yous) beginner's arabic script geal category reading and writing language ‘content + learn to write, step by step + understand the script in different contexts + get a headstart in learning the language be where you want to be with teach yourselfteach yourself beginner's arabic ‘script john mace vway, wih impressive resuts, bbe where you want to be vith teach yourself10 n R “ CONTENTS Introduction Reading and writing Arabic. The Arabic alphabet. ‘How to use this book Iatit, Tait madda, «ba, ota, otha, 3 nin, og y8. Stress Stam, p mim, wow. Doubled leters.”shadda Definite article + hamza, oh, t marbata, Feminine forms. .w sin, shin, JT, 5zayy, 9a, 5 dhal, yo sid, yo did. Dark sounds. Relatives. Elm, chs, ¢ kha. ta, 23,¢ Sayn, > ghayn. Stress. Sta, Saat, Dkat. 5\f tanwin, ogalif magsira. Full alphabet. Arabic transcription. Dual. Regular plural, Iregular plural. Figures, Partiiples. Verbal nouns, Abstract nouns. Other written styles. New words: Communications Basic structures, 1: The Description, Possessive. New words: Work. Personal pronouns. Basic structures, 2: The Equation ‘New words: Town. Prepositions. Command form. New words: Administration Basic structures, 3: The Construct. New words: Time and Money. Numbers. Clock. Calendar. New words: The Arab World. Map. ‘est your reading: Signs, Headlines, Small print, Handwriting. Key to Tests Arabic-English Vocabulary English-Arabic Vocabulary Index Pocket Card Alphabet, Nouns and Adjectives ‘Command Form, Participles, Verbal nouns. Figures. 5 14 23 32 40 48 37 66 73 1 9 109 18 122 127 138 134 167 169INTRODUCTION Reading and writing Arabic ‘Arabic writing seems daunting at first sight, but it doesn’t have to be. This book attempts to take the mystique out of it. You learn the alphabet in stages, practising each new letter or combination of letters many times before moving on to the next; at the same time you fit the letters into _seful words and phrases seen everywhere in any Arab environment. ‘This book is actual; you lear to read and write today's Arabic. And you learn through practice, from the stat. That said, nobody can promise that when you have finished this book you'll be able to read a newspaper article, or write a report. That requires a knowledge of Arabie grammar going beyond our immediate scope. But ‘you will be able to read and understand important signs and directions - even better, you will know what sort of words to expect. You will also be able to read and understand many newspaper headlines, and to write everything you can read. The Arabic language Arabic is a world language. It is the official language, or one of the official languages, of nineteen counties spread across Saharan Africa and most ofthe Middle East. tis also one ofthe official languages of the United Nations. Arab culture has a high reputation, and is studied at ‘countless universities in the western world. Words in Arabic are built on a ‘root’ of three (occasionally four) ‘consonants, which contain the basic idea underlying all the words made from the root. An example is the root consisting ofthe three consonants tb, which has the basic idea of writing. From this root Arabic makes: the verb katab to write the noun katib for writer ‘maktab for writen or for leer kKitaba forthe action of writing maktab for office, or the place where one writes kitab for book ‘maktaba for library of bookshop, and soon.‘The words may have bits added on, or may change internally, but you still find the three root consonants, all present and always in the same order, throughout all the derivatives. ‘This is of enormous help. It means that if you know one Arabic word of a particular root, you can make an intelligent guess at the meaning of a previously unknown word showing that root. Spoken Arabic varies from place to place. It is not normally written down (there is not even an agreed way to spell it), and it is never used for formal or official written communication, But written Arabic is the same throughout the Arab world. The Cairo newspaper al~'ahrdm (The Pyramids) is read with ease in Casablanca, at the other end of North Africa, This is the Arabic found on all signs, notices, advertisements and so on, and it has a standard pronunciation. ‘This is the form of Arabic which we are about to explore. The Arabic alphabet First, some essential principles on which the Arabic alphabet is based. Refer back here if you are in doubt later: The writing runs from right to left < «. There are no capital letters, Short vowels (the sounds a as in English man,\ as in English pin, and u asin English pu) are mostly not written; we usually have to infer them from the context Printed Arabic is originally an imitation of handwriting. Most of the letters (called ‘joined letters’) are joined to the letter following them in the same word. A few leters (‘disjoined leters’) are never joined to the leter following them. All this sounds complicated, It is not. Don't attempt to remember it now; {twill become familiar as you read and write. How to use this book This is a participative book. You have to do a geat deal of reading and ‘writing. You learn, and remember, by doing. ‘Arm yourself at the outset with a solid exercise book with lined paper. Do all your writing in this exercise book. You should also write out your ‘vocabulary somewhere permanent, whether in the back of this exercisebook. or in a different one. Writing is a powerful aid to memory. Units 1 t0 6: Alphabet Follow the text, practising writing each new letter or group of letters as instructed. Pay attention to the notes on handwriting; there are certain important differences between handwriting and print. In the “Read and write’ parts of each unit, you sce both. Imitate the handwriting for preference: you can write like printing if you wish, but it looks unnatural, and is slower. Read your writing back. Read and write everything several times. ‘The letters are taught in an order which helps you to build up quickly 1 battery of words which you can write. Any pitfalls are pointed out on the way. From letters you will move to words. Also in these units, your progress is monitored with a series of exercises at each stage; then at the end of the unit you have tests, which are more difficult than the exercises as they offer only the barest of help, and are more formal Don't move on to @ new unit until you are at least reasonably confident about the last one - and that includes having performed well in the tests, for which you can check your answers in the key. While following these units, don’t force yourself to learn words by heart, Some will stick in your mind anyway - so much the better. The important thing is that you can by now put the letters together correctly, and decipher the written combinations which you see. {In Unit 6 you also lear to read and write the Arabic numerals. Units 7 to 13: Words and Structures In these units you learn to identify the different types of word, how to manipulate them, and how to link them in common and useful ‘expressions and sentences. You will begin to read notices, si headlines. Units 9 to 13 start with new vocabulary, usually divided into ‘essential’ vocabulary, which you need to Tearn now because of its importance, and ‘reference’ vocabulary which is used for exercises and tests, but which you need not leam at this stage; examine it, and refer to it as you work through the unit, You will retain much of it through practice. In these units you will also learn related word- pattems which are a helpful feature of Arabic. These units also have ‘enetcises and testsUnit 14 ‘This unit gives you some important geographical vocabulary for the ‘Arab world, and a map. Unit 15 Go carefully through the general reading test in this unit, checking your performance with the key and going back into the book where necessary. Key to Tests This is self-explanatory. Vocabularies ‘The preamble to this section explains how to use these, Index The Index lists alphabetically all the technical topics covered (e.g. Construct, Noun, Participle). showing where each is found. Pocket Card ‘This is found at the end of the book, and its use is explained there.In this unit you will lean six common letters, with their pronunciation, when and how to join these letters, something about the ‘stress’ of a word, ‘words which you can read and write, using the six letters. General Before starting this unit, be sure to read the Introduction; the section ‘xtived ‘The Arabic alphabet’ is important for understanding the terms ed below. Letters 1 {alit |The first and commonest letter of the alphabet is, called alif. It present at the beginning of a word: any of the short vowel sounds a-, U- | ike a in English ant, u in English put, and i in English ink, respectively). | Min the middle of a word, a long vowel sound Imagine pronouncing man, in English, but drawing the vowel out: atthe end of a few words: short -a. alif is a so-called ‘disjoined” lewer, that is, it is never joined to the | Secowing letter. asf rests on the line of waiting, but is “tll” like a European J, Write this | ‘ever several times, stating at the right of the page: ee gue eeti ee eases eae | LoUNIT 1 2 alif madda| alif with a stroke over it represents long a (see paragraph 1 above) at the beginning of the word. This variant of alif is called alif madda. ‘Write this letter several times; first the downstroke, then the head. < The sounds b, t and th (soft, like th in think; the transcription is underlined to show that itis a single sound) are written respectively with the letters called ba, td and tha (see paragraph | for the pronunciation of ). These letters are all ‘shallow’, ic. they all rest on the line of writing, and are not ‘tall’ like aif. These are ‘joined’ letters, that is, they are joined to any letter following them in the same word. Each leter has two possible forms: the short form is used at the beginning or in the middle of a word, and the longer form. (the ‘full’ form) when the letter stands atthe end of the word, or alone, ‘You will note that the three letters are identical but for the dots. These are ‘an integral part of the letter, just as they are in English ior j. The dots) lie over or under the beginning of the short form, and over or under the riddle of the long form, In all dotted letters the stroke is written first (= right to lft), then the dot or dots. ‘These are the printed and typed forms. In normal handwriting, two dots usually become a dash -, and three dots something like a ciscumflex accent . Write a line of each letter, first with the dots asin print, then as ‘in normal handwriting.UNIT 1 Start at the right: _s oe Y 4 sg 4 ot 2 Myton 2 ieceeenes A. a. sicueete z eee eee eee od 8. Peck We can now write a few words. lis always written downwards except in its middle form, i.e. when joined to a previous letter; then itis written ‘apwards. Remember that itis never joined to the following letter, that is, to its loft. Remember also, as was said in the Introduction, that short middle and short final vowels are not normally written. Note the difference in height between aif (tll) and bé-t-thé (shallow). Read and write (starting at the right, remember): <— Set honasl ab father* eet nagT ab August SPAN OU! athtnfurniure eek. bol babdoor eee Malt thbit firm, solid + There is no word for a or an in Arabic, so for example sl ab means either father ora father, and wl bab either door ora door. [Short vowel rule: Short vowels (a, , u) in the middle or at the end of] }2 word are not normally written. In a few words final aif is written for short -a. 4 Stress Think of the English word production; its middle vowel u is pronounced more strongly than the rest of the word. We say the wis stressed. In books teaching English as a foreign language, the stress is sometimeUNIT 1 marked with an accent (prodiiction). We shall use this device in transcription inthe frst five unis of this book: you see this in athéth and habit above, Exercise 1 Match these words with their sound and their meaning ‘given in the list below. The first one is done for you: @ylabsather Wl ote ob athith tb, bab; door, furniture, August. Exercise 2 In Exercise 1, mark the ifs which are pronounced long, a. Exercise 3 Write the word wl bab door. Why isthe first ba written differently from the last one? And why isn't the whole word joined up? ‘The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 6 below. ‘ ‘We write the sound n with the joined letter niin (n as in English, long & like w in English truth). This leter has a short form used atthe beginning or in the middle of a word, and 2 full form used at the end of the word, or when the letter stands alone, The dot is an integral part of the letter. The short form differs from bé (paragraph 3 above) only in the position of the dot, while the full form starts just above the line of writing and swoops below it and up again. We can call ita “deep' shape. In handwriting, the dot of full-form nan often takes the form of a hook on the curve itself: ‘Write several examples of nin first as in print, i.e. with a dot on the full form; then with a hook on that form asin normal handwriting... ° ot Donnan Op nod oe. Povo Now read and write more words with the five letters we know (from the right): = oe ¢3h-vr! tbnson «Zak. bint daughter, girlUNIT 1 9 YN Gl sar sce. csl nta you SMe cole bandit daughters seeks mabit vegetation Always write your words, don’t draw or trace them. Don’t grip the pen tightly, and think ahead about what you are writing, so that you anticipate which form of the coming letters you are going to use. - ga The ‘joined’ letter yé represents at the beginning of a word: the consonant y- (like English y in year). @ in the middle of a word: either the consonant -y- (see above), or the long vowel -i- (like i in English machine), or the vowel- combination -ay- (like ay in English day). atthe end of a word: the long vowel -I (see above). ‘The letter ya is never pronounced like the vowel-sound y in English my. Like the bé-ti-thé group which we leamed carlier, this letter has a shallow short form used at the beginning or in the middle of a word, and a full form at the end if the word, or when the letter stands alone. The short forms identical to ta except that its two dots are below; its full form has a deep shape and is quite different, swooping below the line and up again. Write y@ several times, first with dots and then in the handwritten form, with a dash: : ee Afonso Afr omnnnennenngenunsnm Sooroavnnne Groen Ges More words. Read and write (remember that initial y& must be y-, middle yi can be -¥-,-F of -ay-, while inal ya is): ante Dayt house. ggeFM. Otte aytiym two houses10 UNIT 1 ah oot lags imag vo eke col ty binayét buildings eo casts bintdyn two daughters/gils In their short forms, the letters J 35 4 are called ‘toothed letters’ - ‘the form, ‘tooth’. ‘When full-form s is preceded by one or more toothed letters, there are special handwritten shapes, which you should always use even if they are ‘ot present in print: tooth + final g: «3 yt teeth + final : ¢3 gs Read and write: Bgl SbI my father 3 Me. gl bandit my daughters Qh elle vabim Japanese GF ge bint my daughter gl Moat son gg gat yt my howe (Resinber to pronounce the stress on The vowel marked with an accent: abl.) Exercise 4 Match each of the following words with its sound and its ‘meaning. The first one is done for you: ()ergbayt house 0) tte OL @ al binaySt, binti, ibn; buildings, my son, my daughter. Exercise 5 Write all the Arabic words you know which (a) begin with lor 1, or (by end in gg , of (c) have gj in them. Expressions with the additional meaning my or nwo do not count. ‘The answers to these exercises are given after tis paragraph. ‘You will recall that. ya at the beginning of the word gives the sound y-- We also know that initia. if represents a short initial vowel. Note now that any word beginning with a long vowel or a vowel- combination in. pronunciation must be introduced in writing by lif, which itself then has no sound, So initial F- or ay- is written ..- (the atifuN 4 uW being sem, Read and writ: eben! am where Initial tong vowel rule: Any long vowel or vowel-combination beginning a word must be introduced by lif in writing; the Slit itself is then not pronounced. Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (b) Tab August; (¢) Ul athath furniture; (d) ol bab door. | Exercise 2 The words are are | short pronounced a, OAS and GL. The other dlifs are Exercise 3 The letter \ =; bii has the long form at the end of the word, and the short form at the beginning or in the middle, And the word isn’t joined up completely because it has to break after | alif which is never joined to the next letter, i.e. it is a disjoined letter. Exercise 4 (b) . i bint! my daughter (c) calgly bindyét buildings (2) gg font my son. Exercise 5 The total list studied so far (in order of appearance) is wth o cl Ost GL cal gf SUI Tia) ool BUY atl Oly OF Ul cll gl Ca) | If you got more than 12 out of the whole 18, you did well. If you scored below 9, it would be a good idea to re-read the unit and note ‘what you missed Tests 1 Write the lewers as a word. For example, (a) © og (is Cay golO sgegem 2ge@ elose gelelo 2. Read aloud your handwritten answers to Test 1. For example, (a) is bayt12 UNIT 4 3 Read aloud. For example, (a) is banat: ehko alo oly @) lo wl@ 4 Write, For example, (3)isi!: (tbat (@)bintayn (©) binayati (@ babayn @ayna (© achat 5 Read the words. What is the sound of each ! in each example? Explain why. For example, in (a) ibn itis i, because here f stands for the short vowel i: wile eho onl) oslo ol @Review i 1 this unit we studied six letters (plus one variant), five of them -zemely common. You learned ; that lif at the beginning or a word either stands for a short: vowel (a, i, u) or introduces a long vowel 1 or a vowel- | combination ay, 1 that lif mda always represents long 4, the important difference between short and long vowels, that short vowels (ai, u) in the middle or atthe end of a word | Are not usually writen, hough final sometimes expresses | short a, ™ the important difference between ‘joined’ and ‘disjoined’ | | deters, h the difference between ‘tall’, ‘shallow’ and ‘deep’ written shapes, 1m all the ‘toothed! letters, including how to write final ya after a tooth and after teeth. | You have practised reading and writin joined letters (WC4.0.48) | full and short forms, also taking account of tall, shallow and deep | Pe. I i You have read and written 22 different words out of many more | #2ich are now within your grasp. i | Teere is a lot in this first unit; that is because with any fewer than |) se ht leters you would get fewer than ten words, and who wants | i317 You have made your first encounter with this writing system 2 Sich is totally different from that of any European language; don't | ze surprised oF discouraged if it looks tough. Go back and read | ‘arough the unit again, and pick up anything that baffled you the rst time. Don’t look for immediate perfection. Keep going; things ll get clearer, and you will gain confidence, as we advance.In this unit you will learn three more letter, also very common, with their pronunciation, words which you can read and write, using these letters, how to write doubled letters, how to express the Letters ‘The letter called kim represents the sound I. Pronounce it light, as in English leaf, not dark asin wall. im looks like a European handwritten | written in the opposite direction. Idi is a joined letter; the short and fall forms are used exactly like those of any other joined letter, €.g. 4? = ‘ba which we already know. However, both forms of lam are tall*, while the full form is also deep*, with a swoop. * Look again at Unit 1 for the meaning of these terms, if you are unsure. Write this leer several times: shor form tal fll form both tall and deep: Jeno enain Qooind sous Qed ej) ja Alene You might think that lif and the short frm of lim get confused in practice this is not so. dlif is disjcined, 1am is joined, and there is never confusion. Look, for example, at thilith ‘third’ below. Read and write: SANE SNE anbtin third a oonggd Mto me, forme GMD filed tubniot Lebanese. gjlin) abd . Osh del_ bit camets ‘The combination lam + dif has special fom. In print and type, the Sif is sloped and joins the lam at the later's middle. In handwriting, we ‘break the joint, and may either slope the 4lif or leave it upright. In both lubnin Lebanonunit 2 45 cases, the aliif is written downwards. Look at the following forms: handwriting print and type not following a joined leter yo» Y following a joined lener Mu bo Insite one of the handwriten forms in each case. ‘Read and write (choose which form you prefer): AE thalith three see DN.OYT stétrools YY ta no ‘You will never see the form (UJ) in correctly written Arabic, whether in handwriting or print, The break in the connection of Kim-Alif in handwriting does not mean shat the Mim has suddenly become a disjoined letter; it is merely a peculiarity of handwritten style. The sound m (as in English me) is writen with the leer called mim. This letter is joined. Its two forms are used exactly as are the two forms the other joined letters, Its short form is shallow, while the full form is ‘Seep with a straight downward tail. The ‘bead’ of both forms rests on ‘be line of writing ‘When mim is not joined to a preceding letter (ic. to its right), its bead an be written clockwise or anticlockwise. Write this leuer several times: Os Ge Fee ft fon Read and write (the bead can go either way round): eotcet minfrom gh Swen joe poeig let, th mim apc tom the splat amam in front of16 unit 2 top, and written anticlockwise Cp. This gives us special combinations after cestain letters, which may or may not be used in print, but which are always used in handwriting. Write the handwritten forms: handwriting print and type tooth + mim ft s r Vi teeth + mim ef + ew im + mim ¢ + p aM sim + mim (2 pale Now read and write: soften p hE tamim perfect gh Jd nam ants YN BU atin German ofl path tum you Exercise 1 Match these words with their sound and their meaning given inthe lst below. The first one is done for you (@)gWlatmant German (bylE OEE GMO ‘thalith, thalath, tamm; perfect, third, three. Exercise 2 Complete the word with the right form of lam-slif: now (6) edb) asd @) Exercise 3 The consul has got the nationalities mixed. Sort them out: gAI@® PIO ghee gill Japanese, Lebanese, Libyan, German; alméni, fib], yabint, lubndnt (One of these words is new, but you can handle it.) The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 5 below. 