DIGITAL MODULATION

TECHNIQUES
by
Dr Debashis Adhikari

Reference: 1. Digital Communication by John Proakis, 4th Edition , McGrawHill

2. Digital Communication by John Proakis & Salehi, 5th Edition , McGrawHill

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 111

2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

• Frequency Shift Keying is a non-linear method of modulation.

• Applications: used on voice grade lines for data rates upto 1200 bps, used for high frequency radio transmission
from 3 to 30 MHz, in coaxial cable based LAN (Local Area Network) at higher frequencies, in communication
systems such as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers, and low frequency radio
transmission in the VLF and ELF bands.
• In binary FSK , symbols “0” and “1” are transmitted by transmitting one of two sinusoidal waves that differ in
frequency by a fixed amount.

Generalized Equation
2
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = . 𝐸𝑏 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Where 𝑖 = 1,2 and 𝐸𝑏 is transmitted signal energy per bit.

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2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
𝑛𝑐 +1
• The frequency of the carrier is given as 𝑓𝑖 = for some fixed integer 𝑛𝑐
𝑇𝑏

Basis functions
2
𝜑𝑖 𝑡 = . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
Basis coefficients 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 . 𝜑𝑗 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = . 𝐸𝑏 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑗 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
0 0

𝐸𝑏 , 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝑠𝑖𝑗 =
0 𝑖≠𝑗

Transmitted signals 2
𝑠1 𝑡 = 𝑠11 𝜑1 𝑡 + 𝑠11 𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏
cos 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡 + 0
𝑇𝑏
2
𝑠2 𝑡 = 𝑠21 𝜑1 𝑡 + 𝑠22 𝜑1 𝑡 = 0 + 𝐸𝑏 cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡
𝑇𝑏

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2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

FSK Transmitter

𝑚 𝑡

+
Binary Data ON-OFF 2 BFSK Signal
𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡 Σ
Sequence Level Encoder 𝑇 𝑠𝑖 𝑡
𝑚 𝑡 +
Inverter

2
𝜑2 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡
𝑇

• The On/Off level encoder gives an output 𝐸𝑏 if input bit is “1” and 0 if input bit is “0”.
• With input symbol “1”, the upper branch oscillator is energized but because of the inverter the lower branch
oscillator gets a 0 and hence does not oscillate.

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2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

FSK Transmitter

f1
f1 f2 f1 f2

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2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

FSK Receiver

𝑇𝑏
𝑟1
𝑑𝑡
0
𝑟 𝑡 =𝑠 𝑡 +𝑛 𝑡
+ 𝑦
2
Received FSK 𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡 Decision 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 > 0
𝑇 Σ output=
signal device 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 < 0
-
𝑇𝑏 VTh = 0V
𝑑𝑡
𝑟2
0

2
𝜑2 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡
𝑇

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2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
2
Constellation Diagram 𝜑2 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡
𝑇

Transmitted signals
2𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
When “1” is transmitted 𝑠1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏 𝜑1 𝑡 2
𝑇𝑏 𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡
𝑇
𝐸𝑏
When “0” is transmitted 2𝐸𝑏
𝑠2 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏 𝜑2 𝑡
𝑇𝑏

Distance between two signaling points

2 2
𝑑12 = 𝐸𝑏 − 0 + 0 − 𝐸𝑏 = 2𝐸𝑏

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 2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 𝑆1 𝑓

Transmission bandwidth
FT
1 1 f
𝑠1 𝑡 −
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
𝑌1 𝑓

𝑇𝑏
FT f
1 1
𝑓1 − 𝑓1 𝑓1 +
2 𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡
𝑇
f
Transmission BW required
𝑠2 𝑡 𝑇𝑏
1 1 1 1
𝑆2 𝑓 𝑓2 − 𝑓2 𝑓2 + = 𝑓1 + − 𝑓2 −
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
f
2
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓2 +
2 𝑇𝑏
𝜑2 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡
𝑇 𝑌2 𝑓

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2C. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Energy per bit

𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
𝐴2𝑇
𝑐 𝑏
For bit “1”: 𝐸𝑏1 = 𝑠12 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴2𝑐 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡𝑑𝑡 =
2
0 0
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
2
𝐴 𝑐 𝑇𝑏
For bit “0”: 𝐸𝑏2 = 𝑠22 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 2
𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 =
2
0 0

Probability of Error

𝐸𝑏1 + 𝐸𝑏2 𝐴2𝑐 𝑇𝑏

Average energy of two bits 𝐸𝑏′ = =
2 2

𝐸𝑏′ 𝐴2𝑐 𝑇𝑏
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑄 =𝑄
𝑁0 2𝑁0

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