THE ARMCHAIR NAVIGATOR II

2020

THE ARMCHAIR NAVIGATOR II

SUPPLEMENTS TO POST-SPANISH DISCOVERIES

BY

STEVE DEHNER

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Starbuck Island 05° 37' S, 155° 53' W

As the three Islands, described in the

following notice, and fallen in with
by Captain [James] Henderson [ ] of
the ship "Hercules", in his passage
from South America, are not laid
down in the latest Charts, which are
those of Arrowsmith’s of 1811, we
have the pleasure to publish his
account of them for the information
of our Nautical Readers: [...] The
third is a small sandy island, with not a tree or shrub on it, and
apparently steep too, except a few breakers off the N.W. end. "This
island" says Captain Henderson, "would be very dangerous in the
night, as a ship must be on shore before it could be discovered."
Captain Henderson made it at 3.30 p.m. and ran along it within two
miles". He computes it to be about four miles long, and three broad,
and makes it in lat. 5° 46' S. lon. 156° 5' W.
[source: The Calcutta journal, or, Political, commercial, and literary gazette, Sept. 17, 1819, p.151]

[...]Unfortunately the exact date of the discovery is not stated but

it would presumably be early in Feb. 1819. From both description
and position this is Starbuck Island, in 5° 37' S. lon. 155° 55' W. [...]
[source: H.E. Maude, Of Islands & Men, 1968, pp. 114-115]

[ ] Little is known about the man. It appears that he was married to a Catherine
Henderson, née Black, and that she gave birth to their twin daughters Margaret
Wemyss & Ellen Ann in Valparaiso on 22 June, 1823 (The twin was baptised in
1825 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland). Sometimes Jas. Henderson is mentioned as a
John Heron/Henderson. He visited Adams on Pitcairn Island in 1821 and 1822.
During latter trip Hercules was loaded with 600 copper ingots, which cargo had to
be jettisoned in order to get Hercules off a sandbank somewhere near Ngazi Reef.

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While all hands were busily employed seated on the quarter-deck sewing on sails,
the cry of "land" by one of the men who had had occasion to go forward was so
unexpected and it being so near that it threw us into considerable confusion...it
proved to be an undiscovered island, 8 or 10 feet in height, and 2 miles wide by
10 miles long, with a very white beach. It lay in the form of an angle...in
latitude 5° 32' South and west longitude 155° 55' W. We made and attempt to
land on the west side near the north end, but at this place it was unaccessible...the
one attempt, merely through curiosity, as it has no other temptation being a
dreary waste. It is the abode of nothing save sea foul, although its situation is
such that if made soon made known may save the lives of thousands. [ ][ ]
[source: The Whim Whams & Opinions of M.E. Morrell, written for himself for his own amusement on a
voyage to the South Sea on board the Ship Hero of Nantucket, 1822-1823-24, held by the NHA,
Nantucket: "220 - ships' logbook collection, log 348.]

[ ] Entry for September 5th, 1823 of Moses E. Morrell's journal [p.20, Nov. 8th
1822 - Mar. 4th 1824].

[ ] Morrell, a green-horn from Upstate New York, was born in New Jersey in
1790. (More info is always most welcome, as goes for the rest of this essay.)

The rediscovery of this island, made by Obed Starbuck while

captaining whaler Hero of Nantucket, also made a few papers:

Arr. at Edgartown, 9th, ship Hero, Starbuck, of Nantucket, from Coast of

Japan, 5 months from Woahoa [ ], with 2200 bbls. of oil. Left at Woahoa,
Sept. 1st, ships Octavia, and Paragon, of Boston. The Mentor, of Boston,
sailed for Mowee on 30th August. In Lat. 5 S. lon. 155 [ ]. Discovered an
unknown Island, about 10 miles long and 2 wide, very rocky, could not land.

,
[source: Boston Daily Advertiser Feb 13, 1824]

[ ] Oahu, Hawaii.
[ ] West of Greenwich, according to p. 293 of The American Practical Navigator (1826),
which calls it Hero Island. I don’t know if there ever was a map depicting it as such.