3 3 The letter called wow is deep and disjoined (you know what that means row). It has only one form, with a half-swoop downwards and along only, not up. Write it several times, starting: with the ring writenwn2 17 _scetnise @ and resting onthe lin of writing: Poondocndonadonie§ nd Dood begieetacge: DoD The letter Wow represents the following sounds: @ at the beginning of a word: the consonant w- (like w in English weak), 1 in the middle of a word: either the consonant -W- (see above), ot the long vowel ~ (like u in English truth), or the vowel- ‘combinations -ou- (as in English soul*) or -ow- (as in English now). atthe end of a word: the long vowel - (see above) or, in a few words, -ow (see above). The letter wow is never pronounced like u in English union. * The pronounciation ow is not officially correct; the vowel- combination should sound ow. But in certain words even educated Arabs read it aloud as ou except in very formal circumstances. We shall show it as it sounds in ordinary reading aloud. {sok back to Unit 1, paragraph 6, the description of y&, very similar to +32 description given above for wow. Both leters are used 1 represent a sasonant, or & long vowel, of a vowel-combination, in corresponding postions Read and write (remember that initial wow must be w-, middle wow can e -W oll, -u- oF -oW-, and final WoW is ~- or, less often, -ow-): GPE gyi tnfinaw secondary goon gy Waand Cpe tepat Youm dey onthe dg) oun colour aes sel viliya July sigh pei ylniya June CPF. agit mamniin grateful Zaye yep buyt houses wile. gle miya May eoF bk tamvil financing ‘so back in Unit 1, paragraph 6, we recorded the fact that any word sezinning with a long vowel or a vowel-combination in pronunciationunr 2 ‘ust be introduced in writing by Alif, which itself then has no sound, ‘This applies to the sounds t,ou- and ow- beginning a word: all these sounds in this situation are written ...g! (the aif being silent. Read and write: ghul owor 4 Doubled Letters ‘When we have two identical leters separated by a vowel (long of short) then we write both letters: in the word Quyif grateful (shown above) we hhave two examples: (m + short vowel +m) and (n+ long vowel + n). ‘Whether the vowel is short and unwritten or long and written makes no ifference; there is a vowel, and the two identical leters are shown, But when we have a doubled letter, i. two identical letters with no intervening vowel, we write only one letter. Read and write: JF2 Jee mumantnn representaive hab. Jal swat fit intervening vowel) are written Although we write the doubled letter single, it is most important to pronounce it doubled, ic. hold it for longer than normal. Imagine saying. butter as but-ter. The two words shown above then sound as if they were transcribed dw-wal and muméth-thil. This is the correct pronunciation. ‘Think of the double -nn-in innumerable. If you know Italian, you have ‘no problem; think of the double -tr- in citrd, ‘There is a way of showing doubled letters in script. Its the sign called [7 ae] ‘This sign, which is not a letter of the alphabet, can be written above any letter to show that it is doubled. I say ‘can be’ as itis often left out; but since shdda is so useful we shall use it for the rest of this book. You should always write it where appropriate.oeT2 19 2ecd and write, distinguishing single letters from doubled: BL tama when sasngghoaggh thman whose JF Je enumannit represemaive. Sota mh lite FD i nis ee ea itt Exercise 4 Put shadda wherever appropriate, and pronounce the ‘sce The first one is done: tt @ — Ag Serko) mmummatabit Je (0) the meaning of each word. The first is representative, ‘Tee answers to this exercise follow paragraph 5 below. Definite Article - The ‘e important word the is called the definite article, or more simply the = + We use it before a noun (ie. @ word denoting a person, place, ‘2:2 or idea). In Arabic, it takes the form ..J1 al-, which is always £54 to the word which it ‘defines i.e. makes definite. We show it + = a hyphen; you should pronounce the whole thing as one word. dex: and write: cotegeN. Caall alebayt the house Cele cled albanit the daughters 1c article is used in Arabic more often than is rhe in English; it is ly common with geographical terms, and with words used in a ee", or universal meaning tex: and write these examples: oll. OLLI al-yabdn (‘the’) Japan AZeagh\.ncighl alsmowt (‘the’) death (ie, in general) 1&- 3 its normal pronunciation. But when the defined word begins with a 20: + pronounced with the tip or near-tip of the tongue, the I merges == (the technical term is ‘assimilates to’) that sound, producing a20 uNir 2 doubled sound. The spelling stays the same. Look carefully first at the spelling and pronunciation ofthe following expressions, then read and write them, We show the doubled leter with shédda: NGI atetall (not at...) the hill OBL ated me nt an-nll the Nile ‘ath-thélith the third one al-loun the colour al-iubndnt she Lebanese (person) ‘There are fourteen leters which have ths effect on the | ofthe article. So far we have learned four of them: <4, and . The fourteen letters concemed are called by the Arabs ‘sun letters’. We shall point out the remaining ten sun letters as we meet them. The important thing to remember is that in such words we pronounce as double the first leter of the defined word, dropping the 1 of the article in pronunciation but not in spelling. * Two letters | written together, even though there is no intervening ‘vowel. This isan exception to the rule about doubled letters. ‘You will also have noticed that the article ...I! never affects the stress of the word, and never takes the stress itself One final note: the I of gL! German is not the article; itis pat ofthe ‘word itself. We learn in Unit 3 how to add the article to a word like this. Exercise § Make each word definite with the article. Write your answer, then match it withthe transcription andthe meaning, The first, one is done: (a) Sgt —> Cag abbayt the house JE Oe Moly an-nabit, at-tamwil, al-muméththil; (the) financing, the representative, the vegetation,72 24 Exercise 6 In your answers to Exercise 5, underline the articles whose 5 assimilates to a sun letter at the beginning of the defined word. Exercise 7 Why are |,44.4g.,p and. so-called ‘moon’ letters, i.e. not seers? (Pronounce them, and you wil see - or rather eel - why.) Toe answers to these exercises are immediately below. Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (&)plEtaméim perfect (c) COU sna third 2 OS thaldth three = Exercise 2 VE HIV @ D Exercise 3 (2) gill! almént German (b) UL yabint Japanese 2 pd twbnint Lebanese (@) gee fibi Libyan Exercise 4 (a) J8¢ muméththil representative (b) Jugf tamwil sasscing, (©) Ug! derwal first, (@) gif mamniin grateful Exercise 5 (b) Jéallal-muméththil the representative (b) Ju sasll a-iamwil (the) financing (4) iI an-nabat the vegetation Exercise 6) Jasaill @ OLE Exercise 7 Because they are not pronounced with the tip or near-tip the tongue. Write the leuers as aword. For example, (J gg g Ulis hol: Ssslo@ Sygspodlo Jgodl@ osappO — galedi@o Read aloud your handwritten answers to Test 1. For example, (a) is an-nil. 3 Read aloud. For example, (a) is lubnani: erro) Slo hs dulie) at22 unir 2 4 Write. For example, (a) is gealll: (©) mumaththitéyn (©)at-tamwit (@) an-nitdyn* (ow @al-yabani (* ie. two, the Blue and the White. They meet at Khartoum.) 5 In the following list, the words col \ cig I\ 3g! form a group as they all denote family relationships. Assemble the other logical groups, and say why their words belong together: ey esl cipro paige dd CI e gl cg ead BE ecg bled lee egal hl how to read and write the special forms of lam-Alif, how to join the letter mim, how to write doubled letters, how to express the article rhe, and how to pronounce it, You have had more practice with tall, sallow and deep shapes. Hopefully you have also become a little more fluent in reading and | writing, and you probably now find writing ‘the other way round” less strange.is unit you will eam 2 very important non-alphabetical sign, more about the article the, three more letters, plus one variant, with their pronunciation, more words, bow to make ‘feminine’ words, > Listen to someone say emphatically: ‘absolutely awful’. You will 1x 1 catch of the breath before each of the a’s. We could represent it ‘== 2€ apostrophe: ‘absolutely ‘awful. “Te called a ‘glottal stop’, the glottis being that part of the throat ‘wt: stops or releases breath when we speak. The stop is writen in SE with a non-alphabetical sign called haimza: ¢ hémza ‘wes 1s never joined to anything. Write it several times: ee een ‘m c= ss simple enough, but itis used in many ways. You will see it in me ing guises: 8 xecorbelow ali Tf, @ c+ wow, or yA without its dots: § 3 is, 12 acing alone, on or neath ine of wring: « ‘Wace shapters have been written about the correct writing of hamza. is suficient if we lear to pronounce the glottal stop ‘We see the sign «, We transcribe it with an apostrophe: ’ fax Arb: words apparently beginning with a vowel, such as ab, in24 UNIT 3 fact begin with a glottal stop. The writing often marks it with hémza, but itis equally often ignored. For clarity, from now on in this book we shall show initial hamza on the Arabic of all words which have it, thus: «1 . We shall continue to transcribe without the apostrophe. You should continue to write without initial himza; that is always acceptable, In the middle or at the end of a word, however, the hémaa is always ‘written, and you should write it, to. One last point: T lif médda is deemed to have an ‘in-built’ hdmza, so while the stop is pronounced, no ‘further’ hdmza is written. Read and write: . ee shetlal sl ambit news (tems) rudy lS mia! news item si gA nit asleep NA. SH atean now SB. $23 tandobu' forecast $2. ft shuns double Definite Article (continued) 2 TnUnit2 we leamed te article al: Cagl lhl ‘When we attach the article to a word begining with hamza, the hémza has tobe written unless we have lif madd, in which the haa is, already preset). We can leave out the hdmza atthe beginning of a word, but not once an article is added, since the hémza is now in the rida ofthe word, The article itself hes no hémza. Read and write: SAL aban the father nse sph father DN. JY! alibi he camets wel dul cameis SUES LGM altanbi the news tems. EMA el gl news items SVOLOYI abeatit hetools ze wools-NITS 25 Same words begin with vowels which are deemed to have no stop, ie. x hémza. Read and write the two already known to us: orl gf ¥l abibn the son 2 UI ges atstthnayn the v0 *ords of one letter 3 A few important words consist of one let. Read and write: J Wie, for sett biwith, by, in... waand 4 5 arale that one-letter words are written as part of the next word, e.g. . : a SMa cle) Iban for girts Mey. Uly wartina and 1 s2:* we transcribe with a hyphen for clarity, The article ll itself does ar begin with a hémza but with a so-called ‘weak’ vowel, that is, a ‘ow: which is dropped when another vowel precedes it. This happens ‘ere= a one-letter word is added to the article. eas and write: okWYghlSl, bityaban (not bial) in Japan i 4 Ges. Sel wasn-nil and the Nite ‘ie the word J (see above) is added to the article, the aif of the = = is dropped in writing too: acelea cole tid-bandt toffor (the) girls pa Y. Sepei) tiettamil for (the) financing ‘5 3c not. however, write more than two consecutive identical leters, ‘==: wben the expression seems to demand more. Read and write: aes Gd. sagt) isttubnint for the Lebanese (man)UNIT 3 Exercise 1 Write these words with the definite article, and pronounce Ble glo «blo ho swe Fit the meanings to your answers: the first, the news, the camels, the German, the father Exercise 2 Add J to your answers to Exercise I in writing. Give the ‘meaning, Then fit the pronunciation to your answers: Hanba?,li-Lab, li-lalmént, I-l-"4wwal, li-l-ibil. ‘The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 6 below. Letters 4 tle alae | oe By far the most complicated letter in this alphabet, hi represents the sound h (as in English he). The h is sounded wherever you see the letter. even at the end of a word, unlike English. hd isa joined letter, shallow except in one case, with several possible forms: WD atthe beginning of a word or after adi +44 oF op inthe middle of a word after a joined letter, M4 ort. atthe end of a word after a joined leter, > at the end of a word after a disjoined letter, or when standi alone. “The middle form 4. is litle used in handwriting, and the final for ‘A is not used in print or typing. Let us take this lenter in stages. Everything rests on the line of wi except for the downward tick of - . Write first several initial leters ha:a3 27 “n= the two final forms, both used in handwriting: at ’ nny . eae: + read and writ: Pog) hiya she ap gh Wiwa he pe mo perm one they 1 : plazal intimion attention. gue oe nina final ee tant warning a2). shi] intibéh caution Qo J4E tamanhal SLOW DOWN (road sign) se sport word with his spelt iegulaly Note: al alléh God. sve is a ‘curiosity’ ts nt an alphabetical eter, bt final hd with 2 “> dots of ta, and it is called ta marbiifa*, which means ‘bound 24s fund only athe end of words, and is commonly used to make FSU © a ge @ Uap '5 Pronounce your answers to Test 4. For example, (a) is mamndn. 4 In the last three units you have read and written all the following words. Fill in the missing letter in each one, in the right form. The fists 5, making Zske: Mc) phas.ncby isla @ eto pala If you have difficulty, you will find word (a) in paragraph 5 above, (b) in paragraph 4 above, (c) in paragraph 6 above (without its article), and (4) and (¢) in Unit 2, paragraph 3. Review In this unit we studied three common letters, one variant, and the important sign called hémza. We also finished the article al- and its variants; you can now make definite any noun you know. In this unit you also leamed about feminine words and one-letter ‘words. Your vocabulary now begins to expand spontaneously. Finally, you have read four signs with authentic Arabic wording, asing your knowledge under ‘field’ conditions.In this unit you will lea six more letters, all of them sun letters, about ‘dark’ sounds, how to make common ‘relative’ words. Letters 1 aM 3 avy The leters called rand zayy represent respectively r (which is always rolled, wherever it occurs) and z as in English 200. These are sun leters, and are disjoined. The only difference in their appearance is the dot on ayy. They are deep letters, written just like wow, but without the ring, ie they start just above or at the line of writing, and make a half-swoop down and alitde leftward, but not up again. Write several: 2 ‘These letters are joined to the previous letter in the normal way, except that, in handwriting, when they follow a tooth which is itself preceded by a leter, they have a special connection, Write the handwritten forms for r& (zayy is exactly the same, with a dot), paying special attention to the connection: toh + tooth + fla m+ tooth + fete 1+ tooth fig) 8+ tooth +r Slipsura 33 ‘The short vowel a and the long vowel 4, when next to ra, are almost 2énays ‘darkened’ in sound; the a sounds more like u in Southern English but, and the 4 sounds more like the a of English calm. You will =erainly notice it when you hear Arabs speak. Imitate it if you can; itis, aesever not wrong or unintelligible if you don’t. | the list given below, ‘dark’ a and & are shown as g and @, to help you. ‘Read and write: eartaspes masriir pleased... ppgrgaye muri traffic Fong mite metre OF aundys mérra a time 2d ty fia lira snafu gS) Mite Tiere 3) LN. SUT or-riyat odhe pow lasrivit rial, rival ote orb i UY axciyéra shah month SMe -ug byl Trin Iran ar-ratis Phe umela raf chairman Syk5 aiyére vist sayyara cor Ay \ 4.9.3 ,)hy wizhra ministry These two letters, called dil and dhai, represent respectively d as in English day and hard sh asin English rhat. Don’t confuse this last sound ‘ith the soft ch of tha (think), for which see Unit 1, paragraph 3. ‘These are both sun letters, and are disjoined. The only difference in their appearance is the dot on dha AL first it seems they might be confused with ri and zayy. But there are ‘important differences: 5 9 are shallow, resting on the line of writing, and34 UNIT 4 axe always joined at the ‘elbow; 5 y are deep, and always joined atthe head, Write several examples of dl and dhl: smn. wd) 3. Qe Mone Pen Menee enn Read and write: ge Qhighyl LDN tal Ml addins \2.dualja dirdisa study 22) ipl! additira 252. biddra ....0,%9)..bylal_idra administration pla datira directorate pode ge muti director fdn.duayia médrasa school PRAWN SAY! abustign SUSI Steud ustiah professor ALD ola! abintiaae 2108! baal ipedér beginning AA tle saya ay Mee SE sie sayy geome; Mr Exercise 1 Whose are these office doors? Read out their titles in ‘Arabic and English: BEMIO [JO feat o @ i iat! ‘The answers to this exercise follow paragraph 4 below. 3 ue a2 sid 2 a aia Dark sounds ‘These two letters represent ‘dark’ sounds.UNIT 4 35 Think of the familiar sound s, represented by gy sin Unit 3). In pronouncing it, the tongue is high, following the curve of the palate. ‘Now say s again, but this time dropping your tongue as low as possible, aking a cavity at the bottom of the mouth. The s which you pronounce 1m chis manner is ‘dark’. It is 6, which isthe sound of the leter sd. Sanilarly,q is ad said with low tongue, forming a cavity. It is the dark ‘aquivalent of the more familiar d of » dal (paragraph 2 above). Az immortal Australian writer once said his countrymen enjoy ‘sin in the sax", Think of the two s's in this phrase, and the idea of light and dark ‘ecers seems less strange. ‘So much for the sounds. As to the shapes, sid and did are both written acotically except for the dot. They are joined, sun letters. The short form ' shallow, resting on the line. Also, immediately after the loop it has a ‘raltin tooth, which is never left out. The full form is deep, with a Feoop. Write several: Spe een etme cota! TO A A Ahn A Aan Gn A Because of the tooth of short-form sid/déd, there are special scanections in handwriting for sd +m and sid + r. Write the sombinations (with 5; those with q are identical in outline): Fm ph ome Spl Pronunciation, these letters ‘darken’ any adjacent a or 4 just as yr 4:es (paragraph 1 above). In the list below, dark a and & are identified veh dot. Read and write: Saloyall ant yah ipo sowtvoice Cb oly das bus dyna. yey wusill arrival ays lpalilpol idrabstrite .. gage arya marid sick (m) Taare deriva necessity yee, pan mige Esypt36 UNIT 4 Relatives 4 You will have noticed a connection between such words as la) Lebanon and gid Lebanese The first word of the pair is a noun, ie. a word denoting a person, place, thing or idea (in this case, a place). The second word is either another noun or an adjective, Le. a word describing a noun. We call this kind of word a ‘relative’, In English we have many ways of making relatives, but Arabic uses mostly one device, ie. adding gt the base noun. ‘There are two simple rules for adding the relative ending ...: the base noun must be in its indefinite form, the ending can be added only to a consonant, so we must remove any final vowel (usually a final !dlif or a 5 t& marbita) from the base noun. ‘Applying the first rule, we can derive the relative ly Japanese from ‘gktdT Japan, taking care first to remove the article from the base noun, to make it indefinite, Applying the second rule, we can make By4 p20 necessity (see the list immediately above) into the relative yap dariri necessary; and similarly with countless other nouns ending in a vowel which we remove before adding the relative ending Read and write these nouns, most of which you know, and their relatives: iba’ Lud Lene) ered fibiya Libya UW abla! hyo ame sitriya Syria @\yeh.ghl east Taare ’alméniya GermanyUNIT 4 37 Cote Neggaladl basic ote ll Ctopay main, principal.egecty syushs PS Peeggelye academic — ae dy udu? fg ghtuxgpae Egyptian pi pae GNI. ha! primary, inital 2%.» Lgl ‘These relatives are in their masculine form, and indefinite. We know from cater in this book that we can make such words definite (illu, or feminine (iLL), or definite feminine (S4UIh). + Lore) is probably the only word of more than one letter in the Arabic language that reads the same backwards as forwards. Try it. Exercise 2 Make the masculine relative from each of these nouns. Translate your answers: BO -bel® BhlO pa) ell Exercise 3 Make these relatives definite feminine: ELH @ ght gam) gpanle) * isra‘li in the masculine. Guess its meaning. Exercise 4 Transcribe these words, marking with a dot the dark a's and a's, Why are they dark? MLO Yl@ dah ae) Lape) ‘The answers to these exercises are immediately below. | Answers to Exercises | Exercise 1 (a) al-mudir Director (b)ar-ra‘is Chairman (c)alemuméthihil Representative (@) alustidh Professor | Exercise 2 (@) gull basic (0) gpa Egyptian (galal administrative (@) las! primary, initial (erggsig miniteriat38 UNIT 4 Exercise 3 (a) Hpall @)dzssall (©) HLy¥! (a) dhl we¥l Exercise 4 (a) dariira, two a's next to r, one next to g (b) marid, a next to r (c) dirdsa, firsta next to r (d)al-b§s,a next to § (e) none Tests 1. Write, paying attention to special connections: peo plazol () Typos (a) gille 12 @ 2. Read aloud your handwritten answers to Test 1. 