand the global carbon transference between terrestrial and
atmospheric systems.
River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Anthony Aufdenkampe University of South Oral Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics
Carolina within waters of the Amazon Basin: Stable
and radio-isotope constraints on sources of
outgassed carbon
Christopher Neill Marine Biological Oral Land use change alters the
Laboratory biogeochemistry and downstream
movement of nitrogen in small drainage
basins
Daniel Markewitz University of Oral Control of stream water cations by surface
Georgia soil processes and land use effects on the
exchange of nutrients between terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems in the Eastern
Amazonia
John Melack University of Oral Linking seasonal inundation with
California, Santa ecological, hydrological and
Barbara biogeochemical processes in the Amazon
basin
Maarten J. Waterloo Vrije Universiteit Oral Water balance and carbon leaching of a
Amsterdam rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.
Trent Biggs University of Oral Scaling up from pastures to watersheds:
California, Santa The spatial and temporal structure of
Barbara human impacts on stream nutrients
Alvaro Ramon Universidade Poster Transport of Particulate Carbon and
Estadual do Norte Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio
Fluminense de Janeiro, Brazil.
Bibiana Bilbao Universidad Simón Poster Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North
Bolívar Gran Sabana, Venezuela
Carlos Méndez Universidad Simón Poster Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna
Bolívar gradient, revealed by isotopic composition
of soil organic matter.
Claudio Barbosa INPE Poster Remote sensing for sampling station
selection in the study of water circulation
from river system to and Amazon
floodplain lakes: a methodological
proposal.
Eleneide Sotta Universidade de Poster SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE
Goettingen TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ
RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.
Luciana Valente LL.M. Pace Poster The coming global freshwater scarcity: a
University - Whit project for the exportation of water from the
Plains, NY - USA Amazon Basin
Luiz Fernando Charbel CENA-USP Poster Influences of land use in aquatic
metabolism of streams-Fazenda Nova
Vida-RO.
Marcelo Bernardes Universidade de Poster Organic matter composition of rivers of the
Sao Paulo Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin)
as a function of land use changes.
Marcelo Cassiolato CENA / ESALQ / Poster CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL
USP SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF IN
PASTURE AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN
RONDÔNIA
Nei Leite CENA-USP Poster Natural and athropogenic influences on the
biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000
km2) river undergoing deforestation in
Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river,
Rondônia).
Pascal Kosuth Institut de Poster Water surface and river bottom longitudinal
Recherche pour le profiles and characteristics along Amazon
Développement river mainstream in Brazil
Patricia Moreira-Turcq IRD Poster Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeas
Piccolo Marisa de Centro de Energia Poster CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN
Cassia Nuclear na IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION
Agricultura (CENA) FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR
- USP PASTURE IN RONDÔNIA
Rosana Castillo Universidad Simón Poster Relation between photosintesys and leaf
Bolívar morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3
savannah-fernsland gradient, Gran
Sabana, Canaima National Park,
Venezuela.
 Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics within waters of the Amazon
Basin: Stable and radio-isotope constraints on sources of
outgassed carbon

Anthony Aufdenkampe , School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle

WA 98195-5351, USA. anthonya@u.washington.edu
Mayorga, E., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
Masiello, C. A., Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
Quay, P. D., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Hedges, J. I., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Richey, J. E., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Krusche, A. V., Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Brazil
Llerena, C. A., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La
Molina, Lima, Peru
Forsberg, B. R., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Quintanilla, J., Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres,
La Paz, Bolivia

Parallel Session: River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

ABSTRACT:

Recently, Richey et al. (2002, Nature Vol. 416, p.617) demonstrated that outgassing
of carbon dioxide from river and wetland waters of the central is a significant flux
relative to terrestrial carbon sequestration. An outstanding issue raised by this study is
that the source of this outgassed carbon remains largely unconstrained. Stable and radio-
isotopes compositions of river-borne carbon offers one approach to constraining sources.
As part of the CAMREX project studying the riverine biogeochemistry of the Amazon
basin, we have recently surveyed 14C and 13C isotopic compositions of four principal
fractions – dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), fine
particulate organic carbon (FPOC) and coarse particulate organic carbon (CPOC). The
~30 sites surveyed for these four coexisting fractions cover a wide range of environments
– from both Andean and lowland headwaters to the mainstem Amazon – at several stages
of the hydrograph. These preliminary data yield a number of important insights to
potential sources. Perhaps most striking are downstream trends of decreasing ages for
carbon in all fractions, indicating that river-borne carbon is remineralized and replaced on
time scales that are short with respect to transit down the river system.
Land use change alters the biogeochemistry and downstream movement of nitrogen in
small drainage basins

Christopher Neill 1, Linda A. Deegan1, Alex V. Krusche2, Suzanne M. Thomas1, M. Victoria R.

Ballester2, and Reynaldo L. Victoria2

1. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
cneill@mbl.edu

2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96, CEP
13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Land use change can influence nitrogen transformation and movement by altering
biogeochemical transformations at key places in the landscape. Terra firme forests cycle high
amounts of N and lose NO3- to soil solution. Forest clearing briefly increases NO3- losses but
pasture establishment quickly reduces N cycling and NO3- movement to soil solution. In forests,
stream riparian zones receive high amounts of NO3- from the uplands and appear to be very
efficient at removing NO3- by denitrification. In pastures, stream riparian zones also have high
potential for denitrification but appear to receive little NO3- from adjacent uplands. Solute
injection experiments in forest streams show that spiraling distances for NH4+ are approximately
200 m, while spiraling distances for NO3- are very long (>10 km). This indicates that once NO3-
reaches or is produced by nitrification in small forest stream channels, it travels downstream
relatively unprocessed. Low demand for inorganic N in forest streams was confirmed by low
rates of incorporation of added 15NH4+ in algal and bacterial surface films. Shorter spiraling
distances of NH4+ and NO3- in pasture streams determined from solute injections indicate a lower
tendency for direct downstream transport. Forest conversion to pasture appears to alter the
movement of inorganic N downstream in watersheds by 1) decreasing NO3- moving to riparian
zones and 2) increasing uptake demand for NH4+ and NO3- and thus retention of N in small
stream channels. These changes have the potential to alter control of stream primary production
and decrease movement of inorganic N to larger rivers.
 Control of stream water cations by surface soil processes and land use effects
on the exchange of nutrients between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the
Eastern Amazonia

Daniel Markewitz
The University of Georgia

Ricardo de O. Figueiredo
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia

Eric A. Davidson
The Woods Hole Research Center

Alex V. Krusche, Reynaldo L. Victoria, Jorge M. Moraes, and Azeneth E. Schuler

Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – USP

Thomas Dunne
University of Califorina, Santa Barbara

Address of corresponding author:

Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources
The University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30605 - USA
Email: DMARKE@smokey.forestry.uga.edu

While land use change is known to affect cycling of carbon and plant nutrients in
terrestrial ecosystems, the effect on small streams draining altered landscapes is less well
known. We present results from a 10,000-hectare watershed on highly weathered soil in
the Eastern Amazon where a positive correlation between stream water solute concentration
and discharge was observed. Base flow stream water had low concentrations of Ca+2, Mg+2,
and K+, because the primary minerals had already been extensively weathered in these
Haplustox. During the wet season, however, these same cations were leached from surface
charged exchange sites in upper soil horizons and were transported to the stream with
biogenically derived bicarbonate. This near surface process, as opposed to deep soil
mineral weathering, was entirely responsible for the generation of streamwater alkalinity.
This observed pattern in stream chemistry is contrary to the seasonal patterns widely
recognized in temperate ecosystems with less strongly weathered soils. Both forest and
pasture surface soils of this tropical landscape contain exchangeable cations and both
produce large amounts of CO2 and HCO3- during the wet season. Enrichment of the cattle
pasture soils with cations from forest clearing and burning twenty years previously may be
further enhancing wet season leaching of cations. To elucidate more fully this exchange of
nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems, we are measuring and modeling the flowpaths
of soil water and nutrients along forest and pasture hillslopes of this watershed.
Linking seasonal inundation with ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the Amazon basin

John M. Melack

University of California, Santa Barbara

Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

melack@lifesci.ucsb.edu

Seasonally inundated areas cover large areas of the Amazon basin and are important components of the
ecology, hydrology and biogeochemistry of the basin because they modify riverine discharges and chemical
composition and are significant sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and fish to humans. Recent
advances in active and passive microwave remote sensing are providing regional information on temporal
changes in inundation and aquatic vegetation. Multiple aspects of LBA require are incorporating this
information. For example, combination of remotely estimates of inundation with extensive measurements of
dissolved carbon dioxide for the central Amazon indicates that evasion to the atmosphere of carbon dioxide is
about ten times the fluvial export of organic carbon by the Amazon River. The organic carbon fueling the
evasion appears to be largely derived from riparian and floodplain vegetation, illustrating the importance of
terrestrial-aquatic-atmospheric exchanges. Further, the evasion of carbon dioxide and methane from Amazon
wetlands appears to balance much of the uptake of carbon dioxide by terrestrial vegetation. Amazon fisheries
are important to the income and nutrition for many people living in the region, and fish yields have strong
statistical relations with maximum or minimum flooded areas.
Project: LBA-CARBONSINK

Title: Water balance and carbon leaching of a rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.

Authors: M.J. Waterloo1, A.D. Nobre2, W.W.P. Jans3, A. Cuartas Pineda2, D.P. Drucker4, J.M.
Heijmenberg1, M.G. Hodnett5, W. Gomes Neto2, A. Nascimento2, J. Tomasella6.
1
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV
Amsterdam The Netherlands
2
INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil
3
Alterra Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building 101, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
4
Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz – USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 / 151 – Agronomia, Piracicaba
- SP - C.E.P.: 13418-900, Brasil
5
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
6
CPTEC-INPE, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista – SP, Brasil.

Abstract

Since 1999, CO2 flux measurements have been made in the Cuieiras Reserve near Manaus. Recently, the
research has been extended to include and hydrological studies. One of the aims of these studies is to assess
the losses of carbon released from the forest by decomposition and transported out of the area as dissolved
or particulate matter in surface and ground water. Due to delays in instrumentation a single year of data will
be available at the end of the Carbonsink-LBA project in 2002. To simulate losses over longer periods, the
TOPOG model (http://www.clw.csiro.au/topog) will be used to simulate discharge and carbon leaching.
TOPOG is a terrain analysis-based hydrological model, which can be used to describe the topographic
attributes of three-dimensional landscapes and simulate the hydrologic behaviour of catchments, and how
this is affected by changes in land cover. The model uses micrometeorological, soil and vegetation data as
input and will be calibrated on measured discharge and groundwater levels. Relations between discharge
and concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate carbon will then be used to obtain
estimates of carbon leaching from 1999 onwards, when the micrometeorological measurements started. The
poster shows field data and preliminary model results such as a digital terrain model, aspect and slope maps
and a preliminary map showing the distribution of the groundwater level in the catchment. In addition, an
estimate of the total rainfall, discharge and associated outflow of carbon over a six-month period will be
presented.
Scaling up from pastures to watersheds: The spatial and temporal structure of
human impacts on stream nutrients.

Biggs, T.W.1, Dunne, T.2, Roberts, D.A.1, Karen Holems1, and Martinelli, L.A.3

1. Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

2. Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of
California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
3. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo.

In past LBA conferences, we reported that land uses besides deforestation, such as
urbanization and agricultural intensification, may have significant impacts on stream
nutrients compared with conversion of primary forest to pasture. In this presentation, we
put our observations of land use and stream chemistry in the spatial and temporal context
of frontier development using a time series of satellite images, census data, and a digital
elevation model to delineate watersheds. With these data, we define the probability
distributions of total deforestation extent and of the rates of conversion of primary forest
to other land uses for approximately 30,000 watersheds varying in size from 2.5 to
100,000 km2. The maximum annual and three-year deforestation rates decline rapidly
with watershed size, suggesting that deforestation is a gradual process for watersheds
larger than 100 km2, and that the relatively short-lived “pulses” of stream nutrients
associated with vegetation conversion in smaller watersheds are not likely to be observed
in watersheds larger than 100 km2. Simultaneously, the probability that any given
watershed contains an urban population increases with watershed size, suggesting a shift
in the relative importance of non-urban and urban sources of nutrient contamination with
watershed size.

Contrary to results of studies in small watersheds (< 1km), streams draining non-
urbanized watersheds (10-1000 km2) with high rates of primary forest conversion to
pasture do not exhibit the greatest impacts on stream chemistry. Rather, the largest
increases in chloride and nutrient concentrations occur in watersheds with little or no
current conversion of primary rainforest to pasture, but that have average clearing ages
greater than 10 years. This pattern, and the high stream chloride signal in watersheds
with longer occupation times, suggests that vegetation conversion is not the primary
agent driving anthropogenic impacts on stream nutrients. Other processes, possibly the
establishment and intensification of cattle production, is likely responsible for the impacts
in non-urbanized watersheds.

Additional stream sampling of larger watersheds (1,000-30,000 km2) shows that the
largest impacts on stream nitrogen occur in watersheds of intermediate drainage areas
(700-3000 km2), though a land use signal is still detectable in streams draining areas as
large as 30,000 km2. The watersheds with high stream nutrient impacts contain urban
populations, suggesting that urban sources may dominate human impacts on stream
nutrients for watersheds larger than ~1000-5000 km2.
Transport of Particulate Carbon and Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
Alvaro R. C. Ovalle1; Ricardo de O. Figueiredo2 and Carlos E. de Rezende3
1
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos
Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil; 2 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia,
Av. Nazaré, 669, Belém, PA, 66035-170, Brazil;
ramon@uenf.br; rofig@amazon.com.br; crezende@uenf.br

The study of ecosystems at meso-scale watersheds (>1,000 km2) is a useful tool to

evaluate changes at regional scale. However, this type of research has not been done
frequently in tropical regions. Therefore, there are few opportunities to compare the
differences among tropical ecosystems. This paper is an attempt to make available
results about the impacts of land use change at regional scale in the Atlantic Forest. This
study attempts to identify the sources and processes associated with the particulate
carbon and nitrogen transport in the basin outlet of Paraíba do Sul River (54,000 km2),
in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) were collected every
15 days from Jan/97 to Jan/98 (n=26), analyzed for elemental (C and N) and carbon
isotopic (13C) composition, and fractionated into fine (FSPM < 63µm) and coarse
(CSPM > 63µm) categories. Variations for measured parameters were as follows –
Discharge (Q): 402/2351; Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): 10/153; PCc: 0,92/22,2;
PCf: 2,21/5,69; PCt:1,84/6,45; PNc: 0,06/1,45; PNf: 0,18/0,80; PNt: 0,17/0,84 (Q in m3/s;
SPM in mg.L-1; C and N in %); 13
Cc: -24,26/-19,80‰; 13
Cf: -22,94/-20,40‰; 13
Ct:
-22,91/-20,62‰. Suspended particulate carbon and nitrogen concentrations presented
the same temporal pattern for all granulometric fractions, and an inverse correlation
with SPM and Q. The same pattern was observed for 13C, but not for (C:N)a ratio, which
presented lower values during low discharge. Our results suggest that during low flows
the phytoplankton biomass contribute more to SPM than do the upland eroded soils.
Comparing isotopic signatures of potential sources it was detected that wetland soils, in
addition to material from sugar cane production, play an important role in C and N
concentrations of the SPM transported through the river outlet. However, the insular
lands beside the upstream dams function as biogeochemistry barriers to the delivery of
elements to the ocean.

Financial Support: CNPq and Faperj

 Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela

Bibiana Bilbao1, Carlos Méndez, Alejandra Leal & Maria Dolores Delgado.4
Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000,
Caracas, Venezuela.
1. bbilbao@usb.ve, 2. carlosmendez@etheron.net 3. 4. mdelgado@cesma.usb.ve

The objective of this study was to estimate the fuel properties and meteorological variables
contribution in fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela. Fire
behavior were studied in experimental burns done in fifteen 0.5 ha plots under different
treatments: at the beginning, middle and the end of dry season in year 2000, 2001 and 2002
with 3, 4 and 5 years of fire exclusion, respectively. Before and after burning, a total of
nine samplings per plot were carried out to estimate frequency, density and cover of plant
species, humidity content and fuel accumulation. Meteorological variables were recorded
during the experimental burns, and air and flame temperature, fire propagation speed;
combustion efficiency, and characteristic of ashes were also determined. Daily
meteorological variations had a major effect on fire behavior than seasonal variations in the
dry period. Meteorological variables, as wind speed and % relative humidity, had a major
contribution on fire behavior than those of fuel material (800-1200 g m-2). However, a low
fuel accumulation in plots burned in year 2000, did not allow a new burning for two
consecutive years. The combustion efficiencies were lower respect to those reached in
Orinoco Llanos (Central Plains), in part due to a high fuel humidity (22 to 54%), irregular
distribution of vegetation and specially to the presence of big superficial rhizomes that
maintain live tissues during the dry season.
Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna gradient, revealed by isotopic composition of soil
organic matter.
MENDEZ, C.L.* and B.BILBAO
Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad
Simón Bolívar. Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. Apartado Postal 89000.
carlosmendez@etheron.net; bbilbao@usb.ve

Abstract:
The great expansion of savannas in Gran Sabana (Canaima National Park, 3 million ha) has
been associated to a high fire occurrence and to the Holocene dry climatic phases. Soil
organic matter (SOM), δ13C, light fraction of SOM (LF), soil nitrogen, δ15N, and plant
species dominance were studied in three forest-ecotone-savanna gradients (I;II;III) to
determine the replacement of forests by savannas and soil C and N dynamic. Soil samples
were taken in different soil depths (0-200 cm) along transects (140 m) from forest to
savannas. The SOM, LF and soil nitrogen were higher in forests with respect to savannas.
δ13C of SOM showed superior values in soil surface under savanna vegetation (dominated
by grasses with C4 photosynthetic mechanism), while the δ13C of the soil at 2m depth were
similar under forest (dominated by tress with C3 photosynthetic mechanism) and savannas.
At intermediate depth, maximum value of δ15N coincided with δ13C changes in soil,
correlated with vegetation change in the past. These results suggest that the nitrogen cycle
was affected during this vegetation change in both ecosystems, being the capacity of N
fixation the most affected component. The biggest differences among plants and soil C/N
were found in the savanna ecosystem; hence, we suggest fire as a FL removal agent.
Differences among light carbon were a sensitive indicator in the vegetation substitution.
Furthermore, the presence of "helechal" or dense fern community, in the ecotone area,
appears to play an important role in the successional dynamics in the gradient.
 Remote sensing for sampling station selection in the study of water
circulation from river system to and Amazon floodplain lakes: a
methodological proposal.

Claudio Barbosa1, Evlyn Novo1, Maycira Costa1

1 – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
São José dos Campos, CP 515, SP
Claudio@dpi.inpe.br, evlyn@ltid.inpe.br, maycira@ltid.inpe.br

Although remote sensing is a suitable tool for monitoring vast remote areas such
as the Amazon floodplain, the accurate extraction of information must rely on ground
validation sampling, through burdensome and expensive field campaigns.
This paper proposes a methodology for planning and optimizing the acquisition
of water quality parameters during field campaigns aiming the study of water circulation
between Amazon River and Amazon floodplains lakes and wetlands. The objective of the
approach is to settle an optimized geographic position data set spatially representative of
water quality parameters revealing water circulation patterns.
The first step in the study was to build a georeferenced image database consisting
of seven dates of Landsat-TM/ETM+ images selected according to Amazon River water
level. Each image date was then submitted to the following processing: 1) atmospheric
correction 2) region growing segmentation, 3) unsupervised segmented-based
classification.
Each resulting class for each date was then characterized by the statistical
attributes estimated from bands TM1, TM2 and TM3 of Landsat Thematic Mapper,
which are the bands sensitive to water optical properties. Changes in the spatial dynamic
of each class from images acquired at different water level were then mapped and the
number of sampling stations and the geographic position of each station were defined
analyzing the results of the previous step.
 Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE
SCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),

MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.

SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST,

AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.
Eleneide Doff SOTTA1; Edzo VELDKAMP1; Beatriz QUANZ2; Brenda ROCHA2; M. L. P. RUIVO2.
1
IBW/University of Goettingen, Germany
Contact; e-mail: esotta@bigfoot.com
2
MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

Soil respiration from plateau and slopes may be different from the respiration of valleys
due to different soil moisture and temperature conditions at different topographic positions.
Movement of water in the soil may also influences in the respiration because it can transport
organic material and nutrients from plateau and slopes to valleys.
Our objective is to quantify the influence of topography on the landscape estimate of soil
respiration in this rainforest in Caxiuana (East Amazon). We measure soil respiration, soil water
content and soil temperature along replicated toposequences at the following four positions:
plateau, high slope, low slope and valley.
Our preliminary data show that the respiration during the wet season is lower in the
valleys, ranging from 1.98 ± 0.08 to 3.32 ± 0.01 µmol CO2. m-2.s-1. Soil respiration increases
along the slope with the highest values at the high slope position (2.84 ± 0.04 to 4.17 ± 0.15 µmol
CO2. m-2.s-1, n=3) and plateau (2.82 ± 0.07 to 3.70 ± 0.24 µmol CO2. m-2.s-1, n=3). We plan to
continue our measurements to include dry season conditions.
 The coming global freshwater scarcity: a project for the exportation of
water from the Amazon Basin

Luciana Valente

LL.M. Pace University - Whit Plains, NY - USA

I. Introduction
II. The Water Wars – the Middle Eastern situation
III. Increasing the freshwater supply
III.1. Building dams and reservoirs
III.2. Transferring surface water
III.3. Tapping groundwater
III.4. Converting salt water into freshwater – desalinization
III.5. Cloud seeding and towing icebergs
IV. Watershed Management
IV.1. Watershed
IV.2. Brazil
IV.2.a) Water Resources Legal Frame
IV.2.b) Watershed Management in Brazil
IV.3. The Amazon Basin
IV.3.b) The Amazon River Basin Watershed Management
V. Improving water use efficiency – the Blue Revolution of water conservation
V.1. Using irrigation water efficiently
V.2. Using homes, businesses and industries’water efficiently
V.3. Other mechanisms for watershed management
V.3.a) The price of water
V.3.b) Privatization
V.3.c) Watershed trading
VI. The quality of drinking water
VI.1. Purifying water
VI.2. Recycling water
VII. A project for the exportation of water from the Amazon Basin
VIII. Conclusion
IX. Bibliography
Influence of land use in aquatic metabolism of streams- Fazenda Nova Vida- RO.

*Charbel, L. F.1 ; Martinelli, L.A.1

1
Centro de Energia Nuclear em Agricultura (CENA)- USP, Piracicaba-SP. Brasil
* Travessa Guilherme de Almeida, 37- Vila Monteiro- cep 13416-617 Piracicaba –SP. Brasil
charbel@cena.usp.br

Abstract

Land use change in Brazilian Amazonia from forest to pasture has concentrated in
the south and east boundaries of the basin, in the States of Pará, Maranhão , Mato Grosso
and Rondônia. In this study we compared two small catchments with different
distribution of forest and pasture, located at the State of Rondônia, relating the
metabolism of organic matter in their streams. The water samples were collected in ten
sites, throughout the streams, from which physical and chemical parameters were
measured. The distribution of forest and pasture was determinated using satellite images.
The results of the analysis in the streams has showen higher concentrations of total
dissolved inorganic carbon and free CO2 in the pasture stream (710 e 485 µM,
respectively) compared to the forest stream (504 e 188 µM, respectively). The
concentration of dissolved oxygen in pasture stream was lower (0,5 mg/l) compared to
the value found in the forest streams (6,4 mg/l). A high correlation was observed between
the increase of the percentage of pasture in the catchment with the dissolved organic
carbon concentration (n=10; R=0,78) and with the respiration rates (n=9; R=0,69). The
data showed a change in the aquatic metabolism between the studied systems, suggesting
that the organic matter, in the pasture stream is being oxidized close to anaerobic
conditions.
Organic matter composition of rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon
basin) as a function of land use changes.

Bernardes, M. C. 1∗; R. L. Victoria1; L. A. Martinelli1; A. V. Krusche1; M. Moreira1; J.

P. H. B. Ometto1; M. V. R. Ballester1; A. Aufdenkamp2; J. E. Richey2; J. I. Hedges2
1
Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura,
Universidade de São Paulo.
2
School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, WA, USA.

Abstract. We investigated the forms and composition of dissolved and particulate

organic matter (OM) in rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (64.300 km2), Rondonia, which
has a drainage basin verging the Amazon lowlands, and has been deforested to the
extent of approximately 40% in the last three decades, most related to pasture
implementation. The results obtained in this study were compared with other
Amazonian rivers that have their headwaters in the Andean region. We determined a
series of chemical (C,N), biochemical (lignin) and isotopic tracers (δ13C and δ15N) in
three size classes of organic matter within five sites along Ji-Paraná River and eight
more sites in six tributaries. For Ji-Parana mainstem the land use changes have not yet
changed the compositional characteristics of riverine OM. The coarse fraction (CSS >
63 µm) is least degraded and derives primarily from fresh C3 leaves. The fine fraction
(FSS > 0.1 µm) is mainly associated with the mineral soil phase, but its ultimate
source appears also to be leaves from forests. This fraction has similar high nitrogen
content as others Amazonian rivers. The ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter
(UDOM > 1,000 M.W.) appears to have the same source as the coarse fraction, but
the lignin analysis ([Ad/Al]V ratio) determined as the most degraded of the three
fractions, and also with the highest δ13C values. However, in smaller catchments with
intensive deforestation, the C4 signal has already been detected in the UDOM
fraction, with percentage up to 35% and 24% in the Rolim de Moura and Jaru
tributaries.

Key words: organic matter, land-use, Amazon rivers, deforestation, C4 plants,

pasture, isotopes and lignin.

∗
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Caixa Postal 96, CEP 13400-970,
Brazil, Fax: 55-19-4349210, e-mail: bernardes@cena.usp.br
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF IN
PASTURE RESTORATION AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN RONDÔNIA

Marcelo Elias Cassiolato1; Carlos Clemente Cerri 2; Marisa de Cássia Piccolo3;

Eric Roose 4; Christopher Neill5
1
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”(ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, s/n, Caixa
Postal 09, Cep:13418.000, CPG Solos e Nutrição de Plantas Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: 019
34294171, E-mail: mecassiolato@uol.com.br; 2Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura
(CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: 19 34294750,
Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: cerri@cena.usp.br; 3CENA-USP, E-mail: mpiccolo@cena.usp.br
4
Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, FR, E-mail:
roose@mpl.ird.fr; 5The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA, EUA, E-mail: cneill@mbl.edu;

Soil solution and water in overland flow (runoff) were collected during four months
(from January to April, 2002) in the rainy season, from five different soil management
treatments in experimental plots located at Nova Vida Farm, in Central Rondônia to
determine chemical composition of solutions and to quantify losses in drainage and
runoff. The soil management treatments tested different methods for restoration of a
degraded pasture and consisted of: (i) control, (ii) plowing + fertilization and planting of
Brachiaria brizantha, (iii) planting of rice under no-tillage + fertilization, (iv) planting
of soybean under no-tillage + fertilization. Samples of soil solution and overland flow
from pasture treatments were also compared to the solutions collected from a natural
forest, close to the experimental area. Soil solutions were sampled with both tension
lysimeters and free tension lysimeters, and water in overland flow with runoff
collectors of 4 m2. Throughtfall and rainfall were also collected. Solutions were
analyzed for electrical conductivity and pH. The pH and the electric conductivity varied
with the amount of rain and quantity of solution collected. The pH in soil solution in the
forest was more acidic than the pasture control and pasture plowing treatments. In
runoff, pH decreased in the order of the plowing, control and forest. Electric
conductivity was highest in the forest, lower in the plowed pasture and lowest in the
control pasture. Solution will also be analysed for the concentration of dissolved
inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cations, anions, metals, trace
elements, total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, δ13C in DIC and δ13C in
DOC. The solutions will be collected through the beginning of the next rainy season.
Natural and athropogenic influences on the biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000 km2)
river undergoing deforestation in Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river, Rondônia).

Nei Kavaguichi Leite1, Alex Vladimir Krusche1, Maria Victoria Ballester1, Marcelo Bernardes1,
Reynaldo Victoria2, Beatriz Machado Gomes3, Anthony Aufdenkampe2, Jeffrey Richey2.

1
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - USP. Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica. Caixa

Postal 96. CEP 13400-970. Piracicaba - Sνo Paulo - Brazil.

2
School of Oceanography - University of Washington. Seattle - WA - USA.
3
Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Campus de Ji-Paraná. Ji-Paraná - Rondônia - Brazil

Abstract

The rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin were sampled at seven different occasions, corresponding to
various stages of the hydrograph. A total of 14 sampling stations were distributed along 7 major
tributaries and the Ji-Paraná river mainstem. Spatially, the chemistry of tributary waters showed
statistically significant differences (p<0.001), related, but not significantly, to the composition of
soils and land use. Those tributaries draining soils with low cation content were located in areas
with higher percentages of forest cover and had waters with average conductivities of 11 µS.cm-1,
while the areas with higher percentages of pastures were located in soils richer in cations and
were drained by rivers with average conductivities of 59 µS.cm-1. The Ji-Paraná mainstem,
drained both types of soils and land uses and, as a result of these contrasting contributions from
main tributaries, occupied and intermediate position, with average conductivies of 30 µS.cm-1.
Seasonally, the two groups of tributaries also showed contrasting tendencies. Poorer river waters
showed the highest concentrations of major ions during the high water period, while the rivers
with higher ionic content showed an opposite trend. These results show that even within a meso-
scale basin there are striking differences among tributaries, both spatially and seasonally, which
should be taken into consideration while making extrapolations from small-scale, single plot
studies to the entire Amazon basin.

Key words - Biogeochemistry, rivers, Amazon, deforestation

 Water surface and river bottom longitudinal profiles and characteristics
along Amazon river mainstream in Brazil

Pascal Kosuth (IRD), Maximiliano Strasser (UFRJ), Ilce de Oliveira Campos (USP),
Julien Nicod (IMFT), Alfredo Ribeiro Netto (UnB), Marcio Sousa da Silva (IEPA),
Eurides de Oliveira (ANA)

Pascal Kosuth, IRD, CP 70911 Lago Sul, CEP 711619-970 Brasilia DF Brazil kosuth.ird@apis.com.br

Longitudinal profiles of Solimões, Madeira and Amazon rivers (from Tabatinga and Porto
Velho downwards to Obidos and Macapa) are presented, analyzing time variable water
surface profiles, permanent mean bottom depth profiles, maximum depth profiles and river
bottom structures (dunes) characteristics.

Altimetry along Amazon River mainstream has been determined, in Brazil, through
implementation and comparison of three techniques : geometric leveling, GPS positioning and
radar altimetry (TOPEX / POSEIDON). Altitudes of more than 30 hydrometric stations with
reference to mean sea level (or geoïd) have been determined, allowing to translate water level
time series to a homogeneous referential. Rivers bathymetry has been obtained through
measurement of transversal profiles using ADCP and/or echobathymeter coupled with GPS.
Bathymetric profiles have been measured every 25km along Solimões river, every 30 km
along Madeira river and every 10 km along Amazon river downwards to Obidos.
Characterization of river bottom structures has been realized along 40 different reaches using
echobathymeters.

Amazon river water profile mean slope between Manaus and Macapa varies from 5
mm/km(low flow) to 15 mm/km (high flow), depending on hydrological cycle phase.
Solimões river slope is almost constant in relation with time but varies from 20 mm/km
downstream (Manacapuru) to 40 mm/km upstream (Tabatinga). Madeira river slope is 60
mm/km upstream (Porto Velho) and varies from 0.6 mm/km to 10mm/km along its
downstream reach submitted to Amazon River backwater influence. Longitudinal bathymetric
profiles enlighten differences between rivers and significant spatial variations along a given
river, related to the morphological dynamics of the river bed. Average observed dune length
was about 160 m with maximum 400 m, while observed dune heights, when existing, ranged
from 2 m to 12 m, flow depth varying from 10 to 90 m.

Results contribute to a better understanding of the river valley morphological evolution and of
sediment deposition trends and processes along the main river. They are of prime interest for
mathematical modeling of flow hydrodynamics and sediment transport dynamics.
 Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeas

Moreira-Turcq, P.1*, Turcq, B.1 , Seyler, P.2, Jouanneau, J.M.3 and Guyot, J.L.2
1
I.R.D. - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143
Bondy cedex, France.
2
IRD - UMR LMTG, Université Paul Sabatier,39 allées Jules Guesde 31000 – Toulouse,
France
3
UMR-CNRS 5805EPOC, DGO, Université de Bordeaux I, av. des Facultes, 33405 Talence
cedex, France.

* Corresponding author: Patricia.Turcq@bondy.ird.fr

Floodplains of large rivers or “Várzeas” (Amazon river floodplains) are dynamic and
complex wetland systems which periodically oscillate between terrestrial and aquatic phases.
Sediments are constantly exchanged between river channels and floodplains. The rates at
which sediment is transferred to and from “várzeas”, and the residence time of “várzea”
storage, are few known. They affect mineral erosion, transport and sedimentation fluxes in the
river-várzea system and have a special importance for the carbon cycle.
Amazon “várzeas” are an important source of organic carbon to Amazon river.
Organic production in Amazon “várzea” systems represent about 8.4 106 ton C yr-1 (Junk,
1997), which are composed by : macrophytes (c.a. 5 106 ton C y-1), tree and grasses (c.a. 2.4
106 ton C y-1) and plankton (c.a. 1 106 ton C y-1). A significant portion of this carbon is
exported by “várzeas” to atmosphere such as methane and CO2. A great part of the plankton
(Richey, 1982) and the bulk of carbon (Junk, 1997) are probably degraded or is burned in situ.
But the major part of the carbon produced by Amazon “várzea” seems to remain in situ and
can be subsequently exported to the river. Today there are very few data of organic
sedimentation and carbon exportation by várzea lakes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
sedimentation and carbon accumulation rates in Amazon várzea systems and its importance in
the Amazon total carbon budget.
Sediment traps and cores were used to better understand seasonal variation of organic
and mineral matter and the recent organic carbon sedimentation in the Amazon “várzeas”.
One core was sampled in the “Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai” during low water stage
(October 2000). Accumulation rates were obtained by 210Pb radioisotope geochronology.
Subsamples were analysed for granulometry, mineralogy, and organic matter determination.
We have observed a high seasonal and spatial variation in the sediment and carbon
settling. Located phytoplankton blooms can be responsible for a significant carbon settling in
the traps. The highest fluxes of settling particles were observed during the falling water period
and varied between 300 and 2000 g m-2 day-1 and the lowest were found during the rising
water period and varied between 4 and 60 g m-2 day-1. The greatest flux of organic carbon and
nitrogen were observed in the same period. These flux ranged between 5 and 50 g C m-2 day-1
and 0.34 and 6 g N m-2 day-1 during the falling water stage and between 0.041 and 4 g C m-2
day-1 and 0.009 and 0.209 g N m-2 day-1 during the rising water stage. A part of this material is
degraded in the water column and another part is incorporated in the sediment. Sedimentation
rates, ranged between 1.0 and 1.3 cm yr-1. These high sedimentation rates associated with a
relatively high organic carbon content in sediments show a very high capacity of Amazon
várzeas to accumulate organic carbon.
 CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION
FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR PASTURE IN RONDÔNIA

Marisa de Cássia Piccolo 1;Christopher Neill 2 & Carlos Clemente Cerri 1

1
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303,
cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Tel: 19 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail:
mpiccolo@cena.usp.br
2
The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, E-mail: cneill@mbl.edu

Extractable soil nitrogen and rates of net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification
in tropical soils are indicators of soil fertility and the ability of these soils to retain N
following disturbances such as forest cutting and burning. We examined changes to
soil and soil solution inorganic N concentrations, net N mineralization and net
nitrification rates following forest clearing for pasture on Paleudults soils at Nova
Vida (10o 30 S, 62o 30 W) in Rondônia. We measured extractable NH4+ and NO3-
concentrations in soils and NH4 and NO3 concentrations in soil solution in forest and
in a 3 ha plot that was cut, burned and planted to pasture. Soil solution samples were
collected by tension lysimeters at 30 and 100 cm depth. Soil NH4+-N and NO3--N
pools in the cut forest increased compared with the reference forest during first 6
months after cutting. Unlike NH4+-N and NO3- -N concentrations, rates of net N
mineralization and net nitrification did not change greatly during the cutting and
burning of pasture installation. Soil solution NH4+ concentrations in forest were
higher during the first 6 months after burning. In contrast, soil solution NO3- pools
were higher during the first 8 months after burning compared with forest.
Relation between photosintesys and leaf morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3 savannah-
fernsland gradient, Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
R. Castillo & B. Bilbao.
Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad Simón
Bolívar. Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. Apartado Postal 89000.
rcastillo@usb.ve, bbilbao@usb.ve
Keywords: photosintesys, morphoanatomy, C3-C4 gradient, Venezuela.
In a physiological C3-C4 gradient, dominat herbaceous species in the savannah are mainly of the
C4 tipe, while in the fernsland C3 species are dominant. Photosynthetic rates and other related
variables were studied in a vegetation gradient savannah-fernsland in Gran Sabana, Canaima
National Park, Venezuela, in order to associate them to some foliar morphoanatomical
characteristics, to understand the natural distribution of these species. In the savannah Echinolaena
inflexa (Poir.) Chase (Poaceae) y Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Nees (Cyperaceae) showed
photosynthetic rates of 18.10 y 14.17 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively, while fernsland species,
Pteridium arachnoideum Maxón (Dennstaedtiaceae) (12.90 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and Dicranopteris
flexuosa (Schrader) Underw. (Gleicheniaceae) (12.14 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) showed lesser values, there
being statistically significant differences between E. inflexa and the remaining species. Upon
comparison of specific leaf area (SLA), a clear difference was observed between savannah and
fernsland species, whem photosynthesis was expressed in grams and correlated with SLA,
differences were evident between functional groups distributed on the gradient: grass > sedge >
ferns. Hypostomatic leaves in ferns and amphistomatic levasin savannah plants, with variating in
stomatic density between E. inflexa and L. rigidus, were among the anatomical differences found.
Differences in proportion and distribution of leaf tissues were also found. The behaviour observed
in C3 species may be explaines by these plants efficient utilisation of available resuorces, and their
capacity for adaptation to microclimatic and edaphic contions of the region
Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Emilio Moran Indiana University Oral DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES
IN A FRONTIER REGION OF THE
BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Mateus Batistella EMBRAPA Oral HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS
OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN
RONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Philip Fearnside INPA Oral Deforestation control in Mato Grosso: a
new model for slowing the loss of
amazonian forest.
Sergio Margulis Banco Mundial Oral WHO ARE THE AGENTS OF
DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON,
AND WHY DO THEY DEFOREST?
William Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Oral PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION
Research Institute IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Ana Luisa Albernaz BDFFP/INPA Poster CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN
DEFORESTATION
Britaldo Soares-Filho WHRC Poster Simulating land cover change along the
Cuiaba-Santarem highway under
scenarios of high and low governance
Carlos Gomes Dept. of Poster Deforestation Patterns and Household
Geography/University of Determinants of Land Use Choices by
Florida Rubber Tapper in Amazonia: The Case
of the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre,
Brazil
Diogenes Alves INPE/DPI Poster ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF
LAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA
Douglas White CIAT Poster Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian
Amazon: Productive but Unprofitable?
Douglas White CIAT Poster Introducing New Agricultural
Technologies for the Amazon Frontier:
Environmental-Economic Impacts or
Tradeoffs?
Eduardo Venticinque INPA/BDFFP Poster Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the
Brazilian Legal Amazon
Elsa Mendoza Federal University of Poster Forest susceptibility to fire during a one
Acre year El Niño period (1998-99); a case
study Western Amazon
John Browder Virginia Polytechnic Poster Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian
Institute and State Amazon: Comparative Farm-Level
University Evidence from Rondonia.
Jose Augusto Rocha CNPq/UFAC Poster Committed carbon emissions from
deforestation in three municipalities of
Acre State, Brazil: a first approximation
for public policy decision-making.
Laura Tillmann Viana University of Brasilia - Poster Structure of Microbial Communities in
UnB Native Areas and a Pasture in Brazilian
Savannas (Cerrado) of Central Brazil

Marcelo Moreira Projeto Dinâmica Poster Changes in land use in the city of
Biológica de Manaus and adjacent areas of the Br
Fragmentos Florestais 174 highway
Mark Cochrane Michigan State Poster Priority Areas for Establishing National
University Forests in the Brazilian Amazon
Renata Marconato Centro de Energia Poster Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-
Nuclear na Agricultura - Paraná River Basin (Rondônia, Brazil).
CENA-USP Social-Economics-Agricultural Survey
DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES IN A FRONTIER REGION OF
THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Moran, E. F., S. McCracken, and B. Boucek.

