MUC LUC PHAN I: KHAI QUAT VE NGANH HANG KHONG DA PHAN I: GIGI THIEU TONG QUAT VE HE THONG THONG TIN DAN I - Dich vu hién tai cia nganh thong tin. 1. H@ théng thong tin c6 dinh AFTN - Aeronautical Fixed 10 10 Telecommunication Network. 2. Hé thong thoai truc tig] 3. Hé thong thong tin di dong 10 I. Cac hé thong thong tin. 12 1. Hé thing thong tin thoai giita may bay - mat dat tren séng VHF bao 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 AS 17 17 17 gém: .. 2. Hé théng thong tin lién lac séng ngan HF... 3. Hé thong thong tin di dng vé tinh. Til. Cac loai hinh thong tin. L.Dich vu khong hau... 2. Dich vu diéu khién bay trén khong .. 3. Dich vu quan ly bay. 4. Dich vu théng tin dich vu cong cong trén khong IV. Dich vu thong tin vé tinh Inu dong (AMS) CHUONG Il: CHUYEN NGANH DAN BUON I. Hé thong hién tai cla chuyén nganh din dudng 1. Din dudng hang tuyén (Hé thong thiét bi din dudng xa). 2. Din dudng tiép can va ha cét cénh... 7 II. Cac hé thong din dutng. 18 1, Dai din duémg v6 tuyén séng dai vo huéng NDB (Non Directional Radio Beacon). 19 2. Dai din duémg phu try vo tuyén séng eye ngan v6 huéng phuong vi VOR. 124 3. Dai dn dutng phu trg do khoang cach DME .296. Hé théng trg gitip ha cénh ILS 7. He thong tr¢ gitip ha cénh MLS PHAN III: MAY PHAT DAN DUONG SA 500. 1. Mé ta chung SA5OO. 2. Tinh nang ky thut SA500.. 3. Mé ta chung khéi ghép Anten PC - Skilo 4, M6 ta chung kh6i ty dong chuyén déi may. I. nguyén ly lam viée cia may SA500.. 1, M6 ta chite nang SAS00. 2. M6 ta chttc nang hé thong tu déng chuyén d 3. Phan tich chi tiét hé thong chuyén mach ty dong SASOO (Automatic Transfer System SAS0O): 53 3.1 Diéu khién chuyén mach ty dong. dong). II. Phan tich mach dién SA500 ... Bg téng hgp tin sé (KWOYN PWB): Khod am tan (Tone Key) Mach Manip (Keyer Code): BO khuéch dai diéu ché (Modulater - MOD): Cong suat kiéu chuyén mach (Switching Power Amplifi Module Cut (Module Disconnect - MDC): Bé loc (Filter Bo gidm sét (Monitor): Nguén cung cp (Power Supply - PS): 10. DC Auto Disconnect PWB. . III. Nguyén ly hoat dong cia bé ghép néi Anten... M6 ta chic nang PC 1/2 KILO. May bign Ap tro khang ... 61 SPA): 62 63 64 66 .67 69 .70 -70 -70 .71 71 71 .72 .B een ane enr ee yr . Dung cu do dng dién Anten PC 1/2 KILO 6.1. May bign ap tré khang ... a6.2. BO diéu huéng 6.3. Anten Lap dat va van hanh.. 7.1. Lap dat may phat 7.2. Dat bo phép néi. 7.3. Khoi déu may ph 74. Kiém tra may phat. 7.5. Diéu hudng anten. 7.6. Diéu chinh diéu bién. Bao dudng, 8.1. Sap xép va hiéu chinh. 8.2. Diéu chinh Bo téng hop. 8.3. Phim am.. _ ee 8.6. Kiém tra may phat tan s6 RF, 8.7. Diu chinh dung cu do.... 9. Audio PWB.. 10. Diéu khién Monitor 11. Cat tu déng DC.... PHU LUC GLOSSARY CHU TATLOI NOI DAU Sy phat trién nginh Hang khong dan dung néi chung, nganh thong tin dan duéng néi riéng 14 mot nganh kinh té ky thuat hign dai mang tinh dac thi cao. Hoat dong déng bé véi Quan ly bay, Khan nguy cifu nan va Khi tuong hang khong. Hoat dong cita Nganh hang khong da tao thanh mot nganh dich vu ma san phém 1a két qua van chuyén hanh khéch, hang hod trén cde chuyén bay an toan. Hién nay, nh& su phat trién nhu vii bao cilia khoa hoc céng nghé, nhat Ja nhiing tin b6 ctia cong nghé théng tin da anh hudng dén su phat trién cila hé théng céng nghé théng tin din duéng. Ngoai céc thiét bi hién dai cn cdc thiét bi duge lap dat tai cdc san bay, phuc vu cho méy bay cat ha cénh duge an toan, co cau ky thuat nay da hinh thanh két hop véi céc hé théng nhu: He théng din dung NDB - SAS00, hé théng ILS, VOR va DME tic dong nay da lam thay déi tw duy va mau hinh quan ly khdi tao nhiing tiém nang sAng tao tri tué, gidm bot stic lao dong ma vn mang lai higu qua cao. Trong nhitng nam gén day cing véi su phat trién va hoi nhap véi nén cong nhé thong tin thé gii, nganh Hang khong dan dung Viet Nam cé téc dong va anh hudng rat 1én dén sy phat trién kinh té - x4 hgi cla dat nude. Trong nganh thong tin din dung hang khong - cong nghé thong tin da lam thay déi toan bé hé théng. Theo huéng hién dai, an toan, chinh xdc, nham muc dich cudi ciing 1a dam bao cho nhimg chuyén bay cat ha cdnh duge an toan, Véi long ham hoe héi va yéu thich nganh théng tin em da tim hiéu tai ligu cling véi sy huéng din gitip dé an cén cilia cdc thay c6 gido trong khoa dign tit vién thong dé hoan thanh ban dé An vé thong tin dan duéng hang khong véi noi dung: - Téng quan vé thong tin din duéng hang khong. - May phat din dudng NDB - SASO0.PHAN I: KHAI QUAT VE. NGANH HANG KHONG DAN DUNG VIET NAM Sau khi dat nude Viet Nam duge hoan toan déc lap. Cac ché do phong kign thyc dan da sach béng trén dat nuge ta. Mét trang sit méi duge mé ra cho dan téc ta, xay dung nén hoa binh ddc Jap phat trién kinh té, van hoa, Khoa hoc kf thuat nat 1a su giao lu véi cde nude trong khu vuc. Sv ddi héi cap bach dé nam 1976 Nganh hang khéng dan dung dugc thanh lap, hic bay gig Nganh hang khéng thuc su rat non tré va thiéu thon vé moi mat. Trai qua mét théi gian dai dén khi Nha nuéc c6 chinh séch mé cita quan hé va giao lm Jam an kinh té véi nhiéu nude trén thé giéi. Nganh hang khong lai cang céin thiét cho m6t Quéc gia. Nhan da phat huy chung cita x4 hdi, cla khu vue Déng Nam A cing nhu trén toan thé gidi. Sy ddi hoi nhiing yeu céu vé Hang khong dan dung, vé théng tin lign lac. Trong da phat trién di Jén nhanh chéng nh hién nay. Nhu cu théng tin lién lac, giao thong van tai tr nén cap bach béi né 14 huyét théng cho sw giao Iuu, quan hé véi cdc nude. Nhan thite r6 diéu dé Nha nude két hop véi Nganh hang khéng dau tw tién v6n tao moi diéu kién déi méi toan dién vé co cdu Hang khong. Cu thé la déi méi vé co cau t6 chitc, dao tao déi ngii ky thuat, nam bat phuong tién cong nghé ky thuat mdi, thay thé dan dan nhiing trang thiét bi gia, ci bang nhiing trang thiét bi mdi, hién dai. C4i tao nang cp cdc sn bay, bén cang san bai, cai tao nang cép toan bé co sé ha tang. Muc dich 1a dé tang cudng cée chuyén bay néi dia cling nhw cde chuyén bay quéc té Viet Nam duge tang lén. Trong nhig nam gan day nho c6 su déi méi c6 von dau tr cla Nha nuéc chi mt théi gian ngén trong vong 5 