3 Read aloud Rambo vad) LW (a) WU ghal@ 4 Give the base word from which the relative is derived. Translate the base word and the relative: walle yb wile esl Il Ce) Sera (a) 5 Pronounce your answers to Tet 4. For example, a) sass. 6 Fill in the missing letter in each word: ade) ded @UNIT 4 Review In this unit we studied six more letters, including the last four disjoined ones and a pair with “dark” sounds. You also leamed how to derive ‘relatives’. This is a big step forward, as there ae hundreds of such derived words. You can say that you have added about 10% to your vocabulary at one stroke. Keep writing. Perhaps your main objective in following this book is to leam how to read; but itis writing which will fx things in your memory. We have done most of the alphabetical section of this book. There ae ten letters to go, all of them in groups or pairs like most of the ‘others; and three more ‘curiosities. { ‘You will have noticed that, because some letters have alternative forms or special connections, you have to think ahead as you write. ‘That gets easier when you begin to see the whole word in your mind; ‘and that comes with practice.In this unit you will leam seven more letters, with their pronunciation, when and how to join these letters, words which you can read and write using the seven letters, more about stress. Letters 1 ‘A family of joined letters, each with a short and full form used exactly like those of . . The only difference between these three is the dot. Jim sounds like jin English jam in most Arab countries. In Egypt it sounds like hard g in English go. We use the sound j in this book, CDA is a heavy hy; it is the sound made when we breathe on glass to lean it. To an Arab it sounds quite distinct from » ha, which we learned in Unit 3. Try to make the distinction yourself. {Kb represents the sound of ch in Seotish loch or Welsh back ‘The short forms are shallow, resting on the line of writing. The full forms are deep, with a reverse half-swoop @ , the head sil esting on the line, Read and write a line of each letter, stating at its top left-hand comer: t ep eeceee 2 ee ze ee t Povvcnnn Goma 2 Se ee 2 Corben Bn Prone 2UNIT 5 at Ana or next to is often (not always) pronounced dark. Imitate what you hear. Don't be confused by the transcription of @ hii; itis nor a dark ener. We transcribe it in this manner merely to distinguish it from » ha. Read and write a few new words: GPR ger janiibi southern caghfe...cyize janib south oO” * the action. The place is mékhraj or médkhal, see below. When one of these letters is joined to a previous joined letter in print, the connection is often at the rightchand comer of the ¢ etc.; in ‘bandwiting we make the connection at the beginning of the outline, te the lef-hand corner. Compare print with handwriting below (for & ‘aly; the others go the same way); practise the handwriten forms: Sge2 dukhiil entry* Ger Cad kauri exit handwriting print seh +) cfnm on BN zehsy vn Gowran Gat ate ty coon. Bl tad ae foe om tel won Gn ee = s0 on, with other preceding joined letters) ead and write: APU Uajna commince. RAE glasol ibiyaj objection SEN geek stati fortennnnglAh Jedi mada entrance ong phog me mira exit ENG inti election np latebogldl akbar news # inti production (el hiss private, special, particular42 UNITS: 2 bu bu ‘The letters called t& and 74 are joined leters, yet they have only one form each. Iti tall, nd always rests on the line. Despite the similarity with (,2 (Unit 4, paragraph 3), the loop of these letters has no tooth-like projection after it, as does yo. Write a line ofthese letters, first the loop, then the upright: & . b wb ob. b ode. ». wb, oes See ‘These are sun letters with dark sounds, Just as ya is the dark equivalent (tongue low, with cavity) of iyo, so de is the dark equivalent of cs, and bis the dark equivalent of 5. We transcribe tb with t, and Jb with z. As you might guess, any neighbouring a or & is darkened. In the list given below, we dot these two vowels for clarity. Read and write: )Mere.jUlae matér airport a 2Ue..5,3\b shire aeroplane as, 2y...giby wétani national ..gyl.y...gby wétan nation Noe ade Katt line ttt. tbs shirta police Wile! ey! itétiya faly ples Lila, beriténiya Brizain PWR. gad hibtar danger khétir dangerous pes tancim organisation (he activity) Exercise 1 Read the following signs: peaUNITS 43 | Exercise 2 Fillin the missing eter: LO gh tO@ GLO giao cUL@ Exercise 3 List a east twelve nouns beginning with a sun leter, and } at least twelve nouns beginning with another (i.e. a ‘moon') letter. | Make them all definite withthe article, Read your answers aloud, and | sanslate them. | Exercise 4 Write, in the masculine singular, all the words you can | remember denoting a nationality. Now write all the words you can remember denoting a profession or function. Read everything aloud aod translate. ‘The answers to Exercises 1 and 2 follow paragraph 4. Lex = em Eee = as} Here comes probably the most difficult sound in the Arabic language. It + the Sound of the leter Sayn, which we transcribe with 9, since no ‘ener in our alphabet comes anywhere near its sound. Say to yourself the axe Maggie. Keep repeating it, but as you do so, try to stop making ssotact in your throat for the -gg- in the middle, ic. let the middle -nsonant become more and more vague until it feels no more than a ‘lp. You are probably saying something like . gaa m&9{ with me. Now 2 it again, but get to the target sound faster. Say it again and again until can hit it first time, without Maggie's help. The correct sound is a “le like the name Marie as pronounced in French, but without the ssotact of the French r. ‘The sound of the other lener, which we tanscribe as gh, is the ‘hard’ ‘uivalent of kh, for which see paragraph 1 above. It sounds somewhat “ke the French r of Marie, but shorter. & a1d ae joined lewers, The two short forms rest on the line, and the 350 full forms have a reverse half-swoop like g . The different forms are ‘ned as follows:44 UNIT'S, Wm £ and.é are writtn at the beginning of a word, or inthe middle of ‘a word after a disjoined letter, © + and% are written in the middle of a word after a joined letter, Mand fae written atthe end of a word afer a joined let, and {ae writen atthe end of a word after a disjoined letter, or ‘hen standing alone. Or we can put it far more simply: the ‘solid’ forms stand after a joined Jeter, and the ‘open’ forms stand everywhere else. Write several of each: Became ~ a a a c woraghb as cee bh wb eet ae bb wb ct ofr t Read and write: ptCgase sO price 18. fle Simm general, public c= pts méj9am restauranys lin? Lele sini%a industry cope plane muSéllim teacher... Crduel usbi9 week EM ple sninio sneer guse\ place! ytimis mectng weg egb ehirbh western oom etph bese gharb west ytd picke mashghiil busy. vipa fil mablagh sumWNT S 4s Stress 4 So far we have marked the stress (see Unit 1, paragraph 4) with an ascot But Arabic stress is almost entirely regular, and we can learn and sp simple rules: the stress falls on the last so-called ‘heavy’ syllable if there is one. A heavy" syllable is one with either + a long vowel (4, 1, @) or a vowel-combination (ay, ou, ow) followed by a consonant (b,j, d etc): bingyét, marid, usbi, bintayn, + or a short vowel (a, i, u) followed by two consonants* or @ doubled consonant: méblagh, mumsthibil, * Remember that consonants transcribed with underlining (th, ‘gh cfc.) are single consonants in Arabic. if there is no heavy syllable, the first sylable is stressed: dna. The following elements are never stressed, and are not counted when acing the stress: many vowel (long or short) or vowel-combination ending a word, i.e. with no following consonant. Note that hémza, although not an alphabetical leuer, counts as a consonant, so that a word Ii ida” does not end in a vowel; its final syllable counts as heavy, and is herefore stressed. The relative of this word has the same stress (ibtida’y. ca that we have the rules, we no longer need to mark the stress in the acscription, Exercise § Read the signs: @ © o : Te] ("foe Ai lel jo Se ee ‘ word-forms which we have not yet studied: ‘avmashghdlin (>) mahatta (c)intikabat (4) tarbiya46 UNIT 5 Exercise 7 Complete the word with the right form of g or plete) vcbe (a) EWSo(e) Jy. ate Lace a) Exercise 8 Write in Arabic (putting any relatives or other adjectives in the m, form), and pronounce your answers, taking care with the stress: (the meeting (b) daily (c) monthly (A) arrival (e) south (O the week (g) electoral (b) the school (i) Italian (K) administrative Exercise 9 Reading. Covering everything but the printed Arabic, read again, column by column, the ‘Read and write’ paragraphs of this unit. ‘The answers to Exercises 5 to 8 are immediately below. Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (a) fbil CAMELS* (b) big BUS (c)khitar DANGER Exercise 2 (a) CLS! (b) pth y (6) trail (a) gli! (@)Zakace Exercise 5 (a) shurta (b) makhraj (c) madishal (4) shimal_ Exercise 6 (a) mashghafin (b) mabstta (c) intikhabét (d) tarbiya Exercise 7(0)g laze! (Opiate (cyan (@) fle (9 ple Exercise 8 (a) ¢ laze YI al-ytimas ©) gage Yount Ougarshshri — DI yey wus — (©) apie jan Og smell alusbi9 (g) bul intikhdbs () Za jal al-médrasa Uy ira (6) gla! idrt * This picturesque desert-road waming should be taken seriously. especially if visibility is poor. Ina collision, most animals fall under the car. But the camel is hit below his knees, with possibly appalling consequences for both man and beast. The stricken and struggling ‘animal, his already considerable weight increased by the impact, comes crashing through the car roof. ‘The camel deserves respect. He is silent and can be swift. And the deser ishis,UNIT'S a7 Tests 1. Read aloud and translate these words: pull) Dy alla wesle Su@ 2. Arrange these in the order of their size, biggest first: pdt ENO pgalleay alia 3 Make a relative, in the indefinite masculine form, from each noun. Give its meaning: eT) shah) deLall a) Ylb,e@ Wlal@ 4 Write: (a) at-ta’sis (0) an-nihatT (©) masala (@al-makhraj ——_(¢) ad-dukhal Review In this unit we covered seven more joined letters, two of them sun letters with dark sounds; and many useful new words. You also learned how to stress correctly any word in the language. ‘The next unit gives us the remaining three letters and three ‘curiosities’, rounding off the alphabetical part of this book.In this unit you will lean 1 the remaining three letters, and three special spellings, with their pronunciation, the full alphabet in its proper order, how Arabic transcribes foreign words. Letters 1 3 at ‘The joined letter cS 54 represents fas in English fee. The joined letter G5 aA, which we can transcribe as g, is pronounced like k in English, but as far back in the throat as possible. Say cco several times, taking the contact back as far as you can. The result is q. The letter Gj does not represent an English q in sound. ‘The short and full forms are used in the manner known to you. The full {orm of fis shallow like the \ group, while the full form of qaf is deep With a swoop, like 3 . Both f4 and qaf are dotted above the ring, in both short and full forms. Write several: AB oceania erent intB nnd eee Screed ihe In Tunisia, Algeria and Moroceo you may find 2 for f& and 3 for ‘Gif; in Morocco you can see signs indicating the city of jyalg fis Fez. In this book we use the much commoner forms of the letters, shown in the box. Since g has a dark sound, any neighbouring a or is darkened. The dak vowels are dotied in the examples given below. Read and write: “, OSE fei tatih inspection... ¢gtd. gS tan technical wg. ee safir ambassadorUNIT 6 9 eo (2 req number oon Coie mahiah open GAGA» sharq east 85 GE gif STOP (0n road signs) Sabine sq market pt piesa tearir report, decision dala al-9irdq Irag....00.@\.5,9W1 al-qahira Cairo IS wat ‘The keer J Skat represents the sound k as in English book. It is a tall ccc letter, with short and full forms used in the manner known t0 you. The forms you see hete are printed forms; in handwriting the short form ‘5 epright, while in the fall form the small embellishment * becomes a ‘ck inside the curve (lke the dot of 3 , see Unit 1). The differences are acon below: ‘handwriting: af. print and type: 3S ‘We several handwritten forms sees a s Seieeeees same tresses: ee eee, ‘Tw “headstroke’ of the short form, and the hook of the long form, serve ‘c zake sure that this letter does not get confused with J J . You will ‘as: meet the printed isolated form J , not used in handwriting. Read A = 85 sharika company J. yeS kabir big Ol er eee es ee _seDiy.ithy bank bank ‘The are special handwritten forms for the combinations kaf-alif, kaf- ‘sem and kaf-I6m-alif. Copy the handwritten forms from this table:50 UNIT 6 handwriting Print pe ganag agua (ee Fon KNB. 6 ado JR\K Js us EIEN ado WOW Now read and write: eaeMea\ Zsa! imkaniya possibility wo. sIS atid writer unlbice Sta mushkita problem snGQfeniSS kul every, all eg BASS tak cost PES kkalam speech, speaking Exercise 1 Write these new words: (@) akthar more (0) shakl form (©) kammiya quantity (@) mith key ——_(¢) qtr proposal Exercise 2 Given the word (425s maktab written as a model, you can easily read words with the same pattern such as bya mart connected, pglaa ma9iim known, ype manshar published. Now read these new words, following the model given: (2) GalS katib writer Read Jule worker, Sil driver, Slaresident (b) ynsS Kabir big. Read p28 much, pene small, pAb poor, eanear, eld litte, few (©) Slgizul istiqhal reception. Read GLAS ul exploration, jlatzl investment, Jsazal use, )Szzual rejection, Skul independence @, taftish inspection . Read eed partition, Cpua# repair. tuition (© qSamaktab office. Read jes kitchen cima museum, dita workshop. azan factry.aala playground, playing field (© Jt mumatnthit representative, Read sttia inspector, {jie reporter, yu yLe instructor, Sun engine ‘The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 6 below.LNT 6 51 2 & f tanwin ‘Now that you have leamed the alphabet, here are three curiosities for 322 The first two, shown in the box above, are called tanwin*, which ccan translate as ‘en-ing’ of ‘providing with n'. Here they are in (yé fouran immediately Sale Sadatan usually ‘Tee one with alif, is always pronounced -an (short a, despite the alif), ‘wale the one with tf marbata,’ , is pronounced -atan. The dots of 5 are 44s writen in handwriting for this form. When tanwin is added to the ending 4 the combination becomes 4...\(... -lyan/-lyatan. We tanwin only at the end of a word, and itis useful because it marks centless adverbs, ie. words describing, verbs or adjectives. In some 2: and, alas, in much handwriting, the .. mark is omitted, leaving us st Land 5... which is not very helpful. In this book the“. is always sown, and you are advised always to write it. The n sound is nor -ssen with in this special form, * There are in fact three tanwins, one for each of the vowels a,i and u; ‘7: you will hardly ever see the last two, and they need not concer us. ‘e full name of the useful one shown here is alif tanwin. We can call it scp) tanwin, Bead and write: Se Cay ramntyan aici Mattes xkathiran greatly SAH, SF qatitn atte... Shia mathalan for example aals.Le dvissatan specially |S. ali maqsaral T=: one is our third curiosity. In some words you will sec a final ya, at the dots, which is not pronounced fat all, but which sounds -a,52 UNIT 6 {just like final | alif, This form is called alif maqsira. It occurs in only a few words. Pronounce it-a. This ‘cusiosity’ can be confusing. ‘The situation is not helped by the fact that g proper (the one that is pronounced -1), when standing alone, is often printed and handwriten ‘Without ts dots: you will, for example, see spa for yg pa mi ‘Two things are worth noting, and they offer some help: Mi when you see yg itis much more likely to be ya (sounded -1) ‘Which is much more common than alif magsira (sounded -a) 1 alif maggtira occurs only at the end of a word, nowhere else Throughout this book we write 4g for isolated yl and og only for alit ‘magsira, You are recommended to do the same, to make your handwriting clea. hull ta Magle ala on Exercise 3 Which way, right or left, to (a) school, (0) hospital © airport (8) market? Read the words aloud: ‘The answers to this exercise follow paragraph 6 below. Alphabet, 5 Here isthe whole alphabet, ints Arabic order. Read from the middle outwards, as you always should when you have parallel Arabic and English columns: pay | ait Sow datas TCE Jim ba khaUNIT 6 53 3 aatanat 3a ri may tue sinshin ? ue sad dad bb a ie Say ehayn IGS taqatkat Op 9 Mim mim nan 9» ha wow ya Special letters, and signs not found inthe alphabet, are usually listed as ‘allows ian | with | 7 with » 3 with ory iss with Lor gg a with g ota: is disregarded ‘Using this order, you can look up a proper name or a department etc. ina ‘ist or directory such as a telephone book or street index; also in the ‘ecabulary in this book. You can also use a dictionary, provided you -8¢ one of the newer ones which list alphabetically by words: examples az Steingass’ Arabic-English Dictionary published by Khayat in Beirut, ot a later edition of ‘Al-Mawrid’, Arabic-English, published by Dar al-Ilm ‘=!Malayin, also of Beirut. you understand German, you can use Langenscheidt’s Arabic- German/German-Arabic dictionary, either the pocket or the desk edition sis aloo arranged alphabetically by words, with transription. 5 cid older Arabic-English dictionaries: they may be good, but they list 7» roots, and you have to know Arabic grammar well to find your Word. The vocabularies in this book are aranged alphabetically by words.54 UNIT 6 Exercise 4 Put these customer files in their right alphabetical order: Match the transcriptions tothe names: musa bldl, Basanayn, shamsi, sulayman, kari Now imagine opening three fresh files in the names of (g) zaydan, (h) ababakr and (j) nari. Write these names and put them in alphabetical order with the others. ‘The answers to this exercise follow paragraph 6 below. Arabic Transcription 6 There is no standard Arabic transcription for foreign words. But the following principles seem generally tobe followed. Little distinction is made between foreign long and short vowels: | is used for long and short a, 9 for long and short w and o, and for long and short ¢ and i vis usually transcribed either with 3 or the artificial letter 3; p either ‘with qo or the Persian/Urdu letter «og with Wor @, and ch with the Persian/Urdu letter & = Lind \ lina’ viyend Vienna wel: paris Paris ies, jinev (Fe.Genave) Geneva Lag, roma Rome wlD\ Ali tititonninon telephone 3 gana kampyiitir computer natal otobis (Fr. aurobus)bus aiyl tel Gr hotel) hotel ‘As you know. in Egypt ¢ is pronounced like hard English g (see Unit $), so you often see & for in foreign names in Egypt: Uj\Sle Jakarta, Initial s followed by a consonant other than w is transcribed as ...