Muc luc Ldi néi dau Cong tac vien 1 Bat dang thie Co Sé Li 1.2 13 14 16 Bat dang thi AM-GM 111 Bat dang thite AM-GM va LL2 Ki thust Cosi nguge déu Bat dang thite Cauchy-Sehwarz-Holder . dng dung 1.2.1 Bat ding thite Cauchy-Schwarz va (tg dung 2 Bat ding thie Holder B 1.3.1 B&t ding thie Chebyshev va tag dung . 1.3.2. KT thuat phan t&ch Chebyshev Bat dang thie véi ham 16i 14.1 Ham ldi vei bat dang thite Jensen ding thite Chebyshev 14.2 Ham l0i véi ki thuat xét phan tir é bien Khai.trién Abel va bat ding thie hoda vi, 15.1 Khai trién Abel 1.5.2 Bat ding thie hodn vi B&t dang thitc déi xing 3 bién 1.6.1 Bat ding thie thudn nhat ong ¢6 diéu kien 1.6.2 Bat dug thite déi xing e6 diéu kien 13 18 18 QT 34 34 39 44 49, 53 53. 39 61 62 66Mue luc 1,7 Bat dang thite va cdc da thite d6i xing so c4p . 7 7 1.7.1 Li thuyét vé cée da thite déiximg su cAp . . Beso 7 1.7.2 Da thite déi xting su cp va vac ting dung trong giai toan bat dang thite 72 18 Phuong phap can bing ho.s6 . . ae See eee 74 1.8.1 Bai toan mé dau : : : 14 1.8.2 Can bing hé s6 vi bat dang thite lien h¢ trung binh cong vA trung bin nhan (AM - GM) : : see ees 1.8.3 Can bang hé s6 véi bat dang thitc Cauchy - Schwarz - Holder 80 1.9 Dao ham va img dung 3 1.9.1 Kién thite li thuyét eat | ae 83 1.9.2 Khéo sét ham sé mgt bin. 8 1.9.3 Khdo sat ham nhiéu bién Fl : 86 1.9.4 Md rong mot bai thi toan quéc té 2004 Spee . 87 1.10 Bai tap ép dung . cee : : . .. 89 1.11 Mot sé bai toan dang chi ¥ . 103 Sang tao bat dang thic - 105 2.1 Céc bai todn chon loc eee 105 2.2 Ban vé sang tao bit dang thie 201 2.2.1 Bat dang thute cli va mdi eal teat 2.2.2 Mot céch xay dung bat ding thie méi . oaae 203 2.2.3 Ti ching minh - phan bien dén két luan . . se. 206 2.2.4 Sang tao bat dang thite . _, F 7 + 208 C&c phuong phép chimg minh bat dang thic 211 3.1 Phuong phép din bién va dinh If dén bién manh ... . . -. 22 3.11 Bai todn mé dau... voces DID 3.1.2 Phuong ph4p dén bién déi voi céc bat ding thie 3bién ... 216 3.1.3 Dinh If dén bién manhS.M.V.... 2... F 222 3.14 Dinh i S.M.V va mot sé tmg dung 224 3.1.5 Phuong phap dén bién toan min... . , + 230Mue luc, 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 Mot Al 42 43 44 45 Phiong phap phan tich binh-phuong 8.0.5 3.2.1 Bai todn md dau 3.2.2 Dinh li vé dién co sé cha phuong phap S.O.S va mot sé Ki thugt phan tich ae fan 3.2.3 Nhimg img dung quan trong cia phuong phép S.0.S 3.2.4 Suy luan tir mot bai toén Phitong phap phan ching 3.3.1 Bai toan md dau 3.3.2 Nhin nban mot bat dang thie duéi goc do phan chimg 3.3.3. Céc bai ton Sp dung .. : co Phuong phap quy nap tng quét 3.4.1 Bai toan mé dau bee stg eg cette 3.4.2 Phuong phép quy nap téng quat va dinh i LG.1 3.4.3 Cac bai ton 4p dung oy Saat 3.44 Xay dyng ham s6 va bai toan téng quét . . . . Phuong phép sit dung bit ding thite o6 diéu Nhin lai 5 phuong phap ching minh bat dang thi . . 3.6.1 Phuong phép dén bién 3.6.2 Phuong phép phan tich binh phuong S.0.S 3.6.3 Phuong phép phan ching 3.6.4 Phuong phép quy nap téng quét 3.6.5 Phuong phap sit dung bat dang thite 6 dién 36 van dé chon loc vé bat dang thitc B&t dang thie Schur suy rong . - Nhing b&t ding thie ki la! : Bat dang thtte Nesbitt va mot s6 dang md rong Suy luan va phat trién 2 ee Bat ding thie thuan nghich eat 4.5.1 Phuong phap tich phén déi v6i bat ding thite . 45.2 B&t dling thi thuan nghich . . iff 233 233 291 291 298 303. 308 312 312 aia46 47 48 49 Di tim 1di giai su cp 46.1 Tré lai van dé cé dién 4.6.2 Thom mot bai toan 4 bién Ly thuyét cdc bé troi va bat dang thitc Karamata 4.7.1 Cac bé troi va mot s6 tinh chat licen quan 4.7.2 Bat dang thie Karamata Dén bién khong xée dinh 48.1 a>bhayasb 4.8.2 Don bién khong xée dink Bat dang thite va c: 4.9.1 Mot lai giai hoan chinh? 4.9.2 Mot bat ding thete déi xing that vi 49.3 afb+b/e+cla>3? 4.9.4 B&t daug tlic hoan vi tong quat 4.9.5 Chi la cdc bat ding thite bac nhat ” 4.9.6 C&c dang téng binh phuong.... . van dé mo 4.10 Tan man véi bat dang thie 4.10.1 Cée cap thuan nghich 4.10.2 Sang tao bat ding thite 4.10.3 Quan diém vé mot bai todn bat ding thtte 7 5 4.10.4 Hoc toan tren mang... 2... nee Phy luc Tée gid céc bai toan Tai ligu tham khao Mue luc 317 317 320 320 320 324 333 333 335, 340 340 341 342 343 344 344 346 346 347 347 348 349 349 350Preface So, you are keeping in your hands this new book of elementary inequalities. "Yet ‘another book of inequalities?” I hear you asking, and you may be right: it is true that there are very many such books and you have all the rights to be bored and tired of thom. But I tell you that this is not the case with this one: and to support this claim I only suggest you to read the proof of Nesbitt’s Inequality in the very heginuing of the material Now that you did that, you know what [ mean: you can expect to find in this book new and beautiful proofs for old inequalities (although the example I gave refers not to a totally mew proof, you must accept that this is not the common one) - and this alone can be a good reason to read it, or oven just to leaf it. You will find a first chapter dedicated to the classical inequalities: from AM-GM and Canichy-Schwartz incqualities to the use of derivatives. passing through Chebyshev’s and rearrangements’ incqualities you will find hore everything you did ever wanted about the basics of this beautiful, spectacular topic: you have symmetric inequalities, and inequalities with convex functions and even a less known method of balancing coefficients; everything pointed out with various and numerous examples taken from many sources, especially from math contests around the world, from recent contests and recont books, or from (more or less) specialized sites on the Internet, which makes the boak very alive and interesting to read for those who are involved in such activities, pupils and teachers from all over the world. A special intorest of the author is in creating new inequalities: this may be socti in the whole presentation of the material, but also in the special chapter 2 (dedicated to this topic), or, again, in the end of the book. Every step of any proof is explained in such a manner thet unnatural aspects be avoided; this also comes from author's desire for e deep understanding of inequalities, which he transmits to the reader. Many cxercises aro left for those who are interested and, as a real professional solver, the author always advises us to try in the first place to find our own solution, and scarcely then to read his one for a problem. +. The last chapter presents some methods to prove inequalities; a remarkable fact, the use of classical incqualities as a method is left behind, because you can success-vi Léi noi déu fully use this method only after you have already developed a larger horizon in the ficld of inequalities; and this is true: a solid background in a field is usually needed to find the simplest and the most natural solution to a problem. You will find here good modern (and, we may say, contemporary) approaches to prove inequalities: you will find the mixing variables method (in its gencral and special forms), the method of analyzing squares, the contradiction method. the method of induction (and the above mentioned use of classical inequalitics). As you are already used from the previous parts, you have lots of beautiful and hard (sometimes even very. very hard) problems to exercise your skills in using all these methods Finally, the last chapter contains, as its name shows, collected issues about in- equalities; there are some strange (but. beautifull) inequalities, some inequalities that, probably, preoccupied the author and some opened questions: he returns to its creative part. Maybe the Karamata Inequality (and the majorization technique) would find themselves a better place in the previous chapter. but this is a minor oversight. Therefore we strongly recommend this now (contemporary we should say) presentation of incqualitics, from the classical to the up to date ones, to pupils and teachers involved in math contests (evon in the hardest such competitions), but also to those interested only to improve their classroom mathcmatical abilities. Mircea Lascu, Marian Tetiva President of Gil Publishing HouseLai néi dau vii Ldi noi dau Bou doug cdin troug tay mot cudn sich vé Bit ding thie sv cp. "Vau tai la mot quyéu sich Bat ding thite nifo?" Toi nghe ban dang muén héi vay, va cé thé ban ding khi cing ngay lei oS cang nbiéu séch viét vé bat ding thie nlur bien nay. Diéw dé da lam ban théy qué chan nin vA mét mdi véi ching? Nhung tdi sé néi véi ban ring, day chée chdn khong phéi IS trudng hyp nhu vay, va dé khang dinh cho diéu ny t6i chi dé nghi han doc thit chiing minh ctis bat dang thite Nesbitt ngay trong phan din tiéa cia euén sich Ban higu diéu Loi mudu néi? Ban o6 thé tim thfy trong edn séeh nhitug chiéng minh méi.va dep cho nhing bat ding thite cit (mée cit 6 thé khoug 18 mot ching minh hodn toan mdi, nhimg dé khong phai [A mét diéu phé biéa) - vA ngay diéu dé ofing li mot Ii do tht dé ban cin cuén séch nay. Chuong dau l& chung danh cho nhiing bat ding thie od dién: tu bat ding thie AM - GM, Cauchy ~ Schwarz dén phwong phap sit dung deo hm, qua bat dang thite Chebyshev vi bat ding thite Hodn vj, ban sé (im théy duoc Ht c& ning gi ben muén v8 céc bat ding thiéc cu ban. Cé nhig néi dung dep, n tuung nhu: bat dang thite déi xing, bit ding thite vai ham 16i va phutong phép cin bang hé sé. Tht cf duge chi ra qua mot lugng dang ké nhiing vi du da dang tit rat nhiéu ngudn kbéc nhau, dae bigt 1a nhting ki thi Olympic tosn hoBe uhiing trang web tosn trén Internet, lain cho cuén séch tr nen v6 cing sng déng, hép din cho cée hoc sinh va gido vién tron khép thé gidi Mot su hp dn diac bigt cia tée gia la vige sfng tao ra nhiing bat dang thuic mdi: e6 thé han théy diy udy moi ngi trong cudu sch, whing