Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS

(Revised May 2015)

First A. Author1,2, Second B. Author Jr.2, Senior Member, IEEE, and Third Author (第三著者)3,4, Fellow, IEEE
1
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
2
Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
3
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
4
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

Abstract— In today’s data-driven, technology-
dependent world, no organization – large or small –
can afford the financial cost, customer frustration
and business disruption caused by network
downtime. This paper deals with AVR based offline
UPS. Which is used in industries, business sector,
hospital, security purpose for data saving when
there is no electricity? It consists of components
like AVR, rectifier, inverter, battery,
microcontroller, d.c link, etc. Alarm and LED are
used for alert and analysis of the electrical power.
When power supply is cut off, UPS work as a
voltage source which is in d.c voltage. Inverter
converts this d.c voltage into a.c voltage for data
saving. In this device pure sine wave is obtain. Loss
of data can be prevented by using AVR based
offline UPS. Battery life can be increase by
renewable energy.
Keywords-
I.INTRODUCTION
An uninterruptible power supply is also known as
uninterruptible power source or UPS.
Objectives of UPS
While the electricity utilities try to supply clean,
stable electrical power to their customers, there are
times when the network may be overloaded or
subject to accidents or emergencies which could
give rise to the following fault conditions:
Black-out : This is a complete loss of power lasting
for more than one cycle, often caused by an
accident or serious overload to the network.
Brown-outs and sags : These are long duration
voltage reductions often caused by excessive
demand on the system.
Swell: This is an increase from nominal voltage
lasting one or more line cycles, possibly caused by
the inability of the generating equipment to follow
sudden changes in demand.
Spikes and surges : These are short duration
increases in voltage possibly caused by transients in
the system.
Frequency drift : This is the inability of the
generating system to maintain a stable system
frequency.
Apart from a prolonged power outage, many
applications can tolerate some or all of these faulty
conditions, however there are certain critical
applications such as industrial processes or
computer and communications installations, for
which continuity of supply within narrow tolerances
is essential. When faults occur, batteries can come
to the rescue, maintaining the security of supply.
UPS is an electrical instrument that provides
emergency power to a load when the input power
source fails. A UPS is typically used to protect
hardware such as computers and data centers or
other electrical equipment where an unexpected
power disruption could cause injuries, serious
business disruption or data loss. The primary role of
UPS is to provide short-term power when the input
power source fails. The main functionality of UPS
system is to provide back-up electric power for a
specified time, if the main power supply is cut off
or in any other way is unable to deliver satisfying
power for a specific application. Typical large-scale
systems that need to be protected by UPS systems
are data centers, airport lighting, medical systems
and industrial processing plants. There are two
types of UPS, online UPS and offline UPS.
On-line UPS
On-line UPS systems started appearing during the
1970s. In on line systems the mains power is used
to provide two DC power lines which feed both the
charger and the inverter which is permanently
turned on providing the AC power to the
application. When the mains fails, the inverter
instantaneously draws its DC supply from the
battery instead of the mains.
The method by which the AC load is permanently
supplied by the system inverter and not the mains is
called "double conversion" since the charger
provides the AC-DC conversion and the inverter
converts the DC back to AC again.
On line systems typically provide full power
conditioning, protecting the load from all forms of
power disturbances, including brownouts, blackout,
transient surges or sags. In the event of a mains
power failure, there is no delay or transfer time to
backup power. These systems are however more
costly and have both higher power consumption,
and higher heat generation.
Figure: basic block diagram of offline UPS
Offline ups are always connected to main supply
but not to the load. Offline ups have a static switch
which connects it with the load when there is power
cut off. The battery life of offline ups is more as it
works when the main supply is cutoff. Offline UPS
used for data saving in computers. The output signal
of previous offline ups were in square wave form.
In previous offline UPS had been used due to which
the size of the offline UPS was big. They produce
noise while operation. The cost of previous ups is
high. The circuit of previous ups consists of more
number of ICs. In This model the output is in sine
wave. This model produces less noise and has small
size. This model consists less number of ICs.
Thyristors switches are used in this model. The
transistors are used for modifying the output signal
of offline UPS. Microprocessor is used for giving
output as a sine wave. MOSFET are used as an
amplifier of the output signal given from
microprocessor. The output signal of MOSFET
switches is given to transformer. Tap changing
transformer is used is in this model. High speed
relay is used in this model. For voltage regulation
AVR is used in this model. In earlier days inverters
where used as a power backup instrument when
there is power cutoff but the relay of inverter take
time for supplying power .due to delay time of relay
the data of the computer can not be save as it shut
down before the inverter supply power. In UPS high
speed relay are used so it supply power immediately
after power cut off . By increasing size and
capacity of transformer and heisting, the backup
time of the UPS can be increased. Renewable
energy sources like wind energy, solar energy can
be used for battery charging and thereby backup
time of the UPS can be increase. Ventilation
methods can be used for cooling UPS circuits.
II. METHOD
Always connect the UPS to a 230V, 16A, 3 Pin type
mains socket with earthling. The socket must be
connected to appropriately protected branch of the
mains (fuse/circuit breaker). Connection to any
other type of socket may result in shock hazard. To
switch off the UPS output, in an emergency, use the
switch on the front panel to switch the UPS off.