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Only three months (and seven days) later Valentine Starbuck, Obed's
nephew [ ] and captain of the London whaler L'aigle, too sighted the
island, ignorant of earlier, aforementioned discoveries. The following
is an extract from a journal kept aboard L'aigle by a John Rose and it
narrates the chancing upon Starbuck Island and subsequent landfall:
December 1823
10th  Mr. Neptune gave us a gale but the passengers paying the tribute dispense with the
usual ceremony of shaving etc. [ ]
12th  Moderate breezes from the E’ward. At noon discovered an island [ ] ahead. At 2
p.m. sent 2 boats on shore. At 6 returned with hay for the cattle. The capt and six
others stop’d ashore all night with the expectation of getting some turtle by the
morning. The ship stood off till 12 oc when it became calm.
13th  At daylight found we had drifted out of sight of the island. Beating to windw’d all
day with a light breeze but saw nothing of the island. The people ashore without
water or provisions.
14th  Light breeze. At 6 p.m. saw the island about 4 leagues distant. During the night
saw the fire that was made ashore by the capt.
15th At 7 a.m. lowered a boat and sent some provisions & water ashore to them. Found
a very heavy surf running. With great difficulty the captain & another man swam
off to the boat. He then came on board & sent two other boats for the rest of the
people and after 6 hours of great difficulty and danger succeeded in getting off
the people but left every thing else behind them. They lived during their stay there
upon raw fish etc. & drank urine & birds blood. They dug a well 8 feet deep but
found nothing but salt water.
19th  Thick hazy w’r with a heavy sea running. Stands to the S’Eward. Saw a shoal of
sperm whales. Lat 11. 13 S Lon 143. 51 W.

[source: Journal of John Rose, kept aboard whaler L’aigle, January 5th 1822 - May 24th 1824 (microfilm).

[ ] Their mutual grandfather was Thomas Starbuck (1742-1830), the father of

Levi (1769) and Reuben (1762), respective fathers of Obed and Valentine.
It’s unknown to me where Valentine died but in 1830 it seems that he was a
citizen of Bytown (Ottawa, Canada). More information is most welcome.
[] The traditional practice of shaving one’s head after having crossed the
equator, as an offer to Neptune.
[] Rose omitted the island’s coordinates but that it was Starbuck Island
will be confirmed on the next page.

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Although Rose had left out the essential coordinates, the English
hydrographer John Purdy (1773-1843) informed “Russian” Admiral
Krusenstern (1770-1846) in a letter [ ] that Volunteer Island, in 5° 06'
S. 155° 5' W., was discovered in 1823 by English whaleship Eagle
(L’Aigle in French). Supposing that it was Starbuck who reported this
island, then the question to ponder, why he named it thus, remains valid.

George Anson Byron (1789-1868), in command of the British frigate

H.M.S. Blonde, having been assigned by King George IV to repatriate
the dead royal bodies of King Kamehameha II (1797-1824) and wife
Kamāmalu (1802-1824), passed on his return voyage an island, today
known as Starbuck Island...

“August 1st [1825, S.D.]

A.M. 11.0. saw a Low Island ahead.” [ ]

...of which Byron knew that Valentine Starbuck had previously seen
it while conveying those unfortunate royalties to England. Starbuck
had arranged for all that without the upfront permission of L’Aigle’s
owners (Boulcott & Hill) and consequently saw himself sued by them
for loss of profit that had resulted from this ‘state visit’. The King
and the Queen Consort of the Sandwich Islands - modern Hawaii -
succumbed to measles several days after their arrival at Portsmouth.

On August 16, 1861, it was accidentally (?) named Coral Queen Island by
one Capt. William Hardcastle after his schooner clipper, believing that
he had discovered an island “40 miles south of Starbuck’s Island”. [ ]

[ ] Captain’s Log for the H.M.S. Blonde, 1824-1825, held by the Hunting Library,
San Marino, Ca. as mssHM 64596. Also read Susan J. Corley’s work on it.
[] Suppléments au Recueil de Mémoires Hydrographiques...(1835, p.16), by A.J. von
Krusenstern, a Baltic German explorer who circumnavigated for Russia.
[] The Herald (Melbourne, Vic.) of Nov. 13, 1861, p.4. + The Sydney Morning
Herald (NSW) of Jul. 9, 1862, p.6. Hardcastle may not have acted in good faith.