dae bigt 1B trong chuong HT vi chyeng TIL, Tat c eae bitde evia mot ching minh bat ki déu dé gidi thich ring: ¥ tGng ty nhi6n moi fi diéu quan trong nhat; né bét nguén tir mong mubn cia tac gid cho mot sy hiéu biét siu sie vé bat ding thite ma tac gid mudu truyéu dat déu ban doc. Cou rat ubigu bai tap thi vi danh jai cho ban néu ban thyc su yéu thich, muén tim hiéu vé bét ding thie. va nhur mot ngudi giai todn chuyén nghiép, tc gid ludn luén khuyén ban tim mot [di gidi hay nhét, don gidn nhét (ma hiém khi cnén séch dita ra mot di giai qua khac biét) Cée phiting phap chimg minh BAt ding thite dude viét. 6 chutig ILL, vA mat didi dang chi J 18. phuung phap 8 dign duge dat d sau cling, bdi vi ban chi c6 thé sit dung phitong. phap nay thute sit thinh eng, sau khi ban da phat trién ki ning chring miuh bat cling thite motecéch toan diga, digi nay ddi hdi ban o6 thé thm duye mot eéeh ching minh dun gian vB tit ihién cho mdi bai todn cy thé, Ban s@ thn théy ¢ day nhimg phugug php tiép cn tn abi vdi BAL dang thite: dé In phutong phap dén bién (ci dang ting quat vi dong ex th phuong phép phan tich binh phyong S.O.S, phuong phap quy nap téng quét va phuong phép sit dung bat ding thie 8 dién nhit da noi 6 trén. Ngay khi ban dé doc xong chuong trude, ben sé cé rét nhiéu bai todn hay va khé (d6i khi tham chi rét rat kh6) dé gidi va luyén tap ki nang sit dung phuong phap quan trong nay. Cudi cing, chung IV, nhu ten gyi cia nd. bay gin ose va d& chun lye ve bat ding thie. Cé mot <6 bat cling thite rht ki la (nbitg dep mat), mot s6 vAn dé tae gid cdn bin tam va mot sé cfu héi md. Do dé ti thyc su muén gidi thigu cudn s&ch dén tét cd cae hoc sinh va gido vién trén khp thé gidi, du ban dang J trong céc cudc thi khé nh&t hay dun sian la muén edi thign khé ndng toén hoc cis minh. Mircea Lascu, Marian Tetiveviii Loi ndi din Loi gidi thiéu Lie du, khi nghe tée gia Pham Kim Hing ndi vé noi dung cuén sach nay, t6i thye silo Ming cho Hing. vi Hing cou qua tré (siuh 1987, tuoi Mao). ma B&t dang thie (BDT} la linh vue truyén théng lin ddi eta toan hoe, va hen uta da ¢6 qua nbidn stich Khai thac, tim toi cic BDT. Sau nbidu lan doc vi trao déi vdi Hing. 101 khong cou lo léng nita nid nguve lai toi rit vui suéng va hin han viér loi gidi thi¢u cho tae phdm (tnyct chi6u) dau tay oita Hing, Séch nay eo nbiéu diéu iidi va la. Dida udi bat 1a: 1. Tée gid nhir ngwéi ban (chit khong phai aguoi thiy) tam tink gdi md ban tré tim cdch ching minh BDT. Khong chi don gidn la ching minh BOT cu thé: tae gid con cing ta bink lian (nhit xem boug di vay). mé rong BDT 2. Tac gid ton trong “cai dep” cita toan hoc, va xem dé IA tiéu chi s6 1 khi giAi hose sing tuo BDT midi. Cai dep khong co din nahia mis chi ci the edm nhén, ngdm nohia ... grip ta hing phén va ty tin khi lam todn. 3, Sach nay c6 nhiéu BDT khé mot cach tha vj. dyvc tae gid va ban be tt sing tée ra, hoae the thap (kha day di) tir ubién uguén khde ubau. 4. Tic gid xem phuong phép gidi BDT quan trong hon la ky thuat (vi thye ra c6 rit nbiéu BDT la bit nguén tit: a? > 0 véi moi s6 thyc a). Tam Ive ctia tae gia, theo t0i, dat J phdn 3: Cac phuong phép chung minh BDT. Ban hay doc ky phAn nay. Toi e6 thé néi ring: day JA dac san cia BDT ma Hung cing cdc chién hitu di day cong dan dung. tao nén vé dep "Kim - Cé" cia cudn sch. Dac biet, toi vo cluug thich thi khi doc "Phuong phap dén bién", vi né lam toi lign tudng tai "Ly thuyét ERGODIC", mot trong nhiing van a@ thai sit cia todn hoc hi¢u dai 5. C&ch viét khé "Han lam". Didu nay ching t6 tac gid 1k ngai lam toan chuyen nghiép, ¢6 tay nghé cao. ‘Toi hy vong rang, cun sach nay cing véi céc bo sich cia cée thay Neuyén Vo Luong, Pham Van Hing, Nguyén Ngoc Thang. Nguyén Van Mau sé tao nén mét net dep doc déo cite toan so cap Vigt nam, va ghdp ich thiét thue cho edie ky thi hoc sinh gidi, Olympic trong va ngoai nude. GS.TSKH Nguyén Duy Tién ‘Trung ban diéu hanh he dao tao CNKHTN Trung DHKHTN - DHQGHNLai ndi din ix Ldi gidi thieu Bat dang thitc lA mot van dé kha co dién cita toan hoc so cp dang ngay cang phat trién. day efing IA mot trong ahiing phiin tosn so eAp dep va tht vi mbar. vi thé Inon cudn bit rat dhiéu déi tugng bau doc quan tin, Noi dung xuyen sudt cudu saich gidug nh mét cau chuyén ké vé bat dang thife cho cae ban hoe sinb tit lép 8 dén lop 12. tae gid viét ca dé daub tang cho tit cé nbiing ban tré yeu thich todn how. dam mé stt sAng tao, tim tdi va thach thite vdi cde bai toa khé. Diém dae biét, An tugng nat etta ding thite trong toan so cdp. do 1a co rit nhién cic bai ton kho. tham chi la rit kho. ludn e6 thé gidi dutge bling nhitng kién thyte rat eo sé va vide hoan thanh duge chitug minh nbw vay TA mot aiém vai thie sie Cau chuyén vé bat dang thite sé bat dau ter cheng 1 véi cae kién thie eg ban nbat. én ban hoan ton khong cn to King néu ban khong quen véi eae bai toan bat Aline thie, Ngo&i viée gidi thigu va hé théng cde bat ding thie quen thuge: AM - GM. Cauchy ~ Schwarz. Chebyshev. civ ban c6 thé lam quea véi cée dang bat ding thife quan trong: Bat dang thtic déi xing. hon vi hay nhiing ki thuat rét edn th hve: Ki thigt sit dung him 16i vi ede tinh chat city n6, ki that sit dang dao bam va Khai tridn Abel. Ngodi ra. tug véi mdi bit ding thite co ban, trong eudn sich cou gidi thiéu nluing ki thuat ting dung rdt mdi vA dae ste: Ki thuar Cost uguwe dau, Ki thudt phan tach Chebysher: va bat ding thite Holder Cae bai toan trong séch cée dé thi hoe sinh gidi tre ng 1a cdc-bai toan rat mdi. trong dé céc bai ton trong: 6 gidi da duge chon Iya va tuyén tap kha diy di. Co tu rat nhiéu bai toan 1A sin phdm séng tao cila cic ban hoc sinh trong vA ngoai nude (tham chf mot-s6 bai méi chi cS céch day vai ngay). Chuong IT 1a chwong tuyén chyu cc bat ddug, thie ub vay. md thee tae gid do IA cae bat dang thie An tugng, abt trong théi gian gan day. Thit gidi ee bai todin dé J& vice lam cén thiét cho ban trude khi doc tiép tdi clvtong III gidi thign cae phuong phap chitg minh bat dang, thite. Cé nam phitong phép chink (doc lap) la din bién, phan tich binh phuong. phan ching. quy nap tong quét va phutong php cO didn. Trir phuong phaip cudi, cé bén phutong phap con lai 1a rat mdi va viée doc hiéu duge bén phuong phap nay gitp ban hiéu ré vé phuong php cé dién thutng ding nhiéu hon. Viéc tao ra cde phutong phap nay dya tren nhitag ¥ tung rét ty nhicn trong qua trinh giai mot bai toan nao dé khéng ¢6 hig qua bang cae plitong phap da biét tre dé. san dé téng hop lai dé gidi. mot lop cae bai toan rét lon. Chang han phuong phéip phan tich bin Phuong $.0.S higu qua rat ln d6i voi cde bai tod 3 bién 86. phutong phép dén bin, mank sit dung rét higu qua véi cdc bai todn 4 bién s6 va phuong phép quy nap téng quat higu qua véi rt nhiéu bai toan n bidu » ag ket vO mam plug phép sé gitip céc ban cé mét céch nhin toan dign vA sau sée hon,‘ Léi ndi dau Sau khi duyc he théng day dit vé cée phuung phap quan trong véi vigc gidi ce bai toa bat ding thetc, chung IV 1a chuong dé ban dye ubin nbs lai. xem xct lai va thir sttc them mét lan nia nhig van dé thoi su khac trong thé gidi thd vi, day mau sc cha cdc bat dang thtte, d dé dinh Ii U.M.V va ly thuyét vé céc bd troi 1A hai néi dung quan trong nhét. Chuong IV ciing la chugng bao gém nhiéu cau héi md ma tac gid rit mong muén nhAn duge suf cong, tac, gitip ad eta cae ban. Tac gid xin giti loi cdm on chan thanh ti cdc thay giéo GS-TSKH Nguyén Duy Tién, GS-TSKH Nguyén Van Mau, TS. Nguyén Va Luong, ThS. Pham Van Hing, TS. Tran Nam Dang, NG. ‘Tran Phuong da doc ban thao, cho ahiéu ¥ kién quy bau. Téc gid ciing xin gifi lvi cam un dac biét tdi cée thanh vien cia céc dién dan : www.mathlinks.ro, www.diendantoanhoc.net da cung cép rét nhiu bai toan thi vi va mhiéu tai ligu quan trong khéc. Dit da rit cé ging, nhung che chén cudn séch sé khong trénh khdi nhing thiéu sot nhAt dinb, va tac gia rat mong nhan dugc y kién trao déi cing nhu dong gép thém cae bai toan cha chinh cde ban ‘hoe sinh, céc thay c6 gido tron khdp cé nude dé cuén sach ngay cang hoan thin hon. Thu gop ¢ xin giti vé theo dia chi sau day Pham Kim Hing ih Vien K9 He Cir nhan tai nang Trutng DHKHTN - DHQG Ha Noi Email : pham_kimhung@yahoo.comxi Loi din Toi 1a Nguyén Hi Tinh, admin trang wurw.diendantoanhoc.net voi nickname Badman. Toi dugc biét Nha xuat ban Tri thitc xudt ban cudn sach Sang tao bat dang thhic cua tac gia Pham Kim Hung qua sy gigi thigu cia ong Trin Phuong - Gidm déc Trung tam Hé trg Nghién ciru & Phat trién Céc san phdm tri tug. Day 1a tac phdm diu tay cia tac gid Pham Kim Hang, ngudi doat Huy chuong vang IMO45 tai Nhat Ban va Huy chuong bac IMO46 tai Hy Lap. Bat dang thirc la mét linh vuc rat hay va Kho trong toan hoc. Vige chimg minh hoac sang tao cac bat ding thuc 1a mét tiéu chi quan trong dé khang dinh nang lyc toan hoc cua mai ca nhan. Nhing két qua sang tao Bat ding thisc cia Pham Kim Hung khong nhing duge khang dinh trén trang www.diendantoanhoc.net 6 Vigt Nam ma con duge khing dinh trén unww.mathlinks.ro - mot website néi tiéng 1a noi héi ty nhing bé 6c siéu viét vé toan hoc phé thong cia thé gidi. Tuy nhién ben canh ban thao Sing tao bdt déng thie cua Pham Kim Hing toi cing duge biét dén ban thao mét cudn sach bang tiéng Anh voi tén goi Collections of topics, methods and techniques in algebraic inequality demonstration (Tuyén tip cdc chuyén dé, phuong phap va ky thuat chimg minh bat ding thitc) cia Ong Tran Phuong day 2222 trang dugc hoan thanh thang 1 ndm 2005. Ban thao nay da duge Dao Hai Long (Huy chuong vang IMO35, IMO36); Pham Gia Vinh Anh (Huy chuong vang IMO43) va Lé Hung Viét Bao (Huy chuong vang IMO44, IMO45) nh§n xét trong mét dogn videoclip gidi thigu. Mot digu ngiu nhién la sy gidng nhau vé y tuong va néi dung céa mét 86 phuong phap dugc dé cép trong ban thao hai cuén séch ma hai tac gia da nghién ciru déc lap nhu: Phuong phip SOS; Pluwng phdp