nam Nganh hang khong da chuyén minh mét cach ky diéu. Qua thuc té nhing théng ké cho thay két qua déng tu hao:Nam 1996 van chuyén hanh khéch tang 10 Jén so véi nhitng nam true nam 1990, Van chuyén hang hod ciing tang gap rudi so véi tude. Dé dat duge két qua dé Nganh da phai cé gang né luc trong viée phuc héi co ché theo cdch quan ly va co ché mdi. Higp hdi Hang khong Quéc té (ICAO) da chinh thie céng nhan Hang khong Viét Nam 1 mot thanh vién trong hiép hi. Nam 1995 ving (FIR) Hé Chi Minh truée day Héng Kéng quan ly nay da tra lai cho ta. Vi ta da day di kha nang trong trach dé dam nhiém cong téc quan ly va diéu khién nhig chuyén bay Quéc té bay qua ving dé. Ching ta dd manh dan lién doanh hgp tac va mua nhiéu may bay hign dai : BOING, AIR BUS thay thé cho cdc may bay da gia c6i truée day. Mé them nhiéu dudng bay tir céc nuée téi Viet Nam khoang trén 20 nude da bay téi Vit Nam, 22 Hang hang khéng thudng Ié bay téi Viet Nam, Trén 60 nude bay qua ving (FIR- HCM). Trong Nganh hang khong, Cuc hang khong 1a co quan déu nao chi huy C6 trong t4i 1én nt diéu tiét moi hoat dong ciia nganh. Bén dudi 1a cdc Cum cang san bay, Trung tam diéu hanh bay va cdc eo quan nghigp vu khic. Riéng nganh Quan ly bay chiu tréch nhiém toan b6 céng tac chi huy din duémg cho mot chuyén bay. Tir khi bat dau lan bénh ra duémg cat ha canh cho dén khi chuyén bay duge ha cénh an toan, Trung tam quan ly bay dan dung Viét Nam Ia co quan trong diém cua Neganh hang khong, né quyét dinh sy séng cn ciia mot chuyén bay, né dam bao cho sy an toan cia mot chuyén bay tit khi né may dén khi ha cénh. Chuyén nganh cita quan ly bay bao gém hé thing: CNS/ATM. (Communication Navigation Serveillance/Air Trafic Management). Bao g6m cée dich vu chinh, thong tin din dung gidm sat va quan ly khong lu hé théng nay, né quyét dinh toan bd su an toan cita mot chuyén bay. Gitip cho méy bay bay ding huéng, ding hanh Jang bay, quan ly ving khong phan chi huy gidm sat, hoa mang théng tin dén tat cA cdc co quan cén thiét.Diéu rat quan trong cita co quan quan ly bay 1a ving thong bdo bay (FIR). Trong FIR quy dinh phai cé thoai déi khong, s6ng VHF, Rada giém sat phi séng kin FIR dé c6 thé gidm sét khong hu (ATC - Air Trafic Control). Ngoai ra trong FIR cén dam bao duge viée din duéng cho céc may bay, bay qua ving nay, dich vu tim kiém ctfu nguy phai dugc dam bao theo déi lién tuc. Moi diéu hanh trong FIR do Trung tam ACC (Area Control Centre) chiu tréch nhiém chi huy, giém sat trong nganh quan ly bay ca nuéc, Céc Trung tam quan ly bay Ha Noi, Hé Chi Minh, Da Nang déu chiu su chi dao cita Trung tam quan ly bay dan dung Viet Nam. Trung tam thong tin Hang khong tai Gia Lam Ja co quan chiu tréch nhiém lip dat cc cong trinh ky thuat cho quan ly bay. Trung tam nay con c6 chite nang nghién citu, cai tién sita chita, trg gitip ky thuat cho toan bd hé théng mang (CNS) ciia khu vue Gia Lam va cdc khu wuc khac. Néu can thiét Trung tam cdn té chtte cdc chuyén bay hiéu chudn dé kiém tra céc hé théng din dung, gidm sat. Ngoai trung tam thong tin con cé phong ky thuat chiu tréch nhiém thyc hién cdc dé n cita quan If bay, thiét ké lap dat nhiing thiét bi thong tin din duéng méi dugc tri€n khai.PHAN I: GIGI THIEU TONG QUAT VE HE THONG THONG TIN DAN DUONG Trong phn nay sé gidi thigu khai quat vé hé théng thong tin, din dung, gidm sat va quan ly khong luu (CNS/ATM). Hé théng nay hién dang phuc vu cho nganh quan ly bay dan dung Viet Nam. Cac thiét bi ky thuat vé dign tit vién thong phuc vu cho ba chuyén nganh chinh 1a thong tin din dung va gidm sat. Céc tigu chudn ky thugt, s6 ligu va ede quy dinh cia timg chuyen nganh duge viét trong ANNEX - 10 clia ICAO. G day ta nghién ctu vé nguyen ly hoat dong, tinh nang ky thuat va chie nang cia ting he théng. CHUONG I: CHUYEN NGANH THO > TIN Nganh nay quan ly cdc mang luéi thong tin lién lac thoai, truyén so ligu ring cita nganh hang khéng, céc loai hinh thong tin bao gém: ~ Hé théng thong tin c6 dinh. - Hé thong théng tin luu dong. 1- DICH VU HIEN TAI CUA NGANH THONG TIN @ thong thong tin c6 dinh hién nay cita Ng’nh hang khong dim bio lign lac thoai, thong tin s6 ligu giita cdc co quan kiém sot khong hu trong va quéc té, thong tin gitta cée don vi lién quan t6i qué trinh quan ly va diéu hanh bay, lién lac n6i bo véi nhau trong co quan quan ly khong heu, He théng thong tin luu dong cho phép lien lac thoai gitta ede co quan cung cp dich vu khong Iuu véi nhau va céc may bay theo phuong thtic diém n6i diém (Point To Point).1. Hé théng théng tin cé dinh AFTN - Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network. Day 1a mang théng tin lién lac trao déi cdc dién van theo chudn muc cita ICAO tai cdc Trung tam kiém sot bay Ha Noi, Da Nang, Hé Chi Minh va Trung tam diéu hanh bay quéc gia (Gia Lam) dugc lap dat thiét bi chuyén dién van ty dong AMSC va thiét bi dau cudi, dim bao tw dong chuyén dién van phyc vy cho diéu hanh bay cling céc hé théng luu tri ding cho céng tac diéu tra va hoc tap. Toan bé cdc hé théng méy sit dung ky thuat cong nghé méi su giao tigp gitta ndi bé bang vé tinh vi ba s6 riéng ciia nganh quan ly bay. Dé dam bao an toan va c6 dé tin cy cao, néi gitta chting véi nhau cdn 6 dudng truyén qua buu dign quéc gia bang (vé tinh, vi ba s6, cép quang) dé dy phong khi duéng truyén chinh bi truc trac ky thuat. Dé tin cay ctia hé thdng ludn 1a 99,9%. 2. Hé thong thoai truc tiép Nganh quan ly bay Viet Nam da thiét lap cdc mang thong tin dé dam bao lién lac truc tiép gitta cdc co quan Kiém soat khong hu trong timg khu vue véi nhau. Duéng truyén tit ACC Hé Chi Minh véi cdc ACC ké can 1a qua vé tinh do buu dign quan I¥. Céc dutmg lién lac thoai khc giita ba san bay quéc té 1a cia nganh quan ly bay va cla buu dién quan hé du phong, sit dung cdc duéng truyén (vé tinh, vi ba, cp quang va duéng HF/SSB khéng dia). 