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26° 04' N, 173° 58' W

Lisianski Island
Extract from Capt. Lisiansky’s
letter dated March 1807. Will you
have the goodness to tell Mr
Arrowsmith that I will either send
him the large map of Russia or
if I don’t procure this, which is
very difficult, I will send the
money for the atlas - tell him also
that Lisiansky’s Island discovered
by me in the Lat. 26.° 2’. 48”N.
Long. 173.° 35.’ 45” W. he may engrave on his maps and
publish it in the newspapers for the seafaring people, as my
journal, on account of the present times not being likely to
be published so soon, as I would wish it. This island
is very low, about three miles in
circumference, surrounded with an
extensive coral bottom, which makes
it very dangerous for ships. The
Neva ran aground there on the 15
Oct. 1805 end it was with great
difficulty we could save her. If Mr
Arrowsmith desires, I shall send him
a sketch of it, which he may publish
with my name, as it was described
by me with exactitu de and the
position ascertained by many good
observations.” [ ]

Yuri Lisianski (1773-1837)

[ ] Biblioteca Virtual Del Ministerio De Defensa (Spain): possible translation of an original,

integral letter, but it could also be a facsimile with all words in it written in the same
hand. Yuri Fyodorovich Lisianski was an officer within the Imperial Russian Navy.

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Howland Island 0° 48' N, 176° 36' W

The Howland and Baker islands [ ]

remain (apart from easily mistaken
for one another) two equatorial
uninhabited dots in a vast Pacific
Ocean and, like other petit islands
situated “on the line”, are barren
and sandy in appearance [ ]. Edwyn
H. Bryan Jr. [1941, p.] wrote that
Howland island “was called Worth
Island after Capt. George B. Worth [ ],
who discovered it in the Nantucket
whaleship Oeno, about 1822.” but omits
footnotes disclosing his source(s).
Although it would appear so from
Adolf Stieler’s map [ ] that indeed a captain Worth had once
discovered an island “Worth” in the approximate position of where
Howland Island is today, it must be noted that the log of G.B.
Worth’s voyage with Oeno was probably already missing when Bryan
Jr.‘s prime source (Stackpole) himself first wrote about Worth’s
discovery.[ ] Moreover, in The Sea-hunters [1953, p.374] E.A. Stackpole
wrote that the actual discoverer was Capt. Daniel McKenzie of New
Bedford whaler Minerva Smith, in year 1827. I think due to new insight.

[ ] See also chapter Baker Island in The Armchair Navigator I.

[ ] “on the line” means on the equator. Jarvis and Malden islands are fine
examples.
[ ] See chapter Oeno Island in The Armchair Navigator I.
[ ] Adolf Stieler’s map of 1849/1850, published by Justus Perthes (davidrumsey.com).
[ ] Edouard A. Stackpole’s essay “Nantucket Whaler’s Discoveries Basis For U.S. Pacific
Claims”, published in The Inquirer and Mirror (Nantucket, Ma) of March 19, 1938.

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In point of actual fact, Daniel Mckenzie sighted the island in late 1828:

Monday, Dec. 1, 1828 [...] at 2 P.M. saw land [...] supposing it to be New
Nantucket, [ ] an island visited on a former voyage; but on nearer
approach, found it not to be the same, as that is a low sand bank
entirely barren, and situated in lat. 14 miles N. and lon. 176 33 15
W. while this by observation was found to be 45 miles N. lat and,
from repeated observation of the sun and moon, in lon. 176 49 50 W.
[...] Supposing myself to be the first discoverer of this island, as it
is not laid down in any charts or books with which I am acquainted,
I have, in honor of my owners, called it Howland’s Island. Found good
landing on the West side, but no anchorage [...][ ]

Decades later the following brief correspondence (in regard to the true
discoverer of Howland Island) was published in a few newspapers:

Mr. Editor - Noticing some dispute about the discovery of an

island in the Pacific Ocean, in various papers, I desire to set the
matter at rest, and give credit of the discovery to the person who
did first discover the island. I Sailed Capt. Daniel Mackenzie's
mate, in the ship Minerva Smith, from New Bedford, October 1, 1827
In the month of November, 1828, we discovered a low coral island
in lat 0 47 N., long. 176 35 W. Capt. Mackenzie went on shore and
left a bottle with a paper in it, on which was written the day
and date of the discovery, the latitude and longitude of the
island, and the name, Howland's Island, named after the owner of
the Minerva Smith. If the Journal of Capt. Mackenzie of that
voyage, and the ship's journal, have not been destroyed, those who
have them can easily prove my assertion. Nantucket, Aug. 24, 1859.
Shubael Clark [ ]

We notice that Mr. Shubael Clark’s memory was only one month off
from what the authorative journal of Capt. Daniel Mckenzie states.