don bién;... Diéu nay cing duge Pham Kim Hing xéc nhan trong mét hop dong noi vé ban quyén cuén Sing tao bit dng thc gitta ong Tran Phuong (bén A) va téc gia Pham Kim Hung (bén B) dugc ky ngay 06/05/2006. Tuy c6 mot vai diém giéng nhau nhung vei sy mén mé tai nang tré Pham Kim Hung, éng Tran Phuong da gidi thigu ban thao cudn Sing tao bdt ddng tuec dén véi NXB Tri thire xudt ban truéc khi xudt ban cong trinh cia minh. Chang ta hy vong ca hai cudn sach bat ding thite ciia hai tac gia Pham Kim Hing va Tran Phuong sé mang lai nhiéu diéu bé ich trong vige phat trién tu duy todn hoc. Ha Noi, ngiy 21 thing 07 nim 2006 Nguyén Hau Tinhxii Cong tac vién Day [a mot trong nhang cudn sach dau tien tp hep duge rat nhiéu sy hyp tac, dong gdp ctia cac ban hoc sinh gidi toan khip micn dat nudc. Trong théi gian hoan thanh truge khi xuat ban, cdc ban da khong ngai vat va, tir nhidu tinh Khac nhau dén Ha Néi dé bd sung va sua chia nhimg thiéu sot, dé cudn sach thuc sy tro nén gan git vei hye sinh Vigt Nam. Tac gia vin gir loi cam on dic bigt toi cac ban sau day + Nguyén Quée Khanh SV khoa K9 hé Ctr Nhan Tai Nang Toan BHKHTN DHQG HN + Dinh Ngoc An HS chuyén toan khoa 20032006 Truimg THPT Luong Van Tuy Ninh Binh + Lé Trung Kién q HS chuyén toan khoa 20042007 Trung THPT Chuyén Bac Giang Bic Giang, + Dé Hoang Giang HIS khoa 20042007 khéi THPT Chuyén Toan Tin DHKHTN DHQG HN. + Pham Duy Higp HS chuyen toan khoa 20042007 Truong THPT Lé Hong Phong Nam Dinh. + Nguyén Viét Anh HS khod 20032006 khéi THPT Chuyén Toan Tin BHKHTN DHQG HN. + Phan Thanh Nam SV-hé Cut Nhan Tai Nang Toan Truong DHKHTN DHQG TP.HCM Ngoai ra con rat nhiéu ban khac da dong gop cac bai toan cho cuén sach. Phai ké dén nhu ban Phan Thanh Vigt HS Truong THPT Luong Van Chanh, Phu Yén, ban Lé Hiu Dién Khue HS Truong THPT Quéc Hoc Hug, ban Dinh Quang Huy HS Truong THPT Lé Hing Phong, Nam Dinh, ban Bai Vist Anh SV Truong DH Bach Khoa Ha Néi... Dac biét, cudn sach con nhan duge sy cong tac, gitp dé cia rat n ban hoc sinh, sinh vién, gido su ngoai nuéc: Vasile Cirtoa je, Gabriel Dospinescu, Darij Grinberg... Téc gia xin giri Iai cim on chan thanh toi anh Huy(TSTS) da giup do tai ligu dé cudn sach duge trinh bay bing chwong trinh soan thio LATEX. Tac gia cling hi vong 38 tigp tuc nhan duoc su dong gop bé sung cac bai todn cling nhur cdc van dé khéc trong thoi gian tdi cia tit ca cdc ban hoc sinh tren khap dat nude dé cudn sich ngay cang tr nén hoan chinh hon.Mot sé ki hiéu dung trong sach * MO - National Mathematical Olympiad. © IMO - International Mathematical Olympiad « TST - Seclection Test for Interanticnud Mathematical Oly: * APMO - Asinn Pacific Mathematical Olympiad + MOSP - Mathematical Olympiad Summer Programe * 0.8 - Sum of Square © MV - Mixing Variables hay clén bién * SMV - Stronger Mixing Variables. * UMV - Undefinded Mixing Variables * ICE - Inequality General Induction. * VMEO - Viet Nam Mathematical EOlympiad Day la ki thi gidi tosin trén mang ctia trang web www.diendantoanhoc.net * Mathlinks Forums - www anathlinks.ro. * Mathlinks Contests - Ki thi giai todin trén mang clia trang web www.mathlinks.ro, * AM- GM - Arithmetic mes * Bar dang thtte AM-GM a, +a, +...¢4, 2n yaa © Bat dang thite Cauchy-Schwarz Geometric mean a? +a; +...+02)(b) +53 +..4b2) 2 (yh, +ayby +... 4,5, 2 3 Trong phan Ién ede séch ton ¢ Vist Nam higu nay. ngudi ta van coi (quen AM-GM la bat dang thie Cauchy con bat dang thie Cruchy- Schwarz 1A bi agi) bat dang thie dang thic BunhiaCopxki (theo céch goi ten etia Nga). Tuy nhién. dé khéng phai la ech goi tén chudn cda thé gidi hién nay Va trong cd cudn s ich nay, cic bat dng thite trén sé duge goi theo téu dung cua ns,R- Tap s6 thyc. Re ~ Tap 86 thyc duong. N- Tép 06 ty nhién. © N* - Tap sé ty nhién bé phan tu 0 Qt Tap sé htu-ti [2, b]- Doan (khoang déng) cua 2d4u mit a, b. (a, 8) - Khoang mo ctta 2 dau mit a, 2. Zour ~ Ye Valloterdqai(b+crd)+b'(c+d+a)+e(d+a+b)+d'a+b+c) ng déi ximg, sym 1a viét tat cila symmetric. Vi du Yo+bicrc'atab’ +e +ca* Trong céc bai todn 3 bién cita a, b, ¢, 6 thé vit), thay cho D Trong mét sé bai toan (d6i ximg), néu khong c6 gi nhdm Ian, c6 thé kf hiée tit Y thay cho Dot ye. - Téng hogn vi, cyc la viét tit cia-cyclic. Vi dy x ape ab +b'c+e%a a'ctc’a+b'd+d’b ue Trong mét s6 bai ton (hon vi > thaycho x... Majorization -'Tinh trdi, xem phan bt ding thie Karamata. néu khOng o6 gi nham lan, o6 thé ki higu ta Hai day sé thye a, 6, duce goi la don digu cing chiét va 5,,Dpy 1,2;.4n. Hai dy dé duge goi la don digu ngug néu, a, 20, 6, >5, Vi, chidu néu a, 2a, 5, $b, Vig Dy eeagChuong 1 Bat dang thttc Co Sé Dé lam quon vdi at ding thite thi vite nim vimg céc bat dang thrte e6 ban lA v6 citing quan trong. Trén thé gidi c6 rt nhiéu cdc bat ding thite, rét nhiéu nhitng dinh If lién quan téi bat ding thite, rét nhiéu céc’ki thuat nhé ching minh bat ding thie nén dé biét ét duge ching la diéu khong thé. diéu quan trong uhat 1a cliing ta phai hidu that ré céc bit ding thite co ban, dé cing 1A yéu t6 quan trong déu tien dé ban hoc t6t bat dang thic, Téc gfa sé nhdn manh téi nhiing bat ding thite hét sttc cAn thiét sau day : Bat dng thite lién hé gitta trung binh cOng- trung binh nhan (AM ~ GM). bat dang thitc Cauchy ~ Schwarz va téng quat la bat dang thie Holder. bat ding thuite Chebyshev va bat ding thite Jensen Day la 4 bat ding thite quen thude trong chutong trinh phé thong, nhung dé nim vitug duge chting cing khong phai Ia diéu dun gidn. dé dang nbdt 1A di voi c&c han di wu Kun quen voi bat déug thie. Chuong du tidu cia cuéu sach cung cap cho ede ban khé day dit nhiing ki nang sit dung 4 bit ding thie d6, them nia 1& mét s6 bai todn lién quan tdi cae bat dang thite déi xting 3 bién, bat dang thee hoan vj, phuong phap cAn bing hé sé va ki thuat khai trién Abel. Day la chuung cu ban va rat hién qua déi véi ede ban hoe sinh THCS. cde ban hoe sinh lép 10,11 muén rén Inyén ki nang ching minh bat ding thite ciia minh. Déi voi méi At dng thite co ban dé, tac gid déu chon mot ki thuat 4p dung die bigt uhét dé ban dye thay ro higu qua cia ching. Chdng han véi bat diug thite AM - GM ta cé ki thuat Cési nguoc, voi bat ding tlic Chebyshev ta cé ki thuat Phan téch Chebyshev va véi bat ding thite Cauchy — Schwarz ta c6 bat ding thite Holder. Theo cach aghi cit hoc sink Viet Nam thi bat dang thite Holder 6 vé hoi ta le va kho &p dung, ngay cd véi cdc ban hoc sinh gidi toan, nhumg cuén sch sé Sidp cde ban c6 mot céch nhin khéc hon déi véi bat dng thite quan trong nay, binh thutng ahu chinh bat ding thie Cauchy — Schwarz vay. Phan sit dung dao ham cing IA phan If thuy¢t quan trong ma cdc ban can phai ném rd.40 : Chuong 1. B&t ding thite co $3 :1.1 Bat dang thie AM-GM 1.1.1 Bat ding thite AM-GM va tng dung Dinh ly 1.1 (Bat dang thie AM-GM). Vi moi sé thuec duong a), 02,...,dn ta 06 bat ding thite ; BABAR EE > yaaa, 7 Diing thite iy ra Khi va chi Khi ay = a2 =... = ay CHUNG MINH. RO rang bat dang thie voi n = 2. néu bat dang thie ding vdi n sé thi cling ding véi 2n s6 vi G1 +42 +... + gq > NYG 1G2Gy +N YG Gps 2 Gan > 2m WO 109...Gy, Do dé bat ding thie cing ding khin bang mot lug thir cita 2. Mat kha néu bat ding thite ding véi n sé thi cling dung véi n — 1 s6, that vay ta chi cén chon oy =s/(n— 1), 9a, bag bot nd 5 aia On a8 > npf teens n-17 "WV n=1 = 82 (n— 1) yaaa. ‘Tir 2 nbgn xét trén ta 6 diéu phai chtmg minh, Dang thite xay ra khi va cl ca céc bién @,a2,..., a, bang nhau. O = st Bat ding thite AM — GAM la bit ding thite quen thnde va ¢6 ting dung rong rai, la bAt ding thrice diu tién ma cdc ban cAn phai ghi nho rt ré va sit dung mot céch thanh theo. Khi st dung bat ding thitc nay ching ta clin hét site cha y tdi dién kin ciia ding thite khi ay = a2 = ... = a, va cn tach céc hé s6 cho phi hop. C6 nhién each ching mink bat dang thite AM — GM. cach ching minh hay nbd 6 thé la céich chig minh sit dung phuong phap quy nap Cauchy (nhur cht mg minh trén). C6 1 vi vay ma nhiéu ngudi lam ln ring Couchy phat hign re bét dang, thite nay. Ong chi 18 ngudi diva ra ching minh rét hay céa minh chi khéng phéi la ngudi phat hien ra dau tien, bat ding thite ma ching ta quen goi JA bat dang thte Bunhiacopeki thutc chat la phat minh cia 3 nha toan hoc Schwarz, BunhiaCoprki va Cauchy. Theo cach goi ten chung eta thé gidi, bit ding thie BunhiaCoprki cé ten la bat ding thite Cauchy — Schwarz, con bit dang thtte Cési (hay Cauchy) 6 tén la bat dang thitc AM - GM (Arithmetic Means - Geometric Means). Day l& mét sw nhdm ln khé ki la va dang ngac nhien trong mot thdi gian dai !? San day 1 mét sé bai toan dac trung sit dung bat ding thie AM - GM1.1. Bat ding thite AM-GM 5 Vi dy 1.1.1. Cheing minh ring udi moi sé thuc khéng am a,b,c ta cb tli, 9 atetc* arbre Lor GiAi. Sit dung bat dang thite AM - GM cho 3 s6 iH L 1 a 3 (arbso (Le p+t) 2 ae 9 Bat ding thie téng quat hon duge chimg minh hoan toan tuong ty a 1 ne +4 54..4 22 — a Oy a bgt tan Vi du 1.1.2 (B&t dang thitc Nesbitt). Chimg minh ring udi moi 36 thie khong am a,b,c ta cb a b ++ a b ¢ Set +o, eo eta atb b c a M=—-+—+ T= Feet cba ab na a 6 BAe +elera tated Ta cé M +N = 3, Mat khac theo bat ding thite AM - GAY thi a+b b+e M+S= toot ore vegaote eth, b+e Vay M +N +28 >@suy ra 2S > 3. Day 1a diéu phai chimg minh. O Vi du 1.1.3 (Bat ding thitc Nesbitt 4 bién). Chring minh ring vai mot sé thue.6 Chuong 1. Bat dang chic co sé Lor Giat. Dat Ta co M +N =4. Theo bat dang thie AM — GM thi a+b, bte, etd M+S= soot ord dtat btd ate c+td d+a atte ote bed, bed b+e a+d c+d atb A(a +c) 4(b+d) =4 +bt+c+d at+btctd > Vay M +N +28 > 8 suy ra $ > 2. Dang thie xdy ra khi a aa Vi dy 1.1.4. Gid sta, a9, ...,an ld cée 86 the duong sao cho a, +02 +...+4y Chiing mink vdi moi 36 nguyén duong k ta c6 bat dang thite abt aby. tat > abt + afl + babel, Lor GIAL. Str dung bat diug thie AM - GM ta co (k-Dat treat baby take 1a kV GHD = kak, Thay a bdi a1, a2,..., dn Ti cOng cde bat dang thie lai ta duge (k= laf + af +... +08) n> kak) + afl +. + ake!) Vay ta chi cn ching minh att abt all on Sit dung bat dang thie AM - GM a®! + (k-2) =a! 41 $14... 