Indiana University

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has not been random. It has followed the roads of
national development, which have attracted settlers and economic activities. Even along
these roads, deforestation follows highly differentiated trajectories as a function of
topographic position, soil quality endowments, and spatial factors such as distance to
local towns and connectivity to national and international commodity markets. This paper
presents results of research from one region of the Brazilian Amazon, in the Lower
Xingu, in an efforts to elucidate the spatial and temporal dynamics of deforestation
trajectories as mediated by the demographic characteristics of immigrating households,
and the natural endowments of the location. Unlike much of the literature currently
available, the analysis presents not only a landscape analysis of deforestation, but also a
property-level analysis that allows examination of household determinants of land use
and deforestation. The trajectories of deforestation are based on time-series analyses of
TM images overlaid on the property grid in a GIS for the 3,718 properties present in the
study area. The demographic analysis is based on a survey of 402 farm households within
the study area. The paper makes projections for deforestation into 2020 for the entire
study region based upon the trajectories examined. We project that by 2020 only 24 to 32
percent of the original forest cover will remain standing under the most optimistic of
scenarios.
 HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN

RONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Mateus Batistella*, Emilio F. Moran, and Eduardo S. Brondizio

*Embrapa Satellite Monitoring

Av. Dr. Júlio Soares de Arruda, 803
13088-300 Campinas, SP

E-mail: mb@cnpm.embrapa.br

Deforestation and colonization processes within the Brazilian Amazon have

attracted substantial attention since the early 1970s. The phenomenon has been

associated with issues related to global change, alteration of biogeochemical cycles,

land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics, and biodiversity losses. This paper focuses on

an area of approximately 3,000 km2 within the State of Rondônia in western Amazon.

Two adjacent settlements of similar age, biophysical features, and assets among

colonists were compared to assess the role of their different architectural and

institutional designs in landscape change. Vale do Anari was planned following an

orthogonal road network system. Machadinho d’Oeste was designed with attention to

topography in laying out the grid of farm properties and included communal reserves

with right-of-use to local rubber tappers. Field research was undertaken in conjunction

with the use of multi-temporal remotely sensed data (1988-1998), GIS integration, and

landscape ecology methods. The results indicate that the communal reserves play an

important role in maintaining lower levels of fragmentation in Machadinho, where 66%

of forest cover remained in 1998 (after 15 years of colonization), in comparison with

just 51% in Anari. Without the reserves, forest cover in Machadinho is also 51%. Also,

pasture conversion is more significant in the fishbone scheme of Anari. Analyses of

landscape structure confirmed that Machadinho is less fragmented, more complex, and

more interspersed. The combination of privately based decisions for the properties and
community-based decisions for the reserves clearly indicates that this architectural and

institutional design can produce positive social and environmental outcomes.

ABSTRACT

DEFORESTATION CONTROL IN MATO GROSSO: A NEW MODEL FOR SLOWING

THE LOSS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST. Philip M. Fearnside, Coordenação de Pesquisas
em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), C.P. 478, CEP 69011-
970 Manaus, Amazonas. e-mail pmfearn@inpa.gov.br

Controlling deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon region has long been illusive despite
repeated efforts of government authorities to slow the process. Now, a licensing and
enforcement program in the state of Mato Grosso appears to be having a significant effect.
Clearing rates of Amazonian forest and of the “transition” between forest and cerrado
(central Brazilian savanna) have declined since the program began in 1999, while
deforestation in the rest of Brazil’s nine-state “Legal Amazon” region has continued to
increase. However, due to exhaustion of uncleared land without steep slopes or other
impediments to agriculture in some parts of Mato Grosso, the clearing rate in this state was
already declining since before the program began. The decline of clearing rates in forest
and transition areas steepened after the program began, especially in the transition area
where enforcement has been concentrated. Examination of trends at the county (município)
level help separate the effects of frontier aging and repression. In new frontiers, clearing
rates were increasing before the enforcement program, but decline sharply after 1999.
Clearing rates decline more sharply where enforcement is concentrated. Disturbing
evidence of clearing in some indigenous reserves indicates the urgency of developing
mechanisms to reward environmental services as an alternative form of development. The
assumption that deforestation in Amazonia is uncontrollable is at the root of Brazil’s
traditional resistance to international monetary flows to reward avoided deforestation, as
through the Kyoto Protocol. The recent events in Mato Grosso indicate that this
assumption is flawed, and that deforestation can be controlled.
ABSTRACT

WHO ARE THE AGENTS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON, AND WHY DO

THEY DEFOREST? Sergio Margulis, Banco Mundial, Ed. Corporate Financial Center - Sala
603, Brasilia-DF 70712-900. e-mail: Smargulis@worldbank.org

Several institutions have been studying the causes and dynamics of deforestation in
the Amazon. Since the start of this study in July 2000, the World Bank has discussed with
the Amazon Coordination Secretariat of the Ministry of the Environment – SCA/MMA –
the possibility of doing a joint undertaking given the interest shown by both institutions. In
addition to the World Bank and SCA/MMA, the AMA Project of PPG7 (Support to
Program Monitoring and Appraisal) also identified the need to undertake a study that would
review the causes and dynamics of deforestation in the Amazon as part of its study and
evaluation component, and decided this could be done in partnership.

With the support from SCA/MMA and from IMAZON, we identified key regions
and agents to undertake a rapid resource assessment (RRA). Due to time and resource
constraints, the RRA was carried out during the 7-18 May 2001 period in the States of
Mato Grosso and Pará. It did not allow for inferring extensively on the deforestation
process in the Amazon; on the other hand, it allowed for far more than just reviewing and
reorienting hypotheses and theses related to these processes, including those related to
cattle ranching economics, to land use conversion processes (from forest to ranching), to
the roles of loggers’ and that (secondary) of agriculture, as well as the intensification of
farming and ranching, in addition to the extent of land speculation.
 1

PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

William F. Laurance1,2, Ana K. M. Albernaz2, Götz Schroth2, Philip M. Fearnside2,

Scott Bergen2, Eduardo M. Venticinque2, Carlos Da Costa2
1
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá
(laurancew@tivoli.si.edu); 2Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil

We assessed the effects of biophysical and anthropogenic predictors on deforestation in

Brazilian Amazonia. Using a GIS, spatial data coverages were developed for deforestation
and for three types of potential predictors: (1) human-demographic factors (rural-population
density, urban-population size); (2) factors that affect physical accessibility to forests
(linear distances to the nearest paved highway, unpaved road, and navigable river), and (3)
factors that may affect land-use suitability for human occupation and agriculture (annual
rainfall, dry-season severity, soil fertility, soil waterlogging, soil depth). To reduce the
effects of spatial autocorrelation among variables, the basin was subdivided into >1900
quadrats of 50 X 50 km, and a random subset of 120 quadrats was selected that was
stratified on deforestation intensity. An ordination analysis was then used to identify key
orthogonal gradients among the ten original predictor variables.
The ordination revealed two major environmental gradients in the study area. Axis
1 discriminated among areas with relatively dense human populations and highways, and
areas with sparse populations and no highways; whereas axis 2 described a gradient
between wet sites having low dry-season severity, many navigable rivers, and few roads,
and those with opposite values. A multiple regression analysis revealed that both factors
were highly significant predictors, collectively explaining nearly 60% the total variation in
deforestation intensity. Simple correlations of the original variables were highly
concordant with the multiple regression model and suggested that highway density and
rural-population size were the most important correlates of deforestation.
These trends suggest that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is being largely
determined by three proximate factors: human population density, highways, and dry-
season severity, all of which increase deforestation. Our findings suggest that current
policy initiatives designed to increase immigration and dramatically expand highway and
infrastructure networks in the Brazilian Amazon are likely to have important impacts on
deforestation activity. Deforestation will be greatest in relatively seasonal, southeasterly
areas of the basin, which are most accessible to major population centers and where large-
scale cattle ranching and slash-and-burn farming are most easily implemented.
 CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION

Ana Luisa Albernaz1, Eduardo M. Venticinque1, William F. Laurance1,2, Goetz

Schroth1, Philip M. Fearnside3
1. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian Tropical
Institution, Panamá, 3. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da
Amazônia

Most models on deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon have emphasized

the importance of road building in promoting deforestation over the region. A more
recent model has shown that there are other factors related to deforestation, such as rural
and urban population density and duration of dry season. To contribute to knowledge of
the deforestation process in Brazilian Legal Amazon, we developed a causal model
based on structured equations (path analysis), in order to understand direct and indirect
effects of these factors, and the magnitude of their impact. We first created an a priori
causal model, on which the variables road distance, annual rainfall, duration of dry
season, river distance, and rural and urban populations were considered as having a
direct effect on deforestation. Indirect effects tested were the influence of road distance,
river distance, soil fertility, and urban populations on rural populations; and the effects
of road distance and rural populations on urban populations. The magnitude of these
effects was assessed using standardized coefficients of the regressions. The importance
of these factors was tested at two spatial scales, using quadrats of 50 x 50 km and 20 x
20 km in the Brazilian Amazon.
Road distance had the highest impact on deforestation, followed by rural
population density. The most important indirect effects were those of road distance on
urban and rural populations. Most other effects had significant but weaker impacts on
deforestation. Soil fertility and annual rainfall had non-significant effects. Results were
similar when the model was applied to both 50 x 50 km and 20 X 20 km quadrats,
indicating that our conclusion is not sensitive to the spatial scale of the analysis. These
results confirm that roads have important direct and indirect impacts on deforestation,
and the main indirect effect is that through rural populations.
Simulating land cover change along the 1,000-km Cuiaba-Santarem highway under
scenarios of high and low governance.
a
Soares-Filho, B., bAlencar, A., b,cNepstad, D., aCoutinho, G., bCarmen, M.,
Rivero, S., cSolórzano, L., aVoll, E.

An important challenge to conservation is to simulate the influence of potential policy

interventions on the processes that are impoverishing native ecosystems. We present a
simulation model that is responsive to policy intervention scenarios for the BR-163
corridor in central Amazonia. This corridor links the cities of Cuiabá, in center Brazil,
and Santarém, on the shore of the Amazon River, crossing large tracts of undisturbed
forest in Pará state. To evaluate the ecological impacts of this road paving, a simulation
model was developed for a corridor of 410 km x 1080 km along the BR-163 road,
divided into four frontier types. The model assesses the consequences of road paving,
within two alternative scenarios: A "business as usual" and a "Governance" scenario. The
model projects the trends, and analyzes the effects of a series of variables on the land use
and land cover changes in light of the alternative scenarios. The "alternative scenario
model" is coupled to DINAMICA - a landscape dynamics simulator--including a cellular
automata and a road constructor model by the exchange of dynamic transition rates and
the distribution of land use and land cover classes. The model can be thought of as a tool,
designed to accommodate a large number of hypotheses on Amazonian landscape
evolution, thus its overall structure can be used as a guide to develop new simulation
models of key Amazon areas. Furthermore, the set of maps provided by the model points
out the crucial role of governance in preserving the Amazon.
a
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
b
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia
c
Woods Hole Research Center
*
Corresponding author. P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543, U.S.A.
dnepstad@whrc.org

Emails:
britaldo@csr.ufmg.br
ane@amazon.com.br
dnepstad@whrc.org
lsolorzano@whrc.org
 Deforestation Patterns and Household Determinants of Land Use Choices by Rubber
Tapper in Amazonia: The Case of the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, Brazil

Carlos V. Gomes1, Hiromi S. Sassagawa2, I. Foster Brown2,3, and Stephen Perz4

1
Ph.D. Student. Dept. of Geography, University of Florida, email: valerio@ufl.edu; 2
SETEM/Federal University of Acre, email: hiromi@mdnet.com.br; 3 Woods Hole
Research Center and Federal Fluminense University, email: fbrown@whrc.org; 4 Dept. of
Sociology, University of Florida, email: sperz@soc.ufl.edu

The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve (CMER), with nearly one million hectares, has
experienced different levels of land use change as a response to local and regional
economic forces and prevailing social stresses. This study provides both a reserve and a
household level approach of measuring land-use changes. General patterns of
deforestation are analyzed at the reserve level, and household characteristics affecting
land use choices are analyzed at the household level. At the reserve level, TM-Landsat-5
data from 1986, 1992, and 1998 were utilized to quantify deforestation rates. At the
household level, in-depth interviews were carried out with 66 households. Reserve level
findings show that the CMER has experienced accelerating small-scale deforestation. The
overall deforestation level in the CMER was 0.7% in 1986, 1.5% in 1996, and 2.9% in
1998. The deforestation process does not occur uniformly across the reserve. Eight
seringais (rubber tapper estates), which represent about 12% of the reserve territory,
presented the highest deforestation rates and are closer to reach the legal limit for
deforestation of 10%, as determined by the Utilization Plan of the reserve. Household
level findings shows that the age of the household heads and the locations of the
seringais have a strong association with rubber and Brazil nut production, which suggest
that older household heads tend to engage in forest activities. The availability of sons of
household heads exerts a strong effect on pasture and cattle raising activities, which
suggests that non-forest activities tend to be carried out by the young residents. The
migrant status accentuates agricultural activities, implying that non-migrant households
tend to engage in forest activities. Understanding which factors are driving these changes
will hopefully contribute to the strengthening of sustainable land-use management
strategies in the CMER and in other extractive communities in Amazonia
 ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA
Diógenes S. Alves, Maria Isabel S. Escada, Morris Scherer-Warren, José C. da Silveira Jr.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos SP CEP 12201-010 BRAZIL
dalves@dpi.inpe.br

Human occupation in Brazilian Amazônia has been accompanied by persistent changes in Amazonian landscapes,
ecosystems, and in demographic and socioeconomic conditions of people settling in the newly established frontiers.
In this paper, we use 1985 and 1996 Census data to investigate how cattle ranching, annual and permanent crops
have evolved in Amazônia. Our goal is to review some of the available data and discuss some characteristics of
agriculture and cattle ranching that may have different impacts on land degradation and on sustainable land use.
Census data show important regional differences in the relative importance of cattle and crops, frequently associated
with Federal Government colonization programs but also depending on the evolution of the agrarian structure in
different regions. Pastures do constitute the prevailing land use, at the same time as the total number of heads
frequently increased faster then the total area of pasture. The relative area of crops decreased in some areas of
agrarian reform and family agriculture colonization, while pastures increased their relative importance in such
regions. At the same time, grain production and productivity have significantly increased in few areas where
connections to the nation-wide grain networks were set up. In general, the data suggest a scenario of land use
intensification in regions of more important settlement and agricultural production, where deforestation has also
been concentrated. The analysis suggests that systematic research should be carried out on the carrying capacity of
different regions and on the relationships between land use intensification, land degradation and sustainable land
use.
Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian Amazon: Productive but
Unprofitable?
Douglas Whitea*, Ricardo Labartaa,b, Efraín Leguíaa, Wagner Guzmánc, Javier Sotod, Héctor
Campose and Jhon Avilésd
a
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical- CIAT
b
Michigan State University
c
International Centre for Research on Agroforestry- ICRAF
d
Ministerio de Agricultura (Peru)
e
Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria- INIA (Peru)
*
corresponding author address:
CIAT
A.P. 558, Pucallpa, Peru
email: d.white@cgiar.org

Abstract
In the Peruvian Amazon, many scientists and politicians recommend that agricultural activity be
concentrated in the rich alluvial soils of the riverine regions. Supposedly, this development
policy would enable more intensive production, thereby improving the well-being of farmers
while reducing pressure upon forest cover. However, soil fertility does not guarantee the
economic feasibility of an agricultural system. This paper examines the relationships between
production and marketing conditions of the riverine areas. An agro-economic mathematical
model takes into account available smallholder farmer labor, land, and capital resources to
simulate two distinct riverine farm types, those of: 1) permanent dwellers, and 2) temporal
farmers. The Ucayali River, near the fast-growing city of Pucallpa, serves as the case study site.

Returns to labor, a measure that is crucial in examining smallholder agriculture, varies greatly
according to crop type and its location. Research results reveal that for temporary farmers, the
low mudflats enable higher returns to labor, approximately 1.5 times the standard wage for
agricultural labor. Sandy beaches and riverbanks permit returns nearly equal to the standard
laborer wage. For the permanent dwellers, who plant a wider variety of crops in different
locations, returns to labor are about 1.2 times the standard wage. Not only are these economic
returns modest, but also both types of riverine farmers are beset by fluctuating market prices and
uncertain rises in river levels that can destroy entire plantings and harvests. In order ensure
economic viability riverine development policies must address these shortcomings.
Introducing New Agricultural Technologies for the Amazon Frontier:
Environmental-Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs?
Douglas Whitea*, Ricardo Labartaa,b, Wagner Guzmánc, Efraín Leguíaa, Héctor Camposd and
Javier Sotoe
a
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical- CIAT
b
Michigan State University
c
International Centre for Research on Agroforestry- ICRAF
d
Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria- INIA (Peru)
e
Ministerio de Agricultura (Peru)
*
corresponding author address:
CIAT
A.P. 558, Pucallpa, Peru
email: d.white@cgiar.org

Abstract
The introduction of new agricultural technologies into Amazon frontier regions can affect both
household economic security and rates of forest conversion to agricultural use. This paper
examines both farm management decisions and market conditions of the forest margins context.
Although smallholder farmers attempt to increase their involvement in market-oriented
agriculture, minimal government support compels them to ensure household food and income
with subsistence crop production. Three features of the smallholder swidden agriculture system
(labor and land inputs, and markets) are not homogeneous and require careful consideration in
order to examine the effects of introducing of new agricultural technologies. Theoretical and
empirical analyses focus on: a) seasonal labor inputs (competitiveness with respect to traditional
agriculture production), b) the quality of land inputs (requiring fertile recently-converted forest
or fallow lands), and c) the designation of product output (for market trade or household use).

The Pucallpa region in the Peruvian Amazon serves as a case study site. Results from agro-
economic mathematical modeling reveal that greater earnings at the farm-level come about not
only through productivity increases but also by changing the seasonal characteristics of their
cultivation. Altering traditional technologies (e.g. rice, maize, cassava) that lead to seasonal labor
shortages, simultaneously permits greater and more diverse harvests, and thus should become a
research priority. Environmental impacts depend upon whether new agricultural technologies
require more weed-free plots from recently-converted forest or can withstand less-fertile fallow
land. Policy implications regarding the role of traditional technology development and
dissemination are discussed.
Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon

Eduardo M. Venticinque1, Ana Luisa Albernaz1, William F. Laurance1,2, Goetz

Schroth1, Philip M. Fearnside3
1. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2.
Smithsonian Tropical Institution, Panamá, 3. Coordenação de Pesquisas em
Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Most recent models of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon concern the
factors affecting this process, and are useful for understanding driving causes of
deforestation and how to plan development with the lowest possible impact.
Another way to look at deforestation is to understand its spatial distribution over
the region, assessing the probability of deforestation based on the percentage of
forest in the neighborhood. The spatial pattern of deforestation was obtained
through semivariograms and correlograms including the entire Brazilian Legal
Amazon.
Analyses were done at two different scales, using quadrats of 50 x 50 km (total
coverage, N=1932), and a random sample of 5000 quadrats of 20 x 20 km (from
the approximately 12000). To assess if the effect of distance is isotropic (i.e., has
the same intensity) in all directions, we applied the semivariograms to different
directions: 0o, 45o, 90o and -45o . Each model was adjusted using nugget, sill, and
range, and the results for these directions were compared. Correlograms were
applied to obtain the magnitude of spatial dependence of the deforestation process.
The semivariograms indicated that deforestation is an anysotropic phenomenon,
being more pronounced in the N-S and E-W directions. All variograms were
adjusted using the exponential model, and the sill was similar for all directions, but
shapes of the curves revealed different patterns. Variograms in the N-S and E-W
directions had the most accentuated increment in variation for the first five
intervals, for both scales. Correlograms detected a strong spacial dependence, with
coefficients ranging from 0.8 to 0.5 for the first five classes. At the 50-km scale,
correlograms showed a continuous trend falling as a function of distance, but at
the 20km scale, the falling trend stabilized around a coefficient of 0.3. Thus, results
indicate strong spatial dependence in the deforestation process, and this should be
considered in further analysis and models.
 Forest susceptibility to fire during a one year El Niño period (1998-
99); a case study Western Amazon
1,2
Mendoza, E. R. H.; 1,3Nepstad, D.;2,3 Brown, I.F.; 3Solorzano, L.
1 2
Institute of Environmental Research of Amazonia - IPAM; Federal University of Acre/
3
Zoobotanical Park UFAC/PZ; Woods Hole Research Center-WHRC
Universidade Federal do Acre-PZ, BR-364 Km 4 Campus Universitário CEP:69900-000 Rio
Branco – Acre, Brasil;
e-mail:elsa_mendoza@uol.com.br

Abstract
Historically, forest fires in pre-Colombian Amazonia occurred at intervals of 400 to 700
years, and were apparently associated with severe droughts. Forest fires are becoming
more common today through the interacting influences of drought, forest thinning
through logging, and fires that escape from pasture and agricultural plots. The objective
of this study was to determine the contribution of several meteorological, fuel, and forest
structural variables to the flammability of a primary forest in southeastern Amazonia
(Catuaba Experimental Ranch, Acre State). Two hundred experimental fires were
conducted along 2000 m of transect, accompanied by measurements of air temperature
and humidity, litter height, litter moisture content, leaf area index, canopy openness, and
plant-available soil water. Fires were ignited in both a tall, open forest (floresta aberta)
and bamboo-dominated forest (floresta de bambu). The area burned by experimental fires
(between 1 and 4 minutes following ignition) was correlated most closely with relative
soil humidity, potential available water, and LAI (r2= 0.54). Models created from the
field data showed that the probability of fires igniting reached a threshold at relative air
humidity <70%, fine fuel moisture (litter humidity) <35% and litter height >7cm.
Surprisingly, the area burned, and the ignition success of experimental fires showed no
difference between bamboo forest and high, open forest, even though leaf area index was
a unit lower in the bamboo forest. These fire prediction models help in the definition of
prevention and control strategies for governmental organizations and farmers, working
towards the future prevention of large-scale forest fires in the region.
 Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparative Farm-

Level Evidence from Rondonia

John O. Browder, Marcos A. Pedlowski, Percy M. Summers

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Since the 1970s the Brazilian Amazon has received nearly one million migrant

farm households from other regions of the country, many of whom were attracted to

government sponsored frontier settlement programs that offered free tropical forest land.