«I Lish:Suel iskotlanda Scotland, but: [jay yar swisira SwitzerlandLNIT 6 55 “ren reading a commercial sign, remember that tis possibly not Arabic 1x all, Try reading it aloud, especially if it has no recognisable Arabic saape. I used to enjoy watching people puzzle over a shop sign in the Acabian Gulf which read Quay J} find; it sometimes took them a -=ioute to realise that they could go inside and order the local equivalent 1 cod-and-fres, and even wash it down with a cool WSU , al gyhaw AVS pment Answers to Exercises Exercise 1@ ASI) JK2 (CAaS @ckie — @el II Exercise 2 (a) 94mil, si'iq,sakin >) kathir, saghir, faqi rib, qalil +) istikshaf, istithmar, isti9mal, istinkar, istiqlal 4 tagsim, tahsin, tadtim +!matbakh. mathaf, mashghal, masna9, mal9ab smufattish, mugarrir, mudarris, mubarrik Exercise 3 (a) dau yAe madrasa, left: (b) .sishtuue mustashfa, right; Use matar, right; (4) 5p 89, let Exercise 4 (O bilil (b) pasanayn (4) khirt (e) sulayman (c) shamst E Ghdy5_ goes before (€) (h) Kapil goes first, and Gj) .g.93 goes last.56 UNITS Tests 1. Read aloud and translate: dagane (©) alles (b) ieko(a) aslo ius! © bls @ JO aS ,2 (h) cleel @ cgiehiens (0) Stee Gm Gm &) 2 Rewrite the word, filling in the missing leter. Read your answer aloud. snasi(e) 5. (b) ho (a) gh alo mee (d) 3. You certainly know these international brand names. Read them aloud: Sr ple glo lS (a) * yma (©) cabs (4) *(e) dificult. Every single leer in this French name is at best an approximation Review We have now completed the alphabet and the various signs commonly used in writing. If you are in an Arab country while working through this book, you should already be able to make sense of some of the words shown on signs and notices around you.In this unit you will leam_ how to make words dual (two of a kind) and plural (more than two of a kind), how to read and write figures. Word Forms 1 Dual ‘You will occasionally see the ending gy... -ayn or jl. (the first one shown) much more common, and you should use it ‘sr reference when in doubt. We will have some guidelines later “se dual ending is always stressed: -éynl-dn,58 UNIT7 2 Plural endings [Remember that whereas for English “plural” means ‘more than one’, for ‘Arabic it means ‘more than so! ‘There are two endings we can add to words to make them plural (pl). ‘The commonest plural ending you will meet is cil... This is known as the feminine plural ending. This is added to almost all nouns ending in > , whatever their meaning (the 3 is dropped before the plural ending is added), and to many nouns denoting things, places or ideas, whatever their ending. It is also added to the very few nouns ending in .g , which of course changes to ¢g before the plural ending is added. Read and write: ShPlokbs! inant el Gust ineanay 7 SUS lS 2 sparikat Ae iS ,4 harika cles cltben musattimat — Rew Lalas mudaitima ata (gitiuw mustashfa ui obitens mustashfayat election(s), company teacher(s) (f.), hospital(s) The second commonest plural ending is ge ages in ‘This ending is added only to a few words denoting male persons. It is ‘known as the masculine plural ending, The relative ending .g together with this plural ending becomes yin (ess commonly, jy. lyn) Read and write: yebe angeles musatiman cyehe= cpelas mudaltinin QPEL alle mumattanion gy AE cults mumaiin pst sbegpttin mutattisnin Si utihie mutattishin cyt) cipal tanyan aye) Cea cla! anyin teacher(s), representatives), inspectors), lalian(s)- ll masculine. with its rarer variantTT 45 with the dual, so the two masculine plural endings are not -merchangeable. The gy... in series is much more common, and you scald use it for preference when in doubt. We will have some paelines later. ‘The masculine plural ending is always stressed: -in/-in. 3 Irregular plurals ‘Yery many words make their plurals not by adding an ending, but by tanging their internal shape. We have this phenomenon with a few Exglish words: consider the singular ‘man’ with its plural ‘men’, or “soase’ and ‘mice’, Irregular plural pattems are very common in Arabic. ‘Many such patterns exist, and, unfortunately for us, we can give no sales. An irregular plural form has to be learned together with its singular. A few important patterns are listed below, with a model word for each pane, Jk looks a formidable list. Don’t try to learn it: simply take note that such pattems exist, and use the list for reference. The important thing is that ‘ben you meet an unfamiliar iregular plural, you check whether you ‘koow a singular noun with the same consonants in the same order. If you do, there is @ good chance that you have broken the code and ‘entified the meaning, Using a foreign language often involves astute detective work and intelligent guessing. ‘Read and write the examples: irregular plural singular «2) model akbar: Aw) oko! aknbar re sae nn aV\ os anbar es nabar J) item pre) sled astir pe te sir price 7Ues\ las! auntar p> ed bhatar danger stl wi ashya’ 3OP togh shay’ thing co pul anim A ii fm fmso () model buyat: Se on oye bibs Ix UH ayP age (©) model madris: ON nsbe Bie ystee Be os veo OF Ne dole (@ model as4b0: whet! oe Colin (¢) model mudara’: ane aly is lis (mode Sarab: re oe “peal DPA itt unit7 buyot CN Say bayt house ‘hutog Mee LS whattine bunok AY ky bank bank huned — Cf-AMP gute bind Indian madiris AAs dye mashikil — JSbo US te wane nile yaa makharl) a um madrasa school rmushkila problem maktab office makhraj exit madakhil ()> 94 Joie madkhal entrance asabi9 en gel mafatih pee claie mudard? Ae ge mee Sarab OF wt ingitie ont’ gold! yAhOd Cg asx Baek ‘and many other patterns. ‘usba9 week miftah key ‘mudir director ‘wazir minister Sarabi Arab, ‘Arabic, Arabian ingiliat English, British yaad Jewish)UNIT 61 Soo words have altemative plurals, one with an ending, one iegular, = even two iegular forms. Sometimes the altematives have diferent -neanings. An example is A taqrir report, decision, plurals i taqirir reports, ly ji tagrirat decisions. Another important word with alternative plural forms is. 5, jaa aeasrit American plurals Qgtes\enSealamayekyil So 2S ral amayrkan, Tare final things to note about plural and dual forms: All the duals and plurals can be made definite with the article, as sual geal cS pill, calall, ll. When @ noun bas a regular plural, we add the masculine ending Ga--\ge-) to 4 noun denoting a male person, or to show mixed company, male and female; we add the feminine regular ending (AL...) to a noun denoting a female person, and to a noun denoting anything other than a person. The ayn ending and the -n ending ae both writen gy... There can be confusion. There is a means of marking the difference, but you never see it in use. In general, read -in if in doubt. in the rest of this book, irregular plurals of new words will be given with ‘be singular, S0: Ciyay Ca bayt buyat. Where no plural is marked, is sequla, ie. is formed with an ending, as shown above. | Exercise 1 Here are some plurals. Give the singular form of the word: | (4) DG gils (e) Cl, () + Lda (a) |} Exercise 2 Put the words together in singular/plural pairs: loge ONS OI L5y cei aly egthin de LL, | ney lan IS pb iyhiy dalan pis « wehae {Exercise 3 Make the relative form, in the feminine: i IAI) “Sella @) “LaF ©) pbs) “Weal ce) + New foreign words. Easy if you say them aloud.62 UNIT 7 [Exercise 4 (a), (b) and (c) below are signs and notices which we have read before. Can you fill in the missing captions? Having done that, read, pronounce and translate the new sign, (4): oO fF 3 o (a) er PTA G [Exercise 5:Look back at Unit 6, Exercise 2. Read these new words, following the model given: (2) AUS Kutta writers. Read 45 visitors, Sle workmen, tals deputies. (b) 425K maktb written. Read psf prohibited, ork printed, Saya known,» ySa confidential. (©) daa yphe madrasa school. Read qiSwa library/bookshop, ESovslaw-court. (4) mle siyaha tourism. Read 3,¢ carpentry, Slee plumbing, ALS sewing. The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 4 below. Figures 4 Figures are written as follows. Most important: they are written from left to right, ike European figures. Write the handwritten forms shown below the printed forms: os y if = ec 8 6 t t £ eee ea t tL t yoyo 1 1 1UNIT 7, 63 7 VY YY is A AA vovoyv ee eect ie scssttcsatesstittcteetcisctsttas y a4 sos Be careful with handwritten figures € (1) and Yor (¥). Many people write U for extra clarity. It is not wrong to copy the printed forms in handwriting if you prefer; though some Arabs may read your as a handwriten ¥, ‘Don't confuse 6 (5) with + (0) ‘When figures occur with leters or symbols, they should be read like this: v 4A as 598 B; 4 as 64%. Reading in both directions needs a nal practice. a Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya the European figures are used. There is more about numbers, including how they are pronounced, in Cait 13. | Exercise 6 Write in Arabic figures: | 2487 (@)503—@)1999 (a) 1420 (@) 2006 | Exercise 7 Write in European figures | £:0@ V:-@ YeV@ IWO erhow@ {Exercise 8 Copy in Arabic figures and letters these car number-plates ‘= handwriting. Then put them into European figures and letters: we Con ary, ‘The answers to these exercises are on the next page.84 UNIT 7 Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (a) jie (b)3,le (©) dupil (@) tiie (6) bd Exercise 2 Lis sais 80 Lalas ialee WS ,8 dS to Nis «I yhiy Exercise 3 (a) 4S jeal (b)detby (c)dgileuS (4) Aghesl pol ashe exercise 4 (a) go (b) S4e ©) jhe (a) git STOP Exercise 5 (a) zuwwar, 9umméal, nuwwab (>) mamna9, matba9, ma9raf, maktdm (c) maktaba, mahkama (@) nijara,sibaka, khiyata Exercise 6 (a) Y£AY (by 0-1 () VAAN (ay \tY. (¥e-% Exercise 7 (a) 4385 (b)162 (c) 2057 (4) 1000 (e) 405 Exercise 8 (2) _ x EANCL 48923 S$ (b) EAT VY-£8 48376-45 (ova-1 06 796527 Tests 1. Read aloud and translate: A — iplill & dll gblo LO oh @) TS) Cyeapall ty one @ OLS! (0) elds (m) yezl 2 Arrange these iregular plurals into groups, each group with its model (which is included to help you). Don't worry about the words you se se ie tr we cat egress eplis| pean «Sg,b bybd cgeeled «Site sed “She esl olan ofllen scape «| ody eyyghda sSlUNIT 7 65 3 Make the masculine plural relative, in the indefinite form (e.g. nile), from each word: ae (c) ole! Lam (@) te SMe) atall@ *(e) unfair - we haven't done this proper name, But itis familiar and you can handle it Just follow the rules. 4 Make these words plural. They all follow the feminine regular patter: en) Flin 0) RL @ ilu do! FoeS @ 2H abe (0) “lal (g) sl Lasll mm) AIS! Review practice, ‘exe we lam some of the wordpaters which characterise Arabic - 28 which help us to find our way around a language whose words | r= very different from our own.In this unit you will lam three important forms derived from verbs, something about other writing styles. Verbal Forms 1 Participles Think of English words like ‘writer’, ‘writing’, ‘written’. The first one names a person doing an action; the second describes such a person The third describes a thing suffering an action, All tuee are derived from a verb (in this case ro write), but they are not verbs themselves. They are either nouns or adjectives (look back to Unit 4, paragraph 4 if you are unsure of these terms). Arabic has such words too, and they are numerous and useful. We call them participles. The ones referring to a person or thing doing an action (writer, writing in English) are called active participles. The cones referring to a person or thing suffering an action (written in English) are called passive participles. Both active and passive varieties can be used either as nouns or as adjectives, as long as the words make sense. Arabic participles have recognisable pattems, fortunately not too many to learn, Here are the main ones, grouped according to a model, with examples, which you will find useful. Obviously, a verb has both active and passive participles only where both would make sense or be useful. For most verbs, only one of the two is in common use. The columns shown below (active on the left, passive on the right) reflec this fact. ‘Approach this ist in the same way as you did the iregular plural patterns listed in Unit 7. What is familiar wil stick in your memory straight away, giving you the pattern, Practice, and inquisitiveness, will help you to apply the pattern more widely Read and write (there is, alas, no room to show the handwriting here):67 Active Participle doing’) __|_ Passive Paticiple (‘suffering’) _ ‘a) model Kaiti (active), maktab (passive) WES CIF kai katt ‘pS maktab writen verter, clerk Sl sitiq driver Js ale 9amil Summat workman p5¥ lazim necessary pole dir present, ready Cote maftah opened) gf mamns9 prohibited yds mashghdl busy (‘busied’) CLglar madiumat things known’) information bytes mabtiz reserved model taftish: taftish inspection ta9tim tuition, education 7 eae tin 9 ergo PAX saqtir report, deci mode! musi9ada: oasl~ icles musidada help LE Slenles mupasabat (pl) accounts opr lee syolke mughidara departure70 UNIT 8 (@) mode isa: OS Shay! ist despatch e)'o\iylal idara administration ele olpal drab site (© model intikhab: ee) léel intikhab election OUADN aLstl isntirak participation WES) lbs! intzar waitting) (© model itigham: NAB \ place istithdsim employment, recruitment EE Side istghal reception ‘These nouns can of course form relatives (Unit 4) by adding yy. Read and write: wat geet taStimi educational, tutorial ag EAS nS] a2 abichtirakiyin the socialists Abstract Nouns 3. You will also find abstract nouns (i. nouns denoting a quality or state) ending in 2... iya. These are in fact feminine relatives, but used only as nouns. Read and write, and remember if you can, such useful abstracts a: GE USL n2Y) al-ishtirakiya socialism eee a SN abl ical adeaimugrattya democracy Other Written Styles 4 Just as in our alphabet, so in the Arabic alphabet there are various styles or typefaces in use. Here are all te letter families, frst in the styleUNIT 8 m1 ased inthis book: then in a newspaper style; then in typewriting; then in ‘#0 decorative styles used on buildings and monuments: SAM pt WIS Gag eae be pare yey ge et! St A ip US Gag re be Gate gues ae uel Sgt 2 ets pe WES ais | Et bmeueys eres”! FS 6 leh ol ot USS 5dd g cee be yrs yuna an uel Brie 8 Ome i pe Wels Gud ¢ gas de yee yaya on el Many Arabs use a handwriting style with abbreviated shapes for certain scced letters standing at the end of a word or alone. Reading this kind of sacJwriting is much easier if we know these shapes, Here are the sEperant ones: we ws “ee aaa Exercise 3 Read aloud these verbal nouns: aad renewal, Dézal independence, yutsAt instruction, glesel meeting, Cel reform, Jesdfinancing, Zpalia occasion, SecA transfer ‘The answers to this exercise are immediately below, Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (a) ward, talib, kimil, Sari smubafiz, mugabil -fimustaSmil, mustajir, mustathmir ‘The last vowel i i, since from their meaning the participles are active, Exercise 2 maksir, mustankar, musallah, mugtarah Exercise 3 tajdi, itighal, tadrts,jtima9, istah, tamwil, munasaba, stiqal72 UNIT 8 Tests 1 These are words which we have not studied. Pronounce each one and identify it either as a masculine active participle or a verbal noun, Don’t worry about the meaning: i isthe form that counts: dels ©) ESL) rt@ Sols place (0) bal @ we ® ek 2 Write: (®) muniisiba (O)intikbabi —(¢) muqarririn (@ 9ummat (© tanzim 3 Here are five active participles. Give the corresponding verbal ‘nouns, Read aloud and translate the participles and verbal nouns: dee) Haste (by iin Seize (e) Able (d) 4 Read aloud: LW Lau) JLasYI ~Vl@ Glyallg pena cc) syaltt@ Review Participles and verbal nouns are forms which you will see in abundance on signs and the like. Being able to identify such words will help you to pronounce correctly, and to write down for future use, many new ones which you will meet. Working out their meaning will also be easier. We have finished our study of separate words. We now move on 10 expressions (‘structures’) containing two or more words, very many of these words being like the ones you have just studied.In this unit you will eam 1 more about masculine and feminine nouns, the first basic structure, linking a noun and an adjective, the possessive. New Words: Gel yl! al-muwasalat Communications eee Essential Vocabulary el peel ajnabiajanib foreign gga radib radio ghao! isda issue, issuing DLs, risata lesrer ode! i9tan anouncement ross asm offical notice, advertisement wae ‘shakhs! personal gil, 20h biléd buidan country yo by0 gira guwar picture, AE tira trade photograph aapegdelt titivizyan television SIgb bo gb tawtl tlwal long de dedem jadid judud new Ae Salagat relations ese Jamm beautiful —_jluad ju guste qletr short GS huktima government ‘jLe mumtaz excellent Reference Vocabulary sda barld mail 4d tugha language p28 tagdim presentation gteue mujtahid hardworking (Gor Jaw air (adjective) Lge majalla magazine Sse Cade hadith hidath modern low mahalli local 5) USS knnitab akhtiba speech Jule murdsil correspondent ej et} zamil zumala? sles ae colleague (m.) ma9rid maYarid exhibition Bilao sinafa press Uda magia (press) article See Sle mutawwan coloured Se lives sahifa subuf pdia mandib delegate newspaper 5+ murtamar conference BLS qira’a (act of reading — yoypal (yal nass nuglis ext74 UNIT 9 * IF you take to speaking your Arabic (and why not?) use the popular spoken word for ‘newspaper’, Ul ie jarida jard‘id. The word Ti.su is used only in waiting. Basic Structures, 1: The Description 2 Write these two words: Mel gAe! isan announcement haimm important wb eh GME] is aroun. ala is an adjective. (Look back to Unit 4, paragraph 4 for these terms, if you need to.) Now write the two words together, noun first. We get the expression ero Ws\ ple ge! an important announcement This type of expression is our first basic structure, which we can call a description. It is very common, and in any Arab town you will see examples all around you in advertisements, notices and the like. ‘You will remember that Arabic has no word for a or an. Note also that, in contrast to the English, the Arabic adjective follows the noun, Now read and write afew more descriptions (remember that relatives - Unit 4 - can be used as adjectives: GU IV ged SIS a Lebanese writer et Vem Jugb lls hitb tail a Tong speech Oper LE Upicte Sie (omaqarrie) a busy reporter GE DUEL ple eel a public noice Ce pete ga? rae glove (subutl an Epyptian journals: Now read and write an Egyptian (woman) journalist. Watch whst happens to the adjective: wrk. eel ypas Ledeen Egyptian journalist ‘The adjective assumes the feminine form too; it is said to agree with the feminine noun. Read and write an Egyptian newspaper:75 CPE pu? tapas Tire (bite) + English, we generally apply the concept of masculine or feminine only * nouns denoting people or higher animals (one possible exception sing she for a ship or a boat); we regard other nouns as it or neuter. Arabic has no neuter; all nouns, including those for things, places and adeas, are either masculine or feminine ( Adieu, shown above, is ‘ne). For our purposes, the rules for Arabic nouns are simple: 1 nouns for male people and male animals are masculine; nouns for female people and female animals are feminine, nouns ending in + denoting things, places and ideas are feminine; ‘nouns (with any ending) denoting towns, and most countries, are also feminine. Other nouns for things, places and ideas are masa, “There is handful of exceptions, none important enough to concer us) ‘With this in mind, read and write this series of feminine descriptions: gate ht? Uyiata iniowe a busy newswoman AD Sey teeny Whey ristta rasmtya an official letrer hat Ut thee ipo sitra jamila a beautiful picture cat deol Haye Hiesee an Arabic newspaper AS the examples given so far have been indefinite. How do we make a sctinite description? Given that we make the adjective agree with the acca in gender (m. off) its logical that we make i agree in definition indefinite adjoctve for an indefinite noun, definite adjective for a ssi noun. We do just that. Read and write: CUDNEY FEW AISI the Lebanese writer (am) GANA Agha Lath he buy reper eo) GON Sebi ail (an-nagy the long tee (on) . ps DSP) yall Beall opsibate -gharbiyar the western press (E)76 UNIT 9 AN IL aygbll DLs ar-risata p-tawnla® is . the long letter (f.) en as\ JAN ish! dell al-majalia ljadidat the new magazine (f) We apply to adjectives the same rules for adding the article .JI (assimilation to sun letter te, Units 2 and 3) a for nouns. * Remember that the ‘weak’ a- of the article is dropped after a vowel. It is easiest to pronounce the vowelless article as part of the preceding word: as-sihafa I-gharbiya (etc.). A proper name (Egypt, Ahmad) is always definite, even if it has no article. ‘So a description with a proper name has a definite adjective, just like Alexander the Great or ivan the Terrible in English, Read and write: Acre poe itpabl pan (al-haditha) modern Egypt (6) [Exercise 1 Make as many meaningful descriptions as possible, using a noun from list (a) and an adjective (making it agree) from list (b). Read fand translate your descriptions: Whey iypall 6 dione HEY (a) ret doe heb paint stele ple 0) [Exercise 2 Read and translate these newspaper headings. Which descriptions are masculine, and which feminine? Definite or indefinite? ‘The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 5 below.Te 77 So far all the descriptions have been singular. Descriptions can also 2e sual (though by their nature these are rare). The adjective agrees, ‘excing its dual inthe same manner as the noun. The description can be or definite. Read and write: ent ety Fo treet geile) wo western abet OS olud abigde J rromersim) 0 Ly ean cnctlei)! ar-risdtatayn g ~ * ap-rasmiyatayn both (the) official leters (£) (also jlégeeJ! glJL7 ar-rislatin ar-rasmiyatan) 4 As you would expect, plural descriptions, both indefinite and -acirite, also exist. They occur very frequently. [a 1 plural description, the noun forms its plural in one of the three ways, ‘» have studied in Unit 7 (feminine regular, masculine regular, and the sreguiar forms). ‘Buc the adjective forms its plural in one of these three ways only when it ze::ribes people. Wecall this the animate plural form. the adjective describes any other plural noun (animals, things, feas) it always has the same form as the feminine singular, «tive of whether the noun is masculine or feminine. We call this ‘ne inanimate plural form. ‘Te isa most important rule, and you will se it in action countless times. fmanimate Plural Rule: An adjective describing a plural noun’ denotes anything other than people is put into the inanimate Zzed and write these plural descriptions; note the form of the adjective a2 2acb case (an, = animate, inan. = inanimate) wo) CPF EE FIGs as\yuilet «45 cumala’ mumtazin (in) SY lie Sy} je ode} zamilat mumtazat 7 excellent colleagues (f. an. pl.)78 UNIT 9 03 e Sbe\pa\ jke Obl 33! igtirapat mumtaza ne excellent proposals (inan. pl.) elie SY jks OYLs magalat mumtaza excellent articles (inan. pl.) Remember that the choice between animate pl. and inanimate pl. (= f sing.) forms arises only forthe adjective, not the noun. And then only for the plural, not the singular or the dual. ‘Here are more plural descriptions, of various kinds, including a mixture of definite and indefinite (but remember that, since Arabic uses the article for any noun used to cover a whole category in general, you may not always want to express the article in English). Spot the animate plural and inanimate plural adjectives too, Read and write: cate ON Tad glaly (butdain) western countries Oe 220 ile ape soar mulawyana . « __ eolour(ed) photographs Nhe tel glae (ajanib) ion i i: foreign representatives ee cha Lo! Gnvall as-gubutal’ajnabiya - \ (the) foreign newspapers NWN Vie Tl lll Oz pareSU! (the) Japanese computers ott eve — caethls custie (mmandabin) Japanese delegates we el tase cle! > gs ‘government announcements NOPE SN lagen ce} (mujtahiaat) hardworking colleagues (t) Possessive 5 In English the so-called possessive (more correctly, possessive adjective) is a word: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their. In Arabic iis ‘an ending added to the word denoting what is possessed. Wri colleague in Arabic, indefinite masculine form: os deNTO. 