4.123 (b- 1) Var = (k= Da. t Thay a béi a1, a97..., dy roi cOng cae bat ding thuc dang tren lai ak! +akt +. tak 4 n(k—2) > (k- 1)(ai tat... + an) = (k- Ln1.1. Bat ding thite AM-GM 7 sal gab l a ballon Dang thie xay ra khi va chi khi a) =ay =... =0, =1. Nhan xét. Tir céc chimg minh trén ta suy ra af +ah+ tak a (utet +e)" ” Voi moi s6 nguyén dutong k. Ngoai ra cé 2 bat ding thie nay déu ding khi k > 11a mot sé thuc. Néu x¢t k < 1 ta co bat ding thite poe fata tn tan | Yt Yat... + Yon a 2 7 Voi moi s6 thye duong m.> 1. Cav ban hay tur kim nghigm cae bat bing phuong phap 6 trén, thie chat né chi la bé qua trye tiép. uf thite why Vi du 1.1.5 (Bat dang thitc AM-GM suy rong). Voi cde $6 thyte dong 1,42, ony On VE L1,%2).n45ly ld ede 85 thuc khéng dm cd téng bing 1 ta cd ayy + apt, + + ayy > af ax?...aze Lot GIAl. Phuong phap chitug minh sit dung quy nap Cauchy hoan toan tuong ty hit véi bit d&ng thie AA - GAL thong thudng. Tuy obién trong trutng hop n = 2 ching ta cn inot Idi gidi chi tiét hon. Ta phai chttug mink néur+y = 1 vaa.bory la cée 86 thite khong Am thi ax + by > a7" Céch Lum don gidin abAt. d6i voi bat dng thite nay 1A x6t v6i sé bite ti ri clnydin qua gidi han. Hign nhién néu 2,y hitu ti thi bai ton duge ching minh theo bat ding thite AM ~ GM cé dién mat nb > (m+ njaOrrmM y+") — ar + by > akb¥, Trong d6 x = m/(m+n) vay = n/(m+n). Con néu x,y thye thi sé tén tai day Che $6 ita tity > ©, $n > a. Tm + Sn = 1 va nhu vay ary + BS, > ab $9 arn + B(L = Ty) > aPeyl—t, Chuyén qua gidi han khi n — +00 ta duge ax + by > a7b¥. Day chinh la diéu phai chitng minh. Q Céch chimg minh nay khé co ban, va néu ban chuta ditgc hoc vé gidi han thi hay tam chép uhan bat déng thite v6i cde 96 7; hit ti. Lf do rit don gidu. vi dé diuh ghia chink xc cho lug thita vdi sé mi thye. bude phiai c6 dink nghia gidi han. Cae kién thite co sd vé gidi han vA ham lién tuc sé duge dinh nghia trong chitong trinh toan phd thong lép 11, 12.8 Chuong 1, Bat ding thic co sd Vi du 1.1.6 (IMO Shortlist 1998). Voi x,y,z la céc 36 thue duang co tich bing 1, ehting mink bat dang thie sau oo y 2 3 BEE Eee Cee ae Eeeeee eet Genare * Oradea * Geet ty m4 LOI GIAr. Sit dung bat ding shite AM - GM cho 3 sb Geyary * Osada T+naty = 2 4 Mat khée 2 + y + 2 > 3y/yz = 3 non ta cé dpem. G Vi dy 1.1.7 (IMO Shortlist 1990). Gid sta, b, c,d la cae 86 thie khong am thod man ab + be + cd+da = 1, Ching mink eee eed beovd* cedta*atbed*atbte 3 Lor GIAt. Sir dung bat dng thie AM — GM cho 4 s6 a 4 btetd btetd 18 a, lla 4,157 +5t 12° 3 Hoan toan tuong tif ta cé thém 3 bat dang thite vai b,c, d sau d6 cong lai dugc EEE EEE BeE eee ee ee ieee eee eee b+etd c+dt+a -atb+d a+bte™ 3 3 Chi ¥ ring ab+ be + ed + da = (a +)(b+ d) nen (at+b+c+d)? > 4{ab+ bo+ed +da)=4atbt+ct+d>2 ‘Thay két qua nay vao bat ding thitc 6 trén ta c6 dpem. Dang thite xdy ra khi va chi khia = 4/2. Vi dy 1.1.8 (Komal Magazine). Ching minh vdi moi a,b, duang See eee epee eeeeen et ala tb) * +e) © letra) ~ Warde)? i1.1. Bat ding thite AM-GM 9 Lor GIAl, Sit dung true tiép bit ding thite AM - GM cho vé trai Hea a(a +b) 1 1 3 WOre * fora) * Yala Or oera) Do dé ta chi cn ching minh BSabela + b)(b+c)(e+a) < Bat b+c)®. Theo bat ding thie. AM ~ GM Babe <(atb+c)%, Bat blb+ eet a) <(atb+b+ctcta) =Batbtc)® Nhan theo vé 2 bat dug thite tron ta duge diéu phai chtmg minh. O Vi dy 1.1.9. Cho cae sé thyc a,b,¢ thod man a? + 6? +c? = 3. Ching minh bat ding thite sau lal + [a] + |e] - abe < 4. Lot Gil, Ta eding 4p dung true tiép bat ding thite AM - GM nhu sau 24 52 3 eee < a) =15-abe< 1, (la| + [0] + lel)? < 3(a? +B? +c?) = 9 = Jal + lb] +|el <3. Cong vé 2 bat dang thtic trén ta cé digu phai ching mink. Ding thie xay ra khi va chi khi trong 3 86 @,b,cc6 286 bing 1 va 1 s6 bing -1. O Nhén xét. Ban doc thi lam bai ton trén néu ta bé di cdc dau gid tri tuyét d6i, tim max cila a + b+ c— abc . Day 1a mét bai toén rét thi vi va khong dé. Vidy 1.1.10 (Iran MO 1998). Cho cdc s6 thu duong a, b,¢,d thod man abed = 1. Ching minh ring 3 3 i L OHP+A Her max (atererar est et Lt G1At. Ta phai ching minh 2 bat dang thtfc sau +R +34+P >at+bterd () a+b 434d? > abe+ bed +cda+dab (2)10 Chuong 1. Bat ding thie co sé Bat dang thttc (1) duye chimg minh tuung ty nhu trong vi dy 1.1.4. Bat dang thie (2) co duye bang téng cdc bat dang thie sau a +b8 +c > Babe beh 4d) > Bbed +d + a5 > 3cda dé +a +? > 3dab. Chi c6 dang thie khio =b=e=d=1.0 Vi dy 1.1.11 (USA MO 1998). Chiing minh voi moi sé thue duong a.b.c 1 L 1 i ae take * Hee abe + Shad babe § abe Lot Grail. Ta e6 nhan xét sau a? +b" > 2ab > 0? +83 > abla +b) abe abe e +B 4 * ablatb)tabe atbte Xay dung thém 2 bat ding thie twong ty rdi cong lai suy ra diéu phai ching inink abe, abe abe a+b tabe” BFS + abe” FEa FS abe * Ding thite xy ra chi khia =6=c. Vi dy 1.1.12 (France Pre - MO 2005). Céc sé thie dutong kign 2? + y? + 2? = 3, Hay ching minh ey, ze YD thod man diéu Lor Gial. Binh phutong 2 vé cia bat dang thi’. ta phai chitag mink aye yk abe? : te pte ew +h) 2a ty +e) Cha § ring theo bat ding thite AM — GM ta c6 ay? yet a2) pay? yet fy? at) fad? Be : (ap +s )= (Es (Ge +)+( + +) gtr to ¥ 2 - 2 Aa? +y? + 2), Dang thite xy ra chi khi x = y Lo Nhfn xét. Cac ban hay kiém nghiém bat dang thite sau Néu a,b,c dutong thod man a* + 53+ = 3 thi ca S532 +723 Van dé téng quat sé duge gidi quyé 4 chung sau cilia cudn sch.11. Bat déug thite AM-GM i Vi dy 1.1.13 (IMO Shortlist 1996). Cac sé dwong w.y. 2 06 téch bing 1. Ching nunh bat ding thite ry ye Perry ys tyet2> Lor GAL. Ta ¢6 nhan xét sau ety >worty poy ty) PEPE Eee ry q 1 SEE rpaty + ryt eyPety) ltav(ety) r+yte2 dimg 2 bit ding thie tuong tu véi x,y ri cong vé cd 3 bat dang thite ta co diéu pluii chimg minh, Dang thie xy ra chi khi Lo Vi du 1.1.14 (Viet Nam MO). Céc sé thye dong 21,22, ....% thod man i 1 1 ne coer + T+m | 1+x2 TH2, 1. Hayy chttng minh ring ryMZ..%y 2 (n= 1)" LOI GIAl. Tit gid thiét bai toan ta cé + tat ot En Tra T+ Tt) 148 Sit dung bat dang thite AAL - GM véi cic 56 hang 6 vé tréi tn nal V4 ty ~ V4 a) + 2) (Fann) Ta cén~ 1 bat dng thite tuong tu voi mdi s6 21,72, ....0n-1, Sau dé nhan céc titong tng cla n bat ding thie trén lai suy ra dpem. Vi du 1.1.15 (APMO 1998). Ching minh di moi ryy.2 diong ta co £) (144) (142) 224% ) (+2) G44 045) 22 LOI GIAl. Dé dang nhan théy bat ding thiic trén JA hé qua tt bat ding thnte sau tyt ons12. Chuong 1. Bat déug thite co 58 Ta nhom va sit dung bat ding thitc AM ~ GAf Dang thite xay ra khi va chi khi c= Vi dy 1.1.16 (Canada MO 2002). Voi moi x,y,z duong, hay chting minh o ye rtyte Lot GIAL. Sit dung bat ding thie AM - GA cho 3 36 3 3 Pytrzae , Lantreay , ZS bety>se ve a zy Cong vé 3 bat dang tlie tren ta eo digu phai ching wink, O Vi dy 1.1.17 (Macedonia MO 2000). Chig minh vdi moi x,y,z duong vy tz? > VUay t x2) Lot GiAl. Sit dung bit ding thie AM - GM véi 2.56 2 atytesta ats UD > varys2) a Vi dy 1.1.18. Ching minh vdi moi a,b, c,d duong ta lun 5 16(abe + bed + cda + dab) < (a + b+e4d)* Loi GiAl. Sit dung bat ding thie AM — GM cho 2 s6 16(abe + bed + cda + dab) = 16ab(c + d) + 16ed{a+ b) < Aa + P(e +d) + Ale + d)2(a +b) i < dat b+e+ dat b)(c+d) <(atb+etd)* Diing thc xy ra khi va chi khi a = aa i Vi dy 1.1.19. Ching minh ring udi cdc 36 duong a,b,c cé téng bing 3 thi | a(a + ¢~ 2b) ab +1 Ub+a-2) | ele+b— 2a). bei aii 7%1.1. Bat ding thitc AM-GM 13 Lor GIAL. Bat dang thite tuung duung vdi al-) | bse, c=) a) Pa yO ie pe peer Ui tea Ace atl | bel | e+ Wael beri” ati Sut dung bat dang thite AM — GM cho 3 86 hang 6 vé trai vr2 ay) (ab + T)(be + 1)(ea + 1) Ta sé chtmg minh (a + 1)(6 + 1)(c #1) = (ab + L)(be+ 1(ca + 1) ‘That vay. bat ding thtie trén tuong dutong voi abe +ab+ bet catatb+c+3 > abc? +abclatb+c) +ab+be+ca+1 32 a?b*c? + 2abe. Bart dang thie trén hién nhien dling vi theo bat ding thite AM — GM thi abe < 1. Dang thite xdy ra khi va chi khi a 10 Nhu da néi, chi ¥ quan trong ohdt khi sit dung bat ding thie AM — GM la phai chon diing h¢ s6 khi ghép cap dé dang thite e6 thé xay ra dutge. Ching han, 4 ‘vi du 1.1.6 ta khong thé sit dung bat ding thie x Teparey ttt 4D 2 30 Theo cdm gidc, ding thie xay ra khi ¢ = y = z = 1 nén ta chon duge he dé céc s6 hang bing nhaw 61/8 a G+y)G+2) +1 +t Véi céc bai ton 6 dang chun niu tren, tite 18 c6 dang thtte khi tt c& cde bién bang nhau thi viée ghép cp nhut vay tuong d6i dé, nhung vdi mot s6 bai toan bat ding thite khong d6i xtimg thi cong viéc nay sé khé khan hun, ta phai ding phuung phap Can béng hé sé va phdi gidi céc phuong trinh. Ban cO thé xem trong phan sau, bai viét v8 Phuong phép can bang hé 36, trang 75. 1.1.2 Ki thuat Cési nguge déu Bay gid ching ta sé xen xét bat ding thite AM ~ GM va migt Ki that dac bict- ki thuat Cosi nguoe déu. Day 18 mot trong nbitng ki thuét hay. khéo léo, méi mé va 4n tugng nhat cita bat dang thtte AM — GM. Hay xem cc vi dy cy thé sau14 Chuong 1. Bat ding thite co sé Vi du 1.1.20. Céc 86 duong a,b,c thod man diéu kién a+ +0 = 3. Chting minh bat dang thete ae, b +t y3 1+P i+e "14a LOi GiAr, Ta khong thé ding true tiép bat dang thite AM — GAL vdi maus dang thite sau d6 sé déi chiéw a +B + Ta da sit dung bat ding tite AM ~ GM cho 2 s6 1 +6? > 26 6 dudi mau nhimg lai c6 duge mt bat ding thite thuin chiéu? Sy may mdn d day la mot cach ding nguoc bat ding thitc AM ~ GM. mot ki thuat rét An tuong va bat ngd. Néu khong sit dung phuung phap nay thi bat dang thie trén sé.rat kho vA dai Tir bit ding thite tren, xay dumg 2 bAt ding thric tvemg tie véi b, © ri cong cA 3 bat dng thite lai suy ra ab+be+ea | 3 Patbtce-C Use. oot 1eP TF vi ta co ab + be + cu < 3. Ding thiie chi xay ra khi a La ‘Voi cach lam tren c6 thé xay dung mot bat dang thie tuong ty véi 4 sd Vi du 1.1.21. Ching mink ring vdi a,b.c,d la cde 36 thwe dong 6 téng bing 4 ta od bat dang thite @ +8 ttc +e trea 2? Va néu khong ding néu khong ding ki thuat Cési nguee déu thi gan nhu bai toan nay khong thé gidi duge theo céch thong thug duce. Ki thuat nay thye sw hiéu qua vdi cdc bai todn bat ding thiic hon vi Vi du 1.1.22. Ching minh vdi moi 6 duong a.b.c.d thod man diéu kign a + b+ ctdadiacé « b ¢ d 7 ese eco iyRe* Te ed* isha Tas 2?L1. Bat dang thie AM-GM 16 Lor GIAI. Theo bat dang thie AM —GM wae, ate _4_abve T¥ Be =" je 2 po WEE, , Mates a 1+ Be >a- Flab + abc). Hoan todn tuong ty ta cé thém 3 bat dang thie sau b _berbed _¢_. cdteda _d_ ,_datdab 1+ ed = 4 ' i+ed = 40° 1+@a> a Cong vé ca 4 bat ding thie tren EES SEES EE ete aE ea T+Re 1+cd 1+da 1+a%~ Batbbetd~Hab+be cd + da+abe-+ bod cda + dab. Tir bat ding thitc AM - GM dé dang suy ra cdc bat ding thtic ab tbeted+da< Harbterdy=4, abe + bed + eda + dab< —(at+b+e+d)® 7 16 Do a6 + + SS batbtctd-2=2. 