As a result, pressures on tropical forests have intensified along several settlement

corridors throughout the region. Despite their importance as agents of landscape change,

surprisingly little is known about the land use practices of these farmers. This paper

briefly reviews the research literature on smallholder land use patterns in Amazonia. The

recent history of one important agricultural land settlement program in the western

Brazilian Amazon state of Rondônia, is described. Based on 240 household surveys

conducted in three separate settlement locations in the state, this paper highlights key

differences in land use patterns among the rural population. Typologies of farming

systems are presented based on cluster analysis of land use data and ANOVA tests. The

findings indicate considerable complexity and heterogeneity in smallholder farming

systems. Spatial variations in farming system types may be due to geographic differences

in soil regimes, the social histories of specific communities, and site-specific exogenous

variables.
Committed carbon emissions from deforestation in three municipalities of Acre
State, Brazil: a first approximation for public policy decision-making.

Jose Augusto Rocha1, I. Foster Brown2, Marcos Silveira3, Hiromi Sassagawa4, and
Diogo Selhorst5. augusto.setem@globo.com.
1
CNPq/LBA Fellow, Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC
2
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA, and Federal Fluminense
University, Niteroi, RJ Brazil
3
Department of Natural Sciences and Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre
4
Ministry of Agriculture, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
5
Bioma Foundation and Federal University of Acre

Carbon emissions produced from deforestation provide an easily quantified link to

global processes and to economic incentives based on avoided carbon emissions. In
Brazilian Amazonia, a municipality-based approach has the potential to more effectively
monitor deforestation, analyze socio-economic drivers of deforestation, and implement
appropriate public policies. Three municipalities in eastern Acre State provide a range of
percent area deforested in 1999: Assis Brasil (6%), Brasileia (25%), and Epitaciolândia
(46%). We classified Landsat TM imagery that provided the following estimates of
deforested area for 1986 and 1999, respectively: Assis Brasil (6,300, 17,400 ha),
Brasileia (64,000, 110,000 ha), and Epitaciolândia (42,900, 75,900 ha). Sassagawa and
Brown (2000) found differences on the order of 20% between official estimates of
deforested areas in Acre. Using this value as an explicit estimate of uncertainty, the mean
rate of deforestation for this period and the relative uncertainty are: Assis Brasil (850
ha/yr ± 43%), Brasileia (3,600 ha/yr ± 75%), and Epitaciolândia (2,500 ha/yr ± 70%).
As a first approximation, the committed carbon emissions (CEEs) are the rate of
deforestation multiplied by the carbon content of forests, 130 Mg C/ha (range: 90 to 200
Mg C/ha). Regrowth and carbon content of subsequent vegetation are not taken into
account. Resulting CEEs (with range in Mg C/yr) are: Assis Brasil – 110,000 Mg C/yr
(39,000 to 240,000), Brasileia – 480,000 Mg C/yr (70,000 to1,150,000), and
Epitaciolandia 340,000 Mg C/yr (62,000 to 880,000). To make these numbers more
relevant for public policy, these figures were divided by the latest municipal population
estimates to produce per capita emission estimates: Assis Brasil - 32 Mg C/yr/person (11
to 69), Brasileia - 28 Mg C/yr/person (4 to 73), and Epitaciolandia - 30 Mg C/yr/person
(5 to 80). All these values, even the lowest bounds, are several times higher than the
global average of 1 Mg C/yr/person. As such, they serve as an indicator of how far
carbon emissions will need to be reduced to attain sustainable development in
southwestern Amazonia.
Structure of Microbial Communities in Native Areas and in a Pasture in
Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) of Central Brazil
1 2 3 4 5 6
Viana, L.T. ; Molina, M. ; Pinto, A.S. ; Bustamante, M.C. ; Kisselle, W.K. ; Zepp, R.G.

1,3,4
Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF
2,5,6
US Environmental Protection Agency, Georgia, USA
1
SQN412 Bl.N Apt. 305 CEP: 70867-140 Brasília-DF (mailing adress)
1
lviana@unb.br; 2 molina.marirosa@epa.gov; 3 aspinto@unb.br; 4 mercedes@unb.br;
5 6
kisselle.keith@epa.gov; zepp.richard@epa.gov

2
The Brazilian savannas (Cerrado) covers an area of 2 million Km and represents the second
major biome in Brazil. It presents a dry season from April to September and a rainy season
from October to March and different vegetation covers that varies in woody species density.
The region has suffered drastic changes in land use with conversion of native areas to
agriculture and burning practices are common during the dry season. The microorganisms
have an important role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning and the effects of land-
use changes on microbial community structure and function are not well understood. As part
of an effort to understand the effect of vegetation changes and fire regimes on the nutrient
dynamics and trace gas emissions, the structure and dynamic of soil microbial communities
were studied using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil samples (0-5 cm) were
collected from June/00 to June/01 in two native vegetation types (cerrado sensu stricto e
campo sujo) subjected to different fire regimes (2 plots protected from fire since 1992 and 2
plots submitted to prescribed fires) and in a 20 year-old active pasture (Brachiaria brizantha).
Principal component analysis (PCA) separated microbial communities by vegetation type
(native vs. pasture) and seasonality (wet vs. dry), explaining 45,8% and 25,6%, respectively,
of the total PLFA variability. Differences between burned and unburned sites were observed
although it was less significant than vegetation cover and seasonality effects. Gram-negative
bacteria (16:1ω7c, 16:1ω5, 18:1ω7c) were in higher concentrations in the pasture than in
native areas, which showed more abundance of lipids from eukaryotic microorganisms and
Gram-positive bacteria. Most of the variability, during the dry season, were explained by 16:0
(general prokaryotic lipid) and cy19:0 (Gram-negative lipid) and, during the wet season, by
Gram-positive bacteria lipids (i16:0, br18:0, 15:0). Total PLFA varied from 7,1 to 41,0 µg/g
dry weight of soil with higher values observed during the wet season.
Changes in land use in the city of Manaus and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highway

Moreira, M. P., Venticinque, E.M., Albernaz, A.L.

Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da

Amazônia / INPA

Endereço: PDBFF/Inpa

Av. André Araújo, 1753 – Aleixo – Manaus/AM

Caixa postal 478 - CEP:69011-970

e-mail: pinguela@inpa.gov.br

Historically, changes in land use patterns in Brazilian Legal Amazon have been stimulated
by Government interventions through public policies such as road building, colonization
projects and economic subsidies to industrial activities. In Central Amazon, mainly in areas
around Manaus, the occupation process was initiated with the rubber exploitation cycle, and
was later accelerated by the creation of the Free Commercial zone and implementation of
the industrial district, accompanied by an agricultural program. These incentives have
generated a intense demographic flux to this region. The present study aims to evaluate the
dynamics of the deforestation and land use changes in the area around Manaus and along
the nearby part of the BR-174, by using Landsat TM5 images from 1986, 1992 and 1997.
The study area included 6825 Km2, in a rectangular shape of 105 x 65 km. Mapping of land
use and natural vegetation cover was made using supervised classification by maximum
likelihood classifier in the IDRISI 32 software. After classifying, the area of each class was
calculated for each of the following: mature forest; second growth, and urban/deforested
areas, and “other” (e.g. water, open natural vegetation areas) for the three images. Forested
areas have been reduced 3.3% in 1992 and 1.8% in 1997. Second growth areas increased
from 1986 to 1992 (7%), and was slightly reduced in 1997 (less than 1%). Urban areas
increased 66% from 1986 to 1992, and 9% from 1992 to 1997. These results make it clear
the strong impacts of economic subsidies to the region during the 1980s, and a diminution
in the rhythm of deforestation and urbanization from 1992 to 1997. Despite the
development model based on these subsidies be considered one of the reasons of low forest
losses in the State of Amazonas, our results show that at a more local scale, around
Manaus, they have had a drastic impact, mainly through promoting the urbanization
process.
 Priority Areas for Establishing National Forests in the
Brazilian Amazon

Mark A. Cochrane1,2, Adalberto Veríssimo1, Carlos Souza Jr.1 and Rodney Salomão1
1
Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia (IMAZON), 2Michigan State
University, Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative (MSU/BSRSI)

Brazil will benefit if it gains control of its vast Amazonian timber resources.
Without immediate planning, the fate of much of the Amazon will be decided by
predatory and largely unregulated timber interests. Logging in the Amazon is a transient
process of natural resource mining (Uhl et al. 1997). Older logging frontiers are being
exhausted of timber resources and will face severe wood shortages within 5 years
(Veríssimo and Amaral 1998). The Brazilian Government can avoid continued repetition
of this process in frontier areas by establishing a network of National and State Forests
(Flonas – Florestas Nacionais) to stabilize the timber industry and simultaneously protect
large tracts of forest. Flonas currently comprise less than 2% of the Brazilian Amazon
(83,000 km2). If all of these forests were used for sustainable logging, they would
provide less than 10% of the demand for Amazonian timber. To sustainably supply the
present and near-future demand for timber, approximately 700,000 km2 of the Amazon
forest needs to be brought into well managed production. Brazil’s National Forest
Program, launched in 2000, is designed to create at least 400,000 km2 of new Flonas.
Objective decision tools are needed to site these new national forests. We report here a
method for optimally locating the needed Flonas that incorporates information on
existing protected areas, current vegetation cover, areas of human occupation, and timber
stocks. The method combines these information in a spatial database that allows for
modeling of the economic potential of the region’s various forests as a function of their
accessibility and timber values while constraining model solutions for existing areas of
protection or human occupation. Our results indicate that 1.15 million km2 of forests
(23% of the Brazilian Amazon) could be established as Flonas in a manner that will
promote sustainable forest management while acting as buffer zones for fully protected
areas (Parks and Reserves).
Título: Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná River Basin (Rondônia,
Brazil). Social-Economics-Agricultural Survey

Autores: Renata Marconato;

Reynaldo L. Victoria;
Maria Victoria R. Ballester;
Dalcio Caron

Afiliação Institucional: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura

Laboratório de Geoprecessamento

Endereço: Divisão de Funcionamento de Ecossistemas Tropicais

Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura / USP
Caixa Postal 96
13400-970 Piracicaba – SP

rmarcona@carpa.ciagri.usp.br

The present project consists in generating a georeferenced database with

agricultural, social and economical information for the Ji-Parana river basin (RO).
This area is severely affected by deforestation due to agriculture occupation which
burns the native vegetation to substitute the native vegetation for pasture. This activity
is collides with the results proposed by the Rondônia Land Aptitude Map, damaging
the environment without reducing the social-economics differences in the region. A
Geographic Information System will be used to make the spatial analysis of the data
obtained from the federal government official agencies (IBGE and IBMA), thus
creating a digital georeferenced database with information regarding economics,
social aspects, land use and deforestation. This will allow to relate the data and study
the results of it’s interdependence with human, environmental and economical factors.
As a result, a zoning map of the region will be created based on similar characteristics
that could be used to guide a more sensible region development, contemplating the
natural and human resources that it provides. Preliminary results indicate that the
growing cattle ranging in the basin have little or no mechanization and soil
conservation practices thus resulting in a low productivity, typical of an extensive
cattle raising practice, requiring large areas, promoting pasture growth and
deforestation.
Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Diana Garcia-Montiel MBL Oral Effect of labile carbon additions on
N2O emissions from forest soils in
the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

Laurens Ganzeveld Max-Planck Institute Oral Impact of land cover and land use
for Chemistry changes on surface trace gas
exchanges.
Robert Yokelson University of Oral The Emissions From Savanna Fires,
Montana Domestic Biofuel Use, and Residual
Smoldering Combustion, and the
Effects of Aging and Cloud-
Processing on Smoke During
SAFARI 2000
Caio Cesar Passianoto CENA-USP Poster Soil trace gas emissions influenced
by pasture reformation systems in
Rondônia, Brazil
Christopher Neill Marine Biological Poster Control of N2O and N2 Emissions
Laboratory from Amazonian Pastures Under
Intensified Use: Availability of
Nitrogen, Carbon and the Effects of
Soil Tillage
Francoise Ishida IPAM - Instituto de Poster Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and
Pesquisa Ambiental NO in a chronosequence of
da Amazonia secondary forests in eastern
Amazonia
Jadson Dias Universidade Federal Poster Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous
do Para - Campus de Oxide and Methane Measured Over
Santarem Two Years on Sand and Clay Soils in
Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA
Tapajos, Brazil
Keith Kisselle US EPA Poster NOx and CO emissions from soil and
surface litter in a Brazilian savanna

Luciana Gatti IPEN - Instituto de Poster What we learned about trace gases in
Pesquisas Energeticas the Amazon Basin
e Nucleares

Patrick Crill University of New Poster Methane dynamics in undisturbed

Hampshire forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Paul Steudler MBL Poster ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM
BRAZILIAN FORESTS AND
PASTURES
Effect of labile carbon additions on N2O emissions from forest soils in
the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

D.C. Garcia-Montiel1, J.M. Melillo1, P.A. Steudler1, C. Neill1, C.C. Cerri2, B. Feigl2
and M. Piccolo2

1
The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543,
USA.
2
Centro de Energia nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário 303, CEP
13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

dgarcia@mbl.edu jmelillo@mbl.edu steudler@mbl.edu cneill@mbl.edu

cerri@cena.usp.br eduardo@cena.usp.br mpiccolo@cena.usp.br

The availability of labile organic carbon for microbial metabolic processes could
be an important factor regulating N2O emissions from tropical soils. We
investigated how an increase in labile C affects N2O and CO2 emissions from
forest soils in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon State of Rondônia.
Experimental manipulations included the addition of NO3- or glucose to field plots
in the forest and of NH4+, NO3- and/or glucose to laboratory incubations of soils.
The addition of labile carbon dramatically increased the emissions N2O and CO2
from the forest soils. These results indicate a strong C limitation of forest N2O
production. In this study and related field observations, we have observed a
positive linear correlation between the emissions of N2O and CO2 from forest
soils in Rondônia. We have used this relationship together with our process-
based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to predict
N2O emissions for the Amazon Basin. For the period 1980-1995, we estimate
annual basin-wide N2O-N emissions of between 0.74 and 0.83 Tg.
Impact of land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges.
Laurens Ganzeveld
Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry
Joh.-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
E-mail: ganzeveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de

Surface trace gases exchanges are controlled to a large extent by land cover and land
use. Dry deposition as well as biogenic emissions depend on turbulent exchange and the
biogeo-physical and -chemical properties of the surface. Moreover, interactions between dry
deposition and biogenic emissions within the vegetation canopy depend on land cover
properties through modification of the turbulent exchange and (photo)-chemical
transformations within the canopy. Hence it is expected that changes in land cover and land
use, e.g., deforestation, will alter surface trace gas exchanges and consequently atmospheric
chemistry.
The complexity of surface trace gas exchange processes requires the use of explicit,
mechanistic models to assess potential impacts of land cover and land use changes. The
chemistry-GCM ECHAM contains such an explicit representation of dry deposition, biogenic
emissions, canopy interactions and meteorology. To indicate the complexity of the impact of
land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges, through changes in the
Planetary Boundary Layer- and micrometeorology, we will present some results of a
deforestation scenario for the Amazon region, using a Single Column Model version of
ECHAM.
The Emissions From Savanna Fires, Domestic Biofuel Use, and Residual
Smoldering Combustion, and the Effects of Aging and Cloud-Processing on Smoke
During SAFARI 2000

R.J. Yokelson, I.T. Bertschi, and T.J. Christian.

Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812 USA
byok@selway.umt.edu

P.V. Hobbs
University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle WA

D.E. Ward and W.M. Hao

U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT

Abstract. We carried out 2 campaigns in southern African during 2000. An airborne

FTIR (AFTIR) measured the trace gases emitted by savanna fires and characterized
regional haze. A ground-based open-path FTIR measured trace gases emitted from the
production and use of biofuels and smoldering combustion in wooded savannas. FTIR
quantifies the stable and reactive trace gases present above several ppb. We measured
vertical profiles above instrumented ground sites and below TERRA/ER2. The main
species emitted by savanna fires were (in order of abundance) H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, NO2,
NO, C2H4, CH3COOH, HCHO, CH3OH, HCN, NH3, HCOOH, and C2H2. These are the
first quantitative measurements of 6 of the 15 major compounds emitted by these fires
(which also featured extensive fuel characterization). The oxygenated organic compounds
(OVOC) dominate the initial emissions and have large effects on tropospheric chemistry.
The emission factor (EF) for HCN, a tracer for savanna fires, was ~ 20 times the value
measured for Australian savanna fires. ∆O3/∆CO and ∆CH3COOH/∆CO increased to 9%
in < 1 hr downwind from fires making them larger than ∆CH4/∆CO. Cloud processing of
smoke removed CH3OH, NH3, acetic acid, SO2, and NO2, but increased HCHO and NO.
Intense multiphase chemistry likely occurs in smoke-impacted clouds. Domestic biomass
fuels (biofuels) are the second largest type of global biomass burning. We made the first,
tropical, in-situ measurements of a broad suite of trace gases emitted by domestic wood
and charcoal fires and a charcoal kiln. The 18 major trace gases were quantified
including: CO2, CO, NOx, CH4, NMHC, OVOC, and NH3. OVOC accounted for 70-80%
of the organic emissions. In Zambia, biofuels contribute larger annual emissions of CH4,
CH3OH, C2H2, acetic acid, HCHO, and NH3 than savanna fires by factors of 5.1, 3.9, 2.7,
2.4, 2.2, and 2.0, respectively. Residual smoldering combustion (RSC) is biomass
combustion that produces emissions that are not lofted by strong fire-induced convection.
RSC is a globally significant trace gas source. We measured the first EF for RSC in our
laboratory and a wooded savanna in Zambia. The major trace gases include CO2, CO,
CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, C3H6, HCHO, CH3OH, acetic acid, formic acid, glycolaldehyde,
phenol, furan, NH3, and HCN. The wooded savanna fire EFCH4 increased by a factor of
2.5 when the 10% of fuel consumption by RSC was factored in. More measurements of
fuel consumption and EF for RSC would improve estimates of biomass burning
emissions.
Soil trace gas emissions influenced by pasture reformation systems in Rondônia,
Brazil

Caio Cesar Passianoto(1), Toby Ahrens(2), Brigitte Josefine Feigl(1), Paul Steudler(2)
(1) Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CENA / USP, Caixa Postal 96, CEP
13400-970, Piracicaba-SP ccpassia@cena.usp.br
(2) The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
02543, U.S.A.