3. Hé thong thong tin di dong Mue dich cita mang thong tin luu dong 1 diéu hanh chi huy moi hoat dong cita may bay tit khi bat déu né may chudn bi ct cdnh dén khi ha cénh Jan vao san dé va tat may.Cic dai thong tin hmu dong trén mat dat hoat déng véi muc dich thong bao céc tin tite vé khi tugng, ké hoach bay, béo dong va diéu hanh qua trinh bay, bao vé an toan cling nam trong mang théng tin uu dong. Trong nganh quan ly bay tat ca cdc co quan kiém soat khong liu déu trang bi hé théng lién lac khong dia séng cute ngan VHF. Tai cdc san bay Tan Son Nhat, trén ving niii Ving Chua (Quy Nhon), ni Son Tra (Da Néng), ndi Tam Do (Vinh Phiic) duge lap dat thiét bi VHF duong dai véi ving phit sng trén 400 km 6 d6 cao 10 km. Tai cdc dia diém xa x@i, hiém t tg mA tim phi sng VHF khong véi t6i duge con duge trang bi hé théng thong tin thoai HF . Cac he théng chuyén mach Voice Switching (AVSC) 6 cdc Trung tam kiém soat duéng dai, tigp can tai san cho phép thong tin lien lac gitta kim soat vien khong luu véi may bay va giita kiém soat vien khong liu véi cdc cg quan diéu hanh bay thu4n Igi va nhanh chéng. Hien tai quan ly bay da lap dat he mot thong thong tin ve tinh ding trong noi bd véi bn tram ve tinh mat dat da lép dat khai thie tai cée ACC - H6 Chi Minh, ndi Vang Chua (Quy Nhon), niii Son Tra (Da Nang), ACC - Ha Noi day Ia cdc mang truyén din s6 ligu Rada, ding diéu khién tir xa cde dai VHF, truyén céc sé ligu AFTN va phue vy cho cde tuygn thong tin thoai néng (Hotline) truc tiép c6 dap ting dé tin cay cao. Trong nhiing nam t6i quan If bay sé tich cyc chuuyén sang sit dung cd dich vu th6ng tin thoai va truyén sé ligu bang vé tinh phuc vu cho cong téc quan I¥ moi boat dong cia nganh quan ly bay bang may vi tinh tao diéu kién thuan Igi cho viée chuyén sang he thong CNS/ATM méi.I. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN 1. Hé théng thong tin thoai gitta may bay - mat dat trén séng VHF bao gom: *He thdng thong tin khéng/dat (tai san bay va cdc trung tam kiém soat xa). *Heé thng théng tin tai san tu déng. *He thong théng tin dich vu duéng dai. *He th6ng thong tin ding cho cOng téc tim kiém ctu nguy. + He thong thong tin khong/dat: Diing cho lien lac thoai gitta kiém soat vien khong lu véi cdc may bay tai thép digu khién, tai sn va cdc lien lac thoai gitta cdc digu phai vien hang khong tai ACC véi phi cong khi may bay thude ving thong béo bay ACC quan ly. He théng dé e6 ede chi tieu ky thuat sau: Tan sé VHF: 118 +136 MHz. Khoang cach: SOKHz, 25KHz va 125KHz. Cong suat cute dai 200w ding cho dung dai. 30w, SOw ding cho tai san bay. + Hé thdng théng tin dich vu tai san tu dong: Cung cép cho may bay vé cdc théng tin théi tiét, trang thai hoat dong cita cdc hé théng an toan. hang khong. Hé théng cé cdc chi tiéu ky thuat sau: Tan sé VHF: 118 + 136MHz Cong suat cue dais S0w + Hé thong thong tin dich vu dudng dai: Ding dé cung cap kip thdi cdc thong tin mang tinh c4p nhat vé diéu kién va céc phi cang thoi tiét, céc tinh trang hoat dong cita cdc phwong tign din dung... Dé cung céip cho nguvi l4i. Hé thong gém cic chi tiéu ky thuat sau:Tan s6 VHF: 118 = 136MHz. Cong suat phat cuc dai: SOw. + He théng thong tin ding cho cong téc tim kiém citu nguy: Ding cho c ddi tim kiém mat dat véi mdy bay gap nan trén khong bang VHF theo tan sé 121.5MHz. lien lac gia c: 2. Hé thong thong tin lién lac s6ng ngiin HF Ding cho lign lac gitta cée trung tam quan I bay va khong/dia tai nhiing noi lién lac vé tinh, VHF khong phii téi durgc. s6 phat s6ng 18 8942KHz (digu ché AM). i ving cé mét tan 3. Hé thong thong tin di dong vé tinh Hé théng nay hién tai chua dua vao khai théc tai Viet Nam. Nguyén ly lam viée: Nguyén ly théng tin trong dich vu th6ng tin vé tinh di dong (AMSS) gém: - Tuyén phat s6ng lén: Tin higu Radio tir tram mat dat phat len vé tinh tai tan sé 6GHz duge vé tinh déi thanh 1.5GHz. Sau dé tin hiéu 1.5GHz duge vé tinh phat cho may thu cla may bay (AES - Air Eath Station). - Tuyén xuéng: Tin higu Radio tir may phat tren may bay (GES - Geographical Eath Station) c6 tan s6 1.6GHz duoc vé tinh thu , nhan va déi lén tén sé 4GHz. Tin higu 4GHz sau dé duge phat xu6ng tram hoa sen thu nh§n tai mat dat (GES - Geographical Eath Station) nhé vé tinh, CA lién lac theo hai tuyén gitta mat dat vA vé tinh goi 1a myén Feederlink (bang C tan sé 4/6GHz). Bang KU (12/14GHz) cing duge sit dung trong tuyén Feederlink. Thong tin tit may bay lén vé tinh goi 1A tuyén dich vu (bang L cé tan s6 1.6/1.5GHz). Ve tinh khong phai xit IY cdc chit nang phitc tap ngoai viée chuyén déi tan s6 séng mang tit bang L sang bangC (tuyén xung) va nguge lai (tuygn Ien). Phu thude vao vige sit dung Anten. L cé hai loai vé tinh: Mot Joai goi JA vé tinh Anten va mot loai goi Ia vé tinh Anten mii nhon. III. CAC LOAI HINH THONG TIN 1.Dich vu khéng uu Ding chuyén tai thong tin do diéu phdi vién khong Iuu lién bé voi phi cong dé duy tri an toan bay trong khi khai thac t6i da céc chuyén bay. Thong tin trong dich vu khong luu bao gém céc lénh kiém soat khong lau (ATO) khoang cach bay. Théng tin vé céc chuyén bay va cdc théng tin vé an toan bay khdc, Day 1a théng tin do t6 chtfe an toan bay quéc té (ICAO) dinh nghia. 2. Dich vu diéu khién bay trén khong Ding dé chuyén tai thong tin gitta cdc Trung tam hoat dong hang bay va cdc phi cong duy tri an toan va cdc luat 1é bay. Céc thong tin bao gém. céc tin tite trao déi vé hoat dong bay nhur trong lugng, su can bang hoat dong cita céc dong co, gidm sat tiéu thu nhién ligu, khoang céch uéc tinh véi dich céin bay t6i duge ICAO dinh nghia vé cdc thong tin bay an toan. 3. Dich vu quan lf bay (Aeronautical Administrative Communication) La théng tin gira van phong hang va phi hanh doan phéi hgp cdc hoat dong quan tri nhw dich vu an udng, quan ly d6 dac, quan ly cée ché trong trong cdc chuyén bay tigp theo, day khong phai 1a cac théng tin an toan bay. 4, Dich vu thong tin dich vu cong cong trén khong Bao gém tt cA céc loai trong hé théng thong tin di dong ve tinh AMSS. Ca b6n loai thong tin dich vu trén ding chung Anten phat, thu cée khdi tan sé Radio va quan tri thong tin trong cing tin sé AMSS, Nguyénnhan cia su ding chung nay 1a do cac thiét bi thu, phat vé tinh dat va khoang kh6ng gian bi gidi han tren may bay cho viée trién khai cdc thiét bi. IV. DICH VU THONG TIN VE TINH LUU DONG (AMS) Sit dung 4 loai kénh thong tin vat ly gitta mat dat va may