1+ * Teed * Te da * Team otter Dang thie xay ra khi va chi khia =b=c=d=1.0 Vi dy 1.1.23. Chting minh vdi moi sé thye duong a,b, c,d ta luon c6 a & Cd & atb+e+d aoptees tap tee ath Re" +a” Pra? 2 Lor Gri. Sit dung bat ding thite AM — GM vdi 2 sé. 3 ab? att +P a+b =~ Bab Xay dimg 3 bAt dang thie tuong ty véi b, c,d rdi cong vé cae bAt dang thite lai ta 6 digu phai ching minh. Ding thite xdy ra khi tdt ca céc bién bang nhau. Mot bat dang thtie cimg dang tren 1a at ot é +o ag tae atbterd +e” Bid” S+2e16 Chuoug 1. Bat ding thie co sd Vi dy 1.1.24. Cho a,b,c 20 vaatb+c=3. Chiing minh 21 Loi GIAl. Sit dung biéu déi va bat ding thie AM - GM cho 3 s6 Beet 2ab? Slat 2ab> g— 2labee a+ 9 oe BYae See Hoan toan tuong tf ta cting c6 2 bat dang thite B ss b+ 28 = —e corte = i 2 2/3 b- 5 (be, Do ¢6 ta chi cin chimg minh atbtc- 3 ( (ab)? + (be) + (ca)*¥) > 1 4 (ab)! + (be)?! + (ea)?!? ¢ 3. Nhung bat dang thie nay hién nhién ding. vi theo bat ding thite AM - GAL atabt+b> (ab), bedete> (be), cteata > 3(ca)*%, ngoai ra dé thAy 3 > ab + be-+ ca nén ta e6 didn phai clung minh. Dang thie xy ra khi va chi khia=b=c=1. 0 Két qua cita bai todn van diing khi thay gid thiét a+b-+¢ = 3 bai ab+be-bea = 3 hote Va + Vb + Ve = 3, truéng hgp sau khé hon mot chuit, Ta c6 them mor bat dang thie khac cling dang trén Vi du 1.1.25. Cho a,b,c>0 uda+b+e= 3. Ching mink ring 2 2 2 fer as ms ft er 21 Loi GiAl. Chtimg minh tuong ty, dita bat dang thite vé WV + eV + al <3, San d6 Ap dung bat ding thite AM - GAL ba 0 V2 € R nen theo dinh li vé dau etia tam thie bac 2 Ay 0 (a2 + a} +... +02) (02 +2 +... +02) > (aids + anbe +... + dydu)?. Dang thitc xdy ra khi phwong trinh f(z) = 0 c6 nghiém, n6i céch khéc (a1, 42, ... da) va (bi, bay +11 bn) 1a 2 bd tie. Céch 2. Mot céch chimg minh khac cing rat cin nhé, vi ta s0 sit dung lai trong 1 s6 bai tap. dé 1A phuung phap sit dung dang thie. Ta cé hang dang thite sau (ah +a} +... +02)(OR +03 +... +82) — (arb) +azba +... + anda)? = So (a:b; ~ a5bs)?, et Va do do hién nhién phai cé (a3 + a3 +... + a2 )(OR + BB +. +02) > (ard, + aby +. + nbn)? | | 1 Céch 3. Ngoai ra bat ding thttc Cauchy — Schwarz cing cé thé chtmg minh true | ;1.2, Bat ding thitc Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder 19 tip bing bat diing thie AM — GA chi véi 2 96. day la mét ching minh rét hay va diuy dé id rOug ebo bat ding tluie Holder. @ 2 Pigtnia ? a+a+.+at “ho i chay tit 1 dén 1 ri cOng vé cd n bat dang thite lai ta 66 két qua. Day cling ta mot chttg minh rét ngén gon. O Bat ding thite Cauchy — Schwarz cing 1 m@t bat ding thite rat quen thuge véi ede ban hye sinh phé thong va vigc udi chae sit dung thanh thao bat dang thie way li rét cin thiét cho tat cd ban doc. khong chi véi cdc ban thi hge sinh gidi. Olympic quéc gia. quéc té ma ngay c3 véi cdc ban on thi vao ldp 10 va thi vao dai hoc Cie he quit san day sé cing c6 the quan trong nay ‘ac ving ding khéc nhau cha bat ding thie Hé qua 1.1. Voi 2 day 96 (ay. ay, -)dy)-va (by, 2. b,). 6, 20 i= Tm 2 @ 2 Sun)? G8, ms tet r by be bn by + be to Fn Bit dang thite trou thdug duye yoi la bat ding thie Schwarz. H6é qua 1.2. Véi 2 day 36 thie ay, 49, ...,0, Va by, 2. ..4bn ta CO Ved sth ed ++. + VR FR> VP tele y CHUNG Minn. Ta chi chimg minh trong trugng hgp n = 2. Véi céc gia tri khac, bat ding thite duge suy ra true tiép bing phuong phip quy nap. Tuy abien voi n=2 thi ta 6 bat dang thite Cauchy — Schwarz [a2 +02 + yah +03 > Vay + a2)? + (by + bo)? # (af + 03)(03 + 03) > (aiby + a2ba)? dy) VA (b1.b2, ---y by) 1A 2 bO tile. A Ding thite cing xy va khi (a1.a2,- Hé qua 1.3. Véi moi ddy 6 thuc a1,09..... dy te 66 (ay +42 +... + Gy)? S na} + 03 +... +42).20- Chuong 1. Bat ding thite co sé CHUNG Mina. Sit dung bat dang thite Cauchy ~ Schwarz véi 2 bd 56 (1,425 ---n)» (yey D, Trong dé bo s6 thi 2 gdm n sh 1. 0 Sau day la nhiing img dung thudng gap va tiéu biu cita bat ding thitc Cauchy — Schwarz. Ta xem xét qua cc vi du tit dun gidn dén phite tap. Vi du 1.2.1 (Math Changelles). Cho céc sé thuc dong r1..02,....0n 06 tng bing 1. Hay tim gid tri nhé nhat ctia biéu thie (+3) (rg) tre) mn+—) +(a+ tot (tet 1 22, tn Lot Git. Sit dung bit dang thie Cauchy — Schwarz ta c6 (+5) tera) e+ at+—)+(m+—) +..4 zy 2 L 1 2H (ntataotmth n a 1 at En, Ti 2 bat dang thie tren ta suy ta a 2 2 G2aiyp (a+Z) +(2+z) + +(+2) eee 1 22 Th n Dang thite xay ra khi vA chi khi x = 22 a, =1/n. 0 Vi dy 1.2.2. Gid sit a,b, la cdc $6 thye duong, chimg mink ring ISS EOS ge See EE EE eco (b+e)? © (e+ a)? © (a+b)? ~ 4(at+b+c)" Lor G1Al. Sit dung bat ding thuc Cauchy - Schwarz ta c6 o 6 € a b c \? b+e(—* 4"? 4 2) a (242.4). (a+ +0(GS5t cot mop)? (FR tata) Lai theo bat dang thite Cauchy — Schwarz a é ¢ a eB 2, (a+b+o? bret are arb abtac’ bathe catch ~ Xab+ beta) >3 2 Ti 2 b&t ding thite trén ta c6 dem. Ding thie xay ra khi a = ee1.2. Bat ding thitc Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder 21 Vi dy 1.2.3. Cho ede sé duang a,b,c c6 téng bing 3. Ching minh rang a e 2 sto toe asim * braa t oye ** Loi GIAl. Bai toan da dugc gidi d phan trudc bing ki thuat Cosi nguge déu, tuy nln lai c6 thé gidi kha don gian bang bat ding thite Cauchy - Schwarz nhu sau a a+ (a? +0? + 2)? pasneeene urso_fnd-2 Deoeeeess TES + are + Pe + a?) @ Do do ta chi can ching minh (2442) >a +B +c + 2(0°? + be? +0207) ea+ihect zai ec, Bat dang thite nay kh4 quen thudc. ta c6 thé ding chitng minh ho&n toan chi bang bat ding thie Cauchy — Schwarz 38 +P 4c) = (+P +eatdte) > (a2 +h +07)? (240? +e)(1 4141) 2 (at dtc)? =9. Do dé o2 +6? +e? > 3, suy raat +3 +03 >a? +o? 4c. (+4 c(2+P+A)> (S++ AP wat totct a a+H re Dang thie chi xay ra khi a = 6 1a Bat cing tite trén duge ching minh dé dang bing céch sit dung bat ding thie Cauchy - Schwarz, tuy nhién voi bét dng thie khé tuong tu khde @ e 28 SeasEee eet 23 ath bee era =F ‘Ta chi c6 thé sit dung phuong phép Cosi nguoc, khong sit dung duge truc tiép duyc bat ding thite Cauchy — Schwarz. Vi du 1.2.4 (Vigt Nam MO 1991). Gid sta > y > z > 0. Chimg minh aor y > 2 nen eats Pe ty (wy tye t+ 2x) (a — ye - 2)ly- z x y y = x yz Ti d6 ta 6 digu phai ching nin. Ding thie xdy ra khi 2 = Vi dy 1.2.5 (Iran MO 1998). Gid si.y.2 21 va 2 + : + = =2. Chiing minh z ETGFE > VET + Vy 1+ Vem. ta Gav tgtatios gty*2 zy Theo bat ding thie Cauchy — Schwarz ta 06 seytestetyt a(S 2 2 (veq-T+ y=1 + vz=1) => Vrtytz> Ve-1lt Vy-1+ve-1. 3/2..0 Vi dy} 1.2.6 (Greece MO 2002). Cho cée sé thye dang a,b, ¢ 06 téng bing 1 Olning mink bat ddng thite Dang thite xdy ra khi va chi kbi x > (aVa+ bvb + eve)”, 241s dung true tiép bat ding thitc Cauchy ~ Schwarz 0A eee eee eee eee eee By ay asl ere were ere i (aya + bv + eve)? i i SOR + Pet + eat) pa +R +e i Phan cn lai cita bai todn. ta chi can chimg minh APP +P + Pw) ta +P +e 0. Bat ddug thite nay hién uhicu ding vi a+b +c < 1 = ab, be, ca < 1/4. Ding thite xay ra khi trong 3 s6 a,b,c c6 1 s6 bing ! va 2 s6 bing 0. O1.2. Bat ding thie Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder 23 Vi du 1.2.7 (Crux). Véi moi x,y,z > 0, chiing mink Veit Vp rlt+ VP +1> filatyty. Loi Giat. Ap dung hé qua (1.2) ta c6 Vitel+ Vel t Ve LS Very eee ee Theo bat ding thie AM — GM ta c6 (cty +z) +3? > 6(r+y +2) Dang tite xy ra chi khic =y=2=1.0 Vidul Xde dink diéu kién cén ud di vdi cde 86 thie r1,72,...,7, $a0 cho Tet eR to beh 2 (ray breee + + tna)? thing voi moi day £1, 02)....T € R. Loi Git. Cho 2; = 7 ta suy ra day (ri) phi thod man ret rht..trsi. Day cing la diéu kien dit, that vay, nén day (7) thod man dit sn may thi theo bat dang thie Cauchy — Schwurz ta c6 aptakt. tak > (rderdt.tr2)aht ah +..+2%) 2 (rim trate tn tr Khing dinh duoc ching minh xong. Q Vi dy 1.2.9 (IMO Shortlist 1993). Chimg minh si mot 6 duong a,b, c,d EES eee eee eee eee b+2c+3d c+2d+3a d+2a+3b a+2b+3e 3 LOI Git. Theo bat ding thite Cauchy - Schwarz ta cd eae eae EEO EEE Ce ee Eerie Eee Eee ~ Gh+ 2ac + Bad * be+ Bbd-+ Sha * cd+2ea+Bcb dat Qdb + Bde 7 (atb+c+d)? ab + be + ed + da + ac + bd) Mat khac (at b+etd)? =ab+beted+datactbd) +a +h ++ de > plab-+ be ted +da + ac + a). Tur d6 ta c6 dpcm. Dang thttc xy ra chi khia=b=c=d. 024° Chuong 1. Bat ding thiic co sé Vi dy 1.2.10. Ching minh vdi moi a,b, © diwong a be ea 1+ ab?" 1+be? © 1+ ca’ LOI G14t. Véi moi sé thute duong k. theo hat dang thitc Cauchy — Schwarz “ Po? (a+b+e)? _atbte b+ ctko “a+ (k+ Dato ~ RET Lay k = 1/(abe) ta co diéu phai chitng minh. Dang thie xdy ra khia =b=c. Vi du 1.2.11 (Bat dang thie Nesbitt 6 bién). Chung minh ring vdi moi a,b.c,dye, f 1a cae 86 thy duong EEE ee eee Ecc cra tdectesf* Frat ats x 2 @ 2 p abiact herb t ave * deta teftea* Jarfo (a+btct+dtetf)? ab+bo+cd+de+ef + fatactcet+eatbdtdf+ fb Goi S la mau sé ciia phan thtte néi trén Ww Wea(atbtctdtetfP-(7+P+ +d +e? + P+ 2ad + Lhd + Wf). Theo bat dang thie Cauchy - Schwarz ta cé +P etd? ter + fF + 2ad + Qbd + 2h = (ata)? +(b+e+(d+ f)? 