[ ] Excerpt of Mckenzie’s (1794-1854) journal as published in Nantucket Inquirer of May 8, 1830.

[ ] See chapter Baker Island in The Armchair Navigator. This proves all the more how close
these two islands are actually separated from one another.

[ ] The Daily Mercury, New Bedford, Ma, August 29, 1859. Shuabel Clark (1800-1880?).

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Wm. Tolley Brookes
(1791-1874) (Source: Sydney Gazette, Tuesday, October 14, 1834)

When one merely depends on the above

coordinates then one could, with some
reservation, asssume that the two islands
and the reef do correspond with Howland
Island, Mckean Island and the Carondelet
Reef respectively. The latter two do now
belong to the Republic of Kiribati. Lloyd’s
Register of British and Foreign Shipping (1834)
holds that whaleship Matilda of London
was owned by the firm Green, Wigram’s &
Green [ ] Brookes’ sightings were in the actual
sense not really discoveries, which seems
reflected best in the apparent non-existence
of any such map depicting these names.
Regarding the toponymy of this Howland
Island, however, we are justified to add, in
addition to its current name and that of
Worth Island, another one, namely Brookes’ Island.

[ ] H.E. Maude, Of Islands & Men, 1968, p. 110. Maude, although he had the same source at his
disposal as the author, must simply have overlooked the identity of the ship and captain there.
Also do consult both newspapers Sydney Gazette and The Sydney Herald of October 9, 1834.

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Mckenzie would name it Howland’s Island, yet this name had previously
belonged to another island, rediscovered by him in a previous voyage [ ]:

January 5, 1826. Commences with fresh winds from NE Steering by the wind
NNW. Squally with rain took in and made sail as occasion. At 8 AM
Discovered an island.It is a small Low Island covered with wood. A heavy surf
breaking upon all sides of it we suppose it to be an Island that has never been
discovered before. It is not laid down on our charts or navigations we call it
Howland’s Island it being in the Lat of 10° S Long of 152° 40 W by observant.
The island seen here was undoubtly modern Vostok Island but from the
next log entry we can conclude that Mckenzie must soon have learned
that it hadn’t been a discovery at all and retracted this name for later use:

November 2, 1826. Commences with Light Winds and Pleasant Weather Steering SE
winds EWE Set Studing Sails. At 6 PM made Stivers [sic] Island in the Lat of 10°
00 South Long in 152° 30 West. Middle Part Calm Latter Part fine breezes And
Pleasant weather variation 1⁄2 easterly Lat by obs 10° 07 Long in 152° 00”.
[Fine example of the pronunciation of Staver’s name as “Sty-vers”] [ ]

Modern Vostok, part of the Line Islands (Kiribati), was discovered on

August 3, 1820, by the Baltic German Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von
Bellingshausen [1778-1852], a naval officer in the Russian Imperial Navy
and commander of the sloop-of-war Vostok (Boctok = East in Russian).
Capt. Geo. E. Netcher of the whaling bark Isabella of Fairhaven, Ma., is
sometimes credited in relation to the “discovery” of the island, in the
way that he named it “Howland Island”, so “after the lookout who first
saw it” in 1842. If true, it was a) a guano-era re-discovery and b) crew
George F. Howland, a boatsteerer of the Isabella, for whom it was thus named .

[ ] Journal of Lewis Handy, kept on the whaler “Minerva Smyth”, capt. Daniel
Mckenzie, on a voyage lasting from August, 1824 - April, 1827.
[] Rongotute, Stivers and ‘other visitors’ to New Zealand ‘before Captain Cook’, Rhys Richards,
p.29, 1993.

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Vostok Island
10° 06' S, 152° 23' W

[August 3, 1820]
[...]
Their huge wings seemed
perfectly motionless; they had
brownish, heart-shaped patches
on the breast. At 9.0 a.m. I
altered course to westward,
reckoning that I was now near
latitude 10° S. I believed that
we were not far from land
but was doubtful as to the
side on which it lay until there was a cry from the
look-out: "Land ahead!" Messrs Torson and Lyeskov
verified it from the look-out with their telescopes. Before
noon we had made the circuit of the island very close
inshore. It appeared overgrown with thick low trees; the
white shore seemed to consist of coral, rising gradually up
to the woods. Its greatest length was a little more than
half a mile in a north-we s t by north
direction, and in width it was less than half
a mile. I called this island "Vostok" after
our own ship. According to observations at
noon we fixed the position of Vostok Island
as Lat. 10° 05' 50" S., Long. 152° 16' 50" W. [...]