bay. D6 1a cdc kénh P, R,C, T. Diéu nay 18 do cé 4 loai hinh théng tin khéc nhau. Céc kenh nay ¢6 cdc chite nang va cdc dac tinh vat ly khéc nhau. 1. Kenh P: Kénh hop kénh va phan chia theo thdi gian. C6 2 loai kenh P Ja kénh PSME ding dé kiém tra hé théng va kénh PD ding dé truyén s6 ligu. Kenh P ding phat tin higu tir mat dat Jen may bay mang céc béo hiéu va dit ligu nguai ding ngan. Kénh P phat lien tuc sé ligu tir tram mat dat GES, Tram AES diéu khién kénh nay trong suét théi gian bay va lay cdc théng tin cn thiét tir d6. R . Kénh R: Kenh truy nhap ngdu nhién (Khe Aloha). Kénh R ding dé phat tix tram AES xudng mat dat. Mang theo céc bao higu va 86 ligu ngudi ding ngan, dac biét 18 céc tin higu khéi tao chuyén déi, cdc tin higu hdi djc trang. May bay phat thong tin tai MODE BURST. Thing 2 kénh R va P sit dung trao déi thong tin béo higu, Vige thiét lap cc kénh T va C thong qua 2 ken P va R. 3. Kenh C: Day 1a phuong thie lign lac thoai véi méi kenh thoai tren mot séng mang (kenh ché dQ mach CICURIT) tie 18 lien lac s@ ligu va thoai 2 huéng, vi méi kénh phat mot chiéu nén né duge Tam thanh cap: 1 cho chiéu Ién, 1 cho chiéu xuéng. Kenh C thigt lap theo yéu céu ciia may bay (qua kenh R) khi may bay muén tgo lien lac tir dai digu khién khong uu t6i mat dat. Cac tan s6 kenh C (1 doi tn s6) thiét lap lai cdc kenh tan s6 dit ligu ciia tram mat dat GES.4, Kenh T: kénh da truy nhap theo théi gian (DTM) ding cho lien Ie sO ligu tir AES ti GES ding lien lac dign van dai. Kenh nay chi duge thiét lap khi duge yeu cdu cita may bay (qua kénh R) khi né muén giti cdc dif ligu cho ngudi ding dai. Khi kenh duge thigt 14p thi tram may phat ciia may bay giti tin higu dit ligu cia n6 vao cdc khe thdi gian duoc thiét lap nh& tram mat dat. Tuy nhien kenh T nay chi cho phép vai may bay cling sit dung.CHUONG Il: CHUYEN NGANH DAN DUONG Nganh nay quan ly ede trang thiét bi dan dudng phy trg bao gém cae thiét bi dan dudmg hang tuyén, cdc thiét bi din dudng tigp can va ha cénh 06 nhigm vu dinh huéng cho may bay bay ding tuyén bay. 1. HE THONG HIEN TAI CUA CHUYEN NGANH DAN DUONG 1, Din dudng hang tuyén (Hé théng thiét bi dan dutng xa) He thong nay duge lip dat tai cde vi tri c6 dinh trén doc cée tuyén duting bay trong nude va Quée té da dug quy dinh & trén ving théng bao bay cilia ca nuée, Tat ca cdc tuyén dutmg bay trong nude va Quéc té trén lanh thé Viet Nam déu duge lap dat cdc hé thong thiét bi phy tro din duéng. Hien nay Viet Nam dang ding 2 loai phu tr din dudng 1a vo tuyén séng dai v6 huéng NDB va v6 tuyén séng cuc ngdn da huéng VOR/DME. Nhiing loai thiét bi nay cing duge lip dat dé sit dung dueng dai, tiép can, ha cdnh va con mot vai dai cdn lam c4 nhiém vu din dung, tiép cn va ha cénh. 2, Dan dudng tigp can va ha eft canh He thong nay duge lip dat tai ede vi tri e6 dinh trong ving tigp can va ha canh cia may bay ma & dé c6 cudng do bay nhiéu hoac tém nhin bi gidi han, doi hdi phai Lip dat cdc thiét bi ciia he thong din dudng gan. Cac thiét bi nay dim bdo dan dudng cho mdy bay an toan, chinh xde va higu qua trong c6ng tac diéu hanh bay. Hé théng nay bao gém: Cac dai NDB hoac VOR/DME. Hé thing ha cénh chinh xéc ILS. Hé thOng ha cénh MLS. Hé thong din dudng quang hoc. 6 cae san bay Noi Bai, Da Nang, Tan Son Nhat duoc lip dat cdc hé thong dan duéng két hyp gém: Dai gan, dai xa NDB, dai VOR/DMEILS va cdc he thong dén tin higu. 6 céc san bay dia phuong to&n bo céc trang thiét bidin duéng déu 1a NDB . Tuy rang véi trang thiét bi cita hé thong din duéng tren da dap tmg duoc nhu céu khai théc hign tai cia nganh quan ly bay. Dé nang cao d6 chinh xéc nhim dap tmg nhu céu bay cia trong lai ciing nhur nang céip phi hgp véi tiéu chudn ICAO va chudn bi timg buée cho hé thong din dug trong tong lai thi cdc thiét bi din duémg cita cdc san bay dia phuong céin cé thém cdc dai ILS va dan dan thay thé céc dai NDB bang VOR/DME cé do chinh xéc cao hon véi thiét bi hé thong hién dai hon cho phép theo doi tinh trang cia méy tai vi tri xa hon noi dat dai (diing diéu khién xa). Trong twong lai trién khai dan dudng bang hé thong dan dudng vé tinh toan céu GNSS hic dé céc thiét bi din duéng hien tai din dan duge loai ba. I. CAC HE THONG DAN DUONG Theo céc tiéu chudn cia ICAO céc san bay 6 phuong tien phy tro dan dudng duge chia thanh cdc mtte CAT I, IL,ID nhu sau: Loai Diéu kién khi tuong cho ha cénh Ghi cha, Chiu cao giéi han | Tam nhin dudng cho ha cénh bang CATI 60m va 1én hon Lén hon 800m | Dén chi thi cin nh. hoat déng loai 2 CAT IL 30m va Ién hon Lénhon 400m | Dén dung bang do. séng cao CAT Om Lén hon 200m | Dén dudng bang do séng cao CAT IIB Om Lén hon 50m | Dén tam dutng bang CAT IIC Om Om valénhon | Dén ving tigp can may bay1. Dai dan dudng vo tuyén song dai vo huéng NDB (Non Directional Radio Beacon) NDB 1a mot méy phat thanh phat trén tn s6 thap, trung binh va phat ra moi huéng, kém theo dai higu_nham gitip may bay cé thé bay huéng vé cfc dai NDB duge dat theo céc khong 16 trong nuéc va quéc té. NDB [a thigt bi din dudng phu tro bing séng Radio ma tram phat mat dat phat ra moi huéng trén may bay sé chi thi cho phi cong biét huéng bay t6i dai. Khi ngudi I4i én may bay nhan tin higu ciia dai NDB bing cach nghe tin hiéu nhan dang cita dai phat 2 Ién trong 1 chu ky trén tén sé 1020KHz. Theo kim chi thi cia bd dinh huéng phi cong cé thé lai theo huéng chi cia kim téi dai NDB. Khi may bay vuot qua dai NDB thi kim chi thi cita b6 dinh hudng quay nguge 180° béo hiéu cho ngudi lai biét may bay a bay qua dai. Dai NDB cé thé diing 1am nhiém vu dan duéng dai, din duémg tiép LS. cn tai san va ding lam dai chi huéng cho thiéi Tinh nang ky thuat. 1, Dai tn sé lam viéc (Radio frequencies): - Dai tn lam vige cita cdc dai NDB nam trong khoang (190+1750)KHz (Annex 10). Véi sai sé tan s6 cho phép Af ~ 0,01% so véi tin s6 Iam viée. Trong truéng hgp dai NDB cé céng suat phat 1én hon 200W va tan sé lam viée 1én hon 1606,5 KHz thi Af yéu cau 14 0,0005%. - Véi cde dai Locator lam nhigm vu két hgp bé trg cho hé thing ILS thi tén s@ lam vige gitta hai dai phdi cach nhau mét khoang Af va duge qui dinh: 1SKHz < Af < 25KHz. 2, Cong suat phat (Coverage). * Cong suat phat ciia dai NDB phai duge dim bao phit sng ting voi mét cu ly nhat dinh tuy thudc vao nhiém vu clia dai.