79 Ss add the ending ¢-.. 1 and you get my colleague (m): Cd de} amit 4 Snal on the possessed noun changes to Cs(since 5 can stand only at ‘be end of a word) before the possessive ending is added, Write my car: Gi alee sayyarati exe are the possessive endings for all the persons we need, including ‘7: which we have just studied: ei na our Dan ak your (mn) — | pS kum your @L) J... ik your (£) oe ee Uae “ha her, its their (inanimate pl.) ‘These are all added to the indefinite noun in the same way a8 Read and write: tagritt my report smushkila my problem igtirahak, ...ik your proposal Injnatak, ke your comminee mmaktabu hi offce saratu his, is picture ism her, its, their (inan.) name ibtijaina our objection mafalatna our magazine wusiitkum your (pl.) arrivalUNITS Ek s Staab stratum your Gt vi fel ge! iWlanhum heir advertisement PAD pprsib wieatnum tir aeroplane Certain things need explaining: The possessive you shown above has three forms: one used when the ‘pomessor’ ia male peron, one wed when the posertr 4 female person, and one used when the possessors constitute a sroup. 12 We tse the posesive ator stu when the pottesior would te ‘expressed with a masculine noun; we have to translate with his or ina appropri {We use the possessive -ha when the possessor would be expreted with a feminine noun, ora plural noun not denoting people (isis the inanimate plural agin) we have wo wansie With her itso theira appropri 1 We use the possessive -hum their only when the possesors at people, i. animate. No dual? Yes, there are dual possessives (= of you both, of there both), but they are so rarely used that we need not learn them, zn? they have been et out ofthis bl. ‘When a noun has a possessive ending attached, it logically becom= definite. So any accompanying adjective has the article, Read and write ead gH ttl pS maktabt aia g my new eh PM AD Kye) iby) tiriytratan ar-rasmise = “for your official eel afk i pcinall sce munazzamatu sosaghira : Ml ctl gate nal erat Lu wt taal gl intajhum ag-snat ee ee ein industrial prodc= ‘We can also add these possessives to a noun withthe regular noun ending cL... orto an regular plural, Read and write:9 at onl ely Jam ell pgileglan eer - ir useful information | whe ii } WSs mashakilna |-fanniya a ‘our technical problems 5g a possessive to a noun with the dual ending, or with the regular Is (ag \gqesss -in/in, involves various changes which are frankly 1 worth our trouble, since these forms are very rarely found with -ssives. We can ignore them, = vercise 3 Who placed advertisement (a)? And what is the firm which ed advertisement (b) looking for? (Read only the big print) o wt Agb A541 bball sercise 4 Read and translate the following descriptions: iid Laakin(e) Gib! guia o ane(a) aybl hehe) Labslly LL! Guall a) answers to these exercises are given immediately below. s-owers to Exercises bovcked SEN ALIN IN paattll\ seid SUI EY! a t9tain + -2mm,al-mufid, ash-shakhst, af-fawil, al-maballf,al-jamil voriant, useful, personal, long, local, beautiful announcement/ vement \Zale Lixes sahifa hima, mufida, maballiya i, a useful, local newspaper -—2\pls 234 bilad hamm, jamil an important, a beautiful country linea 3,1 as-sara -hamma, ~* ca, sheshakhsiya, Injamila the important, useful, personal ce), beautiful picture/photograph82 UNIT iar \ dh sb\inadat\ieia\iale UL, risila hamma, mufida, shakhsiya, tawila, jamila an important, a useful, private, long, beautiful letter Exercise 2 (a) ian hukdml Government(al) Announcement/Notice, indefinite masculine (b) at-tij -watani (‘The’) National Trade, definite feminine j-jamila Beautiful Italy (‘Italy the Beautiful’), definite {feminine (4) intikhab hamm an important election, indefinite masculine [Exercise 3 (a) al-khutdt al-jawwiya I-wafanlya (‘The’) National Airlines (‘Air Lines’) (b) mumaththifin fanniyin Technical Representatives [Exercise 4 (a) suwar mulawwana coloured pictures/photographs (0) H-L-mugarritin al-tajanib for (‘the’) foreign reporters (©) munazzamatna I-fanntya our technical organisation (a) as-sibafa Lmaballiya wa l-watantya the local and national press (©) maktabak al-jadid your new office Tests 1 Read aloud and translate: Dy plese!) — Lepuill Laileot dye ino (d) Hl eile) yal duo 2+ Put adjective and noun together in a description, changing ‘ze adjective as necessary: hs Allo lta deapte@ al GhI@ ptt 4248 (0) re so buil(e) 3. Make these descriptions plural: gill pido) Uys Uli) TS pel 5 AU (a) orl Seo Gr BoAT 9 Review ‘An important step, Once you have mastered this unit, you have broken through the barier separating single words from meaningful expressions. And you have done your first manipulations in the language. ‘The words are hard, and there are too many to remember at a first antempt, Concentrate on the essential vocabulary; but don’t hesitate to look up any word at all if you are uncertain,In this unit you will lean the personal pronouns, the second basic structure, making simple statements. New Words: Jeall al-Samat Work 1 Essential Vocabulary JE 2G tajir tuljar trader yale marmar public official +L sob khabir khubara expert gia madant civil urban ‘9s? duwall international ——_agfebe mashhar famous clas qe sa9b sida difficult aia muhandis engineer CEI ecb tabtb atibba? doctor 2 ye 4 moujid present (not absent) gale Salami worldwide) ibys muwazzal employee SU gha'ib absent WS, wikala agency ‘ Reference Vocabulary aol al ade wjar wage SA\ of mumarrig(a) nurse lla; batsta unemployment Tanks handasa engineering aly, Gal, ratib rawatib salary Geely wadib clear aetlen slau simsir samisir broker itlby ib wazita Slash Jat shught ashehal work, job wazaif job, post Vlei fue Samal admal work labour «IS JaSy wakil sine madqill reasonable wukala? agent Uyeie magbil acceptable Personal pronouns 2 In previous units we have seen most of the personal pronouns ("L ‘you, he’ etc.) . It may be helpful to have them clearly set out, with one ‘We haven't seen so far. Write them out:UNIT 10 85 Ol Gh anar oF ort nabnuwe 3) cal anta you(m) “ ol antum you (ph) sl cal antiyouts) > g® havea he, it(m) (Po Mamther eon) G2 A hiva she, it (f) they (ther than people, i. inanimate pl.) paragraph 5. The notes given there apply here as well. Basic Structures, 2: The Equation 3 You probably didn't realise that you can already read and write “hole sentences in Arabic. Well, you can, Read and write these ones: Je P sajaue yh (masta i, ‘He is responsible. Saar -yakige go (muhandis) - He is an engineer. lobe age ahs team) ia colons responsible we ch than “5 - His colleague s a doctor. «epee ag pas pious aleas His colleague Greg is an Egyptian journalist. -dyelb] pphum ttattyan, (©) SL pjySl al-wazir gha'ib. 2 aggUl Ceca ap-tabib almant, srl Apeeb ., hiya tabiba ajnabtya. Exercise 3 (a) al-mu’tamar ad-duwali maftih. The international ‘rence is open. Equation with a definite description as first part + al-bundik mas'ala. The banks are responsible, Equation. ‘wazifa hmma wa-sa9ba An Important and difficult job. Not an = ion but an indefinite description al-wazir al-jadid mari. The new minister is il, Equation with a vse deseription as first part. + fubnan tajir 9alaml, Lebanon is a world trader. Equation with an soe‘iite description as second part.90 UNIT 10 [Exercise 4 (a) af-tabib ingifizl. The doctor is Britsh/English. (©) al-igtirabat ma9qala. The proposals are reasonable. (c) huwa khabir fanni. He is a technical expert. (a) mist kabira, Egypt is big. (©) igtiratna jadid. Our proposal is new. Tests 1. Read aloud and translate: aay wolesll 5110) alae asin’ y(a) wdhpee Lypall aaa e Lisle pat! i pall (ey 2 Put the words together in an equation, making any necess~ 3. Fill in the missing letter. Read aloud and translate the w: adnan) tb. (b) da. hyabl (ey le @ Review i With an understanding of descriptions studied in the last unit and ‘equations studied in this unit, you have made a serious step towards | being able to read and understand the headings of many notices and / announcements, and many newspaper headlines, There remains | third basic structure, also related to these two, But before we tackiz that one, we should arm ourselves with some important prep (60, from, in, with and the like) which come inthe next unit.11 ‘a this unit you will leam ‘© important prepositions, © the command form of the verb, '& a form of equation often used in signs. New Words: ul! abbalad Frown t Essential Vocabulary - Prepositions ol itat0 oi fin gt bie with, by, in bed qabl before day badd after J tet, for, of ge Sala on ee mad with Ge 9an from, about G+ min from Essential Vocabulary - Other words TULL ghar sign aa muriir(also:) Gli] tgat parking passing, turning 2% al baled bildd rown Glin Gi matraq matirig ely batts police ‘crossroad CAbU tadkchin smoking yg mamnad prohibited iF tougit parking — gale Aaa ‘maydan mayadin aple> T> hadd bud limit square ‘eye surda speed (Ji nagl transport LF Seb tari turug road gis waqat stopping za\¢lS sardj garage gly yasar left-hand) J gS klomitr kilomere xg yammin right(-hand) cot kya madina mudun city Reference Vocabulary - Prepositions lel amam in front of ONS hits during cF taht below, under dels dakhil inside qua hasab according to gagds\ing2 dn, bidin without CE bharij ouside ‘Le didd against92 UNIT 14 eb shaye apart from SENG hea, mith like, as ys foug above, over +h ward? behind, beyond Reference Vocabulary - Other words oll, barlamin parliament pad pad qasr qusir palace %aL, baladiya town hall ZLaS qunsultya consulate Haale jamida university Gallas gales majlis majatis council hy shurfipoliceman Sl» 3S» markax marakiz centre probe incle sasima Sawasim capital city 2 Prepositions A preposition is a word connecting a noun or pronoun with the rest cf the sentence. Examples in English are in, with, from. Inthe essential and reference vocabularies given above the prepositions are shonc separately because of their importance. In Arabic the preposition precedes its noun, as it does in English, Read cand write: any Es sy bad sana fter a year peO\ Lio Le SLI ns Gite againt the government ayia ae oLabl caus (asa) according to the expert SBN l> I Jels (aakshin inside the country ‘gif shortens its vowel, becoming fl in pronunciation before an ar The spelling is unchanged. Read and write, comparing the sounds: ode J Lag fibank in a bank (long) DN Fel gb ft-bank in he bank short’) When we want to combine a preposition with a pronoun, we add 2 pronoun 3s an ending, using the same endings as the possessives(Uni- paragraph 5). The meanings then become me, you, him etc. We can» the pronoun endings to the prepositions which end in a consc~= (including hamza) without further ado. Read and write:UNIT 11 93 CET ght ati with me aXe aalad ama infront of him ‘The prepositions ending in a vowel, long or short, are unfortunately not so simple, Details are given below. Don't ty to feam the following 4eils at one stroke. Use them for reference until at least some become ‘amiliar. Some of the explanation concerns only pronunciation anyway, ‘hich is not our main target. © Mita and le Sata change to Jl ilay- and ..-phe Salay- before adding a pronoun. Read and write: Let Ul itayha to her, it, them (inanimate pl.) Vege le atayna up tous (‘on us’) You have certainly heard ofthe classic greeting pSighe pull as- saldm Salaykum Peace (be) upon you. Thinking of this might help you to remember how these two prepositions change before a pronoun, © J Hi (you will recall that one-letter words are written together withthe next word) becomes Il for ‘for me’, but changes to fae before any other pronoun. Read and write: Jad tabu for him, it 2A tatu for them After bis, all ilay- and ole Salay- (see above), the pronoun ending »... is pronounced -hi, and gy. is pronounced him. The spelling is unchanged. Read and write: A: bint hint in hints — geal ay to hem 3 Prepositions in Equations ¥: can use a phrase consisting of preposition + noun, or preposition + 2-5, as either part ofan equation, without further formality. ex! and write: NR yd acl Le ya He is against the proposal. we eM + hdl gb all The doctor isin (the!) own,94 UNIT 11 grt a da ‘et teal al ura la Lyaskr manos NO LEFT TURN (‘Turning left prohibited’) * No “‘elping® pronoun (Unit 10, paragraph 3) is needed here. The preposition makes the equation clear and unmistakable. 4 Translating prepositions ‘Arabic phrases do not always have the preposition which exactly corresponds to the English; be prepared for different ones. Here are to examples out of many. Read and write: ot ds Usaue (Gan) responsible for C7 PEt agit mln) grateful for 5 Command Form ‘You may see a notice or instruction like one of these. Read and write: eb G2) 5G G21 istrab tanta Drink Fanta WN J) OUT Jas! Cgttn Shut the Door wed Vahe Ga dg CSy1 irkab/inzil huna Ger on/off here ow, eo asi, gil. itab bGntibah Open carefully ve PBN ul unm see. we eel lbh uttub Ask sor... ‘These are verbs, in the command form. They can often be recognised by ‘two characteristics: they stand at the beginning of the expression, asin English; and they begin with alif, which is pronounced i-, u- or a- depending on the verb. ‘Unformnately not all commands take this easily recognisable form. Is Unit 3 we had J4étamahhal SLOW DOWN, and in Unit 6 AS gif STOP ‘These important notices are also in the command form. All the forms shown here are masculine, which is the form generally used:NT 95 yoo may occasionally see the plural form (as if addressing a group), which adds [g.. pronounced -0 (the alifis silent: sept ishraba Drink. [pdb utluba Ask for. (ete.) ‘These forms are used in advertisements, or when an authoritative tone ‘elice, road signs, warnings of danger etc.) is needed. A more polite ‘ex. similar to our Please .. takes the following guise. Read and write: a NES ee whe jUas YI «le J! ar-raja’ 7 : al-intizar huna. Please Wait Here. ‘You will note that the verbal noun, in this case ,Uzi! waiting, is definite = this expression, Pease do not. is written using the noun pte 9adam Lack of, followed xy a definite verbal noun. Read and write: CPN (ae Fle bail pte ole! ar-raj’ Sadam at-tadkhin. Please do not Smoke. Signs and Notices ‘i many road signs and similar short messages and warnings, an equation 3 wsed in reverse order, for effect, This happens, for example, with the sssential word p yi mamnG9 PROHIBITED. In an ordinary text, the sentence Entry is prohibited would be tt Jd! ad-dukhol mamnu9. ‘724 is the normal word-order for an equation, as you have leamed. But ‘feo the same sentence ina sign will read AySull gt NO ENTRY (‘Entry prohibited’) ‘=x special effect. Don't be surprised when you see this. It is simply an ‘=zasion with ts parts in reverse order. ‘~= all Arab countries use the same words for everything, so don't be _==*used if you find unfamiliar words on traffic and other signs. The ‘¥:ris given inthis book are very widely used.96 UNIT 11 ‘Exercise 1 Read and translate these equations: wild! Ee Glo DEY G5 mo wae gle gl So, cesta pled 2S (o) yy Salle Exercise 2 Write equations with the opposite meaning of those shown jn Exercise 2. Read your answers aloud. ‘Exercise 3 Fit the captions to the signs, one of which we know already. Read the captions aloud and translate them: @ ® @ (cs & eQ : eet heel Maal aaa gat tS Sal got Hb Ske egal pit eeu ee The answers to these exercises are given immediately below. Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (#)abism foug ab9tdn. The name is above the announcement. (€) al-mafrag kharij a-balad, The crossroad is outside the town (©) maktabi amam al-mustashfa. My office is in front of the hospia. (@)al-garaj Sala yaminak. The garage is on your right. (©) ab-baladiya ward'na. The town hall is behind us. Exercise 2(a) ge Yl Cod pV abism taht ali9ian. (©) -aldl Jél> Gill at-mafrag dakbil al-balad, (©) oggibeall Lay geeSomaktabt ward al-mustahfaNIT 14 97 @ Sjlans ge EL SUlal-garaj Yala yastrak. (© ald SihJTab-batadtya amamna. Exercise 3 (a) uil qif STOP (Uysal p52 mamndd ad-dukhal VO ENTRY © hit ‘Coef mamna9 li-s-sayyarat VEHICLES PROHIBITED (@) aayal) g p3¢ mamnad li-l-murar TRAFFIC PROHIBITED pst Le gl sapll al-murde ia Lyasir mamna9 NO LEFT (0 4500! p.y2f mamnd9 at-tadkhin NO SMOKING TURN | (@) ‘mafrag khatit DANGEROUS CROSSROAD |) cgisheae mustashfa HOSPITAL Tests 1 Read aloud and translate: “SW Jo sl bo asl pt @ Fe Haste Get ge Saha * two possible meanings 2 Make the adjective agree with the noun or pronoun in a description: (4) Juasi ey (yar) ob Carca) (pS) cilgiairnn (ay (oe) db ,cle) (8) JS Lda) 3 Which of these are descriptions, and which are equations? (All full stops have been omitted, not to make things too easy.) Read everything aloud and translate it: aaslajeall o& aeayelll oy Sajal ayalticay seal gb glen (@) deer WIC) aul doi)UNIT 11 Review Prepositions are useful because of their function in linking words, opening up phrases which otherwise might be a problem. They are so ‘common that they are not only worth learning: they stick in the mind ‘more easily than many other words. And they fit into the equation structure which is at the heart of many headlines and | announcements. | ‘We go on now to our third and last basic structure.{m this unit you will leam © the third basic structure, linking two or more nouns. New Words: 5/3 ¥lal-"idara Administration 1 Essential Vocabulary Goals tarmin insurance gabe Tua rubhsa rukhas licence Jems tasiil registration Slo dye dariba dard’ib 1ax Lae Jumrak customs ight Ake Saqd Sughd contract whe bisa account pLasl pad ism agsim department 232 ile asviea dawarie A id numra numar number directorate poll al-youm today Spits gis dat maatavat payment Reference Vocabulary 2sacil igtisid economy, economics Ael,; rira9a agriculture iy tarbiya education islus siydisapolicy, politics Selb kharijtya Foreign Affairs iglle maliya Financial Affairs ‘Lib ls dakhintya Home Affairs seit nat oil tls aitaa defence Basic Structures, 3: The Construct Write the two nouns alee ee 27) yall the manager ‘+ put these two together as they stand, and you have: PASM GK pall pc maktab abamudte she manager's ofce ae SEN ASAI te company100 UNIT 12 Now read and write the company office or the company's office: GN ch 28,251 (Sa maktabashsharika Now read and write these expressions, which are exactly similar in form: prs call ey the manager's house iat aie Mall sie (aga) the workers! contract QE JA gets Lid my colleague's work SES ae © lye ors Cag car ('cars’) registration NbN 52, Mall eb tarig al-matar the airport road ‘Simply by putting two nouns together, with no other words at all, we build an association between them. The nature of this association is often possession, but not always. This type of express construct. We have to observe two simple rules in making a construct ‘the qualifying noun (14) follows the qualified noun (qa:Su%: think of the word-order of the leg of the table; so: the office of the manager. «= only the last noun can have a definite ‘marker’. ie. either the article soll (Units 2 and 3) or a possessive ending (Unit 9); the first noun ‘ust remain indefinite in form, * Remember (Unit 2) that when a noun is used generally or universally (Cears’, Arabic makes i definite, unlike English. Construct Rule 1: In a construct, only the last noun can have the article or a possessive ending. Now read and write a couple of constructs with a proper name as |25 noun: ae athe suol eS (ahmadyAbmad's office pe jue pas skaxil (igtisad) the economy of EeyreNIT 12 101 These are still correct: the first noun is indefinite in form, and the last con is definite because itis a proper noun or name, which is definite by Exercise 1 Read aloud and translate the following nameplates, which ‘=> all in the form of constructs: PsbS! Jodo] cd) Jest aad} (a) Seren es] @ Exercise 2 Put each pair into a construct. Read itout and translate it alin JRE ggiey al ©) Lenn vpanT (0) phe vycSu(a Exercise 3 Which way, right or left, to (a) Traffic Department Tax Office (6) Car Registration (4) Issue of Licences? each direction aloud: pall Se ab JI jhe | ‘Toe answers to these exercises follow paragraph 7 below. "the first noun of a construct ends in &.., this is pronounced -at, In uactariting we always write the dots of @ here. Write the word for ps ls ‘+ read and write Ministry of Labour, and note the pronunciation of 2 fist noun: ON SVs dedlihiy wintrar al-Samal < + write the same construct, but replacing Labour with Economy, won Affairs and Agriculture: ped) ay sbat¥l iyljy wizarat aligtisad Ministry of Economy102 UNIT 12 ee WAN EN yes iyljy wisdirat al-kharijiya . ‘Ministry of Foreign Affairs VE Ys dell ijhjs wishrat arcirata Ministry of Agriculture ‘You will notice from the last two examples thatthe pronunciation off. (Gf there is one) on the last noun does not change. It remains -2. [Exercise 4 Write the name of each Ministry: [@) Labour (b) Education (c)Defence (€) Agriculture (¢) Industry [Read your answers aloud. [Exercise § Repeat Exercise 4 with Directorate for Ministry. |The answers to these exercises are given after paragraph 7 below. 