And disconnect the power cord from the mains
&remove at least one battery connector. The off-
line UPS is providing surge protection and battery
backup. The protected equipment is normally
connected directly to incoming utility power. When
the incoming voltage falls below or rises above a
predetermined level, the standby UPS turns on its
internal DC to AC inverter circuit. The standby
UPS is the mechanical switches which is connected
equipment on to its DC to AC inverter output. The
switch over time can be as long as25msec. It
depends on the amount of time. It takes the standby
UPS to detect the lost utility voltage [5][6]. The
general off-line is shown in figure 1.
Fig.1 general model of off-line UPS
There are three modes of operation:
Normal mode of operation
During normal mode of operation, the power to the
load is continuously supplied via the
rectifier/charger and inverter; a double conversion,
that is, AC/DC and DC/AC takes place (Erickson et
al., 2001; Kassakian et al., 1981; Mohan et al.,
1995; Popescu et al., 1999). It allows very good line
conditioning. The AC/DC converter charges the
battery set and supplies power to the load via the
inverter, therefore it has the highest power rating in
this topology, increasing the cost. In this mode of
operation, the step-up voltage converter is not
functional, but the single-phase rectifier, the single-
phase voltage inverter, and the step-down voltage
converter are functioning.
Stored-energy mode of operation
The duration of this mode is the duration of the pre-
set UPS backup time or until the AC line returns
within the pre-set tolerance. The inverter and the
battery maintain continuity of power to the load
when the AC input voltage is outside the pre-set
tolerance (Popescu et al., 2004). When the AC line
returns, a phase-locked loop (PLL) makes the load
voltage in phase with the input voltage and after
that the UPS system returns to the normal operating
mode. In this mode of operation, the single-phase
rectifier and the step-down voltage converter are not
functioning but the single-phase voltage inverter
and the step-up voltage converter are functioning.
Bypass mode of operation
In case of an internal malfunction such as over-
current, the UPS will operate in this mode. This
mode is also used for fault clearing. The output
frequency should be the same as the AC line
frequency in order to ensure the transfer of power.
In some cases, there can be a maintenance bypass as
well. A manual switch usually operates it. The main
advantages of on-line UPS are very wide tolerance
to the input voltage variation and very precise
regulation of output voltage. In addition, there is no
transfer time during the transition from normal to
stored energy mode. It is also possible to regulate or
change the output frequency. The main
disadvantages of this topology are low-power
factor, high THD at the input, and low efficiency.
The input current is distorted by the rectifier unless
an extra power factor correction (PFC) circuit is
added (Lascu, 2004; Kamran et al., 1998; Park et
al., 2001), but this adds to the cost of the UPS
system. The on-line UPS cannot efficiently utilize
the utility network and local installation because of
this inherently low input power factor. Because of
the double-conversion nature of this UPS, the low
efficiency is inherent to this topology. Compared to
off-line and line-interactive UPS systems, the power
flow through the rectifier and inverter during the
normal operation means higher power losses and
lower efficiency. Despite the disadvantages, double-
conversion UPS is the most preferred topology in
performance, power conditioning, and load
protection. This is the reason why they have a very
broad range of applications from a few KAV to
several MVA. This broad range of applications
brings a large diversity of topologies in on-line UPS
systems. Each topology tries to solve different
specific problems and the particular choice depends
upon the particular application. However, generally,
there are two major types of double-conversion
topologies: With a low-frequency transformer
isolation and with a high-frequency transformer
isolation (Erickson et al., 2001; Kassakian et al.,
1981; Popescu et al., 1999).
III. RESULT:
The waveform of signal output of previous offline
UPS, this UPS model and the main supply is given
below.
The main supply is in sine wave which is given to
computers. When the main supply is cut-off offline
UPS is used as a back-up source for small duration
of time. In this duration of time data of the
computer can be easily save. The output signal of
previous offline ups were in square wave form as
shown in figure. In this UPS model the output
waveform is in sine wave as shown in figure. Due
to square wave noise and disturbances like
problems are seen. But in sine wave these problems
are not seen.
Table shown below is of UPS output voltage
related to main supply voltage.
Sr Main supply Output voltage
no. voltage. of UPS
1 250 V 210 V
2 270 V 240 V
3 140 V 200 V
From above table when voltage of main supply is
250V - 270V, which is high (over voltage) as
related to normal voltage 230V ,then UPS is in
action by relay, which gives 210V - 240V, which
is near to normal range and protected the device
connected with the main. Similarly when voltage
of main supply voltage is 140V which is very low
(under voltage) then UPS is in action by relay
which gives 200V and protected the device from
under voltage from main. This is protection action
done by this UPS model during main supply
which delivers over voltage and under voltage.
UPS actually operates during power cut offs and
give normal ac voltage to device for some time.
IV. CONCLUSION
UPS is used in data saving when there is no
electricity. Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) can
be used for voltage regulation in offline UPS. After
the use of thyristor switching in inverter pure sine
wave is obtained instead of square wave having
less fluctuation. For the purpose of improving
battery backup time, natural and renewable sources
can be used such as wind energy, solar energy etc.
but for increasing battery backup time the circuit of
UPS has to be modified according to battery
storage. As the number of I.C’s decreased the size
of UPS also decreased as compared to old UPS
circuits. In old circuits there was noise in signal
because of its construction and that noise can be
prevented by using thyristor based inverter.
Backup time of the UPS can be increased by
increasing capacity and size of transformer, by
improving ventilation method. The battery can also
be charged by wind energy and solar energy.
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