- Trong ché do "landing": Tir (15+20) nautical mile. - Trong ché d6 "enroute": Tir (25 + 150) nautical mile. * Cong suat phat cla mot dai NDB khéng duge vugt qué 2dB so véi muic cn thiét dé dim bao tim phu séng cita cut ly cho phép. Viet Nam céc dai NDB phat 6 tan sé 220 + 550 KHz. 3. Diéu ché (modulation). Phan diéu ché cita dai NDB, trong qué trinh diéu chinh cén chi ¥ dén 2 tham sé: a. Tan sé 4m thanh diéu ché (The Modulating tone): - Tiéu chudn 1020 + 50Hz - Tiéu chudn 400 + 25Hz. b. D6 sau digu ché (The depth of modulation) ~ 95%. 4, Tin higu nhan dang (Identification). - Sit dung ma Morse quéc té. = Toc d6 7 tit /1 phuit. - Noi dung: T6i da 1a 3 tir (chit hoac sé). - Thdi gian duge phép mit Ident: khong qué 1 phi. 5. Hé thong kiém tra va diéu khién (Monitoring). Tiéu chudn ti thiéu cla hé thong kiém tra va diéu khién cita mot dai NDB gém: - Cong sudt: Khi céng sudt gid -34B phai tr chuyén méy (hode tat méy). - Mat tin higu nhan dang: Phai tu chuyén may (hoac tat may). - Hé théng Monitor ¢6 su 6: Phai tu chuyén may (hoac tét may). 6. He théng cap nguén (Power supply). He thong cp nguén day di cho mot dai NDB gém 3 dang theo thit tw wu tién sau: - Dién mang cong nghiép (AC)- Dién may nd (AC) - Ac quy (DC) Khi mat nguén, théi gian chuyén déi tir nguén nay sang nguén khéc tuy thudc vao chite nang cila thiét bi (thong thudng tir 8" + 20"). He théng chuyén déi ly tuéng 1a hé thong chuyén déi ty dong. 7. Anten (Antenna). Thong thudng cac dai NDB sit dung céc dang Anten sau: - Anten chit '"T" - Anten chit "I" - Anten cé hé sé pham chat cao - Polestar. Anten duge dinh gid qua mot tham s6 goi Ia hé s6 bite xa ciia anten, He s6 d6 duge dinh nghia: Cong suét bite xara khong gian Céng suat dau vao cha anten He s6 bite xa cita Anten phu thugc vio cong suat dau vio ciia Anten (tic cong suat cla may phat). Cong suat déu vao cang lén ddi hdi xa cila Anten cang Ién tite phém chat cita Anten cang cao. 8. Tam hoat dong; Tim hoat dong t6i da ciia NDB 1a 1000Km phu thuge vao 4 yéu t6: - Phuc thuéc vao truyén séng vao ban ngay hoac ban dém. - Truyén s6ng trén mat dat hoac mat nude, - Cong suat my phat: nhd nhat 20W, 1én nhat 1a SKW. - Vi tuyén dat dai. 9, Dai higu: duge phat theo ma luat Morse. Dai higu chia lm 2 loai:- Dai quéc ndi: gém 2 chit cai. - Dai quéc té: dai higu gém 3 chit cai. Chit dau tien X bigu thi dai quéc té. Chit thif hai V tén nude dat dai. Chit thit ba D noi dat dai. Tan s6 dé phat dai higu: 1020Hz + SOHz. 400 Hz + 25Hz. Nguyén tac hoat dong cia NDB. 1, Anten: May phat c6: Cong sudt nho hon 1kW thi diing anten hinh chit T. Cong suat lon hon hoac bang 1kW thi ding anten tru. 2. Nguyén tac hoat dong Dang dign cao tan tit may phat trayén téi anten bite xa ra ngoai khong gian theo moi huéng. Trang thiét bi dat trén may bay. 1, May thu ADF (Automatic Direction Finder): ding tan s6 thép va trung binh cé 3 bang tan sé: - Bang | tit 190 - 400KHz. - Bang 2 tit 400 - 800KHz. - Bang 3 tit 800 - 1750KHz. Di kém véi ADF cé 2 loai Anten: - Anten v6 huéng: c6 1 sgi day dai. - Anten dinh huéng: Anten khung cé thé 1a hinh tron, vuéng hoac chit nhat.Cong dung cia NDB: Cé 4 cong dung: 1. Ding dé bay quy hudng: bay téi dai NDB 2. Xéc dinh vi tri dang bay. 3, Ding dé vong cho. 4, Ding dé dap xuéng san bay. a. Cach bay quy huéng (Homing). Sau khi cat cénh tai sin bay A ngudi li mo may ADF ¢ tén sé cla dai ding Head phone nghe dai higu nhin déng hé RMI hoac Radio Compass (ding anten v6 huéng) tit cong tac anten v6 huéng bat sang cong te anten dinh huéng, chuyén qua khung. Xoay kim 1én (RMI) hoae xoay Radio Compass sau dé khéng nghe duge dai hiéu. Phuong cita may bay dang bay so véi phuong cita séng Anten phat 1 g6c 60°: khi bay qua dinh dai kim déng hé déi 180° khi d6 kim cita déng hé chi vé s6 0. b. Xéc dinh vi tri: Ding 2 dai NDB. - Git huéng bay eit, mé ADF trén tén sé dai NDB2, nghe dai hiéu. Xoay Anten thu cho téi khi khong nghe duge dai higu cia dai s6 2. c. Bay vong chd: Chigu léch cita kim déng hé c6 thay déi hay khong. - Dé lech: Cé thay déi, chiéu 1éch kim va vi ti cila méy bay Iuén Juén Iéch nhau. d. Diing dé dap xuéng san bay. Anten ciia dai NDB phai nam trén truc duéng bang khi ha xudng san bay tém nhin ré phai Lkm thi méi duge ha cnh. Cec dac diém cia dai NDB: Ju diém: Dai NDB va thiét bi chi huéng sit dung rong rai trong nhiéu nam, thao tac rat quen thudc véi cdc phi cong, hé théng mat dat don gidn va gid thanh ré. Nhuge didi : Dai NDB chiu anh huéng rét manh ciia dia vat, dia hinh va céc nhigu tap cita thai tiét, c6 trudng hyp do anh hung cita may thuADF thu duge chi thi sai lim kim chi thi léch qua xa gay nguy hiém cho may bay. Léi cla dai NDB con xéy ra khi sét dénh hoac nhiéu xa ciia séng dién tir vao ban dém. B6 chi huéng ADF tring kim chi thi huéng mdy bay so véi dai nhung ngudi l4i may bay phai can chinh xéc trénh cdc sai lech tinh cia kim chi thi. N6i chung dai NDB téi day sé chi cdn thong dung lam dai chi huéng tai san va dai diém cho ILS. 2, Dai din dudng phu tro vo tuyén song cue ngdn v6 huéng phuong vi VOR (Very High Frequency Omni Range). VOR 1a mét may phat né phat trén tén sé VHF c6é kém dai hiéu va phat séng ra moi huéng nhim cung céip cho may bay géc do phuong vi muén bay, géc 46 phuong vi nay tuong duong véi géc d6 phuong vi tinh duge tir dai lay huéng bac tit Jam chudn va xoay theo chiéu kim déng hé. MN = Magnetic North: Hung bac ti Hinh 2.1, Cac huéng may bay bay téi dai VOR. VOR a he thong din dung phu trg bing séng Radio phat ra cde séng dign tit theo moi huéng trong khong gian, gitip may bay xée dinh duge phuong vi cia né véi vi triai VOR phit ra 2 tin higu bao gém [a pha bign thién va pha chudn. Tin higu pha chudn 1a tin higu digu ché 30Hz 6 pha c6 dinh theo moi hung. Pha bién thien 1a tin higu digu ché 30Hz ma pha ciia né tré khi may bay chuyén huéng theo kim déng hé va tré 360° khi huéng quay 360° bang cach do su khéc pha gitéa hai tin higu ma phi cOng do géc phuong vi gitta may bay véi dai. Tinh nang ky thuat: 1. Bang tén sé: Phat trén tin sé VHF tir 108MHz + 118MHz 1a khoang tan sé ma dai VOR phat trén 1 tan so nhat dinh, dai nay cach dai kia la SOKHz. 