1 2 Bjlatbtersret sy? Do dé 25 < 2/3(atb+c+d+et f)?, ta cé dpem. Ding thite xdy ra chi khi e=f.0 Vi du 1.2.12 (Korea 2002). Hai day sé thute a1, 02, -.+) én V@ 1, bay. bu thod man L a=b=c ate abt. Fah =O + be + +R Ching minh bat déng thitc {aby = o2b1)? <.2\ayby + aay +... + dnbu — LY,2. Bat ding thie Cauchy-Schware-Holder 25 wt dung ding thie khai trién bat ding thite Lor G1AL. Trong bai nay ta phai Cauchy - Schwarz, dé la 2+ 0B) = (aby +. + Onbn)? = S (axb; — 064)? > (ards — aabr)?. yet (ah ++ a2) Op + 1 nen theo bat ding thie Theo gia thiét a? +3 +... +02 =O? +0R+..+02 = > -1. Do dé Cauchy — Schwarz ta c6 1 > a,b) + aba tat Gnbn ~ daba)(1 + arb, + azbe + 2 +. Onbn) > (arb — a2bi)?. (1 = aybi ~ anbe =. + Guby — 1] > (arbe — arbi)? O = 2larb + arb + - Vi dy 1.2.13 (Crux). Tim gid tri nhd nhdt ctia biéu tte ia Seapa appa bte* cta a+b Voi a, be la cde 36 tate dutamg tn) 9 Lor GtAt. Sit dung bat dang Cauchy — Schwarz 3a 4b 5c 3 4 5 PretavatasetGtsth= err (Sy are =) 4 ys (i+ Vis V8" 3 a forcterarate (FR+ cots Suy 1a gid tri nbd ah&t cia biéu thite bing piv3+ V4 + 5) — 12. rat : 2 Ding thite xay ra khi va chi khi “ = te a oS a Vi du 1.2.14, Ching minh ring néu a,b,c 2 0 va abe = 1 thi26. Chuoug 1. Bat dang thite co sé Ton tai cdc 86 thyc x,y, z sao cho a = /y,b = y/z.¢ = z/z. Ta phai chimg minh ly, wz ty Qtufy @ey/2 ®2r2fe > r y + 21 ryote ke ramet ‘Theo bat dang thite Cauchy — Schwarz ta c6 eo oy ye (rt y+2P E+ 2y yr Qe” 24+ 2Qu ~ (et 2y) + yly + 22) + Dang thie xy ra khi va chi khir=y=2haya=b=c=10 Vi du 1.2.15. Ching minh ring udi moi a.b. c,d duong 06 tich bing 1 thi Eee eee 1 +—1_— 32 a+b) Wate)” e{i+a) dita) ~ Lot GiAl. Do abed = 1 nen tdn tai cc 36 thye 2, y, z, t sao cho asylr.b= 2/yc= t/zd = x/t Thay a, b.c.d béi ry, 2,f vao bat dang thie SEES Eee eet ag y/t(lt+z/y) * z/yl+t/z) ” t/e+a/t) ” 2/t.+y/z) ~ y 2 t 22. pre 2et tse taegs Day la bat ding thite Nesbitt 4 bién di duge chitng minh 6 tren. O Vi dy 1.2.16. Ching minh ring néu.a,b, cd la ce $6 thyte dang va rt = abed > 1 bét dang thite sau luén ding ab+1 bet] | cd+1 , dat+1 | 4{1 +r?) ati’ bel *e+1* dvi > itr Lor GIAt. Chi y rang tir gid thiét abed = r* > 1 ta suy ra ton tai cdc sé thuc duong 2,4, z, £20 cho re rt re F vy" z t Khi do bat ding thite duge viét lai duéi dang 2 al ey) Clea ¢ atl gt, tL SeHL a+) Bri’ Sri tet + FL PESTS rth ty tty Pate ry tt | 4(r? +1) rytx rzty ortt+z | rett rel °Bat ding thie Cauchy-Schwara-Holder a7 Xét 2 biéu thutc actte, utters ute “ryte re+y rtt2 ra+t! 7 t z Sayer seat ate ret? Ta phi chimg mink 4(r2 +1) ?_ 1) B> Ath VB2 TT Theo bit dang thie AM — GM d8 thay Ar(cy + yz + 2tt te) + 8(xz + yt) =A(r - 1) (rt z)(y tt) + Ala + z)(y + t) + Bcz + But <(r-Ulety sree t ety sstey? S(rtiletytz+tP Sut dyng bat ding thite Cauchy ~ Schwarz, chi ¥ ring r 2 1 ta 06 1 1 it 1 An e+ (Seg tae) too (Sata) Ate), Av + 8) < ppetrytrt ytttretre A(etbyt2tt)?® 8 2 Geet titer owt ~ rel .. (wt yte+t? = ary ta) + irz ty) + a(t $2) Fyre +f) (etytett? ea ~ play + yz + at + te) + (ee + yt) “1 Tit 2 bat ding thtic trén ta co diéu phai ching minh. Dang thite xay ra khi va chi Khia = ses San day chiing ta sé nghién ev mot dang md rong tlatng gap vA c6 nhién ing dung cia bat ding thite Cauchy - Schwarz. dé la bat ding thttc Holder. 1.2.2. B&t dAng thie Holder Dinh ly 1.3 (Bat dang thie Holder). Véim day sé duong (a1,1,41.25---)@i.n)s (2,154.2 00,20) °° (n,t9 Gan 29 -ey Goryn) 0 66 A(S~)=Eii)28, Chuong 1. Bat dang thite co sé Dang thic vay 1a khim day dé tuong ting ti lé. Bat ding thitc Cauchy — Schwarz | Ta hé qué truc tiép cda bat ding thite Holder vdim = 2 | He qua 1.4. Véi a,b,c, 2,y,2,m,n,p la cdc 86 thyc duong ta co (a? + b8 + ya? + y? + 29)(m? +n} + p¥) > (arm + byn + cep)? CHUNG Minx. Thyte ra day chi 1a hé qué tryc tiép cia bat ding thite Holder véi m = n= 3. Céch ching minh sau c6 thé lam lai hoan toan tuung fur voi dé chitng minh bat dang thitc Holder dang téng quat. Sit dung bat ding thite AM - GM ta cé a + z rs m Sea Peps wWenisp Barm SY E+E + Ala + yb + 2) (m3 + nF +p) Xay dumg tung tu 2 b&t dang thie nita voi (b, y.2) va (c,z,p) rdi cng theo timg vé ta co digu phai cing iniuh. Mot hé qua cita bat dang thite Holder. thutng duge 4p dung 1a. He qua 1.5. Voi day 96 dwang a1, a2... n. ehting minh (ta) +a: (L+ an) > (1+ Yarag--an)” CHtne Miva. Sit dung bat ding thite AM - GM ta 6 1 1 L n + tet ———— Ita ita T4a, ~ ATF a +a) + an) 4 ay On 1 ayaa tet ae lt+az T4a, > Fail + a2)..(1 an) ! L+ay i Cong theo timg vé 2 bat dang thite trén ta c6 diéu phai ching minh. | Bat ding thite Holder 1a indt bat diug thie mauh va c6 ubiéu tng dung, nhwng, rit tide né khong ditge ding phd bién 4 phé théng hign nay. Cac hé qua ritng 6 trén dé minh hoa cho bat ding thite Holder ed vé cach chtmg minh lan cach sit dung. Viéc lam quen va thudn thuc vdi bat ding thie nay cling rat cdn thiét. vi tuy ring 6 mot phat biéu hui khé nbin, bat dang the Holder hon toan dé hiéu va ting dung higu qué véi nhiéu bai todn. Sau day 1 mét sé vi du. Vi du 1.2.17 (IMO 2001. Pro A2). Véi moi a,b,c duong ta ob a 6 a SS Vat Fie VERT BaeL 1.2. Bat ding thitc Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder 29 Lor GIAt. Xét cde biéu thie a b c A= meet St SS Vae+8ic VR +Bac Vc? + Bub B = ala? + Bbc) + b(b? + Bac) + c(c? + Bab) = a> + 69 + c% + Babe. Theo bat ding thee Holder vai 3 day (he qua 1.4) ta c6 AA.B 2 (a+b+e)8 Ta bay gid ta chi cin ching minh (a+ +¢)* > B, hay {at dtc)? >a +d8 +c3 + Mabe + clu ~ b)? + alb - ¢)? + (ce - a)? 20. Dang thie xay ra chi khia =b= 0. O Vi dy 1.2.18. Ching minh ring néu a,b,c la ode $6 thuve duang c6 tich bing 1 thi ta cé cde bat ddng thite sau day a b c ss tt St SS??? Vitbtc Vitcta Vitatb™ a 6 c tess t Ss t eee? Vighee Vitara Vita +R Bét déng thite sau cé dting hay khong ? a b e Se >1 VI+th Ea Sass | SE: Vitae a VTFatR Lot GIAr. Voi bat dang thie dau tien. dat EEeH@- Eee eee ee Virb+e VTtcta Vi+at B= al? +b+e) +7 tate) +e(7 +a +b). Theo bat ding thite Holder ta cd AB > (at+b+e)*. ‘Ta phai ching minh (a +b +c)? > B= 7(a+ b+e) + 2(ab + be + ca), Theo bat ding thie AM - GM, a+b+¢> 3WVabe = 3 én (a+ bboh a Habbo) + ard be? > Tat b+) + 2ab + be + ea).30, Chuong 1, Bat ddug thie cd sé Voi bat ding thie thi 2, ta dat a b c aes SS) SSS SS VFR VT4P +O” VEO TR D= a7+P +e) +0742 +07) +.c(7 +0? +6) Theo bat dng thie Holder thi C?D > (a+b +c)8 C= D= Tatb+e)+(a+b+c)ab+ be + ca) ~ 3, 3 < ator + CEFN 3 <(asbsey suy ra didu phai ching minh. Bat ding thie thit3 khong ding. That vay, ta chi can cho a + 0 va b = c+ +00, chang han a = 10-4,b=c = 100. Vi dy 1.2.19 (Junior Banlkan 2000). Chiing minh vidi moi a,b,c dong oe ate 3 2 S)erara> (arbor, a a S)(ero+o2 (G+5+ Tir 2 bat dang’ tite trén ta e6 diém phai ching minh. O Ta cé bai todn téng quét sau Vi du 1.2.20. Voi a,b,c la cic sé thuc, k > 1k EN thi att gkel htt gk gk 74> saps a i er LOI GIAI. Sit dung bat dang thtte Holder =) (b+ ate)! > (atb4eh* fel pket ety AT (eS >) (arosey> ( Tir 2 bt ding thee tren ta rit ra digu phai ching minh. Két qué nay van ding néu k bitu ti (ching minh tuong ty), va do dé sé ding vai moi s6 thye k > 1, khong nbdt thiét & la s6 nguyen. O1.2. Bat dang thite Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder 7 31 Vi du 1.2.21 (Singapore MO 2002). Chimg minh vdi moi 6 duang a,.¢ +P +e)? > (PHO +0)%. Loi Grail. Sit dung true tiép Lat ding thite Holder (®+84+ A(t + Ael+)2(e+P+ey. a Vi du 1.2.22 (Crux). Véi cdc 36 thye duong ay.02,.-.4n 66 téng bing 1, hay tim gid tri nhé nhdt cud biéw thitc a a on, + Waa Fiat ima Lor GIAl. Xét ede bidu thite B= ay(l— a1) +ap(1 - a2) +... + an(1 > Gn). Theo bit ding thie Holder ta 6 APB > (ay tag+-. +n) = 1b Ngoai ra dé thay (ay + a2 $n +n)? nm B=1-(a+a3+..+a2) <1 De 6 A> Dang thite xiy ra khi va chi khi a; = Vi dy 1.2.23. Cho céc sé thye khang dm a,b, ¢ 06 téng bing 1. Ching minh ring a b ¢ + zh Va +2 Yor a * Yo+ 2a ~ L61 GIAL. Xét cde biéu thite Z eae ¢ “Yard Verte” ver 2a’ P = ala + 2b) +0(b + 2c) + cc + 2a) = (atbte)=1. Theo bét ding thite Holder G.P>(atdtc}i > S>(atb+eP=1aSz1 Dang thtte xay ra khi va chi khia = 6 =¢= 1/3. 032. Chung 1. Bat ding thite co sd Vi du 1.2.24. Ching minh bat ddng thitc a b jasnneLaneeeaee + VFI — a2 22 +207— HF 2a + 2b? - 2 Trong dé a,b,c la ede $6 thye duong’ sao cho cac can thite tén tai v3. Lot Gtat. Goi bidu thie vé trai lA P. Dat S = a(26? + 2c? — a?) + b(2c? + 2a? — b?) + c(2a? + 26? — c”) = abla + b) + 2e(b+ c) + 2eale +a) — a? — b —c8. Theo bat ding thitc Holder ta co PPS2(at+b+e)' Do dé ta chi cAn ching minh (a+b+c)> 23S. Bat ding thie tren tuong duong véi A(a® +63 + c4) + Gabe > 4 (abla + 6) + be(b + ¢) + calc +a)). Dé c6 bat dang thite trén, ta chi cdn cOng vé 2 bat ding thie quen thuée sau 3(a? +3 + c3 + Babe) > 3 (abla + b) + be(b-+c) +ca(e+a)), 2 +8409 > dade. Ding thite xay re khi va chi khia=b=c. Q Vi dy 1. 25. Chiing minh ring néu p> 2 va.a,b,c> 0 thi 3 3 afi +pabe | 4[o%+ pate , ofe+pabe yy pel pt pel “LOI GIAI. Goi P la biéu thite vé trai, ap dung bat ding thie Holder ta 06 (a+b +c) ((a? + poe) + (0? + pea) + (c? + pab)) (1+ 141) > (p +1)P9 Do dé ta chi cn ching minh ring 1 (02 + phe) + (8? + pea) + (c? + pab) < PE Ra tbo) Bat dang thie nay hién nhién vi VP =(otb4 02+ (p—2lab + be + cu) < (a+ b+)? + Pa tb+e)? = VP. Dang thie xay ra khia =b=c. O1.2. Bat dang thie Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder 33 Vi dy 1.2.26 (M& rong IMO 2001 Pro. A2). Cho cde 36 thyte duong 21,2). En Dat yi = T1r2-Fi1Tiy Tiedt. Chhimy minh bat déng thite tL + 72 + leet Da feet +(e = Dye doch eee 21 wer! + (w= Din LOI Git. Dat SIA vé trai cia bat dang thie vA Poa (ot! + (n= yn) +a (ee? + a" = Yue) + tot an (ot + (nt — Dyn) aot taf to. tate (nt n)nte.tn. Theo bat ding tinte Holder ta cé S™ IP > (x $49 to. + tn)" Ta phai chimg minh (ey tate tan)" 2 ap tae tt ant (n" ~ m)eit2ta- Tuy nbign bét ding thie tren hién nbign ding vi sau khi teh af +a +o +h khdi (7, +29 +... + Ta)" thi cde 36 hang con loi c6 thé biéu dién déi xg thanh cAc téng Ién hon hoe bing xy:t2...2». Néu bat ding thie gidi duge bing Holder thi cing sé gidi duye bang bat ding thie AM — GM. vi thuc té, dé ching minh bat ding thie Holder ta cing chi can ding bat ding thite AM — GM. Ching han véi vf du 1.2.26 ta c6 thé dling true tiép bat dang thitc AM — GM theo cdch sau day Dat M =a, +a) +...