Conversion of forest to pasture has been a major activity in the state of Rondônia, Brazil
since the 1970s. After decades of use, pasture productivity has declined. A number of
management options exist to reform these lands including conventional tillage,
fertilization, herbicide application, intermediate crop rotation, and planting of legumes.
What are the consequences of these reformation practices for trace gas emissions? A
subset of these reformation practices has been studied in a large-scale field experiment
(>3 ha) in an area of degraded pasture at Fazenda Nova Vida, Rondônia. The experiment
involved five treatments: 1) control; 2) tilled; 3) herbicide; intermediate planting of no-till
4) rice and 5) soybean. Here we report soil emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO from the first
three months of control, conventional till, and no-till rice treatments. The tilled, herbicide,
and rice treatments received 40, 40, and 12 kg N ha-1, respectively. Tillage increased in
CO2 emissions by 35% over first 40 days, while herbicide application in the no-till
treatment decreased CO2 emissions by 20% over the first 30 days. Following
establishment of the pasture grasses in the tillage and rice treatment, CO2 emissions were
similar to control plots. Tillage increased N2O emissions 17-fold, but highest emission
rates (357 ug m-2 hr-1) were measured after fertilizer application. A similar response was
measured after fertilizer application in the rice treatment. Tillage and fertilizer application
resulted in increased NO emissions. Field measurements will continue to better
understand the longer term legacy of different reformation practices on soil gas emission
rates.
Control of N2O and N2 Emissions from Amazonian Pastures Under Intensified Use:

Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon and the Effects of Soil Tillage

Christopher Neill1, Paul A. Steudler1, and Marisa C. Piccolo2

1. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
cneill@mbl.edu

2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96,
CEP 13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Growing intensification of existing pastures in the Amazon has the potential to

increase emissions of nitrogen gases from soil. We tested the effects of soil moisture and
nitrogen and carbon availability on the production of N2O and the distribution of N2O and
N2 production in laboratory incubations. We also compared non-tilled and recently-tilled
pasture soils to determine how tillage alters nitrogen and carbon availability as controls
of gaseous N production. Non-tilled soils at low soil moisture and soils brought to
saturation with deionized water or deionized water plus carbon produced little N2O. In
contrast, non-tilled soil amended with both deionized water and nitrate produced high
amounts of both N2O and N2 from denitrification at soil water filled pore space above
80%. Ammonia additions to saturated soil stimulated N2O production after a short lag,
indicating that nitrate to support denitrification was quickly produced by nitrification.
These results indicated that the combination of absence of anaerobic conditions and
nitrate strongly limited N2O production from non-tilled pasture soils, but that the
presence of available carbon did not. Tilling led to higher N2O production and this effect
was caused by both higher N and higher C availability in tilled soils. Currently, the soils
of non-tilled, unfertilized Amazonian pastures produce relatively low amounts of N2O.
These soils appear poised to produce large amounts of N2O under tillage coupled with
fertilization if the elevated concentrations of N from fertilizer application are present
during periods when soil moisture exceeds 70 to 80% water filled pore space.
Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO in a chronosequence of secondary forests in
eastern Amazonia

FrançoiseYoko Ishida1, Renata Tuma Sabá2, Eric A. Davidson3, Cláudio J. Reis de

Carvalho4, Ricardo de O. Figueiredo1, Maria Tereza Primo dos Santos1, Karina de Fátima
Rodrigues Pantoja2, and Georgia Silva Freire2
1
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia
2
Bolsista DTI, CNPQ/LBA
3
The Woods Hole Research Center
4
EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental

Address of corresponding author:

FrançoiseYoko Ishida
Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia
Av. Nazaré, n. 669
Belém-PA 66035-170 Brasil
Telephone: (91) 277-2515; (91) 241-5495 (FAX)
Email: yoko@cpatu.embrapa.br

Most studies of the effects of land use change on soil emissions of trace gases have
focussed on forest-to-pasture or forest-to-cropland conversions. Here we examine soil
fluxes from secondary forests regrowing after abandonment of traditional slash-and-burn
agriculture. A chronosequence of secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, and 70 years) was
identified on highly weathered, acid, nutrient-poor soils in eastern Pará. An abandoned,
intensively cultivated pepper field and a remnant mature forest were also studied. Three
chamber flux measurements were made in each of 4 plots for each age class, 3 times in
the wet season and 3 times in the dry season. As expected, CO2 and N2O emissions were
highest during the wet season and soil consumption of atmospheric CH4 was highest
during the dry season. Consistent with other studies of deforested land, the abandoned
pepper field had lower emissions of CO2 and N2O than the mature forest and was a net
source of CH4. Low fluxes were also observed in secondary forests, but wet season
emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO and uptake of CH4 increased with increasing forest age.
Litter layer N concentration also increased with forest age, indicating that N gradually
becomes less limiting during forest succession, thus permitting somewhat larger N gas
losses in older forests. After 70 years of secondary succession, however, N2O emissions
were still only half those of the mature forest. These results show that deforestation has
long-lasting effects on trace gas emissions and that recovery of N cycling processes may
require many decades or centuries.
Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Measured Over Two Years on
Sand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Jadson Dias1, Eraclito Sousa1, Hudson Silva2, Michael Keller2, Patrick M. Crill2;
Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior3.
1
Fundação Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil,
2
University of New Hampshire
3
EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, Brazil

Email addresses: hj@tap.com.br, eraclito@tap.com.br, hsilva@kaos.sr.unh.edu,

michael.keller@unh.edu, patrick.crill@unh.edu, cosme@cpatu.embrapa.br

Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are important greenhouse gases.
Tropical forest soils account for the largest natural source of N2O. Most upland tropical
forest soils studied so far consume CH4. We measured soil-atmosphere flux of N2O and
CH4 using static chambers during 30 minute long emplacements. Four samples were
removed at equal time intervals in nylon syringes and transported to our laboratory in
Santarem for analysis within about 24 hours of collection. We analyzed N2O and CH4
using gas electron capture and flame ionization gas chromatography. To determine
concentrations, integrated sample peak areas were compared to peak areas for
commercially prepared standards that had been calibrated against the LBA-ECO
standards. We calculated fluxes by linear regression of 3-4 concentration-time pairs.
Our sampling points were randomly selected at intervals of 2-4 weeks at mature
undisturbed forest sites near the km 83 IBAMA base in the Tapajos National Forest
(FLONA Tapajos). Approximately 8 chamber measurements were made during each
sampling period on both sandy Ultisols and clayey Oxisols. Soil and air temperature and
soil moisture were measured at the same time as gas fluxes.
N2O emissions from clay greatly exceeded the emissions from sand. During 2
years of measurement, N2O emissions from clay soils averaged 7 ng-N cm-2 h-1 while
emissions from sand soils averaged only 2 ng-N cm-2 h-1. Sand soils generally consumed
more CH4 than clay soils -1 mg-CH4 m-2 d-1 vs.0 mg-CH4 m-2 d-1). Seasonal variation
of both N2O and CH4 fluxes appeared to be controlled primarily by soil moisture. For
N2O, wet season (January-June) emissions greatly exceeded dry season (July –
December) emissions. In the case of CH4, fluxes were near zero or positive during the
wet season but notably negative (indicating consumption of methane in the soil) during
the dry season.
NOx and CO emissions from soil and surface litter in a Brazilian savanna

KEITH KISSELLE1, RICHARD ZEPP1, ROGER BURKE1, ALEXANDRE PINTO2,

MERCEDES BUSTAMANTE2.

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 960 COLLEGE STATION

ROAD, ATHENS, GEORGIA 30605 USA1

DEPTO. DE ECOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA, CEP 70919-970,

BRASILÍA, DF, BRASIL 2

e-mail addresses: kisselle.keith@epa.gov, zepp.Richard@epa.gov,

Burke.roger@epa.gov, aspinto@unb.br, mercedes@unb.br

ABSTRACT- Land clearing and burning in the tropics often results in increased solar
irradiation of soil and surface organic matter. This increased light exposure and surface
heating may impact the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO),
trace gases that play an important role in tropospheric chemistry. Our objective in this
study was to quantify the effect of light on these trace gas emissions at sites located in the
Cerrado (savanna) in central Brazil. Two native vegetation types (cerrado sensu stricto
and campo sujo) with or without recent burning, and a pasture site were studied. Gas
measurements were made in the field using either clear, or covered (opaque), Pyrex
chambers sealed on the soil surface. Laboratory studies of surface litter allowed CO
emission measurements of leaf litter from several species while controlling the light
wavelength and intensity and the temperature. Field NOx flux measurements using clear
chambers were higher than when using opaque chambers (approximately 4-7 times
higher in burned sites; 2 times higher in the unburned native grassland and pasture).
Immediately after burning, CO emissions from soils and charred surface organic matter
increased in the cerrado, where 30 days after the fire, daytime CO emissions were over
10-fold higher than those from the unburned cerrado (812.8 x 109 molecules cm-2 s-1 vs.
76.8 x 109 molecules cm-2 s-1). The increase in CO production occurred both in light and
dark chambers, suggesting that the fire created thermally-reactive precursors.

KEYWORDS- Trace gases, Ultraviolet Radiation

 Abstract submitted for presentation at the
nd
2 International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002

What we learned about trace gases in the Amazon Basin

Gatti, Luciana V., Cordova, A. M.; Yamazaki, A., Trostdorf, C.R., Pretto, A.
IPEN – Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Travessa R, 400, CEP 05508-900,
Sao Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: lvgatti@net.ipen.br
Artaxo, P., Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: artaxo@if.usp.br
Silva Dias, M. A. F, Departamento de Ciencias Atmosféricas, IAG-USP, SP, Brazil.

Several intensive sampling campaigns were performed in 1999, 2000 and 2001, in
different regions such as Rondonia, Manaus and Santarém as part of the LBA experiment..
The wet season experiments extended from February to May and the dry season experiments
measured atmospheric composition associated with biomass burning emissions. The O3
concentrations were measured in parallel with CO, NOx, VOC, aerosol mass, organic carbon,
light scattering and absorption. Several meteorological parameters such as solar radiation,
PAR, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also monitored.
After measurements in six different campaigns, five during the wet season and one in
the dry season, it is possible to observe that the site that suffers smaller human activities
impacts is the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Para and Balbina, AM (150 km north of
Manaus). The first characteristic signal of natural conditions is the small difference between
day and night concentrations for ozone. It was also observed at the Floresta Nacional do
Tapajós, very frequent nocturnal peaks of high ozone concentration, that has as origin the
medium troposphere.
In the wet season in Amazonia, the ozone concentration in the nighttime averages 3
ppb and at the peak of the radiation during daytime, it averages 15 ppb. In the dry season, the
ozone average concentration in the nighttime was 12 ppb and in the daytime (14:00 - 15:00
LT), the average concentration was a very high 50 ppb. Similarly to O3, the NOx
concentrations differ significantly between wet and dry seasons, due to biomass burning
emissions. The average concentration for the wet season for NO was 0.23 ppb and NO2 was
0.69 ppb, while for the dry season NO averaged at 0.04 ppb and NO2 at 2.73 ppb. Typical
levels of CO in the Amazon basin in the wet season were 150 ppb, with maximum values of
around 500 ppb. In the dry season, peaks of 2,000 ppb in the daytime and 8,000 ppb at the
nighttime were observed, associated with high black carbon and aerosol loadings. The
biomass burning signal is very strong in Rondônia and moderate in Santarem.

(Research project financed by FAPESP, CNPq and NASA).

Methane dynamics in undisturbed forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil
Patrick M. Crill1, Michael Keller1,2, Hudson Silva1, Jadson Dias3, Peter Czepiel1, Andy
Mosedale1, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior4
1
University of New Hampshire, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall,
Durham, N.H., USA 03824-3525; (603)862-0297; Fax (603) 862-0188
2
USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico
3
Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil
4
EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, Brazil

E-mail addresses: patrick.crill@unh.edu, michael.keller@unh.edu,

hsilva@kaos.sr.unh.edu, hj@tap.com.br, peter.czepiel@unh.edu, eraclito@tap.com.br,
cosme@cpatu.embrapa.br

Our conventional understanding of methane (CH4) exchange between the atmosphere and
upland forest soils leads us to expect that these well drained soils will consume
atmospheric CH4. However our measurements using automated gas chromatographs and
automated chambers in the undisturbed site at km67 in the FLONA Tapajos in Para
indicate that this may not be the case. Profile measurements show CH4 regularly
accumulates in the subcanopy atmosphere at night. This accumulation is on the order of
200-500 ppbv between daily minima and maxima at 4 levels between 0.2 and 10 m
during a period in the late wet season (days 78-150 of 2001). Later in the season after
day 175 very high mixing ratios of CH4 (>5 ppmv) were often observed and diel
accumulation still occurred. Our initial analysis based on similarity with CO2 dynamics
indicated that the source strength of CH4 had to be on the order of 5 mg CH4 m-2d-1.
Direct emissions of CH4 were observed over a period from day 150 to day 201, 2001 in
all 18 dark automated chambers that are operational. Average fluxes for individual
chambers during this period ranged from 0.8 to 6.9 mg CH4 m-2d-1. This is in rough
agreement with our previous analysis. Even though these measurements are confined to
clayey Oxisols, they represent a hitherto unrecognized but significant source of CH4 to
the atmosphere.
ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN FORESTS
AND PASTURES

Paul A. Steudler*1, Brigitte J. Feigl2, Diana C. Garcia-Montiel1, Jerry M. Melillo1,

Christopher Neill1, Marisa C. Piccolo2 & Carlos C. Cerri2
1
The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
02543, U.S.A.
2
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CENA/USP, CP 96, 13416-000 Piracicaba,
SP, Brasil.

steudler@mbl.edu
eduardo@cena.usp.br
dgarcia@mbl.edu
jmelillo@mbl.edu
cneill@mbl.edu
mpiccolo@cena.usp.br
cerri@cena.usp.br

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) effluxes and soil physical and chemical properties were

measured intensively over a 19-month period in two sequences that consisted of forest

and pastures ranging in age from four to 41 years old in Rondônia in the southwestern

region of the Amazon Basin. Furthermore, we created a new pasture directly from forest

and measured the emission of CO2 and other properties over 27 months. Maximum soil

respiration rates were measured during the wet season in both forests and pastures. Plant

phenology, such as the timing of maximum root biomass and the asynchrony of above-

and below-ground litter inputs and subsequent decomposition, may play an important role

in determining the seasonally of the observed respiration rates. Average annual CO2

release from the forests was 1,347 g C/m2. Annual releases from the pastures ranged

from 1,090 to 2,365 g C/m2 and increased with pasture age for the first six years after

establishment, but then remained nearly constant at about 1,750 g C/m2 for the next two

decades. Soil moisture was a strong predictor of seasonal CO2 emissions from all sites
but soil temperature was not. Absence of a relationship between soil respiration and soil

temperature in moist tropical forests and over the annual temperature cycle in pastures,

has important implications for global carbon cycle analyses. Soil respiration rates in

some of these analyses are described as a function of either air or soil temperature. Our

study suggests that this characterization is not valid in moist tropical forests and pastures.
Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia- from canopy process to the large scale

PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Alex Guenther NCAR Oral Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change On
Reactive Carbon Fluxes and the Chemical
Composition of the Troposphere
James Greenberg National Center for Oral Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions
Atmospheric Research from disturbed and undisturbed Amazonian
landscapes
Paolo Stefani Universita della Tuscia Oral ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND
PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESURED
OVER THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST NEAR
MANAUS DURING DRY SEASON 2001
Peter Harley NCAR Oral Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity among
Neotropical Forest Sites
Uwe Kuhn Max Planck Institute for Oral Concentration profiles of volatile organic
Chemistry compounds over Amazonia: Aircraft
measurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001
Abel Silva Instituto Nacional de Poster COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL
Pesquisas Espaciais THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND IN BIOMASS
BURNING AND SEASHORE REGIONS IN
BRAZIL
Ana Maria Cordova IPEN/University of Sao Poster Ozone continuous measurements in the Amazon
Paulo
Cláudia Boian Aires INPE Poster An experiment to estimate CO concentrations from
biomass burning and comparison with aircraft
measurements
Francis Wagner Silva Instituto Nacional de Poster The meteorological conditions during the LBA
Correia Pesquisas Espaciais - LMO CLAIRE - 2001 Mission

Luciana Gatti IPEN - Instituto de Poster Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of Biogenic

Pesquisas Energeticas e VOCs in the Amazon Basin
Nucleares
Stefanie Rottenberger Max Planck Institute for Poster THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THE
Chemistry EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BETWEEN
AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES AND
THE ATMOSPHERE
Steven Wofsy Harvard University Poster Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at a
Central Amazonian site.
 Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change On Reactive Carbon Fluxes and
the Chemical Composition of the Troposphere
Alex Guenther1, Paulo Artaxo2, Luciana Gatti3, Jim Greenberg1, Peter Harley1, Elisabeth
Holland1, James Sulzman1, Xuexi Tie1, Oscar Vega3, Christine Wiedinmyer1

1
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO, USA, guenther@ucar.edu
2
Instituto de Fisica, U. São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
3
IPEN, Divisao de Quimica Ambiental, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Land-use and landcover change are expected to perturb the exchange of gases and
aerosols between Amazônian landscapes and the atmosphere. The biosphere-atmosphere
exchange of reactive carbon compounds, RCCs (e.g., isoprene, acetone, a-pinene, CO,
carbonaceous aerosols) is particularly important because of their role in the processes
controlling oxidant, CO, aerosol, and organic acid evolution, as well as their contribution to
global carbon cycles and budgets. Regional air quality policy decisions, which have large
environmental and socio-economic impacts, also rely on accurate RCC emission and
deposition estimates. The LBA research program has greatly expanded the Amazônian
database of leaf-scale (enclosure measurements), canopy-scale (eddy flux measurements), and
regional-scale (vertical profiling measurements) biogenic VOC observations. We have
integrated the LBA flux measurements into an emission modelling scheme that has a 1km
resolution and accounts for Amazonian vegetation distributions and land-use. The emissions
predicted by this model were input to both a global 3-D model (MOZART) with moderately
detailed chemistry and a box model with very detailed chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism)
and used to investigate the impact of land-use change on the chemical composition of the
atmosphere. Land-use change induced perturbations in both emission and deposition of RCC
were considered in these model simulations. LBA observations of volatile organic compound
and aerosol fluxes (from above canopy towers) and boundary layer concentrations (from
tethered balloon and aircraft sampling platforms) were used to evaluate the performance of the
models. Scenarios considered include conversion of forest to 1) pasture, 2) small family farms,
and 3) large commercial plantations. The implications of other Amazonian emissions (e.g.
biomass burning, the Manaus plume) were also considered. The model simulations indicate that
Amazônia land-use change will significantly perturb regional atmospheric chemistry including
oxidants, reactive nitrogen and carbon trace gases and aerosols. This presentation will describe
the advances in biogenic emission and deposition modelling procedures and the predicted
impacts on atmospheric trace gas and aerosol distributions. The implications for regional air
quality and climate will also be discussed.
Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from disturbed and undisturbed
Amazonian landscapes
J.P. Greenberg (greenber@ucar.edu), A. Guenther, P. Harley
National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado, USA
80307
J. Tota, G. Fisch
IAE/CTA, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
L. Gatti, O. Vega
IPEN-MQA, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The atmospheric concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC)

emissions (isoprene, monoterpenes, plant-wound emissions, and others) were studied in
Amazonian landscapes using a tethered balloon air-sampling platform. Atmospheric
soundings from approximately 100 to 1200 meters were made throughout the daylight
hours (6 am to 6 pm) in 5 campaigns (Balbina, Amazonas, March 1998 and July 2001
(primary and secondary forest); Abracos, Rondonia (cattle pasture), February 1999;
Rebiu Jaru, Rondonia (primary forest), February 1999; and FLONA Tapajos, Para
(primary and secondary forest), February 2000. The atmospheric concentrations describe
distinct BVOC emission scenarios, which reflect the differing species compositions in the
varied floristic areas. Atmospheric concentrations are associated with the observed
meteorological conditions (including PAR, temperature, cloud cover, boundary layer
structure, etc.) and atmospheric chemical constituents (NOx, CO, O3, etc.) to describe the
connection between emissions and atmospheric concentrations of the BVOCs. The
concentration information allows for the estimation of diurnal emission of non-CO2
BVOC, as well as the effects of these emissions on the chemistry of the atmosphere.
Daily BVOC emission fluxes from these campaigns are compared with leaf-scale
(enclosure measurements) and canopy-scale (eddy flux measurements) of BVOCs made in
these areas and are also compared with the net ecosystem exchange of carbon as CO2
measured in the same or similar landscapes.
ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESURED OVER THE
TROPICAL RAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING DRY SEASON 2001

P. Stefani 1, A.C. de Araujo2, A. D. Nobre 2, P. Ciccioli 3 , E. Brancaleoni 3, M. Frattoni 3, U.

Kuhn4 , J. Kesselmeier4 , C. Corradi 1, R. Valentini 1

1-Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università della Tuscia, Via C. de Lellis,
CAP 01100 Viterbo ITALY (e-mail: pstefani@unitus.it)
2-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, C.P. 478 Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil 69011-970
3-Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico del CNR area delle ricerche di Roma Via Salaria km 29.300 CP10
CAP 00016 Monterotondo Scalo Italy
4-Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept.,P.O. Box 3060, D55020 Mainz GERMANY

Although small when compared to the GPP, the amount of carbon released in the atmosphere by terrestrial by terrestrial
vegetation exceeds by an order of magnitude the one produced by man-made activities. Although the largest portion of
this emission is concentrated in tropical regions, only recently systematic investigations have been undertaken in this
portion of the earth surface. Among them, particularly interesting are the data that have been collected in Brazil during
the previous LBA- EUSTACH experiments, where an integrated approach was followed to quantify reduced carbon
emission from terrestrial vegetation and to assess its possible conversion of emitted VOC into secondary products
(gases and aerosols). During these experiments, first attempts were also made to quantify the fluxes of biogenic VOC
by REA. These preliminary data have been recently complemented with those collected in the LBA-CLAIRE 2001 and
LBA-CARBONSINK field studies performed in the tropical rain forest near Manaus. As a part of these projects, VOC
fluxes were measured during the dry season (July 2001) using a REA system installed in the K34 tower located inside
the ZF2 reserve managed by INPA: More than two weeks of data were collected. For some of them diel trends were
followed. Data confirmed the preliminary observations made during the wet season. Isoprene was the dominant
component even though the emission of monoterpenes was not negligible (30-40% of reduced carbon emission).
The relationship between carbon emitted as VOC and carbon fixed from photosynthetic activity will be presented and
discussed.
Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity among Neotropical Forest Sites

Peter Harley1, Pérola Vasconcellos2, Lee Vierling4, Alex Guenther1, Jim Greenberg1,
3
Carlos Cleomir de S. Pinheiro, Lee Klinger

1
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO, USA, harley@ucar.edu
2
IPEN, Departamento de Química e Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
3
INPA –Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
4
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

Isoprene (C5H8) is a hydrocarbon produced and emitted by leaves of many tree species, and
is the most important volatile organic compound in most rural atmospheres. It is an
important participant in tropospheric chemistry, and carbon losses in the form of isoprene
are a small but significant component of the carbon budget in some forest ecosystems.
Isoprene emission capacity of sun leaves, defined as the emission rate of isoprene measured
at 30 oC under photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 µmol m-2 s-1, varies across
species by three orders of magnitude. Approximately 2/3 of those tree species examined
appear to emit very little isoprene (<0.5 µgC g-1 h-1) while the remaining 1/3 have emission
capacities exceeding 50 µg g-1 h-1. In contrast, photosynthetic capacity of sun leaves
probably varies by only about a factor of 2 between tree species. In order to estimate
regional fluxes of isoprene, therefore, it is necessary to estimate not only the overall leaf
biomass but also the species composition. In addition, estimates of isoprene emission
capacity are required for all species encountered.