2. Tam hoat déng: Phu thudc vao cong suat cia may phat va cong suat cia VOR c6 2 loai: Néu may phat 18 200W duge goi Ja VOR hang A va tim hoat dong theo tiéu chudn cita ICAO téi thigu 1a 200Km 1a SOW goi la VOR hang B hoe CVOR hoac DVOR tém hoat dong t6i thiéu SOkm 6 46 cao 5000feet = 1666m. Dai VOR duge phan chia theo nhi¢m vu dan dung dudng dai, dai VOR dan dutng tigp can tai san. Cé vai loai VOR sit dung cho cé muc tiu tren, Theo nguyen ly 1am vige thi e6 2 loai VOR chinh: CVOR va DVOR. a) Dai VOR thudng - CVOR: Hé théng VOR nay tin higu la 30Hz. thay déi digu ch AM sng mang. Nhuge diém Ién nhat ciia CVOR so véi DVOR 18 né bi anh hudng ciia ngoai cinh nhu nha cao, dung day cao Ap, thép c6 vat ligu sat, thép xung quanh vi tri dat dai. Dai CVOR 6 thé con gay ra sai s6 khi c6 anh hudng cita phan xa sng dign tir nhiing vat can. b) Dai DOPPLER VOR - DVOR: Hé théng DVOR tin hi¢u 30Hz chudn digu ché AM séng mang cdn 30Hz thay déi digu ché FM séng mang phu 9960Hz nhd hig ting Doppler gay ra do hoat dong phat sng cita da trén cdc Anten, Sy dan bién séng mang phu dai DVOR 13 higu tng dich dinDoppler cita tin higu.Tin higu bign tin dura ra 48 (50) Anten bign tin DVOR nim trén dung trdn dung kinh cé 13 m va sinh ra dé dich tan FM tuong Ying cho tin higu phat xa, vi pha bign thién cia dai VOR chifa thong tin phuong vi may bay duge diéu ché tén s6 séng mang FM nén hé thong rat it bj anh huéng ciia cde vat cdn quanh vi tri dat dai nhu CVOR. He théng DVOR ¢é 2 loai: SSB va DSB. Hé thong DSB cé dac tinh it bi anh hung ciia sy phan xa do dia hinh nhu SSB do dé cé gid thanh cao hon dai SSB. Céc dac diém cita dai VOR: He thong VOR khong can can chinh, sai Igch do tr6i diém tinh, anh hudng ciia 4p suat khf quyén khong con dang ké do vige sit dung tin s VHF: Do chinh xac thong tin phutong vi cita dai cao hon han so véi dai NDB. Cfc nhuge diém cita dai chit yéu 1a khoang phit séng thap bang tm nhin thang do su phan xa s6ng va nhiém vu cila chuéng ngai vat xung quanh gay ra tang hon so véi NDB. Cée chi tigu ky thuat cia hé théng VOR: Dai tin sé: 108 =118MHz Cong suat cue dai: Dudng dai: 200w. Tai san va tigp can: 100 + 5Ow. Géc nging: 40° Dai VOR bi anh hudng béi cde tod nha va dia hinh xung quanh dac bigt 18 dai VOR tigp can va ha canh sé 6 thé Jam dai VOR chi thi phutong vi sai dang ké. Nguyén tac hoat dong cita dai VOR. Ngoai tn s6 1020Hz tai dai higu va bign digu bien d6 séng mang. Thudng ding hai tén s6 bién digu déu Ia 30Hz.- Mot tn sO 30Hz bién digu séng mang duge truyén t6i 4 anten cing mot hic va bife xa ra khong gian theo moi huéng va c6 pha khong déi & moi hung nen duge chon lam 30Hz chudn Reference signal). 30Hz chusin 06 dugc 1a do 9960Hz + 480Hz bign digu bien do song mang 6 mite d9 30Hz. - Tn s6 30Hz cdn Iai do Sideband 1 va 2 tgo ra va duge lan uot truyén t6i timg cap anten mot hic va vic nay c6 pha thay déi nén goi IA 30Hz thay déi (Varable signal). - Tan s6 30Hz thay déi déng pha véi 30Hz chun & huéng bac tit va tir huéng bac tir xoay theo chiéu kim déng hé thi 30Hz thay déi luén luén tré pha so véi 30Hz chudn do sy tré pha timg 46 mot nay 30Hz thay déi két hop 30Hz chudn tao thanh nhiéu tuyén phuong vi khéc nhau tinh bang do dé cung cp cho may bay trong nhiing tuyén huéng bay. Trang thiét bi dat trén may bay. - May thu VHF thu duge tan s6 tir 108MHz dén 118MHz (thu VOR va thu LOC) cé anten simg trau. - Trude mat ngudi lai phai cé déng hé OBS (Omni Bearing Selector) c6 ngan dé chon tuyén phutong vi mudn bay: To sang 1a bay vé dai. From sng Ia bay qua dai. Cy OFF sang thi khong sit dung duge dai VOR. Déng hé OBS ding dé chon tuyén phuong vi muén bay. - Déng hé ICP (ILS Cros Pointer). Kim ding: ding cho dai LOC hoae VOR. Kim ngang: Ditng cho dai G.S. Cong dung cia dai VOR.Gém 4 cong dung: - Bay quy huéng - Bay vong ché. - Trénh khu vue cém bay. - Ha canh xudng dung bang. 1. Bay quy hudng: Bay huéng vé dai, t6i dai. Mé may thu VHF trén tan s6 cita dai ding tai nghe dai higu van OBS 6 tuygn phutong vi mudn bay (gid sit OBS = 80"). Sau dé nhin kim dting cita déng hé ICP dé bay. 2. Bay vong chi. 3. Tranh khu vue céim bay. 4, Ha cénh xudng dudng bang. * Uu khuyét Uu diém: - Cung céip 360 tuyén phwong vi véi d6 chinh xc A+ 2° cho mot tuyén. - It bi nhigu boi thai tiét vi ding séng VHF. - Néu duge két hop véi DME thi VOR + DME [8 mot hé dan dung If tudng gitip cho may bay thu¥ng xuyén xde dinh duge vi ti bay cia minh chinh xéc. Khuyét diém: - Vihoat dong trong bang tén VHF nén tém hoat dong phu thudc vao 6 cao cita may bay, bay cng cao tam hoat dong cang xa. - Dai hdi phai duge kiém tra dinh ky bang may bay cé trang bi may méc do ludng chinh xéc, trung binh 3 thang bay thir 1 Ién, 161 thigu 6 thang bay thir 1 lan.3. Dai din dudng phu trg do khoang ch DME (Distance Measuring Equipment). Dai DME 1a dai thu, phat trén tin sé UHF, cé nhiém vu thong bio cu ly da bay duge tir dai cho dén may bay mot cach lién tuc. Cur ly nay 1a cy ly nghiéng dé 1a khoang céch tir dai dén my bay. DME hoat dng thanh | hé thong va gém cé hai thanh phan. Thanh phan DME trang bi cho may bay goi la may héi (Interrogator). DME dat & duéi mat dat goi la may tra léi (Transponder). Hé théng DME lién tuc cung cap cho may bay thong tin khodng cach tir may bay so véi dai. May bay phat xung nhé bé hi dat tren n6 va tram mat dat (cn goi 1a bd phat dap). Nhan duge céc xung héi nay tit may bay va né sé tu dong tra 10i bang cc xung tra di c6 tén sO séng mang cach tin s6 s6ng mang xung hoi 63MHz. Thong tin khoang céch do duge nha dé duge khoang théi gian tir thei diém phat xung héi téi thei diém nhan xung tra Idi. Théi gian tré 6.17ps twong img khoang céch INM (3Km). Do tin hiéu séng dién tir truyén trong khéng gian véi van téc bang van téc nh sang C = 300.000Km/s. He thong VOR/DME cé hai loai cho din duéng hang tuyén va tiép can. Thiét bi DME c6 thé ding voi hé théng ILS khi cae dai xa cia ILS khong duge Cac