So much for the Western discovery of modern Vostok Island

by Mr. Von Bellingshausen. The next few pages will cover the
toponymy of the obsolete names it has gathered ever since.

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Obsolete names for modern Vostok Island :

• Stavers Island - named for or by Capt. Francis Stavers (1793-?) of the
whale ship Tuscan of London who, judging from what a few secondary
sources state, probably rediscovered it in 1821, yet no date is provided.

• Frederiksoord - a rediscovery by Capt. J.P.M Willinck of the Dutch

corvette of war Lynx. He had passed modern Caroline Island (a.k.a.
Millennium Island) on May 3, 1824. Still keeping a western course in
latitude 10° south, another island was discerned on May 4. Willinck,
under the mistaken assumption that Groeningen (an island discovered
and named by Roggeveen’s expedition in 1722) was a proverbial stone’s
throw from Lynx’s position, thus named it Frederiks-oord, after a Dutch
workhouse by this name, some 50 km from the city of Groningen. [ ]

The Dutch East India Company had chambers in Middelburg, Rotterdam,

Delft, Amsterdam, Hoorn and Enkhuizen. Tasman, Lemaire and
Schouten had long since named islands after such cities, viz. Amsterdam
(modern Tongatapu); Rotterdam (modern Nomuka); Middelburg (modern
ʻEua), and the Hoorn Islands (modern Futuna and Alofi). The five
chambers of the West India Company (Jacob Roggeveen’s employer so to
speak) were located in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Middelburg, Hoorn and
Groningen [!] We now know that Roggeveen’s Groeningen was the same
island as modern Upolu (Samoa) in 13° 55’ S 171° 45' W. Roggeveen’s
calculated position for Thienhoven (modern Tutuila, seen on the same day)
was 13° 44’ S 200° 55' East of Tenerife, whereas some had wrongfully
assumed he had used Paris as Prime Meridian and therefore it would
ultimately end up on the maps with the longitude 159° 05' West of
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Paris, or 156° 35' West of Greenwich, because the difference between

Paris and London amounts 2° 30'. It means that Roggeveen’s longitude
for Thienhoven was: 360°- 200° 55' E. of Tenerife= 159° 05' W. of
Tenerife= 175° 44' W. of Greenwich. [ ] This shows Roggeveen was off
5° in longitude, as that for modern Tutuila is 170° 44' W. of Greenwich.
Agreed, not a reasonable margin of error, yet still closer to its true position
than where mappers had ultimately plotted Thienhoven. We have to realize
here that reliable, let alone affordable, marine chronometers would not
become common until the early 19th century. Also, Jacob Roggeveen’s
calculated latitude for Thienhoven in his original journal, viz. 13° 44' S, saw
itself decreased to 11° S. in other, much later books, sometimes even
to 10° S, and for no apparent reason(s). Consequently Thienhoven and
Groningen were not only placed too far to the east, but also way too far to
the north, i.e. closer to the modern Tuamotu Archipelago and southern
Line Islands than to Samoa. I don’t think they were ever mapped in the right
position. It is usually Cornelis Bouman, captain of the Thienhoven, one of
Roggeveen’s three-ship fleet, who is credited with first seeing both
islands. To hark back to Vostok Island: the original Fredriks-oord was
named so in honor of Prince Frederick of the Netherlands (1797-1881).

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• Howland’s Island - ultimately withdrawn (see p. 11 of this essay).

• Alexander/Independence Island - from p. 353 of The Sea-Hunters:

[...]Captain Samuel Bunker in the whale ship Alexander, of Nantucket, in April

1826: “At 6 A.M. saw Flint’s Island [...] On this same cruise, Captain Bunker
sighted an island “not laid down on the chart, Lattd 10° -09' south, Long. by
Observation 152° 35' west.” This would again appear to be Vostok Island
(Captain Bunker called it Alexander or Independence Island).[...]