During 5 LBA field campaigns, we have sampled individual leaves of over 150 species for
emissions of isoprene, and approximately 1/3 have been found to be high isoprene emitters.
These data will be presented. Although this is a small fraction of the several thousand
Neotropical tree species, these measurements and additional measurements in the
Neotropics and elsewhere have allowed us to develop tentative relationships between the
taxonomic position of a tree species and its isoprene-emission characteristics.

A number of detailed plant surveys have been carried out in Neotropical upland forests,
several in conjunction with LBA, in which all trees greater than 1.0 cm dbh within a given
area (ranging from about 10 to 100 ha) have been identified and counted. Combining this
detailed census information with estimates of isoprene emission potentials either
determined from actual measurements or inferred from taxonomic relationships, we have
estimated the potential of each of these regions to emit isoprene to the atmosphere. The
regional emission potentials are compared with trends in above canopy isoprene flux and
concentrations observed at several of these sites. Methods for incorporating this
information into regional and global models are described.
Concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds over Amazonia: Aircraft
measurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001

U. Kuhn1, T. Dindorf1, G. Schebeske 1, A. Thielmann1, L. Ganzeveld 1, G. Roberts1, J.

Sciare1, M. Welling1, P. Ciccioli2, E. Brancaleoni2, M. Frattoni2, J. Lloyd3, O. Kolle3, P.
Stefanie4, R. Valentini4, G. Fisch5, T. Germano6 , L. Vanni Gatti6, M.A. Silva Dias7, P.
Artaxo8, A. D. Nobre9, F. Meixner1, M.O. Andreae1, J. Kesselmeier1

(1) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany
(2) Instituto sull' Inquinamento Atmosferico del C.N.R., Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
(3) Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
(4) Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
(5) Centro Tecnico Aerospacial IAE-CTA-ACA, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
(6) Institute Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, Brazil
(7) Dept. Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
(8) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
(9) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil

The focus of LBA-CALIRE 2001 was to improve our knowledge required to determine the
net exchange of trace gases and aerosols between the atmosphere and the Amazon region, to
understand the regulating processes and how they are influenced by anthropogenic activities.
We present measurements on the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC),
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, aerosol concentrations, and meteorological conditions above
a primary rain forest site, that will be used to develop an integrated and quantitative
understanding of the interactions of biogenic source fluxes, atmospheric transport and vertical
exchange, and photochemical processing over the tropical forest. A specific objective within
these studies was the impact of the Manaus plume on the chemical processing within the
boundary layer. High product/precursors ratios were observed at fixed altitudes showing that
the Manaus plume get stratified in a rather complex fashion.
 COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND
IN BIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHORE REGIONS IN BRAZIL

A.A. Silva1, V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff2

1
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Av. dos Astronautas 1758, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
kir@dge.inpe.br

ABSTRACT

The Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) in the UV-B band (280-320 nm) has been measured
in the atmosphere at two different sites in Brazil. One of the sites, Campo Grande (19.2o S,
54.3o W), is an agriculture and pasture site in the savanna of Central Brazil which
experiences large biomass burning activities in the dry season, becoming highly polluted.
The other site is Natal (5.8o S, 35.2o W), located next to the seashore of the Atlantic Ocean
with a characteristic clean atmospheric environment in the Brazilian Northeast region. Sites
are about 2500 km (1554 miles) apart. Field campaigns were conducted in the July-August
period during the 1999 winter (dry season). The AOT is retrieved from ozone, sulfur
dioxide, and Rayleigh optical thicknesses out of the measured atmospheric optical
thickness which is obtained using the Langley method applied to 5 UV-B wavelengths of
direct sun measurements of a Brewer spectrophotometer. This instrument obtains ozone
and sulfur dioxide columns which are used to calculate corresponding optical thicknesses.
The AOT average values for the campaign in Campo Grande are 0.57 ± 0.52 in the morning
and 0.90 ± 1.04 in the afternoon at 306.3 nm, while for Natal they are 0.04 ± 0.02 in the
morning and 0.07 ± 0.05 in the afternoon at the same wavelength. The majority of the AOT
results show increasing values with wavelength.
 Abstract submitted for presentation at the
2nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002

Ozone continuous measurements in the Amazon

A. M. Cordova1,2, L.V. Gatti1, A. Yamazaki1, P. Artaxo3, D. Fitzjarrald 4, W. Munger5

1
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária,
São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: amcleal@net.ipen.br
2
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
3
Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
4
University of New York at Albany, United States
5
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, United States

Continuous Ozone (O3) measurement is being performed in Santarém, State of

Pará, Brazil as part of the LBA (Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment
in Amazonia) experiment. The measurements started in December 2001 at the
FLONA-Tapajós Primary Forest LBA Tower Site (2º 51.42’S , 54º 57.54’W). O3
concentration is measured 65 meters above the ground, and 20 meters above
forest canopy every 15 minutes. Meteorological parameters, such as total solar
radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, relative
humidity, wind speed and direction and cloud base height are also monitored.
This study started during the end of the biomass burning season, in December
2001. At this period, the average O3 concentration at daytime was around 27
ppb, whereas the nighttime average was around 15 ppb. Observed maximum
concentration was about 45 ppb during daytime. The wet season started in
January, and a significant reduction in the ozone concentration was observed.
The average O3 concentration during daytime was 13 ppb and nighttime average
was 11 ppb.
Nocturnal episodes of high ozone concentrations were observed frequently
during the wet season. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is O3
transport from upper levels of the troposphere by convective downdrafts during
nocturnal storms.

Research project financed by FAPESP

 AN EXPERIMENT TO ESTIMATE CO CONCENTRATIONS FROM BIOMASS
BURNING AND COMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS

C.B.Aires1, V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff1, and S.C.Wofsy2

1
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE
Av. dos Astronautas 1758, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
kir@dge.inpe.br
2
Harvard University, Abbott Lawrence Rotch Professor of Atmospheric and Environmental
Chemistry
Pierce Hall, Room 110D, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138

ABSTRACT
Fire pixels detected by satellite are a useful tool to study biomass burning. We have used
this information to feed a simple model, which calculates the regional carbon monoxide
(CO) mixing ratio resulting from a given distribution of fire pixels. The model assumes that
the observed concentration is the result of a background concentration, a regional
component, and a transport term. A field experiment was designed to check the model.
Several flights were made aboard an instrumented Bandeirante aircraft in the biomass-
burning region of central Brazil to measure atmospheric CO in several specific situations.
The fixed Maxaranguape, RN, observation station near Natal is used to obtain background
concentrations of trace gases, including CO. In regions where the transport term is small,
the model calculates CO concentrations that compare well with the measurements. One
exception occurs in regions of strong horizontal transport, when the transport term reaches
values of the order of the regional component. In the atmospheric well mixed source region,
CO concentrations are of the order of 300-400 parts per billion by volume, ppbv, whereas
the background values are of the order of 80 ppbv.

1
 The meteorological conditions during the LBA CLAIRE - 2001 Mission
Francis Wagner Silva Correia (CPTEC – INPE)
francisw@cptec.inpe.br
Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC
Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40. Cachoeira Paulista – SP. 12.630-000

Gilberto Fisch
Centro Tecnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA)
gfisch@iae.cta.br

Antônio Donato Nobre (INPA)

Ricardo L. G. Dallarosa (INPA)

dalla@inpa.gov.br

The Claire mission was held in Manaus area in July 2001. This mission had the objectives to collect
atmospheric chemistry data in order to characterize the convective processes in Amazonia. This
work deals with the meteorological condition during this experiment. The solar radiation show
pulses of low and high values associated with the presence of mesoscale systems. The Bowen ration
was tipically around 0.30. On days July 8, 16, 22-23 e 28-29 the solar radiation were low, with high
rate of precipitation: 16.8, 14.2, 13.8, 34.2mm respectively. The CAPE (Convective Available
Potential Energy) was typically around 1600 J.kg-1, with the exception for the rainy days. The liquid
water content was around 4.5 g.cm-2 for the whole experiment. During the period from July 3 – 13
the windflow was from east at 1000hPa. On days July 15 – 18, a squall line crossed Manaus
changed the wind direction to the North. The wind at 500hPa is from east for the whole Amazonia.
The squall line conditions will be full described.
 Abstract submitted for presentation at the
nd
2 International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002

Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of Biogenic VOCs

in the Amazon Basin
L.V. Gatti1, C. R. Trostdorf1, A. M. Cordova1, A. Yamazaki1, C.A.B.Aquino2, N.
Bonelli2, W. C. Martins3, A. Guenther4
1
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 40,0 Cidade Universitária,
São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: -805 09 e-mail: lvgatti@net.ipen.br
2
ULBRA Instituto Luterano de Ensino Superior de Ji-Parana, Brazil
3
Universidade Federal do Para, Santarem, Brazil
4
NCAR – Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO, USA

It is well recognized that the tropical forests are an important global source
of VOC (volatile organic compounds), as well as a number of other atmospheric
trace gases. The high biodiversity in tropical rainforests complicates the
extrapolation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from leaf-
level measurements to landscape and regional or global scales. In Amazonia, a
significant fraction of the carbon emitted from the biosphere to the atmosphere is
emitted in the form of VOCs, and the knowledge of these fluxes is important to
our understanding of the tropical and global atmospheric chemistry and carbon
cycling.
As part of the LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in
Amazonian) experiment, continuous VOCs gradient measurements are being
performed in four sites in Amazonia. The first two sites are located at the
National Forest of Tapajós, Pará State, Santarém, Km 67 of BR 163, one at a
primary forest. The preliminary average flux results is about 4 mg m-2 h-1
(average concentration ~ 5 ppb) and another at a forest were selective logging is
taking place, Km 83 of BR 163, were the preliminary average flux of about 2 mg
m-2 h-1 (average concentration ~ 3.5 ppb). The measurements were made at 65
and 55 m heights simultaneity in an LBA Tower (20 and 10 meters above forest
canopy, respectively). The other two sites are located in the Rondonia state, at a
primary forest and also at a pasture site. The forest site is the Biological Reserve
of Jaru, Primary forest, with the gradient measurements taking place at 65 and
55 m above the ground (30 and 20 m above forest canopy, respectively, average
~7 ppb). In the pasture site (grass vegetation), the gradient measurements are
taking place at 8 and 3 m above the ground (~1.7 ppb). The gradient
concentration measurements are being used to calculate VOC fluxes. The
expected seasonality of VOC fluxes and emissions are being captured. The
preliminary results indicates that the forest respond with less isoprene fluxes in
perturbed forest.

Financing by MCT, CNPq and FAPESP

THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS BETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES AND THE ATMOSPHERE

S. Rottenberger (1), U. Kuhn (1), A. Wolf (1), G. Schebeske (1),O. de Simone (2),
W. Schmidt (2), E. Müller (3), M.T.F. Piedade (4), J. Kesselmeier (1)

(1) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany
(2) University Oldenburg, FB Biology, Germany
(3) Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Tropical Ecology Dept., Plön, Germany
(4) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brasil
rottenbe@mpch-mainz.mpg.de / Fax: +49-6131-305428

Plants are known to emit considerable quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to the
atmosphere. Among biogenically emitted VOC the oxygenated hydrocarbons acetaldehyde and
ethanol play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. They participate in regulating the
oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, are involved in the production of peroxyacetylnitrates
(PAN) and are precursors for short-chain acids contributing to the acidity of the atmosphere.
Biogenic emissions of acetaldehyde and ethanol are known to occur when plants are subjected to
stress conditions (air pollution, freezing) and to hypoxic conditions of the root system induced by
flooding. The Central Amazon floodplain is one of the largest flooding areas in the world and
plants are subjected to waterlogging for periods over several month. Hence, it is a potential large
source for acetaldehyde and ethanol. In a greenhouse experiment we simulated the flooding
situation and monitored the acetaldehyde and ethanol exchange of tropical trees representative of
Central Amazonian floodplain forests over a 6-day flooding period by an enclosure method.
Large differences in emission rates, diurnal pattern and temporal behavior were observed
between species depending on the duration of flooding. Our results indicate that different leaf
emission response patterns are linked to specific differences in adaptive physiological and
morphological strategies of the roots to overcome hypoxic conditions induced by waterlogging.
Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at a Central Amazonian site.

J. William Munger1, Daniel M. Matross1, Bruce C. Daube1, V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff2, Paulo

Artaxo3, Luciana Vanni Gatti4, Steven C. Wofsy1.
1
Harvard University, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences
20 Oxford St.
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
2
INPE
3
Instituto de Fisica, USP
4
IPEN

Carbon Monoxide (CO) plays a major role in controlling the global levels of OH in the
atmosphere, and is a tracer of combustion sources. CO measurements are being made at
a forested site near Santarem, Para, Brazil (km67 tower site) in order to determine
background CO levels in the clean continental tropical atmosphere, to identify factors
that control CO levels, and to serve as a tracer for emissions from local and distant
biomass burning. A CO measurement system consisting of a Thermo Environmental
Instruments model 48CTL analyzer, cold-trap at 2.5C to eliminate variations in water
vapor interference, zeroing catalyst, and automated calibration with 100 and 500 nmol
mol-1 standards was installed in April, 2001. Sample is drawn from an inlet above the
forest canopy.
CO concentrations were less than 100 nmol mol-1 on average, with no significant diel
variation during the rainy season, April to June. The wet season data indicate a low
regional background CO concentration and suggest that the local forest is neither a
significant source nor sink for CO. In mid July, after local rain ended, there was a modest
increase in CO concentration that was not accompanied by a large increase variance. This
increase we attribute to increased transport from distant CO sources or to increased
production by photochemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons contributing to regional
enhancement in CO. In late August, the variability of CO concentrations begins to
increase dramatically. Individual half-hour concentrations exceed 1000 nmol mol-1. By
November, the frequency and magnitude of high CO events has increased. Maximum
concentrations up to 5000 nmol mol-1 are observed and the minimum concentrations have
increased to about 200 nmol mol-1. The high CO levels and large variability are due to
nearby fires. The diel variation during the late dry season when local fires are present
shows a strong enhancement during the night as smoke is trapped in the nocturnal
boundary layer. CO concentrations drop sharply after January 1, 2002 when heavy rains
put an end to local burning.
CO during the burning season will be used as a tracer to quantify the contribution by fires
to CO2 variability and to determine emission factors for aerosol components.
Vegetation Dynamics in a Changing Ecosystem

PRIMARY ORGANIZATION TYPE ABSTRACT_TITLE

AUTHOR
Daniel Zarin University of Florida oral Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an Eastern
Amazonian regrowth forest
George Hurtt University of New Hampshire oral Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on the
Carbon Balance of the Amazon Basin
Jonathan Foley University of Wisconsin- oral The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the Climate,
Madison Ecosystems and Rivers of Amazonia
Marc Simard Jet Propulsion Laboratory oral Interannual variability of Soil moisture and Vegetation
Biomass In Amazonian Cerrado
William Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Research oral BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST
Institute FRAGMENTS
Arlem Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas poster COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMA
Nascimento de da Amazônia FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA
Oliveira AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL
Arlete Almeida Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi poster Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat Spectral
Properties and Ecological Characteristics to Evaluate
Recent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss in
Eastern Amazonia
Bruce Nelson INPA poster Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest Amazon
Eduardo Miranda Universidade Federal de Mato poster Light Response Curves of three plants in different strata
Grosso in an ecoton tropical forest – Savanna
E Shevliakova Princeton University poster Analysis of Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-
flux Variability in South American Tropics.
Eduardo INPA/BDFFP poster THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRAL
Venticinque AMAZONIAN FORESTS
Florian Wittmann Max-Planck-Institute for poster Tree species distribution and community structure of
Limnology/INPA Central Amazon varzea forests by remote-sensing
techniques
Iêda Leão do INPA poster FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTA
Amaral OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA
CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL
Joanna Tucker University of Florida poster Stem Recruitment and Mortality in an Eastern Amazonian
Secondary Forest
Jose Maria Da Universidade Federal de Vicosa poster CO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIAN
Costa MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM
Laerte Ferreira EMBRAPA poster The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s for
Vegetation Mapping in the Brazilian Cerrado
Luciana M. IPAM poster Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na Floresta
Monaco Nacional do Tapajós
Maristela Farias INPA poster Eco-physiology of three species in the Central Amazon
floodplain
Mark Cochrane Michigan State University poster Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and Carbon
Flux in the Brazilian Amazon
Nadine Dessay IRD poster Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series in
Amazonia 1982-1999
Petra Schmidt ZEF/EMBRAPA poster Experiments with legume mulch applications and its
effects on macrofauna and decomposition in a highly
degraded plantation in central Amazonia
Ted Feldpausch Cornell University poster Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures in
Central Amazonia: carbon, nutrients, and light-capture
Viviana Horna Max Planck Institute for poster Transpiration before and after Burning in Different
Biogeochemistry “Cerrado” Vegetation Types of the Brazilian Savanna
William Salas Applied Geosolutions poster VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING A
FOREST REGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZON
REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND SPACEBORNE
SENSORS AND GIS
Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

D.J. Zarin1, S.S. Mulkey2, S.S. Vasconcelos3, L.B. Fortini4, C.J.R. Carvalho5, F.A.
Oliveira6
1
School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760,
Gainesville, FL 32611-0760 USA, zarin@ufl.edu; 2University of Florida,
mulkey@botany.ufl.edu; 3Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará,
steel@amazon.com.br; 4University of Florida, lucasfortini@usa.net; 5EMBRAPA-
CPATU, carvalho@cpatu.embrapa.br; 6Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará,
fassis@amazon.com.br

Rates of carbon uptake and accumulation in forests are strongly influenced by climate. In
Amazonian regrowth forests, more attention has been focused on land-use impacts on
carbon accumulation than on climatic constraints, although a recent synthesis indicates
that most of the intersite differences in aboveground carbon accumulation in those forests
are related to differences in the length of the dry season and soil texture. To test the
effects of altered dry-season moisture availability on carbon flux rates in an Eastern
Amazonian regrowth forest, we initiated an irrigation experiment in a 15-year-old stand
near Castanhal, Pará. During the first year of treatment, we added 5 mm day-1 to four 400
m2 plots from August through December; all measurements were made in 100 m2 sample
areas nested in the center of the treatment plots. Compared to control plots in the same
stand, preliminary results of the irrigation experiment included significantly higher soil
CO2 efflux during especially droughty periods and significantly higher maximum
photosynthetic capacity (Amax) throughout the dry season in Miconia ciliata (Rich.) DC, a
common understory species. Leaf water potentials were significantly higher for both M.
ciliata and Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy, a common overstory species. V.
guianensis Amax values did not differ significantly between treatment and control plots,
but instantaneous water-use efficiency (Amax/Gs) was lower under irrigation. These
preliminary results suggest that above- and below-ground carbon fluxes in this Eastern
Amazonian regrowth forest are constrained by moisture stress during the dry season.
Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on the Carbon Balance of the
Amazon Basin

Hurtt G (1,2), Pacala S (3), Shevliakova E (3), Braswell B (1), Boles S (1), Cardoso M
(1), Fearon M (1), Frolking S (1), Hagen S (1), Moorcroft P (4), Moore B (1), Nobre C
(5), Palace M (1), Xiao X (1).

(1) Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH 03824 USA

(2) email: george.hurtt@unh.edu

(3) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,

NJ 08544-1003.

