CANINE EHRLICHIOSIS

(E. CANIS)
Dr. Jibachha Sah
M.V.Sc, Lecturer, College of Veterinary Science,
NPI, Bhojad, Chitwan, Nepal
jibachhashah@gmil.com,00977-9845024121
Introduction
●Ehrlichiosis is a globally distributed canine vectorborne disease (CVBD) transmitted by
ticks.

●Caused by the rickettsial bacteria Ehrlichia spp., ehrlichiosis affects dogs and humans
as well as other domestic and wild animal species.

●E. canis causes canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). This disease, also known as tropical
canine pancytopenia, canine rickettsiosis or canine hemorrhagic fever, was first described
in Algeria in 1935 by Donatien and Lestoquard.
Etiology
● There are two different types of leukotropic diseases that are caused by ehrlichia
bacteria in dogs.

● These are “Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis” caused by E. canis that is frequently

encountered, and “Canine Granulocytic Ehrlich-iosis” caused by E. ewingi.

● Ehrlichia canis (a small, Gram-negative, coccoid bacterium), which parasitizes

cytoplasm of the circulating monocytes in form of distinct clusters termed as “Morulae”
(Ristic and Holland,1993).
E. canis
Incubation period

● The incubation period of the illness is 7-21 days in general and it has three stages as acute, sub-clinical,
and chronic (Woody and Hoskins ,1991).)

Breed Susceptibility

●CME was observed in wide variety of breeds with somewhat more predisposition in Labrador
retriever followed by Pug, Rottweiler, German shepherd, Lhasa apso, Pomeranian and Gaddi.

Age susceptibility

●Age-wise prevalence of CME recorded in dogs of varying age i.e. from 3 months to 9 years with
maximum number of cases in more than 1 year age group.
Transmission/Vector

●Typically, tick nymphs or larvae are infected with E. canis after feeding on a
persistently infected dog.

● Transstadial transmission occurs to subsequent stages of the tick vector.

● A new host is infected via salivary gland secretions during blood feeding.

● Transmission of the disease has also been reported via blood trans fusion.
Zoonotic Potential

●A few decades ago, ehrlichioses were considered to only have veterinary relevance.

●The first human infection with E. chaffeensis was diagnosed in 1986 raising the
awareness of Ehrlichia spp. as zoonotic pathogens.(Maeda et al.,1987).

● The best-known Anaplasma species is A. phagocytophilum, formerly referred to as

human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) factor, E. phago - cytophila or E. equi.

● It causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs and humans.

There are three phases of illness with Ehrlichiosis: acute, subclinical, and chronic.

Acute Phase
●This phase occurs 1 to 3 weeks after the host is bitten by the tick. The Ehrlichia organism is replicating in
this time period and attaching to white blood cell membranes. During the acute infection, the platelet
count will drop and an immune-mediated platelet destruction will occur.

●The acute disease is characterized by high fever, depression, lethargy, anorexia, lymphadenomegaly,
splenomegaly, epistaxis, dermal petechiae and ecchymoses.

●The dog will be listless, off food, and may have enlarged lymph nodes and/or spleens. There may be
fever and even neurologic symptoms as well, but although the dog may seem pretty sick, this phase of
infection is rarely life-threatening.

●Ophthalmological lesions are frequent and include anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis, papilledema, retinal
hemorrhage, presence of retinal perivascular infiltrates and bullous retinal detachment (Komnenou et
al. 2007).
Subclinical Phase

●In this phase, the dog appears normal. The organism has sequestered in the spleen and is
essentially hiding out there. Dogs can stay in this phase for months or even years.

●●The only hint that Ehrlichia is hiding is a somewhat reduced platelet count and/or elevated
globulin level on a blood test.

●The blood protein level on a lab report is divided into albumin (an important carrier protein) and
globulins (every other blood protein including antibodies.) Long-term stimulation of the immune
system will elevate globulins, sometimes dramatically.
Chronic Phase

●In this phase the dog gets sick again. Up to 60

percent of dogs infected chronically with Ehrlichia
canis will have abnormal bleeding due to reduced
platelets numbers.

● Deep inflammation in the eyes called uveitis may

occur as a result of the long-term immune
stimulation.
Epistaxis ( bleeding from nose unilateral/bilateral
● Neurologic effects may also be
seen. Glomerulonephritis, resulting in serious urinary
protein loss, can also result. Increased globulin levels
are almost always seen in this stage, albumin is
often low.

● Most dogs do not show the full pancytopenia

(literally reduction in all blood cell lines) but severe
Uveitis in pug uveitis
cell deficiencies are associated with high mortality
rates.
●Pale mucous membranes and weakness, bleeding and significant weight loss are common findings in
the chronic phase (Harrus and Waner 2010).
Clinical examination
Pale mucous membrane Epistaxis (Nose bleeding
Haematology analyzing and RDT at Jibachha
Veterinary hospital
 Clinical pathology

●Thrombocytopenia appears around day 10 and peaks in the third week post-infection, with platelet
counts ranging from 20,000 to 52,000/µl (normal range: 20000– 450,000/µl). There can also be mild anemia and
leukopenia.

●Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and hypergammaglobulinemia (mostly polyclonal (Antibody

represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells), rarely monoclonal(represents antibody from
a single antibody producing B cel)) are common in CME. Also moderate increases in alanine aminotrans -
ferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) can occur due to hepatocyte damage during the acute
phase.