This one re-discovery would seem indisputable if it weren’t for the

very fact that the log of Alexander, as currently held by NHA.org (the
Nantucket Historical Association), merely covers the entries for July 17,
1824 - May 8, 1825. This is most
unfortunate because this voyage
ended mid-June, 1827. Whatever
happened to the entries after May,
1825, I know not, but apparently
they all were accounted for when
Stackpole was busy scrutinizing
this journal (while at it, he
managed to overlook the earliest
known documented discovery of
modern Malden Island by a
Westerner in entry March 25,
1825). [ ]

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• Reaper’s Island - captain Benjamin F. Coffin of the Nantucket whaling

vessel Reaper in her voyage of November 1826 - June 1829:

Newly-Discovered Island. Captain Coffin, of the ship

Reaper, recently arrived from the Pacific ocean,
discovered in his late voyage an island not laid
down on any chart he has seen. It is in lat. 9 55
S. lon. 152 40 W. This island is low, covered with
wood, uninhabited, apparently about 12 miles in
circumference, and surrounded with a coral reef. Capt.
C. gave to it the name of Reaper's Island. [ ]

These coordinates correspond with modern Vostok Island, alright,

but that “12 miles in circumference” doesn’t compute, unless it were
for modern Caroline Island, running roughly 12 miles in circuit.
Maybe this ‘12’ was meant by Coffin to read ‘1.2’. Anyhow, this
particular obsolete name has been explained away. The logbook of
the Reaper was lost, and with it the exact discovery date. Many a source
states this was in year 1828 and it would mean modern Vostok Island
was sighted twice that year, and this second rediscovery, which I’ve only
recently come across, might explain for that Anns I(sland) in the chart above:

[ ]Reize om de wereld..., by J.P.M. Willinck, 1836, pp. 78-79.

[ ]Supplements to Malden Island: The Nantucket Connection II by Steve Dehner, 2018, p. 2.
[ ] (360°- 200° 55' ) + 16° 39'
[ ]Nantucket Inquirer, July 18, 1829. Maps: courtesy of Davidrumsey.com

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• Ann’s Island (?) - Capt. Joseph Barnard of New Bedford whaler

Phoebe Ann on the voyage of October 10, 1826 - June 15, 1829:
Monday 14th of April (1828) [...] at 4 A.M. saw Flints Island Lat 11=28
South. Long 152 06 west.
Tuesday 15th of April (1828) [...] at 2 P.M. saw an Island that is not on the
Chart nor in The Navigator. This land bearing North 1/2 West from Flints Island
dist. 87 miles. [ ]

• Leavitt’s Island - log of Peruvian for entries April 12 and 13, 1835:
12th Saw Flint Island bearing North East Lati.d 11 34 Long 152 14

13th Saw Land on our Lee Bow Bore up for it attempted to land but could not on
account of its being rugged The island is very low and covered with srub 1/4 mile
in length from N.E. to S.W. We gave it the name of Leavitts Island It not
being laid down in any of my charts the above Isl. is in Lati.d 10 04 S. L.152
25 W [ ]
The Peruvian was a whaler from Saint John, NB, Canada, owned by
Wm. & Thomas Leavitt & James Kirk, and her captain being one J.
Wood [but this could be a corruption of John Wootton/Wootten].
• Carr’s Island
A New Island
We learn from the Nantucket Telegraph that the first officer of ship Obed Mitchell at
that port, writes that on the 1st of April last, saw Flint Island, and the next day saw a
small round island, moderately high and well wooded. Not finding it laid down in any
books or charts, Capt. Coffin gave it the name of Carr’s Island (after the name of the
boat steerer who discovered it.) This is directly in the course of our whalers, being in
latitude 10 degrees 3 minutes south, bearing from Flint Island North, 16 degrees West;
distant from Flint Island, 89 miles. It being very squally at the time, Capt. Coffin did not
attempt to land.

[] []

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You can download for free also the following essays by the same Author:

- The Nantucket Connection I : The “Forged” Discovery of Swains Island

(2017)

- The NAntucket Connection II : Supplements to Malden Island’s History

(2018)

- The Armchair Navigator I: Supplements to Post-Spanish discoveries in

the Pacific (2019)

THE END
" " "

" " " " BAD TATTOO INC. © MMXX

Contact: TheNantucketConnection@gmail.com

Vdrlugt@Outlook.com

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