(4) Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University,

Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

(5) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 Brazil

To better understand the effects of land use and environmental variability on the carbon
balance of the Amazon basin, we are developing an integrated combination of new
remote sensing products, data syntheses, and ecosystem models. The new remote sensing
products are based on MODIS/MISR and supplemented with Landsat and IKONOS and
provide much needed spatio-temporal information on basin wide land-cover and land-use
characteristics. New data syntheses combine this information with additional remote
sensing products, census statistics, and other information on land-use change to produce
essential land-use history products needed for models. Data on climate variability across
the basin are also being studied and formatted for model input. Collectively, this
information is being fed into new state-of-the-art biosphere models based on the
Ecosystem Demography (ED) model. These models are being developed to serve as
quantitative synthesis tools capable of helping to disentangle the mechanisms behind
observed variability in the regional carbon balance, and for helping to evaluate the likely
consequences of alternative scenarios of future development and environmental change in
the region. In this presentation, results from this synthesis activity will be presented
focusing on key advances in modeling and remote sensing that facilitate the estimation of
the large-scale consequences of fine-scale heterogeneity. Fine-scale heterogeneity is
shown to have important consequences for large-scale ecosystem dynamics including
carbon sequestration.
The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the
Climate, Ecosystems and Rivers of Amazonia
(1) (1) (1) (2)
Jonathan A. Foley , Aurélie Botta , Michael T. Coe , and Marcos Heil Costa

(1) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE)

Institute for Environmental Studies
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA

(2) Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering

Federal University of Viçosa
Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil

The El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is one of the dominant drivers of
environmental variability in the tropics. In this study, we examine the connections between ENSO
and the climate, ecosystem carbon balance, surface water balance, and river hydrology of the
Amazon and Tocantins river basins in South America.

First we examine the climatic variability associated with ENSO. We analyze long-term historical
climate records to document the “average” climatic signature of the El Niño and La Niña phases
of the ENSO cycle. Generally speaking, the “average El Niño” is drier and warmer than normal in
Amazonia, while the “average La Niña” is wetter and cooler. While temperature changes are
mostly uniform through the whole year and are spatially homogeneous, precipitation changes are
stronger during the wet season (January-February-March) and are concentrated in the northern
and southeastern portions of the basin.

Next we use a land surface / ecosystem model (IBIS), coupled to a hydrological routing algorithm
(HYDRA), to examine how ENSO affects land surface water and carbon fluxes, as well as
changes in river discharge and flooding. The model results suggest several responses to ENSO:

• During the average El Niño, there is an anomalous source of CO2 from terrestrial
ecosystems, mainly due to a decreased net primary production (NPP) in the north of the
basin. There is also a decrease in river discharge along many of the rivers in the basin,
especially in the southeast, which causes a decrease in flooded area along the main
stem of the Amazon.

• During the average La Niña, there is an anomalous sink of CO2 into terrestrial
ecosystems, largely due to an increase in NPP in the northern portion of the basin. In
addition, there is a large increase in river discharge in the Amazon basin, especially from
the northern and western tributaries. There is a corresponding increase in flooded area,
largely in the northern rivers.

These results illustrate that changes in water and carbon balance associated with ENSO have
complex, spatially heterogeneous features across the basin. This underscores need for
comprehensive analyses – using long-term observational data and model simulations – of
regional environmental systems and their response to climatic variability.
Interannual variability of Soil moisture and Vegetation Biomass
In Amazonian Cerrado
M. Simard and S. Saatchi
MS 300-319
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, CA 91109
Tel: (818) 354-6972
Fax: (818) 393-5184
E-mail: marc.simard@jpl.nasa.gov

The Cerrado is the second most important biome in South America, which covers nearly 1.8M
km2 in Brazil and is a significant factor in the regional carbon cycle. According to most recent
estimates, the total area and the rate of the clearing (mainly due to fire) in Cerrado region is
higher than the central Amazonian rainforest. On a larger scale, Cerrado is also a dynamic
system because of its seasonal changes in moisture and vegetation biomass and its sensitivity to
climate variability and change. In this paper, we use a time series of coarse spatial resolution
remote sensing data to examine the interannual variability of vegetation biomass and soil
moisture over the Amazonian Cerrado. Space-borne scatterometer (ERS and Quickscat), and
AVHRR NDVI (GAC) data over past 10 years (1992-2001) are used in a synergistic approach to
separate the moisture and vegetation signal in the time series analysis. Scatterometer data is
from an active microwave sensor with relatively coarse spatial resolution (25 km to 50 km) and
high temporal resolution (daily). In its enhanced resolution mode, with 5 km resolution and 5-10
day composites, the data is compatible with the AVHRR NDVI global composites of 8 km
resolution and 10-15 day composites. These two data sets are used to build a continuous time
series data set for the past decade. By combining these data sets with existing precipitation data,
and utilizing the sensitivity of each data set to biomass and moisture we decoupled the two
effects. It is shown that, the scatterometer data is a useful instrument to monitor the rain events
and moisture variability in Cerrado region. As the temporal dynamics of vegetation biomass in
this region is strongly linked with seasonal water availability, the results of this analysis can
provide the necessary long-term observation of carbon and water cycle within the Amazonian
and LBA context.
BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST FRAGMENTS
William F. Laurance

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama; and Biological Dynamics of

Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus,
Brazil (laurancew@tivoli.si.edu)

Habitat fragmentation affects aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests, with

potentially important implications for carbon storage and greenhouse gas
emissions. I describe the dynamics of aboveground-biomass by combining long-
term (>20 years) data on mortality, growth, and recruitment of large (>10 cm
diameter) trees with detailed measurements of nearly all other live and dead
plant material in fragmented and continuous Amazonian forests.
The key process altering biomass dynamics in fragmented forests is the
chronically elevated mortality of large trees, which apparent results from
microclimatic changes and increased wind turbulence near forest edges. This in
turn accelerates the production of necromass (dead material) and leads to
significantly increased wood debris and litter on the forest floor. Near forest
edges, frequent canopy disturbance increases the amount of light in the
understorey, resulting in accelerated tree recruitment, significantly higher
biomass of small trees, and higher liana densities. Surprisingly, the estimated
annual turnover of necromass increases significantly near forest edges,
suggesting that decomposition is occurring more rapidly in fragmented than
continuous forests.
These results reveal that habitat fragmentation fundamentally alters the
distribution and dynamics of aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests. The
rate of carbon cycling probably increases sharply, both because long-lived
canopy and emergent trees decline in favor of shorter-lived successional trees
and lianas, and because necromass production and turnover both appear to
increase. Carbon storage in live vegetation also declines because small
successional trees and lianas (which typically have low wood density) store
substantially less carbon than do large, old-growth trees. Finally, the decline and
rapid decay of live biomass in forest fragments probably leads to substantial
atmospheric carbon emissions, above and beyond that resulting from
deforestation per se.
COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE
TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

ARLEM N. OLIVEIRA1,*, IÊDA L. AMARAL2, ANTONIO D. NOBRE2, LUCIANA B. COUTO1,

ROSANA M. SATO1, JOSÉ L. SANTOS1 and JOSÉ RAMOS1
1
Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (CPBO/INPA). Av.
Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, Manaus - AM, 69.083-000, Brazil; 2 Laboratório de Geo Info Sistemas
(GISLAB), INPA; * Autor para correspondência (e-mail: arlem@inpa.gov.br)

A imensa riqueza em espécies vegetais e a fragilidade dos ecossistemas amazônicos, exigem maiores
informações quanto a composição florística e a sua distribuição nesses ambientes florestais. Objetivando
caracterizar a composição e a diversidade florística de uma floresta de platô da região, inventariou-se os
indivíduos arbóreos, palmeiras e cipós, com diâmetro á altura do peito igual ou superior a 10 cm, presentes
em um hectare de floresta primária de terra-firme da Amazônia. Foram levantados 670 indivíduos,
distribuídos em 48 famílias, 133 gêneros e 245 espécies. Fabaceae, Sapotaceae e Lecythidaceae, constituem
as três famílias com maior riqueza específica, Índice de Valor de Importância e Familiar; a família
Lecythidaceae se destacou, ainda, quanto ao número de indivíduos e diversidade específica. Eschweilera
micrantha foi a espécie de maior importância ecológica do ambiente florestal. Os índices de diversidade e
Equitabilidade de Shannon indicam que a floresta é bem diversificada, com distribuição uniforme das
espécies dentro da população. A baixa dissimilaridade florística entre as parcelas avaliadas, permite inferir
que existe um forte gradiente ambiental ao longo da unidade amostral avaliada.

Financiamento: CNPq/PPD - G7 (ECOCARBON/LBA)

Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat Spectral Properties and Ecological
Characteristics to Evaluate Recent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss in
Eastern Amazonia

Arlete Silva de Almeida, Ima Célia G Vieira,

Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Eric A. Davidson, Thomas A. Stone,

The Woods Hole Research Center

Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho,

EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental

José Benito Guerrero

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia

Corresponding Author:
Arlete Silva de Almeida
Departamento de Botânica
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
Belém, PA 66.040-179 Brasil
Email: arlete@museu-goeldi.br

Secondary forests are becoming increasingly important as temporary reservoirs of genetic

diversity, stocks of carbon and nutrients, and moderators of hydrologic cycles in the
Amazon Basin as agricultural lands are abandoned and often later re-cleared for
agriculture. We studied a municipality in northeastern Pará where numerous cycles of
slash and burn agriculture have occurred during more than a century of settlement. Tree
species were identified and heights and diameters were measured in chronosequences of
secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, 70 years) and in remnant mature forests. Land cover
classes of young, intermediate, and advanced successional forests were identified using
1999 Landsat 7 TM imagery. Similar groupings were derived independently from
analyses of species composition and from distributions of tree heights and diameters.
Young forests have nearly uniform heights, whereas multiple height classes were present
in the advanced successional forests, and their shadows affect spectral properties.
Biomass accumulated more slowly in this chronosequence than has been reported
elsewhere, which explains why these 70-year-old forests are still distinguishable from
mature forests using spectral properties. Supervised classification of the imagery showed
about 50% forest cover. Comparing Landsat images from 1995 and 1999, pastures and
bare soil increased during the intervening 4 years at the expense of both secondary and
mature forest areas, resulting in a net loss of > 1011 g of carbon from the aboveground
biomass of this 477-km2 municipality. Although initial widespread deforestation
occurred several decades ago, continued clearing of mostly secondary forests is causing a
net carbon loss averaging at least 0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1.
Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest Amazon

Nelson(1), B.W.; Oliveira(1), A.C.A.; Silveira(2), M.; Smith(1), M.; Vidalenc(1), D.;
França(1), M.B.; Miranda(3), I. & Kalliola(4), R.

Studies of bamboo-dominated terra firme forests covering ~180,000 km2 of the

southwest Amazon, conducted since 1996, have resulted in five completed theses by
Brazilian students that address several LBA themes: spectral pattern of Amazon
forests, biomass modeling, mapping of erodable soils, and the possible role of ground
fire in expansion/maintenance of a natural plant community. Guadua weberbaueri
and close congeners -- all of which are basally erect and distally climbing by use of
spines -- dominate the forest canopy but are hollow and only 4.3-7.1 cm diameter
(DBH) when mature. On the terra firme, G. weberbaueri appears to be associated
with 2:1 clay in concentrations high enough to impede percolation in the rainy season,
leading to mechanical erosion of soil and seasonally high suspended sediment loads in
streams even under primary forest cover. When bamboo is mature, the forest canopy
has higher near infrared reflectance and higher normalized difference vegetation
index, using Landsat TM images, than bamboo-free forests. Within patches of 102 –
104 km2, G. weberbaueri synchronously reproduces and dies 25-30 years after
germinating, then slowly reestablishes itself from the single massive seed crop.
During the first 10 years the canopy appears spectrally similar to bamboo-free forest.
After experimental cutting and burning of all bamboo stems and all trees under 10 cm
DBH, G. weberbaueri showed more rapid height and biomass recovery than all other
resprouting pre-existing species taken together and by three years post-burn had
exceeded the density of bamboo stems in an unburned forest. Though ground fire
thus favors G. weberbaueri over other species, such fires are rare in southwest
Amazon forests and appear unnecessary for bamboo establishment and dominance.
The main agent of forest disturbance is the bamboo itself, using its short-lived culms
as expendable weapons to shade and topple trees. As a consequence, the bamboo-
dominated forest has lower basal area of large trees, 30-50% less total biomass,
apparently higher tree turnover, more fast-growing trees, lower average wood density,
lower tree diversity per unit area, and much lower numbers of palms, compared with
forest on similar soil not yet colonized by bamboo.

Affiliations at time of research:

1. INPA-National Institute for Amazon Research – Ecology Course; Manaus, AM
2. University of Brasília – Ecology Course; Federal University of Acre
3. CTA – Centro dos Trabalhadores da Amazônia; Rio Branco, AC
4. University of Turku, Finland
Light Response Curves of three plants in different strata in an ecoton tropical forest –
Savanna

Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda1 (aquaviva@terra.com.br), Clóvis Lasta Fritzen, José Holanda

Campelo Jr. 1,José de Souza Nogueira1, Nicolau Priante Filho1
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e Meio
Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil.
George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- California
State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA

Measurements of CO2 and water vapor flux using eddy covariance are being made from a
40m tower located in a transitional tropical forest near Sinop Mato Grosso. As
complementary information to this study, the photosynthetic light response curves of
three trees located near the tower were measured at different heights in the forest canopy
with the objective of understanding seasonal and spatial (height in the forest canopy)
trends in the photosynthetic light response. The measurements were in a canopy emergent
tree (30 m tall) identified as Catanudo and in two other sub-canopy (14 m tall) trees
locally identified as Canela and Laranjeira (positive identification of all species is current
under investigation). Measurements were made in the wet season (January), transition
wet-dry (April), dry season (June and August), and in the dry-wet transition (September)
of 2001. For Catanudo, measurements were made at two different heights of 26m (at the
top of the canopy) and 18m, while measurements on the other trees were made at 10m
above ground. In the wet season the Catanudo exhibited a photosynthesis rate at light
saturation (Pmax) of 9.4 µmol m-2s-1 while Laranjeira and Canela had a Pmax of 10.0 and
5.5 µmol m-2s-1, respectively. In the dry season (June) the values of Pmax were of 7.1,
11.0 and 7.4 µmol m-2s-1 respectively for the Catanudo, Laranjeira and Canela, so while
Catanudo experienced a decline in Pmax from the wet to the dry season, Canela and
Laranjeira had increases in Pmax. The leaves of Catanudo at different heights (26 and
18m) presented different physiological behavior. The leaves at 26m had larger rates of
Pmax compared to sub-canopy leaves regardless of season, however, sub-canopy leaves
showed much less seasonal variability in the photosynthetic light response than canopy
leaves. These data suggest that species responses to seasonal variations in rainfall are
variable. In addition, although leaves at the top of the canopy have larger rates of Pmax,
the small seasonal variation in sub-canopy leaves may be important for CO2 uptake
during the dry season.
Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South American Tropics.

Shevlaikoava E(1), Hurtt GC(2), Pacala SW(1), Fearon M(2), Malyshev S(1), Moore B
(2), Nobre C(3)

(1) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,

NJ 08544-1003.
(2) Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH 03824 USA.
(3) CPTEC

Interannual variability in Amazonian terrestrial ecosystems functioning during the past

two decades is examined in order to estimate the range of variations in biogenic sources
and sinks of CO2 as well as the changes in the biophysical conditions affecting regional
climate. The primary tools used in this analysis are the Ecosystem Demography (ED)
family of models. These models simulate both the fast (hours) and long (centuries)
timescales of carbon and water fluxes and ecosystem dynamics and provide important
biophysical parameters for climate studies of the region. Run off-line, the models can be
driven by climate data from the ECMWF and NCEP reanalysis products. In this
presentation, we begin by exploring sensitivities of tropical ecosystem photosynthetic
production and respiration to variation in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric
humidity, available radiation and wind conditions in the 80s and 90s. The interannual
variability in carbon fluxes due to these effects will be compared to other available
estimates. Future studies with these models are being designed to sequentially add
additional effects needed such as land use change and fire that are needed for
comprehensive carbon flux estimates.
THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Eduardo M. Venticinque1, Marcelo P. Moreira1, Carlos E. Da Costa1, Ana

Luisa Albernaz1, William F. Laurance1,2

1.Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI,

Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian Tropical RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Panamá.

Documented effects of forest fragmentation and edge formation include biomass loss and
increasing of tree mortality. There are some direct causes, such as wind, and other indirect
causes, such as competition with invader plants that quickly colonize these areas. We
investigated edge effects on canopy-gap formation, using high-resolution videography images
(resolution=1.8 m) obtained in 1999. The Study area is located approximately 70 km North of
Manaus, at the INPA/PDBFF reserves. This area encompasses approximately 1000 km2, being
an E-W rectangle of 20 X 50 km. Forty transects of 200 x 100 meters were sampled in the area,
distributed among five classes of distance from forest edge (0-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400
and 400-500). Location of these transects were at random, but seven of them had to be modified
due to problems with the image quality (distortions, clouds, and/or shadows). The high-
resolution videography image was classified into two classes, gaps or intact canopy, by the
method of minimum distances, using IDRISI 32. Trees with intermediary sizes and medium
levels of shadowing were classified as intact canopy. The mean proportion of gap area was
23.9% for plots 0-100m from the edge and 15.7% for those 400-500m from the edge. The
largest value of proportion of gaps area (36.6%) occurred in the 100-200m class and the smallest
(3.4%) occurred in the 400-500m class. This range show the magnitude of variation in the
sampled plots. The relationship between intact canopy cover and distance to edge was negative
(r2=0.197, t = -3.051, P=0.004). Based on the visual inspection of the image, the classification
applied to the videography seems to be satisfactory . In spite of that, due to relief problems and
distortions in mosaicing images, which can led to mistaken results, these results should be
analyzed carefully.
 TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
OF CENTRAL AMAZON VÁRZEA FORESTS BY
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

WITTMANN, F.1 , JUNK, W. J.1 & PIEDADE, M. T. F.2

1
Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, P.O. Box 165
24306 Plön, Germany
e-mail: florian@inpa.gov.br, wjj@mpil-ploen.mpg.de
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, P.O. Box 457
Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000 Manaus/AM, Brazil
e-mail: maitepp@internext.com.br

The large-scale estimation of forests biomass and primary production depends on a reliable
classification of diferent forest types. In Amazonian white-water floodplains (várzea), the
distribution of tree species is determined by their tolerance to flood stress. This leads to a
characteristic zonation of tree species along the flood gradient. Frequent disturbance by
sedimentation, erosion and human impact result in a complex pattern of forest formations
of different successional stages. The formations are characterized by typical patterns of
species composition, and their architecture results in different light reflectance patterns,
which can be detected by Landsat TM image data. Ground checking comprised a detailed
forest inventory of 5 ha in várzea forests of the Mamirauá Reserve (Tefé) and Ilha da
Marchantaria (Manaus). Digital Elevation Models (DEM) for all sites were generated. The
results indicate that, at the average flood-level of 3 m, species diversity and architecture of
the forests changes, thus justifying the classification into the categories of low várzea and
high várzea. In a first step to scale up field-research data to a regional scale, the study sites
were observed by aerial photography. Tree heights, crown sizes, gap frequencies and the
projected crown-area coverage provide information, which confirms a remotely sensed
classification into four different forest types. The structure of low várzea depends on the
successional stage, and species diversity increases with increasing age of the formations. In
the high várzea, species diversity is higher than in all low-várzea formations. The more
complex architecture of the high-várzea results in a more diffuse behavior pattern in pixel
distribution, when classified by TM image data.
FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME
NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

IÊDA L. AMARAL1,*, ARLEM N. OLIVEIRA2, ANTONIO D. NOBRE3; Coordenação de Pesquisas em

Botânica do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (CPBO/INPA). Av. Alameda Cosme Ferreira,
1756, Manaus - AM, 69.083-000, Brazil; 2 Laboratório de Geo Info Sistemas (GISLAB), INPA; * Autor para
correspondência (e-mail: iamaral@inpa.gov.br)

Com o objetivo de estudar a composição florística do sub-bosque de uma floresta densa de terra firme da
Amazônia, inventariou-se 0,05 hectare de floresta situada entre as coordenadas 60º12'40" W e 2º35'45" S. A
avaliação foi feita a partir de vinte de 5 x 5 m; as plantas foram divididas em quatro classes de tamanho:
Plântula (H < 0,5 m), Muda 1 (0,5 m < H < 1,5 m), Muda 2 (1,5 m < H < 3,0 m) e Estabelecida (H > 3,0 m e
CAP < 0,3 m). Foram observados 4113 indivíduos, distribuídos em 64 famílias e 196 gêneros. As famílias
botânicas que detiveram o maior número de gêneros foram Caesalpiniaceae (10), Fabaceae (9), Moraceae e
Rubiaceae (8), Mimosaceae e Arecaceae (7), Annonaceae e Lauraceae (6), Euphorbiaceae, Sapotaceae e
Apocynaceae (5). Quanto ao número de indivíduos, as famílias Chrysobalanaceae, Mimosaceae e
Annonaceae, são as mais expressivas com 201, 191 e 168, respectivamente. Por outro lado, Apocynaceae
apresentou o menor valor numérico dentre as onze famílias com maior número de gêneros, com apenas onze
indivíduos. No que se refere às classes de tamanho, os dados evidenciaram maior representatividade da classe
Plântula com 2539 indivíduos, correspondendo a 61,7% do total de plantas. As famílias mais expressivas
dessa classe foram Chrysobalanaceae (170), Mimosaceae (146) e Marantaceae (113), enquanto isso, a
Estabelecida manifestou o menor percentual observado com apenas 4,4%. Os demais valores, 26,5 e 7,4%,
foram distribuídos entre as classes de tamanho Muda 1 e 2, respectivamente.