+Gn, ap dung bat ding thie AM —GM chon 36 (nat) lett + (ett = Du), ne ae Dn Me 2M Lam tuong ty cdc bat dang thiic vi 22, 3)--) en rdi cong lai ta duge “ (n= Dai eyo t (nt njrit2..tn Vp fet Yap) + (nt —34, Chuong 1. Bat ding thie co sé Nhu vay ta chi phai ching minh M" 2 al taht tale (n” = n)ertente Két qua nay da duge cling minh 6 tren Ngoai ra s6 & =n"? — Lefing la hing s6 ducng tét nhat (nhé nbAt) dé bat dang thite sau dting vdi moi s6 thye duong 21,72, ta ©: z2 En i Igoe eg ee “ren Ve tap Vat ky, WTF Voi cic bai ton thong tludmg thi bat ding tite Holder lai ding thuan tiga hon bit ding thite AA/ — GAL vi khong cin xét cic diéu kign ding thte. con trong truong hop tng quat ban chi cn ghi nhé ching minh véi m = n = 3 1a di. Xem them phan sit dung at dang thite Holder dé can bang hé s6, trang 74 1.3 Bat ding thitc Chebyshev 1.3.1 Bat ding thite Chebyshev va ting dung Dinh ly 1.4 (Bat dang the Chebyshev). Voi 2 day sd thye don digu tang 1, 25 Oy, Vee D1, Bay oy Dy ta 0d i aby + abe + + nbn > lt Hy $n + An) bt + bg + + bn). CHUNG Mini. Bang phan tich true tiép. ta o6 ding thie sau ni(ayby + dgbp +... + dnb) — (ay + eg + + yn) (D1 + By Fone # bn) = Vlw = ai lbi- 6) 20. i Vi che day a1, 02,05 de VA 1, 62, nbn don digu nen (a; — a;)(b; — bj) 20. Néu 2 day a1, a2, ...,@y Va b1,b2,...,b, don diéu nguge chiéu thi bat dang thie tren dét chiéu. Ching minh diéu nay ho&n toan tuong ty. O Thong thug cde LAt ding thie d6i sting voi cae biéu, wen vige sap xép lai ede bién Iuén c6 thé thyc hign duge. Do dé trude khi sit dung bat ding thie nay ta phai cé mot bude sip xép lai cdc bién ma khong lam mét tinh téng quat cia bai todn. Lan y rang diéu nay chi ding khi va chi khi bat dng thie c&n chting minh hoan { —1.3. Bat ding thite Chebyshev va ting dung 35. toan déi xing voi tat c& cée bién. 7 Bat dang thie Chebyshev 6 nhidu tng dung rét hay, va noi chung lam cho bai toan duge giai quyét theo céch don gian hon trong khé nhigu trudng hgp. Chiing ta cing xem xét cée vi du sau dé thy ré didu ny. Hé qua 1.6, Néu aj,a2,....an la cde 36 thye duong c6 téng bang n thi apt pagth to. bagt! > af +a3 +... + ah, CHUNG MINH. Sit dung bat ding thite Chebyshev cho 2 bo don di¢u a1,42,....4n va a? af,...,a% ta c6 gay diéu phai ching minh. Vi du 1.3.1 (Balkan MO). Cho céc sé thye duong a1,a2,.--,@n thod man a) + 2+... +@_ = 1. Ching minh a a 1 2 Tat 2a? Lot GiAl, Vi bat ding thic d6i xing vdi tat ca cée bién nén ta ¢6 thé gia sit duye 01 > a >... > dn. Khi dd 1 Ia Theo bat ding thiic Chebyshev thi L 1 1 L 25 sot Oy $e tet VT 2 Ula tant +a) (55 tat +s) n Mo (itat. tan) Ding thite xay ra chi khi ay = a2 =... =a, =1/n. 0 Vi du 1.3.2. Céc 36 duong a,b,c, d 06 téng bink phuong bing 4, Ching minh eee bte+d ctd+ d+at Lét Grat. Khong mAt tinh téng quét ta gid sta > b> c > d, khi dé P2Prcrd, 1 eect 1 ——__ > ——___ > ——__ > — _.. b+etd~ ctd+a~ d+a+b~ atbte36. Chuong 1. Bat ding thie co sé | 1 Str dung bat dang thc Chebyshev ta c6 y : 1 L 1 TS (eee tea L AvT2 (P+ P4eed) pat pata death ashes = 16(a? + b? +c? + d?) (a+ b+erd) AVP FP FOE) 7 3 Suy ra diéu phai ching minh. Dang thie xay ra chi khi a a 1 Vi dy 1.3.3 (China MO 1996). Céc sé thuc duang a1, a2,....an c6 téng bing 1. 7 Chimg minh hat ding thite ~ r : ay vat + Ve | VT = an = Leses 2.2 vi-a, ~ Vi~a2 ~ = Gy Sut dung b&t ding thic Chebyshev cho 2 bo dun digu tren | ! Lot GIAI. Khéng mat tinh téng quat ta gid sit ay > a2 >... > ay. Khi do | | i nT 2 (a, +a2+ +) ( 1 1 Ji= ar = a2 Theo bat dang thite Cauchy ~ Schwarz thi n= nla +024... +0n) > (Var+ Vaart... + Von)® => ait fat... + Van S$ Via. | | | viratvi-a+...+ Vima $ Vain ay ~ a2 —.. = a) < Vn(n— 1). Do do 1 1 ne n? + at 2 2 T=, Tai t...+ Vian ‘n(n - 1) ‘Tir 2 bat dang thutc tren ta suy ra Vr> 7 n Dang thitc chi xdy ra khi tat ca cdc biéa déu bang nhau. 01.3. Bat dang thitc Chebyshev va ting dung 37 Vi du 1.3.4 (Crux). Gid sti ede 6 thye a,b,¢> 1 thod man Ching mink ring ati*byi ‘ert sl LOI GiAi. Ta sit dung bat dang thtte Chebyshev két hgp véi phuong phap ching mink bing phan ching (ban bay xem 4 chugng IV). N6i céch khéc, ta sé chttng minh ing, néu cde s6 thye a,b,¢ > 1 thod man soy yt wn atl’ b+1 "crl ” ‘Thi bat dang thie sau iuén ding L L a1 17" That vay, tir gid thiét suy ra [ate iat atone ) oti byl eri Bat dang thite cn chtmg minh tuong duong voi 4-0 4-0 4- es > it#-ita@-i?° a+2 b-2b+2 c~2ct2 * oa <0. atla-1 Chi y ring néu ta c6.a 2b 2c th a-2 atl at2 a 1 1 +; EASE Teo Tre *Tyd* Tre38 ‘Chuong 1. Bat daug thitc co sé Loi GiAt. Theo gid thiét ta c6 : ee + + a4" 446" a4e Ghd are ‘Ta phai cig minh ? Grate) * Gra) * AF oOas a) * Geary =° Gia sit ring a > b> c>d>e, khi dé dé thay l-a 1-b l-e 44a > 445" a4c>4 1 < L 440 ~44P ~ 447 44e Do do ta chi cAu 4p dung bat dug thie Chebyshev cho 2b don digu gidin tren s 6 diéu phai ching minh. Ding thi xéy ra khi va chi khia=b=c=d=e=1.0 Vi du 1.3.6. Gid si cdc 36 thyc duang a,b,c thod manat+b+c+d= 4. Ching minh bat déng thie i 1 1 1 1 mA < < +e "+e lee +e | LO1 GIA. Bat dang thite 6 thé viét lai duéi dang tuong duong 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 itd aol Ym-1 +1 P-1 Ly U+a? © 1148? * +e? * 11 +a? ~ at+l b4+1 e+] d+1 (0a tO Dee agy te aga ay + d- Degg 20. 7 j ee -st+o— a F ; ntise pins pti+e ws? | Chi ¥ ring néu a > b> cD d thi ta luon co atl bel Seth dtl +i * Pei * 2s > P+ Nén 6p dung bit ding thttc Chebyshev cho bd s6 trén va bd (a— ta c6 diéu phai chting minh. Dang thite xay ra khi va chi khi a = b-1,e-1,d-1) =c=d=LG Tée gid sé khong dé cap nhiéu dén nlitmg bai todn 4p dyng trye tiép bat dang thite Chebyshev ma sé di sau hon dén mot ki thuat rét hay lien quan dén bat dang thie nay, ki thuat phan tach Chebyshev. Céc ban cdn gap lai nbing tng dung dac biet hon cia ki thuat nay trong phan sau cia tap sich, phan Clic bai todn sdng tao.1.3. Bat ding thitc Chebyshev va ting dung 39 1.3.2 Ki thuat phan téch Chebyshev Dé cdc ban dé hinh dung vé phuong phdp nay, hay xem mot vi du sau day Vi du 1.3.7. Cho cde 36 thc dwong a,b,c, d thod man diéu kién atb+c+d=l/atl/btl/e+ Id. Chitng minh bat déng thitc War b+e+d) > Var +3+ VR4+3+ VA4St Lot GiAI. Néu nin thong qua vé dé bai. cée ban sé can thay kho hin vi gid thiét ctia bai todn khong that tuéng minh. Néu ban da biét nhiéu ki thuat ching minh bat ding thitc thi lai cang dé bi ahAm khi di theo nhimg phuong phap manh vi du nhut dén bién ching han. That bat ngy, bai toan trén duyc gidi ho&n toan dun gin bang bit ding thitc Chebyshev. tat nhi¢n voi mot ki thnat Ap dung khé dae bict. Ta tri tuong ting timg sé hang ciia 2 vé va chit ¥ ding thite 3(a? - 1) ta- Varese Dg “i fatvers Khong thé &p dung bat ding thie Chebyshev ngay duge vi cé tit s6 va mau s6 cia bidn thite dén la cae ham don dig tang. Tuy ohién hay chi ¥ gid thiét 1 L ctpttadaatbretd (DODD 3) Tit ding thntc nay ban doc ¢6 thé thay mt mdi licn Wg vedi (+). dé 1 chung tit 96 a? — 1. Day chinh Ia chia khod dé gidi bai ton. Bat dang thitc ee dugng voi _ Xa =1)_ a=) 4 e=) 3 =) Qa+Vetd Cent bees 3 “ae ges a1 "ae yite rs yrds “he 24 fis are Gia y bat ding thite d& cho hoin tua d6i xing véi 4 bién a,d, c,d vA céc ham s840 Chuong 1. Bat dang thite co sé Déu la cdc ham tng tren Rt nen theo bAt dang thiic Chebyshev | + F(a)gla) + F()9(0) + Flo)g(c) + F(a)a(d) = | FUF(a) + F(0) + H10) + £(4))(a(a) + 9(6) + ale) + 9(@)) 0. | d=10) Vita cé f(a) + f(b) + fle) + f(a) = 0. Dang thie xay ra khi Diéu dac biet nh&t 6 10i gidi nay chinh la viec chia cA tit va m&u méi phan s6 | tuong tg cae 36 a,b, c,d tuung itug, sau dé mdi dig bat ding thite Chebyshev. | Néu ta ding truc tiép thi khong mang lai higu qua. Cé thé khéi quét phugng phap | trén thanh dang téng quat véi n bién Dé ching minh zy, + 222 +... + tnyn > O ta cd thé chimg minh vw wR Yn - = 1+ TS - (aindin) > 0, ay (TI + GS (aan) a + (nan) > 0, ‘Trong d6 a), a9,..., dn la cdc 86 thyc ma ta phai tim sao cho ww ay’ a2" I | | ms) + (211, 2242, 0.45 ZnGn) » La cdc bo don dieu cing chiéu 4é diéu kien bat ding thie Chebyshev duge thoa | angus. Khi d6 vige chimg minh bat ding thie ban dau sé duye quy vé clutg minh 2 bat dling thie don gian hon la By Ry + Br0, a, a2 Gn 21a) + 2202 +... + Tid 2. Mot dang thutng sit dung cita ki thuat nay la 4p dung vdi dang phan thie. Gid sit ta phai chitng minh bat dng thie dang Sy,2y 4 Bao. un ye Yn Ve li thuyét thi ta ludn od thé dua b&t ding thie vé dang uay, théin cl chon Yi, ¥2s. 42 2 0. Khi d6 ta di tim cée s6 thute a1, a2, ..,¢n 840 cho (any, 4222, 004) Gntn) » (iyi 42925 +5 drdm) la cde bo don digu nguge chiéu. khi dé bét dling thite sé duge chttng minh néu 2 didu kien sau duge thod man 0421 + 09% +... + Ontn 20, L Se eee ay B2y2 OnYn 20.1,3. Bat ddug thite Chebyshev va img dung: Al Thong thudng d6i voi cdc bat ding thitc. trong 2 day 96 (1,2Q.0,2n) va (yiedar-¥n) SB 66 mot day duong nén khi chon day (a,a2,...,4n) dutong thi chi can ching minh mét trong 2 bat dang thitc cuéi. Trong nhiéu truémg hgp ta c6 duge ding thite a.21 + 4222 +... + dntm = 0 nhy trong bai todn trén, Tuy nhién viéc chon duge bd s5 nhan tit (a), a2, ..., dn) khong thé may méc va vi thé, phuong phép ndy doi khi cAu ddi hoi sy khéo Iéo va tinh ¥. Vi dy sau day minh hoa kha r6 ki thuat ching minh nay Vi du 1.3.8 (Crux). Cho céc 96 duong a,b,c c6 téng bing 3. Chitng minh bat ding thitc sau 1 1 + 1 3 d= ab * -he oa <8 Lot GIAL. Dat x = be, y = ca, z = ab. Ta phai ching minh 1 ota l-z 9-x e Dén day ta phai tim cdc s6 az,ay,a; tuong ting dé nhan voi c4 tit va mau cdc phan sé tren. Ta lay a =6 + 2,0, =6+y,0,=6+2 (1=2)6 +2) , 1-w)(6+y) (=2)(6+2) , (Q-2)(6+2) (9-y)(6+y) ~ 2)(6+2) © Khong mét tinh téng quét ta gid sta > b>c>z>y2a.Viatb+e=3nén zty=alb+c) < 9/4242 < 9/4,2-+y < 9/4. Ngoai ra, dé théy (1-2)(6+2)> (1-y)(6+y) > (1-2)(6+2), (9-2)(6 +2) <(1—y)(6+y) $B -2)6+2). 