dac diém ciia dai DME: Dai DME cé thé déng thdi tra Idi t6i da 100 may bay. Do dai DME sit dung bang tn so UHF nén it bi anh hung ciia nhiéu khf quyén va thdi tiét. DME cing cé khoang phi s6ng theo tm nhin thang LOS. Khi lap déng truc hai Anten VOR/DME thi chi can thoa man céc digu kign ngoai vi cia VOR. Khi lép dat ben canh thi chil ¥ dén ede tod nha, thap bang thép dat gan Anten DME sé phan xa sng gay 16i I6n. Khi lap dat ciing véi ILS thi can chit ¥ 1am sao cho Anten phat Glidepath khong gaycan tré véi tim nhin clita DME. Can lap dat Anten DME cao hon khu nha chita may phat trénh anh hung cita s6ng phan xa. Tinh nang ky thuat: SO kenh: 252 kénh. Phuong phép digu ché: Diéu bien. Anten phat Phan cuc ngang. Dai tin: 108 =118MHz. Tén s6 phat bo hdi (Tan s6 thu bo phat dap): 1025 +1150MHz. Tn s6 phat song bd phat dp (Tan 6 thu bo héi): 962 +1024MHz. Br) 1151 +1213MHz (bang cao). Khoang céch tan s6: 100MHz. Céng suat cue dai: Duong dai: 3000w. Tip can tai san: Is00w. Ding néi ILS: 100w. Phuong thife lam viée: DMEJN ding din dung dai véi phé phat xa hep. DME/P ding véi MLS din duting dai phé phat xa hep. DME/W dan dung dai hoac tip c4n véi phé phat rong. Mode xung lim viée: W, X, Y, Z (khong cach gitta hai xung kénh X=1.2us). Kenh Y = 30ps. Toc dé lap xung: DME/N 30d6i/s.DME/P tim kiém: 40d6i/s. May bay trén mat dat: Sdéi/s. Bat dau tigp can: 16d6i/s. Cuéi tiép can A0d6i/s. Tam hoat dong téi da cia DME 1a 200NM ~ 370 Km 6 dé cao 22900m. Loai tin higu phat: Phat tren nhig cap xung luc. Kha nang: Tra Idi céip cho 100 may bay cling 1 hic sai s6 cita né 1a 3% sai s6 curly. Dai hiéu: 1 s6 diém ¢ va mét sé gach - - (Nhém dai higu duge phat 16i da trong 5s phat lap sai sau 30s}. Nguyén tac hoat dong cia DME. May bay muén biét cy ly cia minh thi phai phat ra cap xung riéng cia minh, dai 6 mat dat sé thu hét réi dua qua may phat tro lai may thu DME & trén may bay sé thu cap sung cita minh va déng théi déng hé dien tir & trén may bay sé tinh théi gian tir lic phat dén Itic nhan 1a cp xung clia né réi déi thanh cu ly xuat hién trén mat kim déng hé trudc mat phi cong. TACAN: VOR va DME dat chung 1 vi tri. Cong dung cia DME: La cung cp cur ly cho may bay: ngay nay DME thong duge dat két hop véi VOR. C6 cong dung thém Ia bay qui huéng. 1. Bay qui huéng VOR/DME. OBS = a (g6c phuong vi mudn bay). Nhin kim diing cita ICP dé lai may bay.Téi dai dén To tat, dén From sdng va nbin déng hé DME thay khoang cach nhé nhét. 2. Bay vong cho. 3. Trénh khu vue cam bay: x4c dinh géc phutong vi. 4, Ha cénh. * Un, khuyét diém: 1. Uu diém: Nha cung cp cut ly cho méy bay nén viée xée dinh cia may bay duge chinh xéc do dé vigc kiém soat khong luu duge dé dang. 2. Khuyét diém: Phi tén vé trang bi cao va ky thuat phic tap. Chi do cu ly nghiéng tit may bay dén dai & mat dat. 4. Dai din dudng tam xa LORAN (Long Range Navigation System): Loran 1a dai din dudng tam xa tém hoat dong tdi da 3000km phat s6ng trén tan sé trung binh ft bi anh hudng bdi thdi tiét nham gitip may bay cé6 thé bay xuyén Iue dia hoae bay t6i cde dio & gitta cdc Dai Duong. Loran hoat dong than ting cap va duge dat doc theo bd bién phia bac Dai Tay Duong va Thai Binh Duong. * Tinh nang ky thuat: 1, Bang tan s6: Trung binh MF tir 1650KHz dén 1950KHz tan 86 cita dai nay cdch dai kia a LOKHz va ¢6 4 kénh tan s@ (channels). Channel 1: 1950 KHz. Channel 2: 1850 KHz. Channel 3: 1750 KHz. Channel 4: 1650 KHz.Méi mot cap dai LORAN phat tren mot tn s6 nat dinh tuy nhien 2 cap dai LORAN cé thé phat chung 1 tan s6 véi diéu kign 18 nhip lap lai khéc nhau. 2. Nhip lap lai: PRR (Pulse Repeatition Rate): Méi cap dai LORAN 6 1 nhip Jap lai rigng va cé hai loai nhip lap lai. - Nhip lap lai cham (Thép): LPRR (Low Pulsse Repeatition Rate goi tat JA LO) LO trong 1s déng hé phat ra 25 xung. - Nhip ap lai nhanh (Cao): HPRR (High Pulsse Repeatition Rate goi tt 1 LI). LI trong 1s phat ra 33 xung tré len. 3. Anten va céng suat may phat: Anten try, phat song ra moi huéng thanh nhimg duéng cong hypebol. Cong sudt cita may phat 1a L00kW. 4. Tam hoat dong. - Téim hoat dong ban ngay phia mat dat 1a 150km. Phia mat nuéc 1a 1100km. - Vé ban dém vé mat dat 1000km. Vé mat nuéc 2500km. 5. Séng v6 tuyén dign dé do cur ly muc titu RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging): Radar 12 mot phuong tign kiém soat khong Iuu, khi tugng vi kiém soat vién ngéi tritéc man hinh Radar cé thé theo d6i dug céc muc tiu mot céch lién tue va chinh xdc véi Radar cap 2 (SSR) ngudi kiém soat vien cdn biet duge loai mye tieu (may bay) van t6c ciing dé cao cia may bay. Tinh nang ky th 1. Tém hoat dong: Gém 4 yéu t6:a) Tan sé phdt: Dai Viba (Micro Wave) dai tén tir 1000MHz. +30000MHz trong dai Viba néu tan sé phat cang thap thi tam hoat déng cang xa va tan s6 phat cang cao thi tém hoat dong cang gidm. b) Cong suat cla may phat: Cong suat cia mdy phat ldn tam hoat dong xa. Cong sudt cia may phat nhé tam hoat dong gan. c) Nhip lap lai PRF (Pulse Repeat Frequency): La khoang théi gian mot xung phat ra khi gap muc tiéu déi tro vé thi khoang thdi gian tir lic phat dén Itic nhan tré vé goi 1a chu ky lap lai. d) Van téc xoay cila Anten: Néu Anten xoay cang cham tém hoat dong cang xa. Néu Anten xoay cng nhanh tam hoat dong cang gan. Nguyén tac hoat dong cia Radar: 1. Anten va su bite xa’ Anten Parabol mat phan xa hinh cong Parabol. Anten dinh huéng 1a tao tiéu diém huéng dat tai tigu diém cita mat phan xa. 2. Nguyén tac hoat dong: Phat ra nhimg xung dign ra mot hudng ning xung nay gap nhiing muc tig c6 dae tinh séng dign tir thi xung sé doi td vé Anten sé thu va déng hé dign ti may thu Radar sé tinh thdi gian tir hic phat xong di va dén Itc nhan né vé. Thai gian nay déng hé duge tinh d = Cf. Va déng hé c6 bd xit ly né hign ra rieng 6 vi tri m& xung dé doi tré vé va Jam xuét hign muc tieu tren man hinh Radar & cling vi trf xung doi é va khoang cach véi Anten.Man hinh Radar: Tat cd céc man hinh Radar cé mat tron va tam cita man hinh 18 vi tri cia Anten, Trén man hinh cé nhiing vong tron déng tam cach déu nhau va khodng cach gitta hai vong tron cé thé thay déi man hinh nay