● Pancytopenia due to bone marrow hypoplasia is characteristic of the chronic severe form (Harrus, et
al.,1997).

● E. canis can occasionally induce a proteinlosing nephropathy as a result of immunecomplex

glomerulonephritis with consequent proteinuria and azotemia
Source;Laxmi Bai et al;2017
●Lower levels of total erythrocyte count, Hematocrit, MCH, MCHC and higher levels of MCV indicates
macrocytic, hypochrmic anemia in affected dogs. Such type of anaemia might be due to
haemorrhagic manifestation of disease (Bhardwaj 2013) owing to thrombocytopenia.

●Platelet consumption, increased splenic sequestration and decreased platelet lifespan are the
possible attributes for thrombocytopenia (Harrus et al. 1999).

●Thrombocytopenia, anemia, eosinopenia. Left deviation in neutrophils, are the hematological

signs frequently encountered in canine ehrlichiosis (Shipov et al.,2008).

●Thrombocytopenia by leading to immunological destruction of platelets (Lee pyle, 1980). and also
cause central nervous system
abnormalities in dogs.

● The most commonly observed hematological abnormalities are thrombocyto penia and
anemia(Harrus et al.,1997)
Biochemistry analyzing at Jibachha Veterinary
hospital
Abdominal USG done for organ dysfunction at Jibachha veterinary hospital
Source;Laxmi Bai et al;2017
●Increase in serum ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase values in affected dogs, suggesting hepato-
biliary dysfunction dueinfiltration of perivascular mononuclear cells (Nair et al. 2016).

●Increased levels of AST and ALT might be due to histopathological changes in liver as a result of the
infiltration of perivascular mononuclear cells (Nair et al. 2016). Serum protein profile indicated
hypoproteinemia owing to hypoaluminemia and hypoglobunemia in affected dogs.

●The hypoalbuminemia seen in CME might be the consequence of peripheral loss of albumin to
edematous inflammatory fluids as a result of increased vascular permeability (Woody and
Hoskins 1991), blood loss, or decreased protein production due to concurrent liver disease as
suggested by elevated hepatic enzymes.

●Total bilirubin levels in affected dogs were higher as compared to healthy control which is due to
rise in indirect bilirubin levels owing to immune mediated RBC lysis. Mean urea and creatinine value
in affected dogs were higher than healthy control dogs.
●The increase in urea and creatinine values may be due to membrane-proliferative glomerulopathy
and interstitial nephritis. It has been suggested that the presence of inflammatory infiltrates rich in
lymphocytes might be responsible for immuno-pathogenesis of renal lesion in dogs with CME.

●Ehrlichiosis accompanied by hyperglobulinemia and thrombocytopenia leads to renal damage

and causes renal amyloidosis in dogs, and high levels of BUN and CREA are significant markers
of kidney damage (Luckschander et al.,2003).

●Dogs with ehrlichiosis showed increased levels of SGPT, SGOT and serum creatinine suggestive
of hepatic and renal involvement in the pathophysiology of the disease.

● The increase in creatinine levels may be due to immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis

indicating renal involvement in dogs with ehrlichiosis (Srikala et al.,2010].
Diagnosis

●Traditional diagnostic techniques such as hematology, cytology, serology and isolation are valuable
diagnostic tools for CME; however, a definitive diagnosis of E. canis infection requires molecular
techniques (Harrus and Waner 2010).

●Poor sensitivity of blood smear examination might be due to low level parasitaemia that can be
detected by highly sensitive nested PCR (Lakshmanan et al. 2007).

Application of nested PCR. Lane L—gene

ruler TM 100 bp ladder, Lane 7 positive
control, Lane 6 negative control and
Lane 1–5 clinical samples(Source; Laxmi
Bai et al;2017)
Differential Diagnosis

●Anaplasmosis, canine Rocky Mountain spotted fever (another rickettsiosis), babesiosis, bartonellosis,
hepatozoonosis, and canine distemper should all be considered as possible differential diagnoses for
ehrlichiosis
Treatment
●For canine ehrlichiosis, tetracycline (22 mg/kg given every
eight hours) or doxycycline (5 mg/kg every twelve hours)
administered for four weeks is the recognized treatment.

● The specific therapy for ehrlichiosis is doxycycline (5 to

10mg/kg every 12 hours, orally, for 21 days) and/or
imidocarb dipropionate (5mg/kg, subcutaneously, with an
interval of 15 days minimum) (FISCHER, 2002).

● With regard to the tick-control, the use of fipronil on a

monthly basis has proved to be an effective prevention
and treatment for dogs in areas endemic to canine
monocytic ehrlichiosis (DAVOUST et al., 2003).

● Supportive therapy such as blood or fluid transfusions

and anabolic steroids may be required in severe cases.
Blood transfusion in serious case at jibachha
Veterinary hospital
Close monitoring of patient during fluid therapy and
serious condition using oxygen mask at Jibachha
veterinary hospital
Prevention:

●Recent studies have evaluated the efficacy of a spot-on formulation containing imidacloprid 10%
and permethrin 50% (Advantix®) to prevent tick exposure and thus E. canis infection in dogs.
Preventive efficacies of 95–100% were demonstrated in treated dogs living under natural conditions
in endemic areas(Otranto et al.,2010; Otranto et al.,2008).
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