3 Now read and write the following constructs: eke pyre hy de mudi bank a bank manager GS 35,5 by» muwazzaf sharika ae 4 company employee cyt 5 f6 ayils 44 numrat tlfon a telephone number ‘Do you see the difference? The last noun is now indefinite, making the ‘whole construct indefinite in meaning. Compare definite and indefinite constructs with identical orginal elements. Read and write: LEN yar hed! de mudi al-bank the bank manager By pyre hy ye mudir bank a bank manager Remember that only the last noun, i.e. the qualifier, changes, not the firs: noua. ‘You will meet definite constructs far more often than indefinite ones. ‘Construct Rule 2: A construct is definite or indefinite according whether the last nown is derinite or indefinite.NIT 12 103 | Exercise 6 Make indefinite constrcts with these pars of nouns, Read hs and translate your answers: Ade hemes (a) Blew sid © U5 pe) The answers to this exercise follow paragraph 7 below. sume @ 4 So much for constructs consisting of two nouns. We also have answers are given immediately below. Answers to Exercises reise 1 (@) qism al-hisabat Accounts Department + madkbal al-wizhra Ministry Entrance mudir al-maktab Office Manager ism at-tas{il Registration Department iqhal az-ruwwar Visitor (‘Visitors’) Reception maktab al-madfa9at Payments Office Exercise 2(a) agiall qtSe maktab al-Suqad Contracts Office + Listy)! aad qism al-handasa Engineering Deparment ee Ol ta'min bayti my hows insurance = iylip)l JAS shughl al-wizara the ministry's work106 UNIT 12 Exercise 3 (a) 241 paad qism al-murar, right (0) (SL all Sa maktab ad-dara’ib eft (Aja Jaen tasill as-sayyarat, left (@) pad l sluel isdar ar-rubhas, right Exercise 4(2) aall 5j15, wizdrat al-Samal (b) Aqua] 3,155 wizdrat at-tarbiya,pabacl| 5,13» wizdrat at-ta9tim (©) Wall 473, winsrat ad-airas (@) Rely iyhjy wicdrat ar-rira9a (e)Aeliall 5515s wicdrat ap-sinda Exercise 5 (a) Jeall 33/3 da’irat al-Samal anual ilo aeiratattarbiya pelea 5 a (ogUall 43ls avrirat ad-aies (@)Aelygl T2ls aavteat az-rira9a @dslnall ils darirat as-sinsda Exercise 6 (2) 3))}y yuo, ra"is wizdra head of a ministry (b) 45,5 pte mudir sharika a company manager (©) igkas 1,2 numeat sayyira.a car number (@) Ade mand tasit Saga registration of a contract Exercise 7(a) idrab al-Summat fi sharikat an-naft Workers” Strike in (‘the’) Oil Company, two definite constructs connected with f1 (b) al-mashakil al-jadida li--mudara? Managers’ New Problems, not a construct but a definite description (Unit 9) and expression with (c) siydsat bukGmat al-kuwayt Kuwait Government Policy, definite ‘string’ construct (@) zuwwar al-youm Today's Visitors, definite construct (e) si9r wa-ta’min al-buyalt Cost and Insurance of (‘the’) Houses. definite compound construct ( huwa I-mas’Gl, He és the one responsible, not a construct but at Jequation with a definite second part (Unit 10) at-taStimNT 12, 107 Tests 1 Make as many meaningful constructs as possible, using a word from (@) to (@) as first noun and a word from (f) to (k) as second noun. Read each construct aloud and translate it. Is it definite or indefinite? Sao tia (b) JSLts pth) HL bull @ bea5 Rewrite the word, filling in the missing leter. Read your answer aloud. Rewrite these constructs as expressions with J . Read your answer aloud and translate it. grall dens ijl) tt dl ob @ Dbl Sa 5) gull pull JSLta (0) aul 6,500 Make these expressions plural. Read your answer aloud and sansate it byes ee © gael BHO 1S Uta gree seh ue be w108 UNIT 12 ‘You are now armed with a total vocabulary of just over 300 words, ‘and three very important structures. Together, these should make intelligible much of what you see around you in signs, notices and advertisements. ‘You now have the knowledge to copy an unknown word or phrase accurately and later ask an Arab about it, Don’t be shy about your pronunciation; listen to what you hear around you and ty to imitate it, bearing in mind the brief instructions given in this book. Speak up You lear by doing. ‘We now move on to the numbers, the time and the date,‘s this unit you will lean 13 (© the clock and the calendar. New Words: * 9 2ly C5 Jl al-wagt wa-n-nugad Time and Money : Essential Vocabulary x! day ba9d az-zubr afternoon 4th 4.5 shahr ashhur month =F fe¥ tarikh tawarigh date Lue sabah morning Age jinayh pound (£) (ele sabahan am. 252 pAy2 dirham darahim dirham lho sarraf money changer (£53 UiSs dagiqa daga’iq minute — Gpo sarf exchange oss dolar dollar tb ube midday “no liga dine dandnit dinar 34 Tha muda mudad period Ges sa9a hour — “Hylan Saw masrif mastrif bank gis Hes sana vanewrityoar ll gt Youn nyrim dey = speech, use the popular words for money, .w gli fultis (inanimate nx and bank, sty uli, the later already known to you. Look back to Unit 7, paragraph 4, for the explanation of the Arabic “= -f%cially correct pronunciation of the numbers, and their variable 2+ as words, is complicated. Most Arabs (including educated Sr. have difficulty with it; they prefer to use a greatly simplified 2..." promunciation, and to avoid writing the figures in words. You x =~ sly advised to do the same, The colloquial pronunciation varies, ‘= te version given below is understood and accepted by all Arabs. ‘=x: the pronunciation you will find the variable official spellings, for only. For once you are not being asked to ‘Read and Write’: . (ie) ste 1) Gul eel) ation N\glesl\631) ithnayn, thintayn110 UNIT 3 (OM\EH) matatma| 4 £ (qui \dnf) arbas 5 0 (pun \dena) bhamsa | 6 V (Cus\diw) sitta TY (ppu\dnwe) saboa | 8 A (gld\igles) thamanin 98 (gut \inaas) tsa 101+ (pte\i te) Sashra We need to note: @ wabid and ithnayn are masculine, wabida and thintayn = feminine. In counting without a noun, we use the masculine for Numbers 3 to 10 have only one spoken form. A noun follows ‘number from 3 to 10 is made plural: Ute Gitta) six workmen YQ) + (Sasha) tenn. Tt may be enough for you to know the numbers up to 10; that suf’ = for reading out any number. In that case, do Exercise 1 below and there. You can, if you wish, skim through paragraphs 3 t0 7 below = ‘reat them as reference material [Exercise 1 In this fragment ofthe telephone book, find the numbers (@)Hassan Abulssa —(b) Jamal Abulssa__(e) Hamad Abu Issa YYAveY tle cgenst gl £\Aow Shae penet otl yrrvay See et atl rreryy waa e\rene vine. VY EAAS oranot, rarer sAaneY EYAVEN AVANGE Ve0heY racer earery oVA.-A YreAto seats é |The answers to this exercise follow paragraph 7 below.N13 444 =) ibdSashar 12 NY ithndashar SAY thalattashar 14 Nf arba9t9ashar 2 V0 KhamstSashar 16 1 sitt9ashar TOW sabgatSashar 18 A thamant9ashar 34 tisdatdashar 20° Y- Sishrin “ve tens from thirty to ninety: SY thatathin 40 £- arbadin = 0- khamsin 60 1. sittin OY. sabsin 80 A+ thaménin, thamaniyin 4 tis9in <-ecpounds withthe tens are assembled like ‘ive-and-twenty’ with the a5 first, joined to the tens with y and, pronounced colloquially w- se nee = Y\ wabidu-Sishrin 32 YY ithnayn u-thalathin sc: one hundred upwards, you need to recognise in script only a mxxcred, a thousand and a million: ” Ve BU\ae miyat 0 sal ar milion Vere eee Qype mitydn e+ are the duals, without the script oe re mitayn all Y. alfayn smillion Yous lyGnayn “tea the other compounds, for which we use the singular of hundred sx the plurals of thousand and million: 50.900 4..-1-- fhalathmiya, arba9miya, —khamsmiya, sccriya, sabamiya, thamanmiya,tisa9miy siya and ts multiples become mit before a noun: tb V+ mit muwazzaf 100 employees112 UNIT 13 Ze 8+ hamsmit sana 500 years 3000-9000 4...-1. thalatha, arba9a (etc.) falaf (NB) 3-9 million 4 . +++ fhalatha (etc.) malayin Read these higher compound numbers now. Note how we have u- and between the elements VEY sitmiya u-thnayn u-arbadin YAN thalatha taf uarbadmiya u-tis9a uthaménin ‘A noun following a number takes different forms depending on the number. Don't be confused by the different forms - you will sometimes see singulars, with or without tanwin (Unit 6, paragraph 3), and sometimes plurals, There is no need to learn the rules; simply read the noun as you see it eilis © homsa dandnte five dinars QGlya Vo khamst9ashar dingran fifteen dinars kya VO+ mya wckhamsin dinar 150 dinars Exercise 2 Translate: ulate) dele YE@EA £11) Cy, PO) JL, e- [Exercise 3 Write these numbers in Arabic figures: (@) 450 (b)2028 (6) 779 4391 (A) 404 836 (6) 99-2440 |The answers to these exercises follow paragraph 7 below. 4° Ordinal numbers ‘The ordinal numbers (‘first, second, third’) are not difficult, and = official pronuncation is used. We need leam only ‘first’ to ‘twelfth’. T= ordinal numbers are almost always definite, Read and write: the lat IDV a9 mV alawwaf NT abate the Ind ON GN m I atta ath-thaniye the 3rd DN SION m cI athsnation, ASCH ath smalhT13, 113 me 4th ev eG! ar-rapis zeSth gg Y unt atatiois eh DN ural as-sidis mh Sagal assania ne Sth 7 gal athsnamin ne 9th COW etl attasio xe 10th FO Atal atoastir ne Mth p&é CAP) phe gold! ab-baat Sushar re itth poe GW) pte stl ath-tnint gashar “cc the stress in the f. form thiiniya (not ¢hdnfya). The ordinals from 2 upwards make their feminine form in the usual way. +. will often find ordinal numbers first to tenth used in construct, ‘zczaJ of as an adjective. In the construct, both parts are indefinite but, rcxccely, the meaning is definite; and the m. form is always used, even caf. noun. Read and write: D1 eH TGIF) mtmarraetaiha) jor ne ee OW IW sitnatith mara } eee + have to write Arabic ordinals as words; there is no way of writing a with figures, 5 Fractions and percentage : need only half, third and quarter from the fractions. Read and ue \ ine) Shall Guat nish ansat half UN oF eyet elt mum attath shird oe @ cules rub9 arba9 quarter114 UNIT 13 ot OMS thutthayn no-thirds 70> {0+ khamsin bi--miya 50% 6 Clock One o'clock is Wolgll Zelall as-si9a l-wabida. Time on the how above one is written as e.g. the ninth hour, in definite form. Atis 43 Read and write: Vas COND dal Ze! 5 fis sida r-rabion aoe = at four o'clock AW ps ON SWI Zc! as-sa9a th-thiniya ar two o'clock ‘Time in the first half-hour is written as follows. Read and write: b> wey DW ys Gis ud, WWI LIT (wa-khamsa daqa’iq) five past three 1 \ Ny daybed! Zell! Sea lege ee CAD y pee ns ON ELily delat! GL eae aaaae (wa-th-thulth) nwenty past nine CoN yee WN 5b Ol Gastl, acalil Zelul (wa-n-nigf) half-past eigt: Time inthe second half-hour is written in the same way, but with ila “except for, minus” andthe next hour. Read and write: eit x ag. . . 92 A462 Dias sll ila Yi dul Jacl Sree altace on De l2h ct aM eal ZL = Giae-ribo)a quarer Ir las LPL GW a der (illa thethulth) wenty to = ‘Time writen in figures is shown as follows. The style of comma = vary, and may even be replaced by the letter » in typescript. Write: VC Ve 730 ENB ENG 415 VB VO 1025NT 13 115 ~ Calendar ead and write the days ofthe week: el capaall as-sabt Saturday PODN AY atetahad Sunday “s OD) agSY avnnayn Monday A0IO\ CY athetnalatha® Tuesday ‘ SDV UNI alvarbagar Wednesday OP eat a ahamis Thursday wP2) Gadd anjumoa Friday + ::Joquial pronunciation, almost universal. “se names ofthe days may be preceded by pg You day, in construct or with a day is 3 Oley F cen pat gi Myoum assabt on Saturday srt ae the names ofthe months. Thee are two sets of names, one used an, the other in Asian Arab counties: Africa Asia aby yantyir SLI! gil kin ath-thant contd fibeayie but shubat ton ul méris lil édhae : dul abet Glangs nisin ele mays bl ayar ee geist Yoniya olae baziran . gala yaliya jst tammaz stat! aghustus ei ab ocr eatee sibtambir Jobi aytat116 UNIT 13 October agi oktobic SN gpd tishrin al-awwal November yagi nafimbir gC gy p23 tishrin ath thant December rama disambir SMI lS Kanan al-awwal ‘The Islamic calendar is also in use in some countries. The Islamic year = 354 or 355 days long. The year-count starts from the day of the flight x the prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, in 622 AD, Here are te names of the twelve months: io safer Y > mubarram Bl gee rab athethams £] SMT aay rabid al-awwal” TSW galee jumada akhirat| IsM salar jumida lala ¢ ola shavban A temy rajab , JG. shawwat \e ols, ramadin * Behl 53 ahul AY] juaill 53 dhu Lqadda Dates are expressed with Jl for the first of the month, and the 0: = numbers thereafter. Here are two typical dates, with the (colloy.- pronunciation: r’ SAL\V\Y.— Sishrin ydliyd/tammaz sanat alf u-tis: baa u-thaméntn al-milédlya 20/1/1984 AD. SYEVA\V\Y —awwal rajab sanat alf uarbad- ~ u-tisgatSashar al-hijriya 25/7/1419 AH. In these dates, » is ,3by"AD': a is yun “AH? which is Anno H the Year ofthe Flight. [Exercise 4 Read aloud these dates, in the Western calendar, with = Arabic forms for each month: Ye-VAVN@ VAMA\ELTE 0) YooW\T\t |The answers to this exercise are on the next page.13 4117 answers to Exercises cise 1 (a) 626798 (line 5) (b) 419567 (line 2) (€) 539854 (ine 9) Exercise 2 (4) 500 ryals (b) 365 days () 46 dollars (€) 24 hours + 2 dinars cise3 ()$0+ DYAVA (YVA LEAN (@) E+ ATS 2 AA-YEE + cise & (3) ithnSashar disambir/kandn al-'awwal sanat alfayn u- Bam arb 9a uishrin abril/nisn Sanat af u-tsadmiya u-tisa awwal aghustus/ab sanat alfayn u-wabid Read aloud and tansate. (The speling of some numbers writen as words will be unfamiliar. Pronounce as shown in this unit, inespetive ofthe spelling: RAW Aelull 5 ©) Sey Hamad) Qld Baia) Cas Geir gute (©) VATE) Yar: ela ay (0) Onpate (@) NANG di od © id GBH Glne @ 2 Read out and translate the time: VY¥0() CANN VI dey J doll) AjN0 @) the cardinal numbers, you should use the unofficial spoken form, +75 is always acceptable, when reading aloud. (In fact, quoting the | “ts in official form is often regarded as somewhat precious.) | + writing the cardinal numbers, use the figures. i Ze next unit we look briefly at the geography of the Arab world. |In this unit you will leam important vocabulary for the Arab world. New Words: all pllallal-alam al-Jarabt The Arab World 1. It is not possible to divide this vocabulary into essential and non essential for you; only you can do that, depending on your situation and your needs. Vocabulary - Arab World oe il aba zabiAbu Dhabi gagacall as-sadaaiya Saudi aI alPurdun Jordan Arabia AySuYl al-iskandartya Alexandria (la yuullas-sadan Sudan gusull alsbaprayn Bahrain aL b tardbulus Zripolt slay baghdad Baghdad (gle Suman Oman oayet Dayrat Beirut jhe Samman Amman Se tiinis Tunistia) glass ttastin Palestine ALAM al-jazwir Algeria, Algiers gedill ab-quds Jerusuiem pobdl atckbartam Khartoum AS qatar Qatar (a dubayy Dubai SUI al-kuwayt Kure 2 Ged dimaghg Damascus deine masgat Muscar Je s)1 ad-douba Doha pall ab-maghrib Moros:: DUI ar-ribat Rabat Hilegye maritaniya Marit All ar-riyag Riyadh eel al-yaman Yerex ul ge 2U¥l abaragr mutalia the occupied territories (ial Aggall) cL LY! ab-imart (at Sarabiya t-muttabids) 5 (United Arab) Emir=. Eke ganMI pel al-babr al-abyad al-mutawassit Mediterranean iz: pol jodi abbabr abtahmar the Red Sea + Laas! GI ad-dar al-bayga? Casablanca (gpaall) geld! atskhaly (al-arabi) the (Arabian) GulfLNT 14 119 Exercise 1 Give the Arabic names of countries (a) to (e) and cities (f) to ‘< marked on the map of the Arab world following Exercise 2 below. Exercise 2 Situate the following places on the map: B® eV lo galbl oy Lage! andl lhe Wa! Tse answers are given on the next page.120 UNIT 14 Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 (a) pas (b)d2paeull (c) Lp (deal (OhodLl Lyall SLY OFA (ppb Dl (0) bine shay co) Jbt! ‘Exercise 2 This map shows the answers, and also all the Arab countries: abaly Waly aval! lalNT 14 121 Tests 1 Make masculine singular relatives, and translate your answer: ai) ole) olla Tk will 3 Complete the calculation in Arabic figure, and read your answer aloud 2 VAs #0) £xte@ aYeree@ = Ao = 00 () *(iss) = /o- © Review | ‘Wyse Congratulations. I hope some of the mystery is now | aanlocked for you. Keep practising, with every sign, notice, number, advertisement etc. that you set your eyes on. And write things down. | Don’t forget what is said in the Introduction about roots. You can untangle an unknown word by applying two tests: @ Do three consonants in the word also occur, in the same order, in a word which you know? If so, you have a basic meaning, and the word is probably closely associated with it @ Is the pattern of the word familiar? Is it a participle, a verbal noun, an adjective? Is ta relative? An imegular plural? If that works, then you have scored in a further two areas: ‘+ you know what sort of word itis, ‘+ you can add the short vowels and pronounce the word. fou get that far, you can make an informed guess at the meaning of new word; and, knowing its function, you can use the word ecrrectly in a structure. ‘seat this book also as a reference manual, That is the main purpose the two vocabularies and the index at the back. Don’t try to leam. ‘cabulary by heart, but rather let it come with practice. ‘Se now move on to your final Reading Test.Test Your Reading ‘This unit tests how well you can read now. You get no help: we are under field conditions. You can do it Use the vocabulary only in ‘emergency. The answers are in the key at the back of the book. Signs Test 1 ‘Where are we going, and how far is it? Test 2 ‘What is left, what is right, and what is straight on? Test3 ‘What must you do, what can't you do, and what are you requested wo do?NT 15, 123 a ee [aall egiealco Testa at part of town are we in? 4c: the headlines aloud and translate them: All Japall phdgilagyy cS yd «0 oe hyadl posuulll hid Jal © aS pool = abst pull Calidad «124 UNIT 15 ‘Small print Test 6 Look at these items and answer the questions. This ticket was issued by company called Najmm. ‘What sort of ticket is it? What can you do with it? What did it, cost? Make a guess at ‘id When was this ticket issued, and what is its serial number? @) Maney Sam oblb WAV YS abl ad ten en o Who issued this banknote? What are its value and its serial nurs Read aloud and translate the very small text atthe top left-hand “x which says Aaa ASS fl Ut goneNTS, 125 Sandwriting Tet? ish the handwritten forms (a) to (e) with the typewritten forms (£) to ‘< Read them aloud: Sale meng y SLOG ey ae BZ! ww tI'd © wl Soup a 6 igo oete 2h LO SAG sts Ole Slog pay cpa td ase le oe gre (0 Test 35 this handwrien note al and alae it BONG pele LN BON wy ON 5B) ot oe attl, I! Ling a directory Testo 2 these directory entries into alphabetical order: soled Jo GIT alee yal Suyd aJUll b, yd ASU cad iyleall G52 gg Tyla dig Lyte 10 what Arabic word would you first look for the following in a ‘mr Bus Company (b) Kuwaiti Embassy _(c) Munir Rais & Sons Habib's Insurance — (e) El-Nur Moroccan Restaurant ¥ that didn’t work, under what word would you make your second cecopt? And any further attempts?UNIT 15 ‘What next? ‘You may want to take your new knowledge of Arabic further, and leam to read and write continuous text. This is certainly possible. If you want to leam spoken Arabic, then bear in mind that there are differences between the written and spoken languages. Spoken ‘Arabic is easier than written, and is best leamed in transcription, since there is no official way of writing it anyway. Here are a few suggestions for extending your study of Arabic. Coursebooks and audio materials for self-taition ‘Written Arabic: Teach Yourself Arabic, J. Smart, Hodder & Stoughton, book ISBN 0340 772727, book + cassettes 0340 727735, book + CDs 0340 802812. Spoken and written Arabic: ® Arabic Today, 5. Mace, Edinburgh University Press, book SBN 0748 606165, cassette available from Edinburgh University Press, tel. +44 (0)131 650 8436, fax +44 (0)131 662 9953. | Spoken Arabic: @ Teach Yourself Gulf Arabic, J. Smart & F. Altorfer, Hodder & Stoughton, book ISBN 0340 721251, book + cassettes 0340 747471, Eastern Arabic, F. Rice & M. Said, Georgetown University Press, book ISBN 0878 400214; cassettes available separately. Dictionaries See page 53. Websites offering on-line courses § www.i-cias.com. From Cairo, spoken and written Arabic. ww arabic2000.com. Several courses ‘Short residential courses in the Middle East and North Africa www languagesabroad.com. www.studyabroad.com. Arabic script software 1M woow.babel.uoregon.edu./yamadalfonts/arabic.htm. | A long list. Be sure to select software which provides not oniy the alphabet but also the essential right-to-left writing direction (NB: This book is st in the classic Arabic font called Baghdad'sKEY to TESTS Unita 1 LO SU @ wo (©) baytéyn (6) Sbni (4) athitht (e) nabit (b)ithnayn (©) yabint (4) dyna () font GIO glo wh @ puto (©) ithnayn; ali at the beginning