0. Vay theo bat ding thite Chebyshev ta o6 (1- y)(6+y) ~2)(6 +2) (@-wG+y) © (9- 26 +2) 1 > (Zc-96+5) (Se-aas Cuéi cing, ta chi cin chimg minh bat ding thite sau Sa-2)6 +2) = 18-5(2+yt2)—-(22+y7 +27) 20 fae > 5(ab + be + ca) + (a7? + bc? + ca?) < 18 # 5(ab + be + ca) + (ab + be + ca)* < 18 + Gabe.42 Chuong 1. Bat déing thie co sé Six dung bét dng thite quen thude (a+b—c)(b+e—a)(¢+a—b) < abe & (3 ~ 2a)(3 — 2b)(3 - 2c) < xyz 9+ 3abe > 4(ab + be + ca). Thay Sabe > 4(ab + be + ca) — 9 vao bit dng thite trén, ta phai ching minh 5(ab + be + ca) + (ab + be + ca)? < 8(ab + be + ca) ab+ be + ca <3. Bat ding tht trén hién nhién ding vi a + b +c = 3. Dang thie xy ra khi va chi kia =6 La Vi du 1.3.9. Chitng minh bat ding thic 1 1 1 a te ts Ct+ath’ atbte' Pate Véi cdc 36 thc khéng am a,b,c tuy i cd tong bing 3. Lot GiAl. Hay chi ¥ phn tich sau 1 - elo) Grats 3 3(2 +3) aa 3 Bat dang thu cin citug mink a(a~ 1) b(b- 1) 7 e(c-1) ss B=b+3 5 ®@-c+3 > b et e-1+e b-isgenies Gid sita > b >ea~1>b-1>0e~-1 Viatb+e=3 nbn ab, be, ca < 3. Do dé 0 20. 1 1 ——7 2 yp ais pied ened Ap dung bat ding thie Chebyshev cho 2 day trén ta cé diéu phai chitng minh. Dang thite xdy ra khi va chi,khi a = =Ld Vii dy 1.3.10. Ching minh bat ddng thie sau vdi a,b,c 1a cdc 36 thuc khong ém cho trude : 2-ab1.3. Bat ding thitc Chebyshev va ting dung 43 Lol GiAr. Ta sé ching minh bat ding thitc téng quét hun vai moi k < 2 a? —be aco C-ab y Beet ha eat eke ae the ~ ‘That vay, nhén thém cdc hé s6 tong tng vao mdi phan sé (a? — be)(b +6) 7 (0 = ca\(c +4) +t =ab(atb) 4 Brera Oro (22 tHP eta) +R + kee +b) ~ 0. Khong mit tinh téng quét, gid st a > b. khi dé (2 = be)(b-+.6) — (0? — ca)(c-+.@) = (ab + c?)(a~ b) + (a? — b)>0 (82 +c? + ka?)(b +c) ~ (c? + a? + kb )(c +4) = (b-a) (a? +8? +2 —(k = 1)(ab+ bet ca) <0. Vay 2 b6 s6 sau don digu nguge chidu (a? ~ be)(b+ 6) , (0? —ca)(e+a) , (? — ab)(a +b) (P42 + ka®)(b+c), (Ata? +k? \(ct+a), (a? +b? + ke?)(a +b). Chi ¥ ring (a? = bc)(b+0) + (8? — ca)(c + a) + (c? ~ ab)(a +b) = 0. Nen tit bat ding thite Chebyshev ta co diéu phai ching minh. Ngoai ra k = 2 cling la hang sé tét nhAt dé bat dang thite trén ding. O Nhén xét. C6 indt eéch ching minh khac cho bat ding thic trén bing cach sit dung bat dang thite Cauchy - Schwarz a oe > lat )? Brat Pee? ee e Ca (b+ 0)? Baa * aye = Pera 2 é (c+a)? apie tote 2 OE EF Gre PeR* eee twe Chi can cong theo ting vé cac bat ding thie tren ta cd diéu phai chitng minh. O Day IA mot ching minh rat hay va doc déo, tuy abien chi sit dung duge trong, trudng hgp k= 2. Ta ofing c6 thé dimg phuong phép phan tich binh phugng 8.0.8. Vi du 1.3.11. Chitng minh vdi moi a,b,c khéng am JR+ Bho JP Beat JP + Bab < Bat b+).44 Chuong 1. Bat déug thite co $6 HUONG DAN. Ta c6 bién déi sau day 8(a? ~ be) - 2 = ba Vat + Be = _ __ 8(a? = be) +6) (8a + Va? + Bbc)(b +c) Sau dé sit dung bat dang thite Chebyshev, cha ¥ ring téng céc tit s6 bang 0. O Két thiic cho bai viét cdc ban hay thir ching minh mét bat ding thie manh hon dang thc Chebyshev thudng gap. Ching minh chi tiét sé c6 4 bai sau, trong phan Khai trién Abel. Vi du 1.3.12. Gid st cdc 36 thuc a).a2,..., dn thod man diéu kien ay $a: ay +a +o. an a> Ste, puter tan aoa 7 a> thy bit be tt On Pte: a Ching minh ring by ada +o + dnby 2 Hay a tot On) + O2-+ + bn) 1.4 Bat dang thtic véi ham 1éi Ham 18i 1A mot kai nigm quan trong trong ton hoe. Li thuyét hat cdc bat ding thuic lA mét If thuyét r&t sau va rong, mang nang tinh tac gid cting chi cé gang néu ra nhimg van da can thiét, quan trong nht déi voi bat dang thitc. Voi cdc ban THCS..ham Idi vin con 1&8 mot khéi nigm kha xa la, nhung céc bau st khOug phiai lo lang vi day 1a inot kai niga: tuang déi dé bat dau thir 4p dung no tir bay gid. Trong phin nay sé cé 2 muc nhé : Bat ding thttc Jensen va bat ding thite ham Idi véi viee xét cde phan tit 6 bien. 1.4.1 Ham 1éi vdi bat dang thutc Jensen Dinh ly 1.5 (Bat d&ng thitc Jensen). Néu f la ham Idi trén khodng I thi vdi moi #1, 22) --40m € 1 ta déu 06 Flori + Sea) + ot Sle) 2 nf (BABE Ae), n Ding thite rdy ra khi va chi khi xy = ty = Tne1.4. Bat dang thite vdi hain 161 45 Ching ta van quen véi viée coi ham léi f : J — R la ham lign tue, kha vi cép 2va f(z) > 0 Vz € [J], Tuy ubicn voi kién thie THCS thi dinh lf Jensen 06 thé phat biéu dudi dang don gidn va dé 4p dung hon. Hé qua 1.7. Cho f: 1. ¢ R* — R thod man f(x) + f(y) > ar (234) vryel Khi dé vdi mot 21,72,....2n € I ta 6 bat ddng thite slay) + flan) +t Slam) 2 ng (BBE AE) n CHUNG Mint. Ching minh dinh ii trén te ding phong phép quy nap Cauchy. Djuh Ii tron gitip cho vice kidin tra bat ding thite Jensen thugn tién hon néu ban khong biét vé dao ham. Sau day 1 mot chtmg minh ng&n gon cho dinh If. Dé thay, bat ding thiic trén hién nhién ding néu n 1a mot luy thi cilia 2x néu bat diing thute ding voin =k +1, ta dye =a) +29 +... 24 va Ths =F thl r+E e2#) - +s (3) Flea) + flea) +. + Alen) + F (FE) 2 + DS Do dé ta ¢6 diéu phai ching minh. O Hign nhien néu thay didu kien f(z) + fly) > 2f 2) bai flz) +f) $ 1 (22) to ote ang she tng aust cong 45 cida 1) + flan) + ot flan) F(a) + f(t2) +--+ Fn) 2 af (2). Digu kign dit duge ching minh xong theo phugng phap quy nap. Bai todn di duge hoan thank. O He qua 1.10. a. Khdng dink d he qua 1.7 vdn ding néu ta thay biéu thitc trung binh nhan. bing mt biéu thite trang binh bat ki gitta cde bién 2.02... tn ching han nhu trung binh céng. trung bink diéu hod. trung bink nhan...1.4. Bat dang thie voi hain Idi 47 0, Néu bit ddng thitc vdi 2 s6 déi chiéu thi bét déng thitc vdin sé déi chiéu. CHUNG MINH. Chig minh hoan todn tuong ty nhu hé qua 1.9. Véi cu (b) thuc ra ta da xét véi ham ~ f(x). O Hé qua 1.11 (Bat ding the AM-GM). Véi moi s6 thue duong ay, a2, tuén c6 bat ding thitc ay to A +02 +... + On > NYGIG2.Gn. CHUNG Mina. Xét f(z) = x. hién nhién bat ding thite ding voi n = 2 nén theo he qua 1.9, n6 cing ding voi moi s6 tu nhién n va véi moi day s6 thuc duong 41,49, ..-,4m. O Hé qua 1.12. Ching minh vdi mai 86 duong x1, 22,...,In thi 12 1 nv . Stot+..¢—>——" _. mm tq Tap t+ on Cuunc Minn. Dat f(x) = 1/2, dé théy ham f(z) thod man nea) + 40224 (242). Theo hé qua 1.7, bét ding thite ding véi Vn va moi day sé duong 21, 22,....2,. O He qua 1.13. Ching minh ring véi moi day 6 duong @1,22,...2q thi Dy ta2t..+2n S f/n(az tc} +... +22), CHUNG Minn. Sit dung hé qua 1.10, chi cdn xét véi ham f(x) = Vz. Sau day IA mdt'sé vi du don gidn ciia bat ding thitc Jensen. Thong thutmg cdc bai todn dang nay khong qué kh6, nhung cn thiét cho cdc ban ciing cé If thuyét. Vidy 1.4.1 (IMO Shortlist). Ching minh ring vdi moi day 36 the 21,22, 04,20 > 1 ta c6 bat ding tite 1 Ie 1 1 tat 2 lta," " 14aq LOt GAL. Theo hé qué 1.9, bat ding thifc s8 ding néu ta chimg minh dug véi 2 sé 1 1 2 as abel Tea "T+ Lor GiA1. Khong may khé khan ta chimg minh dugc f(x) la ham 18i véi F(z) é€ (0,1). ‘Va do dé 4p dung bat ding thitc Jensen ta cé diéu phai chitng minh. O San day 18 mot tinh chét rét dep cita ham 18i, han doc hay thit chitng minh trude khi xem tiép phn sau Vi du 1.4.4 (BAt ding thite Popoviciu). Ching minh ring néu f la ham 96 Idi tren I thi vdi moi a,b.ce T Hay so) sey s (SEE*8) 3 (4 (254) 4 PES) 41 ($4)). Sau tg dung cia ham 16i dé chug minh bat dang thite dang chudn (tue 1a ding thite xay ra khi tét ca n bién bing nhau) ta cing 6 mot tmg dung rét quan trong khae cita ham 1éi, Dé la viée xit If b&t ding thite véi cée phan tit d bien.Jd. Bat dang thite vdi hai 16: 49 1.4.2 Ham Idi véi ki thuat xét phan ti é bien Hay bét ddu bing bai todn sau day Vi du 1.4.5 (Tap chi Toén hoc va Tudi tré). Cho cdc sé thuc a,b,c € (1,2) Ching minh bat dang thitc aS + BS +08 < Babe. Lor Grdt. Truéc khi sit dung tinh chat manh cia ham Idi, ta sé di tim mot Idi gidi that so cp cho bat ding thie tren. Dau ticu ta phdi gid sit a 2 6 > c. Vi a,b, c€ [1,2] non dé thay @4+2<5e a (a-2Wla?+2a-1)<0 (1) Sat+b? b >. Khi do (a= B)(b- 6) 20 ab +be > Peace 2 41> + + ele os Blea ab+bce2P race S41250 Chuong 1. Bat ding thite co sé Do do a/b + b/et+c/b+b/a2>1 nen (2-2)(2~1) <0 +24 l/r <5/2. > Tit dé ta c6 dpem. Ding thute xy ra khi va chi khi a= 6 = 2,¢= 1 hoge a =2,b= c= 1 ho’e céc hodn vj tuang img cia ching. Q Ga 2 Wi gidi duge trinh bay 6 tréa déu khé khéo léo trong cac dénh gid trung gian. Clning minh hoan toAn phit hop vdi trinh do THCS va hoan toan c6 thé téng quat duge. Chiing han véi danh gid tuong tu vi du 1.4.6 ta 06 thé téng qudt thanh Vi dy 1.4.7. Cho cdc 36 thue a), 42, ...,@n € [p,a](p,q = 0). Ching minh gi? (a +02 +.. +o) (Z424.42) grb + by Pa, a, a2 an 4pq néun Chén van? - 1 néwn le. Trony d6 ky = Céch dénh gid trung gian obit trén hoan toan ty nhién va don gidn. ban hay sit dung cach nay dé ching minh bat ding thite 1.4.7, day la céch so c4p va hay nhit. Nhung ligu phutong php dé con sit dung lei duge trong bai todn sau hay khong? ‘Vi du 1.4.8. Gié sit x1, 22,...,22005 Ia cde 36 thye trong [-1, 1]. Hay tim gid tri nhé nhat va lon nhét ctia biéu thite Ps x,22 + roxy +... + Tr00072005 + T200541- Lot GIAl. Khi nhin vao bat ding thitc nay, ta cing c6 "cam giéc" 1a biéu thitc sé dat cye dai khi c6 2005 s6 bing 1 (dé), biéu thitc sé dat cuc tiéu khi cdc sé —1 va 1 xen ké nhau trong day 21,22, ..., 22095 Va c6 vé day 14 mot diéu khé hién nhien. Tuy ahién. ching minh duge nh§n xét hién nhien Ay lai khong don gidn nhut vé ngoai cia bai toda. $8 rét kh6 ching minh néu ban khong e6 mot dinh hudng tit true. Hay chu ¥ céc biéu thite bac nhat f(x) = ar+b hoac biéu thite bac hai f(z) = z?+ar+b véi z € [p,q] c6 mot tinh chat rét quan trong la max f(z) = max{f(p), f()}- zeal Voi ham bac nbAt n6 cdn,cé thém tinh chét in{ f(P), F(9)}-