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Kumar A. - Certain Aspects of The Form and Functions of Hindi-English Code-Switching PDF
Kumar A. - Certain Aspects of The Form and Functions of Hindi-English Code-Switching PDF
Kumar A. - Certain Aspects of The Form and Functions of Hindi-English Code-Switching PDF
Anthropological Linguistics
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ASPECTS
CERTAIN OF THEFORM
ANDFUNCTIONS
OF
HINDI-ENGLISH
CODE-SWITCHING1
Ashok Kumar
Central Institute of English
and Foreign Languages
Hyderabad
there
0., INTRODUCTION, In a speakers
is a natural
bilingual
to
speech community,
mix lexical items,
tendency among
phrases, clauses, and sentences during verbal interaction. This
is an essential part of their communicative competence, the
"ability to switch linguistically and appropriately according to
the situational changes" (Verma 1975:35). The elements mixed
belong to the "host" language which, for historical and socio-
economic reasons, has acquired more prestige than the "guest"
language which receives them. "Code-mixing", "code-switching",
and "borrowing" are some of the labels used in linguistic liter-
ature (e.g., Bloomfield 1933, Haugen 1956, Kachru 1978, Sridhar
1978, Poplack 1980, among others) to describe various kinds of
mixtures resulting from language contact. There is no reason
why code-mixing and code-switching should be distinguished.
These processes are so intermingled and the differences so sub-
tle that it becomes quite problematic for the linguist to pro-
vide explicit definitions for them. But, borrowing ought to be
separated from either of them: while borrowing results in the
integration of linguistic items in the system of the "host" lan-
guage, such is not the case with either code-mixing or code-
switching. Instead of going into the details of these distinc-
tions, I would like to propose, for the purpose of this paper,
the following working definition of code-switching which is the
main concern of this paper:
"Code-switching", which is influenced by extralinguistic
factors such as topic, interlocutors, setting, etc., is
the alternate use of lexical items, phrases, clauses, and
195
196 Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 28, No. 2
4. dharm duusre logo kii tarah nahil hae. uskii limit kam hae
aur apne kaam mg vo hameshaa punctual rahetaa hae. Dharm
is not like others. His limit is very low and in his work
he always remains punctual.
5. kaun jaantaa thaa ki suresh itnaa mahigaa director hogaa.
Who knew that Suresh would be such an expensive director?
6. inko ham tabhii accept karte hag jab hamko inke baare mg
puurii suuchnaa mil jaatii hae. We accept them only when
we get the complete information about them.
7. mahesh ke saath meraa s~yyukt production acchaa nahil
rahaa; vo script par bilkul dhyaan nahil detaa thaa. My
joint production with Mahesh did not turn out to be good;
he paid no attention to the script.
8. vo zyaadaatar tragic bhuumikaag hii kartaa hae; isliye
jantaa usse bahut attracted hotii hae. He mostly does only
tragic roles; for this reason the public gets much
attracted towards him.
9. puunaa institute mg har ek ke liye technical shreshThtaa
kaa honaa bahut zaruurii hotaa hae. At the Poona Insti-
tute, technical expertise is very important for everyone.
10. shooting se, shafii fauran bagle gayaa lekin bahut der ho
cukii thii. From the shooting Shafi went to the bungalow,
but it was too late.
1,1, SWITCHINGWITHIN THE NOUN PHRASE, Let us look at the
following patterns of code-switching:
(i) apnii image (v) sayyukt production
(ii) duusre cases (vi) tragic bhuumikaag
(iii) uskii limit (vii) technical shreshThtaa.
(iv) mah~gaa director
From the data we observe that determiners (e.g., apnii,
duusre, uskii) are not switched to English, whereas the head
nouns and adjectives (e.g., image, director, production, tragic,
and technical) are. In the slot of the head noun and the modi-
fier there is an option to use either Hindi or English, but no
such option holds good in the case of determiners. This is
because determiners, unlike adjectives and head nouns, are
"closed class" items peculiar to the grammatical system of the
language. The term closed class here refers to those sets of
items which cannot normally be extended by the creation of addi-
tional members (Quirk and Greenbaum 1973:19). Structure words
(e.g., articles, demonstratives, pronouns, conjunctions, and
interjections) and bound morphemes (e.g., aspect/tense markers,
etc.) would, by this definition, be treated as members of a
closed class system.
It we look carefully at the constituents of the noun phrase
in the examples above, we find that four different combinations
of elements in the noun phrase are possible. Two of these
represent normal patterns of the noun phrase where all constitu-
ents belong to either Hindi or English, and the other two repre-
sent mixed patterns of the bilingual noun phrase where English
198 Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 28, No. 2
occur with the auxiliary verbs (kar do, ho, rahe be, etc.). The
aspect/tense markers -taa/-te/-tii hae/ha, being closed-class
items, are not switched. They are attached to the operators
kar, rahe, ho since these cannot be stranded. These observa-
tions help one to see why patterns like
*nirmaaN do *create do
*puurN are *complete are
*paaband remain *punctual remain
*swiikaar do *accept do
*aakrishT be *attracted be
are not possible in the code-switching paradigm. Switching of
the tense markers and the operators makes the patterns above
unacceptable.
We have so far discussed a sample of bilingual NPs, PPs,
and VPs highlighting their formal properties and focusing on
constraints on the switchability of certain elements in these
major grammatical categories (i.e., NPs, PPs, and VPs). How-
ever, there is yet another class of items in Hindi - the
reflexives (apnaa) and reciprocals (ek duusre) - which are
closely knit to its grammatical system and therefore cannot be
switched. In the following pairs of sentences, A and B, notice
that the post-posed Hindi case marker ko (acquisitive) of the
reflexives/reciprocals does not improve their acceptability when
an English reflexive/reciprocal is used:
A: vo apne ko gaayak samajhtaa hae. ??voh himself ko
gaayak samajhtaa hae. He considers himself a singer.
B: sudhaa aur avinaash ek duusre ko pyaar karte ha.
??sudhaa aur avinaash each other ko pyaar karte ha.
Sudha and Avinash love each other.
Studies by Nadkarni (1975) and Pandharipande (1983) have
shown that when two or more languages come into contact, there
is mutual transference of features of one language onto the sys-
tem of the other. In other words, in any normal bilingual situ-
ation, one language colours the other by its linguistic features
(phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical) and is itself
coloured by it, resulting in "language change" at different
levels. The influences of language contact are thus not uni-
but bi-directional. The direction and frequency of this influ-
ence depend largely on the relative dominance and prestige
attached to the languages in question by their speakers. A dom-
inant and prestigious language (like English) shows its linguis-
tic impact on the one (like Hindi) which is relatively less dom-
inant and prestigious in the social hierarchy. The following
data extracted from the speech of Hindi-based bilinguals and
twenty-four issues of a bi-monthly film magazine in English
(Stardust (1985)) illustrate the bi-directional influence of
Hindi and English as a result of language contact:
i. mere aafis (office) mE to faail5 (files) kii bhiiR lagii
rahetii hae. koii klark (clerk) kaam hii nah11 karnaa
caahetaa hae. In my office there is always a crowd of
files. No clerk wants to do any work.
Hindi-English Code-Switching 201
WORKSCITED
NOTES