shows a short vowel (here, i) Unit2 BO GUI @ Glo lo (b) at-tamwil (c) dwwal (d) almani (c) mamnin (b) éwwal (© ath (@mamnin ar nationalities numbers ‘months buildings BEE el @ FLO MO (b) al-ism (c) al-muméththil (4) anbi’ (c) thund’s (b) al-ubnaniya (c) al-’almaniya (4) bi-l-’4wwal 1 AWD © dager FEM She O = (>) yabfnt (c) aldubndnf (4) mas’dll (¢)li-th-thélith , G2E © Cigedl @ ADU) plasal oy128 KEY TOTESTS Unita 1 Gile Gara (Keo (Plo yew 2 e mistiya (6) ibtimim (c) tamém (4) daréri (e) almant “iraniiya (b) marid (c)li-s-sdriya (4) ibtid’ nieeiaie 4 @uelal basis, tl basic) Zel)3 study, gal 2 academic (Iglal administration, ¢gjlal administrative @) eee) Libya, Lyeell for the Libyan (woman) (dell oe! Israch Sghasl nV! the Israeli (woman) asks ()dirisa —(idhra (@fiblya (e)isra“t 6 ep) All ne © blo dpall@ Unit 5 1 @)ash-shay’ the thing (b) mas’ila responsible (©)as-side the price (&) madkhal entrance (e)al-Intikhab the election pell@ pel © 4a cle 3 @)gbline industrial (), 14%) initial, primary gghsel weekly (8) Jay! tation (@) ging British 4 deo gHo J-© Boeken oh ® Unité 1 (@)sina9a industry (b) mafir airport (c) mas’al responsible (@ wizhra ministry (e) dara administration (f) akhbar news (g) Ibtijaj objection (b) sharika company @ ow or (k)siq marker () mathalan for example (n) mustashfa hospital 2 lan mudatin () eae maktad (2) fy fouran @ posuels tas (6) lacy! ibtiaarr 3° (@) Kodak (b) IBM (c) Mobil (d) Michelin (e) PeugeotKEYTOTESTS 129 Unit7 1 (@al-Sirdq Iraq (b) akqahira Cairo (c) sharika company (@ mumkin possible (¢) ziyara visit (Q Wari administrative ( mumaththilin representatives (b) as-stiriyin the Syrians @mahkama law-court (k) ajnabi foreign (mm) madaris schools (n) al-intikhabat the elections 2 Sl Glee pale pelle fSLbe vyeslis gelled gull Dy Sab bight cry Sit lal GF ott WSs celyjy ce Lae 3 eS) TLE) Cy pae ©) cnilel ©) Crime (a 4 Nr @ ol © She oe @ lbs md) obi) olle © oti! © UES — AY GIKId) oS Units 1 (@tagaim verbal noun (b) rakib active participle (c) murdsil active participle (d) indhar verbal noun (e) musta9lim active participle (f) shamil active participle (@)iftitah verbal noun (h) sami9 active participle (@ mudarris active participle (k) istithmar verbal noun phe © Whe @ guide © gAPail (0) Tpalee (@) (@) tSke mufattish inspector, jAatis tafttsh inspection (b) jie mushtarlk joint. common, JI 2.51 ishtirdke participation (©) Junye mursil sender, Juul irsal despatch (@) Able musa%id assistant, bielwe musiada help (© edzawe mustaghil receiver, Jaz istiqbal reception + (@)ab-istiqbal (b) madrasa lit-banat (c) misr wa-l-9iraq (iran ©) al-qahira130 KEYTOTESTS Unit 9 1 (@)sibafatna }usba9iya our weekly press (b) ihtijajathum af-tawita their long objections (©) az-zumala’ al-fanntyin the technical colleagues (@ subuf Yarabiya Arab(ic) newspapers (@) bank ajnabl a foreign bank 2 Ages agli () cgb ll jUbll) Alaa! dnyae (ay BE ohbuil © YI Gh) @ 3 elas © AW wile — tb oYL,@ Ue bpd TSA ol sil Unit10 1. (@) wagifatu sa9ba. His job is difficult. (b) al-mu'tamar at-t\jéri hamm. The trade conference is important (©)ab-wuzara? moujaddn. The ministers are present. (@)as-stra Jamila. The picture/photograph is beautiful 2 (@)-Qagapue pth gll al-muwazzafin masrdran The employees are pleased. 0) pl gyal! Uae matsrna d-duwatt hamm, Our international airport is important. ©) -ggsa 2G yo buwa tajir duwali. an international trader, 9 Gals ‘Gail an-nass wadih wa-maqbai. The text is clear and acceptable. (© Wyiche 5 yalll al-ma’mar mashghal. The official is busy. 3) high wazifa job (ibys muwazzat employee ©epykia mandi delegate (€) SLE gha’ib absent (©) Labl alckhubara’ the expertsS00 Tees eee ‘Unit 11 1 (@) mamnd9 al-intigar WAITING PROHIBITED (b) fi I-balad in (the) town (©) fi l-bild in the towns/in the country (@) ashghal Yala {-tarig road works (‘works on the road’) (©)alemura Ma -yamin turing right 2 Adal bil @ De Jesh) tye obo i JS Lbs (0) iS 3 @al-ma’mér al-mas’al the responsible official; Description (b) al-ma’mdran hum al-mas’aliin The officials are those responsible (‘the responsible ones’). Equation (© al-bitéd jam The country is beautiful, Equation (@ zamiti fi I-mustashfa My colleague is in hospital. Equation (e) zamili I-marid my sick colleague: Description Unit 2 1 @+@) Uylig wiedrat attijara Ministry of Trade, definite [jy wizdrat al-kharijiya Ministry of Foreign Affairs, definite (0)+ © 3S,,2 ye mudi ah-harika The company director, definite ©) +(@ Tle] p40 mudir attijara Director of Trade, definite (©) +00) Dal jyke mudir al jumruk Director of Customs, definite 0) + @) Ge Sl pte mudir al-bhérijiya Director of Foreign Affairs, definite (+ © 45,2)! 225s maktab agh-sharika the company office, definite (+ @) jbo! LK maktad at-tijara Trade Office, definite (0+ 0) Dyadl Se maktab al-jumruk Customs Office, definite132 KEY TOTESTS +O Age bl poh maktad al-khsrijiya Office of Foreign Affairs, defisite ©)+ 8) hee} qe maktab zamil a colleague's office, indefinite @+(@ iylusll ila avrirat attyara Directorate of Trade, definite (d)+ (h) Dal 3312 da’irat al-jumruk Customs Directorate, definite +0) dys 1 5la aarirat ab-khsrijiya Directorate of Foreign Affairs, definite (+ @ IS pi) JLo mashakil ash-sharika the company's problems, definite ©+@ Tyla] JFL» mashanil at-tijara the problems of trade, definite +00) Dyabl JSLte mashakil al jumruk (the) Customs problems, definite + Dapp Bl JSLde mashikil al-kharijiya (the) Foreign Affairs problems, definite (0+ (0 hea} JSLte mashakit zamit 4@ colleague's problems, indefinite 2 @)elyde mudara? (6) 4 tagrie (c) jUbssl intizar @ Plpal drab (e) Jg5aue mastal 3 (@) yl Cae) Cuatctl at-ta’min lt-bayt al-jadiad the insurance of the new house ©) gall glans! ¥, lel! asssayyara li-zamilt I-miset my Egyptian colleague's car © gals pail) ISLA alsmashakil tt-qism alia ‘Administration Department's problems @ Dao) SMI (5 fi -maktab H-L-jumruk in the Customs Office (©) Cale) 25,,2 sharika list-ta’min an insurance companyKEY TOTESTS 133 4 (8) ByyS JSLe mashakil kabira big problems (b) Galeljf,5. zuwwar ajanib foreign visitors ©) ap \ tpi yay eLte mudara’ wa-muwazzafin/muwagzafin directors and employees (mt Ue Summ Sarab Arab workers © agers daryle\u paw cperysle ma’marin migeiyin/ ma'mérdn misriydn Egyptian officials Unit13 1 @)sitt(a) ass six weeks (0) khamsmit riyal five hundred riyals (©) fi s-s9a th-thamina ar eight o'clock (@ khamst9ashar bi-!-miya ffteen per cent (© Sishrin jimayhan misriyan twenty Egyptian pounds (f) fi sanat alf u-tisa9miya u-tis9a u-tis9in in 1999 @ Jinayhayn 1vo pounds (h) ba9d as-s89a s-s4bi9a wa n-nisf after seven-thirty @sabahan a.m./in the morning (kK) thalatha talaf lira three thousand lira = (a) as-s49a th-thémina wa-r-rub9 a quarter past eight (b) as-s9a r-rabi9a illa th-thulth nwenty 10 four (©) as-s49a th-thaniya Sashara wa-khamsa u-Sishrin ‘went five past twelve “4 (a) gael (the) Yemeni (b) cgilae Omani (0) 685 Qatari (©) gigi (the) Moroccan (2) giléeaga Mauritanian 2 @ AVS EX VE sitta utisom () Vs =P VA. sittin fo) Vs = AQ ~ 100 saboin NaH E+ £ tise (eA = 0 ~ £6- thamaniya wthalathin jinayh134 KEY TOTESTS Unit 15 1 (@ Dubai 36 (b) Damascus 87 (c) Abu Dhabi 80 (4) Beirut 59 2° Left: Market, Ministries, Parliament Right: Airport Straight on: National University, Technical Schools, Girls’ Secondary School 3. (@) Stop behind the Line (b) No Smoking (c) No Entry (@) Please Wait Here 4 (@) Abdel Nasser (9abd an-nisir) Street (b) Independence Square (©) District no. 6 (d) New Palace Street S (@)sharikat baritantya fi lemaSrid az-2ira9i British Companies in Agricultural Exhibition (b) ab-kull did taqsim al-aq All are against the partition of rag © al Salagat al-israriy Relations 6 (@) A bus ticket from Tripoli (Lebanon) to Beirut, The fare is 3500 Lebanese lira (J.J), the date 5/6/1999 and the serial number 8456. (©) Note issued by the Bank of Lebanon, value 1000 lira, scrial number 9205319 72, The text reads: bayrat fi thnayn u-9ishrin tishrin ath-thént sanat alf u-tisa9miya w-tisSin. Beirut, 22 November 1990. 7 (@)and @)taftish as-sayyarat (b) and (k) mamnan min musiSadatak © and (g) fis-s0q (@) and (f)as-sayyid abil hasanayn (©) and (h) min bayrat ila Samman 8 as-sayyid Brown: as-6ii’q abd bakr hadir fi s-s49a s-sAbita ‘wasn-nigf sabdéban li-ziydrat al-giza. Mr Brown: Driver Abu Bx ready at 7.30 a.m. for the visit to (‘of ) Giza . 9 Sgn) Bb ghd Joni gy Hyle dedly Sy ol pe Mayall ASU AGU Leyte ILS alee AU iby |Pamayrklya [sraeli-American 10 Search inthe order shown eS il) LE poly umestal aS 395 apalan (0) 5p gee tgale Spb pe uty =[VOCABULARIES 1 both these vocabularies Entries are referred by number to the page with the first and other important appearances of the Arabic word. & Arabic irregular plurals are listed with the singular. Where no plural is shown, its regular. © The command form of the verb (pages 94 and 95) is shown with “after the English, for clarity. Arabic-English Vocabulary + this vocabulary, you can find the alphabetical order of the Arabic and non-alphabetical signs on pages 52 and 53, Further, in this lary: Arabic irregular plurals are also listed separately with a reference (marked ‘~') to the singular. Words used only or mainly with the article ..)} are listed with the article, but in the alphabetical postion of the word itself. — Ai ob ol aba ati «Ul ol ab aba’ father 7 Abu Dhabi 118 sl ab August 7,115, oll = ob “Ul + oi veel lay! tba’ OUT ashath furniture 7 beginning 34 oni + en plas! bids initia Out ithnayn nwo 10, 108; primary 37 4 abithnayn deal abit aprit 115 Monday 115 de! ibit camels 14 ciel = al se! gal Ibn abna’ son 8 phase! ijtimao oy > ol meeting 4,71136 ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULA=* agel gel ajrujorwage 84 Nisa Seu] ustagh asdtidha ai (geel ainabi ajanib __ foreign 81,73 alata! al mal Clase! intijaj objection 41 plabnceel aeY! al-abad Sunday 115 ee ee abel +5 Shea sist = jks Abs + Ol Dina! iyla| idara admin- istration 34,70 LAK! lil adhar March 115 andl pol, W atvaragi Seal Temublaliathe occupied ful al territories 118 ell cul -w ml GM ate alaai Wednesday NS AyytSufl Anyi arbada four 10 JLayt irsal despatch 70 uskt Kaul oa ab urdun | Jordan 118 + Lal pal sl = od at Sy) irkab get on! 94 lyl Lei pyeal deal bu Skul uu ceed olal ass sus basis 29 gated asist basic 37 Jha! a) toni usbus acaba week 44.60 professor 34 istithmar investment 50 istikndam emplos- ‘ment, recruitment 7: isti9mal use 50 istiqhét reception 50, 10 istiqlal independence 50."i istikshat exploration 50 stink rejection § isra’ll Israel 61 Isra"t israeli 37 ele 7 alviskandariya Alexandria 118 iskotlanda Scotland 54 ism asma name 25 ishira sign 91 ishrab drink! 94 ishtirak participation 70Ishtiraka socialist 70 ishtirakiya socialism 70 | isda issue 73 ‘tah reer 71 ee drab strike 35,70 seb ‘uflub ask for...! 94 inn announce =a = de ahusus dug 15 iqtirah ‘proposal 50, 55 igtisad economy, economics 99 os iqfil shut! 94 = ds oktobir October 116 ASA akthar more 50,55 SAT stat roots 15 call att thousand 101 OM aban now 24 ai aman God 27 Ui almani German 16 Gui atmantya , Germany 36 abd = ast gl ita 10 52,91 (arall dyad!) LY! alvimarat (al Sarabiya Iemuttabida) (United Arab) Emirates 118 pul amam | infront of 15,91 akal + ze IgISA! imkantya i possibility 50 Weal amayrka America 61 aol = Sal, Navel 6 cal oS al famayrké amayrkan/ amayrkiyn/-yin American 61 intibah caution 27138 cls! intixhab lection 41,70 Misi} intizar waiting) 70,95 | intigal ransfer 71 peal antum you 16,85 del > gad sell piel ingite ingine ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY ol led ob wl wh peasy ayna where 11 y bi- with, by, in 25,91 bab abwab door 7 aris Paris 54 ‘bas bus 35 pakistan Pakistan 61 English, British 60 aaycll ZagiVI_gll al-babr al’abyad al-mutawassit Mediterranean Sea 118 el pull al-babr alvabmar igo 94 ji = wai cna 94 ihtimam attention 27 overs otobis bus 54 oor 34 ~ obs Say awwal first 18, 112 aij 12 = px Iran Iran 33 tan eran 36 Talli Italian S8 tia fay 2 & ‘gaf parking 91 sot ay ava Serene ound! on oly at ile, ‘Day Oe ol, dy Red Sea 118 al-babrayn Bakrain 118 bin without 91 barlamin parliament 92. barid mail 73 baritinlya Britain =: batila unemployment 84 badd after 91; ta i) badd az-2ube ‘afternoon, pm. 105 baghdad Baghdad 18 aay bilad buldan country 73APABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 139 2G al, balad bilad sya tajdid renewal 71 town 1 cE tabt below, under 91 ohh = Gea tabsin repair 50 yah, batadiya S47 tadkbin smoking 91 town hall 92 ew tadris instruction 71 oly ey Says tarbiya education 99 by cay ine banat erat tag registration 99 girl, daughter 8 aud tis9a nine 110 2% wey bank bunak SMI ge, 85 tishrin ak aval bank 49, 60 October 116 roe PS ee tlabrin aththant ly bills police 91 November 116 Son Stayt buyat pels ta9tim tition house 9,60 education 50, 69 Saye bayrit Beirut 118 qgralsd taStimt educational, slay ob tutorial 70 yet Cat taftish, inspection 48, 69 2 peat taqaim ‘tajir tujjar presentation 73 trader 84 we +e be QU tarich tawarikh eB tagrir i date 109 decision 49, 61, 69 } tasi9 ninth 113 20 2% tagrie taqarir . ta’sis report 49,61, 69 i foundation 29 pesuid tagsim partition 50 cule ta'min GdISS > GSSZ insurance 99 ASISS GSS tak takanit JE wat cost 50 $F tijara rade 73 DG Ufo tan titat niet 19140 aa tilifon telephone 54 titivizyain television 73 tilifon zelephone 54 (1 tamim perfec 6 tamahhal slow down! 27, 94 tammaz July 115 tamwit financing 17,71 tanabbu? forecast 24 tanbih warning 27 tanzim organisation 42, 69 = ee ‘tougif parking 91 yg tinks Tunisia) 18 eo thabit firm, solid 7 ‘hath third 14,112 thaimin eighth 113, ‘shanawt secondary 17 thant second 112 ‘thant Sashar mwelfth 113 TK\OW thalathie) three 15. 110 “ pe gt emi es ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. CW! ath-thatatha Tuesday 115 ‘thulth athlath a third 113 thamaniya eight 110 thuna’t double 24 igs get Jakarta Jakarta 54 Jamni9a university 92 de Jadid judud new 73 the = ye Gl earaj garage 91 Ley Taye Jarida jaratid newspaper 74 SipI atjanarie Algeria, Algiers 118 TS galee jumada Makhira see 116 AT gale jumada ala see 116 px jumruk customs 99 dant! aljumga Friday 115 ese Jamil beautiful 73 sige janub south 41 (ase Jamabl southern 41 Jinev Geneva 54 ze jimayh pound (£) 1: be dual ee Sap ddrARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 141 for jaw Asis khabar akbar air (adjective) 73 news item 41, 59 the a c + Le ye Khabir khubara’ + gale hadi Sashar expert 84 eleventh 113 pobabl abkbartam pole hadir Khartoum 18 present, ready 67 Exe hurd exit 41 2yd> “e hadd hudad byhd Ls innate Kuta limit 91 line 42, 60 Shir + dye Abb] OUks kbitab akehtiba tye =e pa gaa 2 Code hadith hidath ols! a5 Achatar akhtar modern 73 danger 42, 59 Ola haziran June 115 a> Khatir dangerous 42 ku hisab account 99 bbs — > hasab OMS Khital during 91 according t0 91 Call) goed! al-khatty U,S> hukama (al-Sarabi) government 73 (Arabian) Gulf 18 Jena khamsa five 110 ct uesatl ab-khamis EE hati ouside 91 Thursday 115 Aa Aharifiya UbLs khiyata sewing 62 Foreign Affairs 99 Co hiss private, 2 special, particular 41 Sols dak inside 91 Col Biissatan Sasls dakhinya specially 51 Home Affairs 99 et Khamis fith 113 Leg full ad-dar al-bayda? Casablanca 118142 shy gly . ss ils wile pbs poles pe “ee gus daira dawa'ir directorate 34, 99 dubayy Dubai 118 luk entry 41 dlirasa study 34 irést academic 37 pa dirham darahim dirham 109 disambir December 116 ates defence 99 le die gS daf9 madtasat 3 ry TbLigs a ais iol ae oo oe Payment 99 ~ ids Wi2 252 dagiqa daqa’iq minute 109 dimasba Damascus 118 aimaqeatiya democracy 10 ~ okes = tls ad-douha Doha 118 dolar dollar 109 duwat International 84 don without 91 wails skys dinar danénir dinar 109 ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 3 Tab! 45 aw Hija see 116 andl] 43. dhu tqadda see 116 4 ely rabid fourth 113 esa, gol, ratib rawatlb salary 84 analy rbd radio 73 SUI ar-ribat Rabat 18 clad qs runs arbaa @ quarter 113 SAT ge rabi9 al aval seo 116 PH! eee radio athshant see 116 lel ar-raja’ please... 95 rajab see 116 vats + Leb, aby Lab, rukhsa rukhas licence 99 risila leer 73 rasmi official 73 rasmiyan officially 51 ragm arqaim number 49 liaay ramadan see 116 ly + GohARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 143 oles) > ual Shue sidaka Lag, roma Rome 54 plumbing 62 AU! arriyad Stall asesabt Riyadh 18 Saturday 115 Sky riya rial, rival 33 aime sibtambir shedy eels vars ruvasa? September 115 ‘chairman, chief ape sabla seven 110 president, head 33 uy sitta six 110 ody rast Usps surda speed 91 ‘main, principal 37 saul aus si9r asSir rice 44,59 5) sla pe 365 gh; wir cuwwar Gylin siftra embassy 48 visitor 62 Lae joie safe sufara? ely tirade ambassador 48 agriculture 99 poet aj des} phe salim peace 93 4} hea} zamil 2umala’ tle sles colleague 73 gealens shone simsar samisir ahs > 2 broker 84 Ly iyara visi'33 ilies sana sanawat ‘year 29, 109 o lyin + dae qyle sabid seventh 113 yaya! as-sadadiya ertle sidis sith 113 Saudi Arabia 18 Fale he jlasall assadan Sudan 118 Ask. sa9a hour 109 Deal Ulje sural asita Se Sle sikin sukkin question 29 resident 50 sage Siri Syrian 36 Gl satiq ape siiriya Syria 36 driver 50.61.68144 Sled ine 80g awig (6) bys oe oe ws olas market 49 swisira Switzerland $4 siya tourism 62 sayyara car 33 siylsa policy, politics 99 sayyid sida Mr, gentleman 34 sayyida Mrs, lady 34 ra shari9 shawari9 street 44 shy tea 29 shubat February 115 shakhst personal 73 shurta police 42 shurtt policeman 92 sharg east 49 sharika company 49 shaban see 116 Jka! Jad shughl ashehal work, job 84 ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY isesl JS shat ashkat form 50, 55 Jlus shimat north 29 Pls shimatt northern 29 = shams sun 29 ate ‘shahr ashhur month 33, 108 22 fd shawwal see 116 sll eget shay’ ashya” thing 29, 59 vw we sabi morning 109 (elo sabahan am 109 Glee sinata press 73 dine + Une pee suhufi journalist 73 dieve Lisue sahifa subut newspaper 73 She sarrif money changer 10 Gyo sarf exchange 109 gles + me hae uae sadb si9b difficult 84APABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 145 gue site zero 109; ULb = deo afar see 116 SLpb Seok tawil fiwal long 73 Beles sini industry 44 cielo aan 4 voice 35 wt qubr midday 109 ee thine ae Line siira suwar picture, Photograph 73 Gale sadatan usually 51 Gyle Sarit knowing 68 w pile 9ashie tenth 113 he ddd against 91 alge Lenole S8sima Sawisim le + igs capital clty 92 isye darara pile plle Stam Savatim necessity 35 world 118 gore darart AL satami necessary 36 workd(wide) 84 lb dypd daribadartib Je Jule gamil Summal tax 99 worker, workman ‘50, 62, 67 b 7 9mm Sb Ab tatib punta ‘general, public 44 student 68 ple Sadam lack 95; lb 8°ira aeroplane 42 pat lel i ecb tabib atibbar ‘ar-raja’ adam doctor 84 please do not... 95 LD tardbatus GLall. al Sirdg frag 49 Tripoli 118 agile Sirdqh tragi 87 Gb + sub he ue Gb tariqturaq road 91 Gye gue Sarabi Dara Db = WL ‘Arab 60146 apie ake ashe oe ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Sashra ten 110 2H ttm aftam fim 59 Saga Suqad ald tutes money 109 contract 99 PB fanni echnical 48 ~ aie {55 fouran Salaqat immediately 51 relations 73 Gs5_foug above, over 92 Jaa on 52,91 go Mind = hole Led \ ined viyena Vienna 54 Suman Oman 118 Samman 3 Amman 118 WI al-qahira Cairo 49 Samal admat SS abl before 91 Work, labour 69,84 adil al-quds San from, about 91 Jerusalem 118 ine HeLa irae (act of reading 73 & ee garib near 50 gnPibabrens 84 plus pad qismagsi gharbwest 44 department 99 gharbl western 44 shai + jnad ghayr axa pad qase qusar palace 92 ‘apart from 92 anal > pai shal pad qaste qisir short 73 3 AS qatar Qatar 118 fibrayir Ai ait Stop! 49, 94 February 115 «Sai J5 gait aqua’ oi litle, few 50 fagir fugara? SLs qalitan a tine 51 poor SO ZLes qunguttya filastin consulate 92 Palestine 118‘ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 147 J J J kas like, as 92 J lie to, for, of 25,91 GS AWS katd kuttad writer, Y tano1s clerk 50, 62, 67 pS tizim necessary 67 WLS JulS kant kamala gle) lubnan Lebanon 14 complete 68 Bed lubnant SAI gpl kanan at-’awwal Lebanese 14 December 116 al ite litre 33 Pll ayilS teins athshset ob — id January 115 oUt GA tajna tijan MS = eS committee 41 AAS sof adie kbar big 49 GA ugha language 73 lh = cals ( tamma when 19 UGS tdtaba of thman whose 19 (act of) writing 69 gly ag) foun alwan tS kale much 50 colour 17 CAS kathtran greatly 51 gg) Wrolfor me 14 ELS gardj garage 91 gee) IDE Libyan 16 JS kull every, all 50 Lae) Mbiya Libya 36 PAS Kalam speech, lira lira 33 speaking 50 oveS kampyitic ¢ ‘computer 54 (ols maris March 115 WS = Jul WL manya 22S kammiya Financial Affairs 99 quantity 30,55 yale marmar ex SII abkuwayt public official 84 Kuwait 65,118 WL mya pundred 111 aghS kilomite maya May 17,115 we kilometre 91 Ble 3 le148 Daye mabrak Congratulations 121 Glo Ger mablagh mabaligh sum 44 Ainks = Gnas doce muttabid united 68,118 rks ince mathaf matzhif museum 50 mite amtar metre 33 7m mith) like, as 19,92 ‘mathalan for example 51 = unl smujtahia hardworking 73 lle alms majtis majalis, council 92 Ags majatta magazine 73 mubasib: ‘accountant 67 mubasabat accounts 69 mubafiz conservative 68 7 hSou ‘mubaini lawyer 67 lle Ae ney helo ilu (Siw tke ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY tens ‘mubtall occupied 118 smubarrike engine 50 fom Muharram see 116 byiow mabtig reserved 67 piles teow mahkama ‘mahakim law-court 62. gow mabaltt focal 73 pee +o qobe gis makbea) makhérij exit 41, 60 je Ke mudda mudad period 109 Sele = Jou uslie + dye elie Joue madkhal ‘madakkhil entrance 41, 60 she he elas = ye erke mudarris instructor 50, 67 (yylde Zande madrasa madiris school 34, 60, 62 lege = ae ge madani © civil, urban 84 e{yde yeole mudi mudard? director 34, 60 ae > hye re‘ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Ge dijde madina mudun city 91 dele mural correspondent 73 Sle > Sy bas marbat connected 50 Jere mursit sender 67; smursal sent 67 te mara atime 33 wer > ae Slo Sp markax marakic centre 92 aap muri trafic 33, passing, turning 91 2 Gaye marid marda sick 35 clan musadid assistant 67 ‘musi9ada help 69 music traveller 67 smusta’ji tenant 68 mustathmir investor 68 rmustakindim employer 68; smustakdam employed 68 Adc mustashfa hospital 52 149 mustadidd ready 68 ‘mustadmil user 68 mustagbil (radio, (radio, TV) receiver 68; mustagbal future 68 vmustankar rejected 68 masrar pleased 33 ‘masqat Muscat 118 ‘musallah armed 68 masa responsible 29 ilu ae Jl 3 US Ayke mushtarik participant 68; ‘Mushtarak Joint, common 68 Seles Jats mashghal maghdghil workshop 50 Uyiche mashghal busy 44,67 JS le UKs mushkila mashdkil problem 50, 60 axtehe mashhir famous 84 Glas + Gpae rrei FFE E pas migr Egypt 35 Gyles Gan magrif masirif bank 109180 ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY gas miei Egyptian 37 ailin + clea Chas gues magmas masinid Glin + Gin factory 50 Geli clade mitt matiriy foe = eke Hy 50.60 giles matir airport 42 foie mufattish pele ~ pales inspector 50, 67 les felee matban Cote maftih, mafibikh kitchen 50 open 49, 67 tyekae matbad primed 62 3j\ia Gia mafrag mafariq elles pales matdam crossroad 91 smafi9im restaurant 44 ede mufid useful 67 ema? with 91 dhlis muqabit facing 68 aye + oe Dis magata caylee yaya madrid (press) article 73 imaSérid exhibitlon 73 gia maqhall yas maSral known 62 acceptable 84 glass mudi donor 67 Cds mugtarad pine madqal proposed 68 reasonable 84 apie mugarrir reporter las musattim 50, 67; muqarrar teacher 44,67 decided 67 Gules mudallima (Ie Ta\yahe teacher 68 olKs cS maktab makatib pole ma9iam known 50 office 49, 60 Slides magamat eslSs 12S maktaba makstib information 67 library, bookshop 62 ‘yalas mughadara »ySa maktidb departure 68 written 50, 62,67 call al-maghrib poSe maktom Morocco 118 confidential 62ARABICENGLISH VOCABULARY 81 ageSa maksir broken 68 ‘edie muntakhib wile malabis clothes 29 elector 68; ee = Gale ‘muntakhab elected 68 Me ape ce muntazir Ee Gals maldab malavib waiting for 68; playground, ‘muntazar awaited 68 laying-field 50 cyyaie manda Gybe mulawwan delegate 73 coloured 73 apie manshor Ys Gagehe milyain malayin published 50 riltion 111 Zaliin munazzama je mumesz organisation 42 excellent 73 e+ muhiom She mumaththit important 67 representative 18,67, yrtifes muhandis ‘mumaththal engineer 84 represented 67 Dalya muvwisalat LeyA\ee mumarrid(a) communications 73 nurse 84 aye mowt death 19 gSé mumkin Abe mu'tamar possible 49 conference 73 eet mamnay az moujad prohibited 62, 67, 91 present (not absent) 84 asf mamnan maritaniya grateful 17 Mauritania 118 min from 15,91 muwazzat eels munasib employee 84 appropriate 67 Ld miladiya aD 116 ‘uelss munasaba ee miya hundred 11 cccasion 71 quale = Glee152 ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY tales gltge maydan : ‘mayddin square 91 any rod colo GSU narib nuwwab o deputy 62 inti pe na?im asleep 24 «lui ls naba’ andar ape gan news item 24, 59 nabat vegetation 9 Fey nijara carpentry 62 ” nabnu we 85 oy Le qal yal nags nuphs text 73 Glatt Gad nist angst half 113, 3 era te aly bi naftoil 99 aly nagl transport 91 wh mugad money 109 thy aii numa numar +his umber 99 his sus SE nam ants 16 ele niet final 27 Opes els + gst zig nafimbir abel obs November 116 glass nisin April 115 aby bed nit Nile 20 ily 2 himm important 27 hijetya AH 116 hhum they 27, 85 handasa engineering 84 hind hunad Indian 60 = ae huwa he 27, 85 hiya she 27, 85 4 ven and 17,25 wihid one 109 wirld arriving 68 wadih clear 84 ward? behind 92 vwindta ministry 33 > is wazir wuzara” minister 60 wustil arrival 35,69 watan owfan nation 42 vrajant national 42 lib,‘ARABIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 153 Bibs Lib y wazita wara'it gedl al-yaman Job, post 84 Yemen 118 itigl Sy wagt owgat rime 109 yamin Sy wugat stopping 91 right(-hand) 91 WS, wikata agency 84 tk yanayir WS, = SS January 15 9S JaS'y wakat wakata? ate Baste agent 84 Astegaete yahodi yahod Jew( ish) 60 gels Yaliya July 17,115 Obl! al-yaban Japan 19 pl pve youm ayyam WPM. sAAntJepanete 10 day 17,108 ‘sleut_yasir ponllal-youm today 99 left(-hand) 91 “gsi yanlyd June 17, 115English-Arabic Vocabulary This vocabulary does not list: the possessives, which can be found in Unit 9, the personal pronouns, which can be found in Unit 10, or the prepositions, which can be found in Unt 11, ‘@ numbers, days of the week or names of the months, which can all be found in Unit 13. A Alexandria iy yttSue'f! absent SLE gha'ib 84 alviskandariya 118 Abu DhabiggS sil Algeria, Algiers lod aba zabi 118, aljazi'ir 118 academic galja Giri 37 all = JS kul 50 acceptable Uys maqbil&84 am. lnc sabahan 109 account «slushistb 99 ambassador «ju pane accountant aulows muhAsib 67 safir sufara’ 48 accounts Cilpalos America \S jal amayrka 61 muhasabat 69 American \iWS peal gS pol ‘administration ¥,h31 Caen Nira eal idara 34,70 amayrki amayrkan/ advertisement Yel i9ian73 amayrkiyan/-iyin 61 aeroplane + 3\b ta’ira 42 Amman {hae Samman 118 afternoon 4's)l say and ywa 17,25 badd az-guhr 109 announcement Yel i973 agency Sy wikala 84 ants Ji nami 16 agent WSs Sy ‘appropriate teealta vwakil wukala’ 84 mundsib 67 agriculture isly3 tir89a 99 Arab ut air (adjective) gg jawwi 73 Sarabi Sarab 60 airport _j\le matar 42 armed musallah 68 arrival Soy wusal 35,69ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY 155 arriving aly warid 68 Broken _jyuuSa maksr 68 (press) article UUs magia 73 broker —jaaelawe Leanne ask for...! galbolutlub 94 simsdr samasir 84 asleep pili natim 24 bus goly bis 35; assistant eLuwe musadid 67 gasusial otobis 54 attention plaza! busy yd ihtimam 27 mashghal 44, 67 awaited iste muntazar 68 c B Cairo i plill al-gahira 49 Baghdad slidy baghdad 118 camels Jol tbil 14 Bahrain opp! capita city alye Taos al-babrayn 118 98sima Sawasin 92 bank — Syiy hy car 3, Cu sayyara 33 bank bandk 49,60; carpentry i)\¢ nijira 62 Glas Grae Casablanca + Wags! (ll masrif masarif 109 ad-dar al-bayda’ 118 basic ggwlel astsi37 caution ssi! intibah 27 basis (gual gyal centre Sle Sp sss usus29 markaz mardkiz 92 beautiful ear Jamil 73 chairman, chief + Lbs yet beginning + Lazy! ibtida? 34 als ru’asd? 33 Beirut Cagypbayrit 18 city aka Tae big IS eed ‘madina mudun 91 kabir kibar49 ci we madani 84 bookshop ~i\ia igs clear —_guialy wadih 84 maktaba makatib 62 clerk OLS gal Britain laa atib kuttab 67 baritantya 42 clothes puidka malabis 29 British ll gale colleague «a5 aaj Ingitetingitz 60 amit zumala?73156 colour alsll as! foun alwan 17 coloured (jgle mulawwan73 comminee Ud 2 ‘common aja tijan 41 oe ‘mushtarak 68 communications ual ya muwasalat 73 company 3p sharika 49 complete WS Julf ‘kamil kamala 68 computer J yeaS kampyatir 54 conference Es mu'tamar 73 confidential phe ‘maktdm 62 Congratulations ay ‘mabrak 121 connected bys marbat 50 conservative dajlos ‘mubatiz 68 consulate IeluaiS qunguliya 92 contract syle sie Saqd Suqud 99 correspondent jul a cost councit mural 73 NES GSS takilf takalif 50 line yn ‘majlis majalis 92 ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY country gla, bila buldin 73 crossroad lke Gia mafraq mafariq 91 customs Jj jumaruk 99 D Damascus Gaba» dimashg 118 danger Alsi Jas Ashafar akhtar 42, 59 dangerous a> ihatir 42 date pauls Gus térikh tawarikh 109 daughter ly iy bint banat 8 day tl pet Your ayyéim 17, 109 death Cage mowt 19 decided _j,ia mugarcar 67 decision yi tagrir 49,61,69 defence pbs dita 99 delegate gate manddb 73 democracy abl isos imugratiya 70 department plaid pa ism agsim 99 departure %33\he mughidara 69 depury QS ‘naib nuwwab 62 despatch Jas! irsai 70 difficult lee ae ‘sab sida 84ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY, 157 dinar ils slys election lbs! dinar dananir 109 intiktrab 41,70 director s\yha sda elector qaintia muntakhib 68 ‘mudir mudara’ 34, 60 embassy 5a siffra 48 direcroratestlys i 5s Emirates (United Arab) 1,64 ira dawitir 34,99 (inh! gall) dirham — ily ohy2 al-"imarat (al-9arabiya ‘dirham dardahim 109 Vamuttabida) 118 doctor + (bl Guage employed pibiaue tabi atibba? 84 ‘mustakhdam 68 Doha —mgall ad-douba 118 employee citys muwazzat 84 dollar 332 dblar 109 employer pitriane donor lame mu9i67 mustakkhdim 68 door ly oh employment pliirzael bab abwab 7 ‘stiktdim 70 double gS thuna24 engine Spun muharrik 50 drink! pil ishrab 94 engineer (phage muhandis 84 driver Gil saiq 50,67 engineering dunsi handasa 84 Dubai gid dubayy 118 English jaletl gale] Iingilit ingitiz. 60 E entrance Jolie Jota east G»* sharg 49 madkhal madakhil 41, 60 economics, economy sluazi! entry Jd dukhal 41 tauista 99 every §S walt 50 education plas tadtim 69; {for example Sita mathalan 51 Sepp tarbiya 99 excellent lef mumtéz 73 educational ta9limi 70 exchange Spe sarf 109 Egypt pean mise 35 exhibition yaylan ryan Egyptian gpa mise 37 maSrid-ma9ariq 73 elected qbsia ‘muntakiab 68158 ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY exit Ea khuraj 41; foundation just ta’sis 29 oe ge furniture eo athath7 akira) makhsrij1,60 furure )yitawe mustaqbal 68 expert +l gue habir khubarz? 84 « exploration SAS eal garage Ele garaj 91 Istikshat 50 general le Samm 44 Geneva digi jint 54 F gentleman ssl dese sayyid facing jylka muqabil 68 sida 34 factory gilwan gnaw German. i\tl atmani 16 masna9 masini9 50 Germany (Uti almaniya 36 famous sp4che mashhir 84 get off? Jil inzil 94 father «Gl Glababar7 —geton! — Sylirkab 94 few Sul La girl obey Cay bint banat 8 alll agilla’ 50 God alll attah27 film al lb government ia ,S> hukama 73 film aflam 59 grateful gf mamndn 17 final — ig iba 27 greatly {438 kathiran 51 Financial Affairs ZS (Arabian) Gulf (gil) gall maiya 99 abkhalij (al-Sarabi) 118 ‘financing Jug tamvil 17,71 firm cal thabit 7 a forecast 533 tanabbu’ 24 hardworking Jima mujtahid 73 foreign wailed piel head + Lady Gpasd ‘ajnabi ajanib 41,73 avis ru’asa? 33 Foreign Affairs tage le help SeLuw musiSada 69 Khirijtya 99 nil DG ta tat 19 Home Affairs ills dakhittya 99 sak] ashkal 50,55 hospital (lata mustashfa 52 formENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY, 159 hotel — Sats] ovat 54 traq Lal at-9iraq 49 hour isl sa9a 109 Iragi gil e Sirah 87 fnomelay eas Israel jet p isa 61 Bayt buylt9, 60 eraeli gall pal ora 37 issue jhduol isdar 73 I Kralian —)Ulay| itant 58 immediately {3 fouran 51 Traly (Mba! ipattya 42 important pla hime 27; (+ muhimm 67 J independence Jiu Japan syd! al-yaban 19 istiqlal 50,71 Japanese uly yabani 10 Indian 3g:b gas Jerusalem (esl al-quas 118 hind hunod 60 Jew(ish) ante ote industry Telne sina 44 yah yahad 60 information cslaylae job Jlasl Jas smadlomat 67 shughl ashghél 84; initial flax ibtidart 37 tly diy inspection jazi taftish 48, 69 wazifa waza'if 84 inspector zie joint J cha mushtarak 68 ‘mufattish 50, 67 Jordan 33,Mlal*urdun 118 instruction yuytadris 71 journalist .giswo publi 73 inscecor s mudarris 50,67 kK insurance cali tarmin 99 key agin hen international .)3 duwall 84 miftah mafatih 50, 60 investment jlat2ul istithmar 50 Khartoum » gb | al-khartim 118 investor gations Kilometre 24h kitomite 91 Tmustagbmir 68 ——Ktchen fyllan fags tron glpltran 33 rmatbakh matabikh 50 iranian gil al irani36 knowing 3,le 9arif 68160 known psa ma9iim 50; ‘Syn maSrit 62 Kuwait eS al-kuwayt 118 L labour Jel Jac Yamal admél 84 lack pe Yadam 95 lady ohn sayyida 34 language 4a) ugha 73 lav-court Stns iaSone ‘mabkama mabiakim 62 lawyer gales mubimmi 67 Lebanese (il lubnint Lebanon gle) lubnan 14 leftt-hand) j\ouy yasiir 91 leer brary maktaba makatlb 62 Libya Lege) Miya 36 Libyan geo) Mb 16 licence aby iad ukhsa rukhas 99 limit gd b> hada budad 91 fie ieee hat kuti 42, 60 lira i) Hira 33 ire 5 tir 33 ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY tittle alinte local long magazine mail main market Saf Juli alll agilla’ 0 SUG qatitan 51 mahallt 73 Jhb Jesh tawil tiwal 73 M eee majalta 73 tex bard 73 apy Fast 37 Sled Gm slg aswag (f) 49 Mauritania igiligyge maritaniya 118 Mediterranean Sea meeting metre midday minister ministry minute modern dail Gand al al-babr al-’abyad al-mutawassit 118 bese! eimas 44,71 Sea ze smite amtar 33 ahr 108 his ais vwazir wuzard? 60 Syljy wizdra 33 gus dagiqa daqa’ig 109 ibe eye badith bidath 73ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY 161 money ugh fulits 109; news item shold 2935 nugad 109 Khabar akbar 41, 59; money changer Sf po Gui sarrat 109 nab anbat 24, 59 month —_y4etl eb newspaper imme tigsws ‘shabr aghhur 33, 109 ‘sabifa subuf 73; more 81 akthar 50, 55 She ae morning Chuo sabi 109 Jarida jard'td 74 Morocco ,iil Nite jad nit 20 almaghribiig no Ya 15 Mr Gale tee north — Jah shimat 29 sayyid sida 34 northern shurti 92 parking SUyLIqat 91; policy, politics Zeal siyisa 99 aS tougits: — poor «Lid pb parliament ly barlaman 92 agi fugara’ 50 participant J rte possibility X43\S.al imkéniya 50 rmushtarik 68 possible Se mumkin 49 participation JIz1 post tly tind Ishtirak 70 warita waza'it 84 particular (yol> khiss 41 pound (£) Agise jinayh 109 Partition aauli tagsim SO present (not absent) passing 33, murir 91 pole bagi 67; payment Cleide ais Ayzy moujid 84 daf9 madfa9at99 presentation Ai? taqdim 73 peace a salam 93 president +\u3) cyuety Fas ruasi? 33ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY. 163 press lowe sihafa73 radio aly radié 73 price laud jaw reading ‘el, qira’a73 ir asPar 44,59 ready —_piale bidir 67; Primary glsz| ibtida’t37 “Aacaun mustadidd 68 Principal (gael, tats 37 reasonable Ugiae ma9qal 84 printed gpa mata 62 receiver Sybase private (yale bhass 41 mustaqbil 68 problem JSlte US reception Sia! mushkila mashakil 50, 60 istiqbal 50, 70 production gs tnta} 41 recruiment pLibnueitikhdion 70 professor titel Stead Red Sea aol pr! vustadh asatidha 3.4 al-babr al’ahmar 118 prohibited gif reform Col isla 71 mamna9 62,67,91 registration Jhamaud tasil 99 proposal ¢l,ailiqtirah 50,55 rejected Sauna mustankar 68 proposed Cha rejection _,\Szaal istinkar 50 mugtarah 68 relations Ue 9alagat 73 public ple mm 44 renewal Jag tajdid 71 public official pale repair (hau#! tahsin 50 ma’mar 84 report ysl yt published yydta manshir 50 tagrir tagarir 49, 61,69 reporter jie muqarcit 50, 67 Q representative Jit Qatar jh qatar 118 ‘mumaththil 18, 67 quantity i$ kammiya 50,55 represented ,J£ mumaththal 67 question Ueaal Jj reserved 4 sinus mabfir 67 swl as'ita 29 resident yl Sle sakin sukkan 50 R responsible Ugaue mas'al 29 Rabat Loi aribat 118 restaurant poll gale ‘maj9am matavim 44164 rial Jk, riyat 33 right(-hand) yg yarnin 91 Riyadh poli ar-riyad 118 riyal Jy riya 33 road Gb ub farig furug 91 Rome lay, roma 54 s salary tly, wal tis rawaib 84 Saudi Arabia 3 gall as-sa9ddiya 118 school ayia Tyke madrasa madaris’34, 60,62 Scottand |tsi Sua! iskotlanda 54 secondary gil thanawt 17 see..! asl ungur 94 sender uaa mural 67 sent Jano mursal 67 sewing Ul khiyata 62 short shah mah aasie qistr 73, shut! SaBlight 94 sick ltt ane marid marda 35 sign jl] isharagi slow down! Sad tamabhal 27.94 ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY small line pao saghit sightr 50 smoking ¢adaT tadkhjn 91 socialism 4S 1,251 ishtirakiya 70 socialist Sl, ishtiraxr 70 solid Cyl thabit7 F gylibn abna’ 8 south — asim Jani 41 son southern guste Jana 41 speaking 95 kalam 50 special (yale khiss 41 specialty Cals knsssatan 51 speech Teast ld khitab akbtiba 73; (= speaking) p 9S katim 50 speed isp» surda 91 square gdles glee maydan maysdin 91 Stop! GB qif 49, 94 stopping S33 wuqat 91 street galeb gl shai9 shawari9 44 srrike lpia idrab 35, 70 student Stile ib full 68 study daly divisa 34 Sudan yloguall as-sidén 118ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY. 168 sum le fale town hall ily balaatya 92 mablagh mabaligh 44 trade |g tijara 73. sun used shams 29 trader NE ol Switzerland |jauy yas swisira 54 tajir tujjar 84 Syria (gayw Oriya 36 traffic yyy murar 33 transfer Jlasilintiqat 71 T transport ji nagl 91 tax lp Tyg traveller sila musafie 67 Gariba dard’ib99 Tripoli ply,» tardbulus 118 tea gb shay 29 tuition feehat taStim 50,69 teacher plas Tunis(ia) ya 3 tomis 118 muSallim 44,67; turning 3444 murar 91 ales mudattima 68 — rwtorial qqales tad technical gb fannt 48 telephone isgials\ gilt u tilifénAitifon 54 unemployment ila batila 84 television (yyejheld united Aa muttahid 68, 118 tiivieyan 73. university Analy jami9a 92 tenant —_prlenua musta’jir 68 urban gia madant 84 tet papa ya use Lsaceol istiomal 50 nage nusiig 73 useful Agito mufid 67 thing user Jaana musta9mil 68 usually 3le 9adatan $1 time v atime vegetation lg nabat 9 today pydlakyoum 99 Vienna \ Gened viyena 54 tools SY alae 15 visit lj atyéra 33 tourism Jokeesiysha 62 visitor —_4f5 315 town hy ay 2a'ir muwwiir 62 balad bilid91166 vice Olpal pe sowt agwit 35 w wage agel_plajeujar ss waitting) ,\lszilintizar 70, 95 waiting for Jazse muntagir 68 warning deg tanbth 27 week — gilel Eyal usba9 asabi9 44, 60 west ab eharb 44 western gyizb eharbi 44 when famma 19 where galayna tt whose ol li-eman 19 work lash Jas ‘shugh) ashghal 84; Jlesi Jac Samal admél 69, 84 ENGLISH-ARABIC VOCABULARY worker, workman Mle fale ‘9amil Qummal 50, 62, 67 workshop Séline jaute ‘maghghal mashaghil 50 world lye glle Salam Sawalim 118 world(wide) gle 9atami 84 iri es aa, at kuttab $0, 62,67 writing YL Kitada 69 writen — ya smaktab 50,62, 67 Y year Cilyias Kine sana sanawat 29, 109 Yemen gga ab-yaman 118INDEX ‘The references are to page numbers. The sign ‘~*” refers you to an entry with references. ‘Active ~+ Participle Description (Basic Stucture 1) ‘Adjective 36, 66, 74-78, 80,103, 74-78, 87, 88, 104 104,113 Dual + Number Relative+ Relative Equation (Basic Structure 2) Alphabet 2,52, 33 85-88, 93.95, 104 Deep letters 8,9, 14-16,29,32, Feminine ~* Gender 34,40, 48 Gender 27,37, 58, 61,68, 74,75, Disjoined levers 2,5,14-16.26, 77-80, 4, 110, 113, 32,33, 44 Handwriting 3,71 Doubled lewers 18-20, 45 Dots 6, 89,27, 101 Joined leners 2,6,8,9,14,15, Special shapes 10, 14-16,26,29, 26, 28,35, 40-44, 48, 49 32,35, 41, 49, 50 Moon letters 21, 43 Tnanimate > Animate Shallow leters 6,9, 15,26, 28, Indefinite 36,37, 77-79, 87,101, 33,35, 40, 48 102, 108 Sun leters 20, 29,32,33,42, 76 Masculine —* Gender Tall letters 5-7, 14, 42 Noun 19, 36, 58-61, 66,69, 70, ‘Teeth 10, 16,32,35,41 74-81, 86,87, 92, 93, 9-103, 110, ‘Animate, inanimate 77-80,86 112 Article 19, 20,24, 25,29,36,45, Abstract 70 61, 76, 80, 100, 104 Proper 76, 100, 101 Command Form 94, 95, Relative -> Relative Consonant 9, 17,27,36,45,92 _Verbal-+ Verbal Noun With dark sounds 34, 35, 42, 48 Number (singular/dual/plural; Construct (Basic Structure 3) ~ also Animate) 57-61, 68, 99-104, 113, 115, 77,78, 80, 81, 86, 95, 110, 112 Definite (~* also Article)19, Numbers (J, 2, 3...) 62,63, 75-78, 80, 87, 95, 100-104, 113, 109-114 ne One-letter word 25, 93 Participle 66-68168 Passive ~* Participle Plural + Number Possessive 78-81, 85, 92, 100 reposition 91-94, 103 Pronoun 84, 85, 87, 92-94 Relative 36, 37, 57, $8, 70, 74 Rule Construct 100, 102 Doubled letter 18 Equation 86 Inanimate plural 77 Initial long vowel 11 Short vowel 7 ‘Singular ~* Number Stress 7, 8, 10,20, 45, 113, ‘Verbal Forms ~* Command Form, Participle, Verbal Noun ‘Verbal Noun 69, 95 ‘Vowel 9, 17,23, 36, 54 Dark 33, 41, 42, 48 Long 5, 6,9, 10, 17, 18, 45, 54, 92 Short 2, 5,7, 10, 18, 45, 51, $4, 92 Weak 25, 76POCKET CARD ‘You may find it useful to make a pocket card from this page and carry it, for reference, when itis inconvenient to have the book with you. You ‘ean cut out the solid-line frame, fold it in half over a piece of card to stiffen it, and cover it with plastic film or heat-seal it in plastic for protection. “Alphabet ‘Nouns (N) and Adjectives (A) 4 ait Jin B.-a(0, f(A); inan. pl. (A) abe ages gps -In/, m. an. pl. (NIA) oon IS kat fob-at, fam pl (MA): inane pl(N) ors) J Jum | Command, Pariapies, Vb, Nouns C= Jimeim permim | aSTuktb write! tl iaheab drink! tom GSnan | tS kaibwriter,yycSumaktabyrien EF bh Loy ene | be mamas representiaive, al ed 3 sdaidhal gwow | tele mustQid assissant juny bygan dee musi sender, al sent eesin seuss muntakbib electior, ab /-ed weeny smustakidim employer, -am ed wnt eb taftsh inspection Figures ( edad icles musa9ade help |+0'V1 ¥2 ¥31 bbe Stu} ial desparch | £6 05 16 epee oon Lb] intiknab election | ¥7 A849 EEA sehr label itikhdam employniznttay | Deginner’s arabic script youre’ | john mace ‘© Do you want help with reading and writing Arabic? ‘© Are you planning a business trip or holiday? ¢¢ Are you learning Arabic? Beginner's Arabic Script will help you get to grips with reading and writing Arabic, whether you are studying the language or planning a trip for business or pleasure. The step-by-step ‘approach will build your confidence to read and write in a variety of real contexts. John Mace has worked in the British Council, in the Diplomatic Service in the oil sector and as European Commission Delegate in Arab countries. Why not try @ Arabic e Gulf Arabic © or visit wwww-teachyoursett.co.uk? Cover @ Duncan Smith/Getty Images the leader in self-learning with more than 300 titles, covering all subjects be where you want to be with teach yourself = (mii UK £8.99 9 Freossolaen ies!