Financiamento: CNPq/PPD - G7 (ECOCARBON/LBA)

 STEM RECRUITMENT AND MORTALITY IN AN EASTERN AMAZONIAN
SECONDARY FOREST
1 2 3 4
J. M. Tucker , R. de F.R. Pantoja , D. J. Zarin , I. Miranda

1 Projeto MANFLORA, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760,

Gainesville, FL, USA 32611, E-mail: jmtucker@ufl.edu; 2 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, E-mail:
robertapantoja@zipmail.com.br; 3UF, E-mail: zarin@ufl.edu; 4FCAP, E-mail: izildinhamiranda@uol.com.br

We examined stem recruitment and mortality (DBH > 1 cm) in twelve 100-m2 plots
established in a 12-year-old secondary forest in Castanhal, Pará, Brazil. From November
1999 to June 2001, mean stem density declined from 213 to 189 stems plot-1 (P < 0.001,
one-way repeated measures ANOVA); 352 stems present in the first inventory died,
corresponding to 14 percent mortality, while 64 stems were added, corresponding to 3
percent recruitment. The rate of mortality reported here is significantly higher than the
annual mortality rates usually reported for old-growth tropical rainforest (1-2 percent).
Lacistema pubescens (Lacistemataceae), Myrcia sylvatica (Myrtaceae) and Vismia
guianensis (Clusiaceae) accounted for 61, 18 and 6 percent of all dead stems, and
displayed net mortality of 19, 10, and 16 percent, respectively. These three species
represent 70 percent of all stems in the stand (tree species richness = 64) and commonly
colonize abandoned agricultural land in the region. Most recruits were less-common
species already present in the sample plots. In a nearby 4-year-old stand, the densities of
L. pubescens and M. sylvatica stems (DBH > 1 cm) were lower, while the density of V.
guianensis was higher than in the 12-year-old stand. Relative abundance values for L.
pubescens and V. guianensis in regeneration surveys (DBH < 1 cm) were 1.0 and 0.5
percent, respectively, suggesting that the decline of these shade-tolerant species is likely
to continue. Relative abundance of M. sylvatica in the regeneration surveys was greater
than 50 percent, suggesting that this shade-tolerant species will likely persist in the sub-
canopy.

Keywords: secondary forest, succession, mortality, recruitment, forest dynamics.

CO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

J.M.N. da Costa1, A.C.L. da Costa2, J.C.P. Cohen2, Y. Malhi3, P. Meir3, J.Grace3, V.M.S.
Andrade2, R.B.C. Silva2, R. F. da Costa4, P.J.O.P. de Souza2, M.H. Costa1, M.L. Ruivo4
and S. Almeida4

1) Federal University of Vicosa, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering

Department, 36571-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. jmncosta@ufv.br
2) Federal University of Para, Department of Meteorology
3) University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management
4) Para Museum Emilio Goeldi

Quantification of fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor and sensible heat, measured on 15
selected days, on January 2001, at a mangrove site, near Braganca-PA (1o 3' S; 46o 45' W),
using the eddy covariance technique are presented. Relevant meteorological variables were
also measured. The dominant mangrove species at Braganca are Avicennia germinans and
Rhizophora racemosa. The mean midday CO2 flux at the mangrove site reached a peak of –
12.9 µmol.m-2.s-1, and the nocturnal CO2 flux averaged about 4.0 µmol.m-2.s-1. At night,
wind speed was in average 2.3 m.s-1, with most of friction velocities values between 0.4
and 0.6 m.s-1. The magnitudes of CO2 fluxes at the mangrove site were considerably lower
than the CO2 fluxes measured at an Amazonian forest site at the Ferreira Penna Scientific
Station (ECFPn), in Caxiuana-PA (1° 42’ 30’’ S; 51° 31’ 45’’ W), for the same period. The
mean CO2 fluxes at the forest site reached a peak of about – 20 µmol.m-2.s-1, around noon,
and the average nocturnal CO2 flux was about 7 µmol.m-2.s-1. The dependence of the
daytime mangrove CO2 flux on the incident solar radiation was very well established. The
daily magnitude variations of CO2, water vapor and energy fluxes were also examined
based on the pertinent meteorological variables.
The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping in
the Brazilian Cerrado

Laerte G. Ferreira1, Edson E. Sano2 and Alfredo R. Huete3

1
Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais (IESA/UFG), Campus Samambaia – Cx.
Postal 131, CEP: 74001-970, Goiania-GO Brazil E-mail: laerte@iesa.ufg.br
2
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, BR-020 Km 18 Cx. Postal
08223, CEP: 73301-970 Planaltina, DF Brazil
3
Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
85721

The Brazilian Cerrado covers more than 208 million hectares in the central part of the
country and presents a well-defined seasonality. Approximately 40% of the Cerrado
have been already converted. In order to evaluate the potential of optical and synthetic
aperture radar data to map and monitor Cerrado’s vegetative cover, we acquired dry and
wet seasons Landsat/TM and JERS-1 SAR data over the Brasilia National Park, a
30.000 ha, preserved area located in northern Brasilia. The georeferenced SAR and TM
images were overlaid with the vector format, vegetation map of the Park to facilitate the
extraction of representative SAR and optical digital numbers in each Cerrado unit
(savanna grassland; shrub savanna; savanna grassland or shrub savanna with
“termiters”; wooded savanna; savanna woodland; and gallery forest). The TM digital
counts were transformed in top-of-canopy, nadir reflectance values by using the 6S
radioactive transfer model. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were derived from the reflectance data. SAR digital
counts were transformed in backscattering coefficients. Scatter plots between
normalized SAR and TM data as well as statistical analyses (discriminant analysis and
ANOVA) showed overall better performance of radar data to map Cerrado’s
physiognomies, in comparison to the VIs. However, the performance improved
significantly when we combined the two types of data. The discrimination capability of
69% obtained by the radar data, regardless of season, increased up to 85% when we
combined SAR and optical data.
Título:
Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

Autores:
Luciana Magalhães Monaco
Paulo R. Souza Moutinho

Email: monaco@tap.com.br; moutinho@amazom.com.br

Aproximadamente 55 milhões de hectares de floresta já foram desmatados na Amazônia

brasileira. Como fogo é a principal ferramenta na substituição da floresta em pastos e
roçados e usado sem prevenção, tem promovido grandes incêndios florestais. A queima da
floresta pode emitir mais carbono para a atmosfera do que o desflorestamento durante anos
de seca severa, mas muito pouco é conhecido sob quais condições o fogo se propaga na
floresta. Estes incêndios, geralmente mais intensos e freqüentes durante anos de “El Niño”
ocorrem principalmente em florestas de exploração madeireira, mas também em primárias.
Nós simulamos os efeitos da seca severa na floresta através da redução experimental do
Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) em 20 %, similar ao que ocorre durante a seca quando há perda
de folhas. Para verificar quais fatores interagem determinando a velocidade e a área
queimada, um incêndio de média escala foi realizado na parcela experimental, de 50 x 50
m, em novembro de 2001 na FLONA Tapajós, Santarém, Pará.. Vários parâmetros micro-
climáticos (temperatura e umidade relativa do ar) e de estrutura do material combustível
(profundidade,umidade, quantidade da serrapilheira) foram medidos mensalmente e
relacionados a abertura do dossel. As linhas onde o fogo se propagou tiveram uma distância
máxima queimada de aproximadamente 70 centímetros.
O principal resultado mostra que o efeito da redução geral de IAF na parcela é maior do
que o efeito em cada ponto, capaz de provocar redução na umidade do material combustível
tornando a floresta susceptível a queima, em anos de seca severa.
 Eco-physiology of the tree species at different communities in a flooding gradient from Central
Amazon whitewater floodplains.

FARIAS, Maristela Lima1 & PIEDADE, Maria Teresa Fernadez1

1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia- INPA/CPBA

The distribution of representative key species from different communities through flooding gradients in
whitewater floodplains, is determined by different levels of tolerance showed by for each species to
physiological factors, and is correlated with the intensity and duration of the annual flooding cycle. One of
the aims is to evaluate the implications of the river synchrony with the spatial distribution and dispersion of
three tree species from low floodplain. This study started on September 2000 and will be finished in June
2002. The fieldworks were carried out at Marchantaria Island, about 20 km from Manaus, Central Amazon.
Were studied three species of low várzea trees (n=5) such as: Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae), Hevea
spruceana (Euphorbiaceae) and Calophyllum brasiliense (Guttiferae) and, the following parameters were
analyzed: a) diametric growth (increment of medium basal), phenology (individual observations),
chlorophyll content (at 650 and 665 nm wave length) and Mariaux windows (dendromethric bands,
annually). For the phenology the following procedures were taken: vegetative (to new, mature and old
leaves) and reproductive phenophases (green and dehiscence fruits). For chlorophyll contents five leaves
from three different ages (five discs). The results showed that: a) H. sucuuba do not showed differences in
its diametric growth between flooded and nonflooded phases, while H. spruceana e C. brasiliense showed
the highest growing during the no flooded period; b) For the phenological aspects, H. sucuuba has two
reproductive events per year (aquatic and terrestrial phase). For H. spruceana synchronize the fruits
dehiscence with high level of inundation and C. brasiliense maximized these events in the drought phase. c)
For the chlorophyll contents, H. sucuuba, H. spruceana e C. brasiliense produces their chlorophyll contents
regularly during all year. The metabolic processes of the plants are accelerated during terrestrial phase, to
turn over the energy spent by anaerobic conditions during flooded period.
Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and Carbon Flux in the Brazilian Amazon

M.A. Cochrane, W.H. Chomentowksi, and D. L. Skole

* Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography, Michigan

State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Tropical forest edges are subject to the phenomenon of biomass collapse. This process
reduces standing biomass amounts indefinitely and is an unaccounted for source of
atmospheric carbon. Indirect effects of forest fragmentation in the Amazon may more
than double the overall area of forest impacted by outright deforestation alone. It is well
known that tropical deforestation is an important contributor to increases in atmospheric
carbon. There is an emerging concern that forest fragmentation is also an important
source of carbon to the atmosphere through the process of biomass collapse in forest
edges. Recent evidence from field studies in the Brazilian Amazon show a persistent
decline in forest biomass along forest edges adjacent to land deforested for pasture and
other uses. Biomass collapse results from an increase in tree mortality and decrease in
recruitment rates as a result of increased exposure to wind, violent microclimatic
episodes, soil loss, reduced soil productivity, and encroachment by plants, animals, and
humans. These studies report a dramatic, and apparently stable, loss of aboveground live
biomass of 8 - 14% (average of 10.6%) within 100 meters of the forest edge during the
first 7-10 years after fragmentation, with a rapid initial loss occurring in the first 4 years.
Concern over carbon loss from biomass collapse in forest edges arises from the fact that
fluxes of this kind are not currently being considered in carbon models. The current
biotic net global flux from biomass collapse in tropical forests has been estimated to
potentially be as high as 149 million Mg C/yr. We conducted a multitemporal analysis of
the Brazilian Amazon for 1992 and 1999 using 430 Landsat TM/ETM images to assess
the extent and persistence of biomass-collapse-affected forests. Throughout the basin,
edge forests were rapidly eroded. Our results show that the total unaccounted for carbon
flux was no more than 39 x 106 Mg C as of 1999. The annual flux rate of between 1.2-1.3
x 106 Mg C yr-1 is less than 1% of the annual flux from deforestation.
 Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series in Amazonia 1982-1999

N. Dessay, H. Laurent, L. Machado, J. Ronchail, Y. Shimabukuro

CTA /IAE/ ACA

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial /Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço/ Divisão de Ciências
Atmosféricas CEP 12228-904, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil.
and
Institut de Recherche pour le développement/Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en
Hydrologie et Environnement, Grenoble, France

ndessay@iae.cta.br, hlaurent@iae.cta.br, machado@iae.cta.br,

josyane@aneel.gov.br, yosio@ltid.inpe.br

The aim of this work is to localize forest areas that evolved toward a deforestation or a
reforestation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We shall pay special
attention to 9 areas chosen among the LBA study areas. When the forest undergoes a
transformation such as deforestation, the NDVI presents a very sharp minimum during the dry
season, that we shall use in this work. Firstly, we use the areas that have remained steady
during 18 years as a reference to calibrate the NDVI dataset over this period. Secondly, the
regions of rain forest are geographically distinct because the dry season is not the same from
one region to the other. To take this into account, we define homogeneous areas using the
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) vegetation classification, the
precipitation series that are provided by the Agência Nacional de Energia Eléctrica (ANEEL)
and the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) and the high level cloud cover available
from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Then we define reference
dry season NDVI by averaging the NDVI minimum in different areas that are known as not
having suffered deforestation. Afterwards, we compare the date and amplitude of the NDVI
minimum for 9 LBA target areas with that of the nearest reference area. We observe in some
cases large differences that permit to analyze the deforestation or the reforestation. This
approach gives both a spatial and a temporal vision of the evolution of the forest.
 Experiments with legume mulch applications and its effects on
macrofauna and decomposition in a highly degraded plantation in
central Amazonia

Petra Schmidt (1), Hubert Höfer (2) and Terezinha Garcia (3)

(1) Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung Bonn: petra.schmidt@smnk.de

Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
(2) Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe: hubert.hoefer@smnk.de
Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76311 Karlsruhe, Germany
(3) EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental Manaus: tgarcia@cpaa.embrapa.br
Km 29, 69011-970 Manaus-AM, Brazil

Expecting, that the increased input of plant residues in combination with different
fertilizer input will increase the abundance and biomass of the soil macrofauna and in
consequence will further lead to an increase of soil organic matter by a more stable
decomposition process.
Therefore two field experiments were initiated in 2001. The experimental plots were
set up in a completely randomised block design in a degraded area of an abandoned
Cocos nucifera and Theobroma grandiflorum plantation. A mulch treatment with three
levels and a fertilizer treatment with two levels are combined in a factorial design with
2 replicates in each block.
In the first experiment grass and woody part of legume is used as low quality litter
material (nutrient poor). With the aim to raise the substrate quality, e.g.
decomposability, leaves of Flemingia macrophylla were introduced in the
experimental plots, while a mixture of both, grass and legume leaves, were taken as
a medium quality.
In the second experiment the influence of three different quantities of mulch material
is tested, using branches including leaves of the legume Tephrosia candida. The
treatments in both experiments will be repeated every 4-6 months.
During the two years of experimental period the nutrient content of the
autochthonous and added litter as well as of soil samples will be analysed.
Decomposition rates will be studied with litterbags, installed in each treatment plot
and retrieved every 3 months. Soil macrofauna will be sampled at the end of the
experiment using large soil cores extracted by Berlese. Soil samples will also give
information on litter and root biomass as well as on soil organic matter content. The
microclimate will be measured continuously by temperature and humidity loggers.
A Multivariate analysis of all measured variables will be used to get few integrating
variable of soil fertility, which will than be used in a Two-Way-MANOVA to test the
effect of the treatments on soil fertility.
Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures in Central Amazonia: carbon,
nutrients, and light-capture

Ted R. Feldpausch1,3, Erick C.M. Fernandes1, Susan J. Riha2 , Marco A. Rondon1

1
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
2
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
USA
3
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 612 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY, 14853, USA; trf2@cornell.edu

Large areas of the Amazon Basin have been cleared for pasture. Depending on region
and management, the pastures may degenerate be abandoned to invading secondary
vegetation. We examined post-pasture forest recovery in ten secondary forests (SF)
ranging in age from 0 to 14 years since abandonment to determine the dynamics of
nutrient and C accumulation and forest structure in redeveloping SF. Within the SF
chronosequence, we measured aboveground biomass and nutrient storage, soil C and
nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and canopy cover by dominant genera and growth-form.

After 12 to 14 years of recovery, the colonizing secondary vegetation rapidly sequestered

C, rebuilt total nutrient capital, and returned some, but not all components of forest
structure. Compared to primary forests values, LAI was about 50%, canopy cover was
similar, and the rapid Vismia-dominated aboveground biomass accrual was 25 to 50% in
the oldest forests. Carbon accumulation rates were comparable or higher than rates
reported from other studies. Although the vegetation is Ca demanding, the low Ca soils
adequately replenished immobilized Ca. There was a net loss of soil P over time, which
can be attributed to relocation of P from soil to growing vegetation. Slow leaf area
accumulation relative to forests recovering from other land-use, demonstrates differences
in canopy development, which could negatively influence soil water uptake,
evapotranspiration, and primary productivity. Although aboveground C gains were rapid,
the soil pool represents the greatest potential for long-term C gains; however, soil nutrient
deficits may limit future productivity.
 Transpiration before and after Burning in Different “Cerrado” Vegetation Types
of the Brazilian Savanna

Viviana Horna , Jonathan J. Lloyd

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, 07701 Jena
Germany
viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de

The savanna vegetation in Brazil, also known as Cerrado, has been estimated to cover 1.8
mil km2. This large ecosystem is dominated by fire and composed by a successional series
that varies in species composition and tree density. In this study, the effects of fire on the
rates of xylem flux density will be compared by measuring the flow of xylem water in
trees before and after fire occurrence at two cerrado vegetation types: campo sujo (tree
and/or shrub savanna) and cerrado (wooded savanna). The study is being conducted at the
Reserve of the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics located 34 Km south of the
city of Brasilia. Nine trees of the most common tree species are monitored at each site.
Sensors to measure xylem flux density and stem temperature were installed at all sites
during mid April. One Campo sujo site and one Cerrado site will be burned during mid
June 2002, following a bi-annual plan for prescribed fires managed by the University of
Brasilia. Xylem sensors will be removed just before the fire and reinstalled after the fire
in the two areas to be burned, while measurements will continue uninterrupted in two
controlled areas.
At the moment, the first results from the early dried season before fire are being
processed and these will be compared to the data to be collected in late June for the post-
fire period. It is expected that fire will reduce considerably the values of xylem flux
density. The data from this study will help to determine the degree of adaptation of
Cerrado tree species to fire, measured by the level and speed of recovery of the xylem
flux rates after the fire.
Title: VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING A FOREST REGROWTH
MODEL FOR THE AMAZON REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND SPACEBORNE
SENSORS AND GIS

William Salas1, Diogenes Alves2, Dan Zarin3, Mark Ducey4, and Jiaguo Qi5

Abstract

Developing an ability to predict forest regrowth potential has considerable implications

for our understanding of carbon dynamics in a future characterized by increased
conversion of old-growth Amazonian forests and the subsequent abandonment of many
areas originally cleared for agricultural activities. We will present a four-step,
incremental approach directed toward the spatially explicit modeling and mapping of
forest regrowth potential for the Amazon region. Each of the four steps will make a
significant contribution to current understanding of the response of ecosystems to
disturbance at the regional scale. A central focus of our approach is the development of
remote sensing approaches for quantifying vegetation recovery and changes in biomass
following disturbance, determination of the optimal scale for these approaches, and
testing of disturbance-specific parameters that may influence rates of forest regrowth in
Amazonia. An outline of our four incremental steps is provided:

1. production of preliminary forest regrowth potential maps for the region using an
empirical model of biomass accumulation in global secondary forests.
2. definition of a set of normalized spectral indices of forest regrowth optimized for
the Amazon region.
3. testing of the reliability of the preliminary maps (Step 1 product) and the remote
sensing indices of regrowth structure (Step 2 products).
4. refinement of the global model to enhance its regional applicability by including
known disturbance-specific parameters shown to explain a significant amount of
variance between measured and modeled regrowth biomass and structure.

Our poster will provide details on this project and preliminary results of our multi-
temporal Landsat analysis.

1
Applied Geosolutions, 10 Newmarket Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA, email
wsalas@agsemail.com, ph; 603-868-2369.
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciail, Av dos Astronautas 1758
CEP 12227-010, Sao José dos Campos, SP, Brazil Ph: 55-12-345-6492, Email:
dalves@dpi.inpe.br
3
University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
Tel: 352 846 0859; Email: zarin@ufl.edu
4
Department of Natural Resources, James Hall, University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH 03824 USA, Ph: (603) 862-4429, Email: mjducey@cisunix.unh.edu
5
BSRSI/Department of Geography, Michigan State Univeristy
218 Manly Miles Bldg, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823 USA
Ph: (517)353-8736, Email: qi@msu.edu