duge goi Ia man hinh PPI (Plan Position Indicator) . B6 phan xoa cde muc tiéu khong cin thiét: 1. BO phan xo4 muec tiéu c6 dinh MTI (Moving Target Indicator ): nguyen téc hoat dong cia MTT JA so sanh pha tin higu va tin higu doi néu pha khong d6i thi muc tiéu bi xoa cdn néu pha thay déi thi muc tieu duge duy tr. 2. BO phan muc xoé tiéu bat thudng khong cén thiét FTC (Fast Time Coustant) hoge CP (Cireular Polarigation): ‘Xudt hién trén man hinh bat thudng gay tré ngai cho kiém soat khéng 3. BO phan diéu hoa d9 sang STC (Sensitivity Time Control). Céc loai Radar thudng ding trong nganh Hang khong: 1, Radar kiém soat dudng dai: e6 hai loai: - ARSR (Air Route Sureillance Radar): La loai Radar c6 tim hoat dong 1én khoing 200NM = 370Km, cong suat lén 5000Kw va ding hai tan sé 1280MHz, 1350MHz. - Manhinh cia Radar PPI - Khoang cach cdc ving trdn déng tam 10NM, 15NM, 20NM, 25NM,... SONM. - SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar): Radar cap hai hoat dong thanh mot hé théng va c6 hai thanh phn: + SSR dat 6 mat dat goi 1a may hoi (Interrogator).+ SSR 6 trén may bay goi I may tra lai (Transponder). Cong suat nhé khoang 200Kw, 3000Kw. Nguyen tac hoat dong ciia SSR: May & mat dat phat ra nhig xung lye 6 trén may bay thu nhing xung lye réi dua qua méy phat phat ra tra lai va phi phat theo mé luat da qui dinh va may dat trén mat dat thu lai réi xudt hién trén man hinh. Uu diém cita SSR so véi ASSR: - Tm hoat déng xa hon dit céng suét nhé hon (vi SSR trén may bay cé méy thu réi dua qua mAy phat, phat tré lai may héi doi v6i ASSR né hoat dong doc lap). - Nh® c6 Code cho nén cé thé nhan dang durge loai may bay va 6 thé nhan dang dé 1 may bay ban hay may bay minh. Radar kiém soat tiép can ASR ( Appoach Surveillance Radar): NG phat trén tan sé 3000MHz. Cong suat P = S00Kw. Tam hoat dong D ~ 60NM =110Km. Man hinh PPI: Tam cia man hinh 1a vi tri Anten trén dé c6 nhiéu vong tron déng tam va khodng cach gitta hai vong tron SNM, 10NM, 1SNM trén man hinh léng 1 ban dé dign tit dac biét cia khu vuc san bay. Radar kiém soat khu vuc san bay ASDE (Airport Surplace Detection Equipment) duge trang bi cho nhig san bay c6 song mi dé huéng dan my bay tir bai dau ra du@ng bang va nguge lai hoac xe oO va ngudi di lai trong khu vue san bay. Tan sé phat f = 30.000 MHz. Tam hoat dong D = 3NM 5Km.Anten dat 6 trén néc dai kiém soat va né xoay véi van t6c rat nhanh. Hai may bay di cing trén 1 dung bay phai c4ch nhau t6i thigu 1 15m trén man hinh mdi phan biét duge. Hai may bay bay song song véi nhau khoang cach tir dau cénh nay cach nhau t6i thigu 1a 4,5m méi phat hign duge tren man hin. Radar ha canh chinh xac PAR (Perecision Approach Radar). LA mét loai Rada ding dé huéng din may bay ha cénh xuéng dudng bang duge an toan trong moi digu kign can thiét khi ha can bang PAR thi khong can ding t6i hé thong ILS nhung phi cng phai bay theo su chi din cita nguéi kiém sat vien ngéi trade man hinh Radar. can. Tan s6 phat cita PAR 1 10000 MHz. Tim hoat dong 18Km vé huéng dip. Vé tia quét c6 2 loai: - Tia quét ngang quét 1 g6c 20° bao phit dudng bang. - Tia quét ding quét 1 géc 7° bao phi: dudng déc dap. Dé chinh x4c: VE cu lila + 100m. Vé phuong vi (quét ngang) +6m. Vé dé cao (quét ding) +3m. Man hinh cia PAR khdc véi man hinh cita Radar 1a duge cai tiép Man hinh chia lim 2 phn: - Phan tren 1a dudng dée dip. - Phan duéi cé duémg bang va truc duéng bang. Dung thing song song dé do cy li céch déu nhau dung ng cach duéng kia 1a NM.Nguyen téc hoat dong: Dai phat phat ra 2 loai tia quét va tia quét diing quét 1 géc 7” so véi duong déc dap. Cdn tia quét ngang quét 1 g6c 20° bao phil dudng bang. Mot chiée may bay xuat hign tren man hinh PAR thanh 2 chéim sing riéng biét nhung 2 cham séng nay phai nim tren 1 dudng thang géc voi truc dung bang. Cong dung: Ding dé gitip may bay dip xu6ng dudng bang an toan trong moi thi tiét. 6. He thong tro gidp ha canh ILS (Instrument Landing System) He thong trg gitip ha cdnh ILS cung cp céc thong tin dinh huéng din dung chinh x4c cho qué trinh ha cénh cita méy bay tai cde san bay chink xdc xu6ng duéng bang mot cach an toan ngay ca khi thdi tiét rat xdu. He théng ILS bao gém: Dai chi huéng ha cénh (Localizer), dai chi géc ha cénh (Glidepath), dai diém giita (Middle Marker) va dai diém xa (Outer Marker). 6.1. Dai chi huéng ha canh GS (Glide Slope): Dai nay phat cdc tin higu théng tin hudng din chi hudng dung truc cita duéng bang mé rong (Extended Runway). Dai phat hai biip s6ng diéu ché cdc tin higu am tn sao cho chi khi may bay bay trén mat phang thang diing chita truc cia dudng bang thi 2 tin higu thu duge & my thu méi bing nhau. Khi may bay dang ha cdnh xung bi Iéch vé phia bén phai true dudng bang thi kim chi thi diing cita bé thu chi thi Iéch vé ben trai. Néu may bay bay Iéch vé phia tréi truc dung bang thi kim chi thi dig léch vé bén phai. Ngudi l4i theo déi chi thi cia b6 thu ILS va sita 16i bang cach dura may bay vé phfa ma kim chi thi léch di. Dai GS c6 nhiém vy gitip may bay dip xudng duing bang ding do d6c dip theo qui dinh cia duéng bang: 1. Tinh nang ky thuat: a. Bang tn sé: Ding tan UHF tir 328,6 MHz + 335,4 MHz.b. Tém hoat dong: 18km phat vé hudng phat, c. Tan s6 bign digu: sir dung 2 tan sé bién digu 1a 90Hz va 150Hz. d. Dai higu: khong phat dai higu. 2. Nguyén tac hoat dong: Dong dién cao tin tit may phat truyén téi anten bic xa ra ngoai Khong gian thanh hai séng d6i xing nhau qua dudng d6c dap da qui dinh cita san bay, cénh séng phia duéi dung déc dap duoc bign digu boi 150Hz va cdinh séng phia bén trén duge bién diéu bai 90Hz. 3. Trang thiét bi dat tren may bay: - May thu UHF: my nay cé thé thu véi tén sé tir 328,6 + 335,4 MHz. - Déng hé ICP (Kim ngang). 6.2. Dai chi géc ha cénh GP (Glide path): Dai nay phat cdc thong tin huéng din cho may bay bay vé géc ha canh xudng dung bang. Dai nay cing phat 2 bip sng diéu ché béi 2 tin hiéu 4m tn (90Hz va 150Hz). Sao cho may bay bay xudng theo mat phang ha cénh chudn (géc ha cdnh 3°) thi 2 tin higu thu tai bo thu sé bang nhau. Néu may bay dang ha cénh theo géc ha canh sai véi géc ha cénh chudn vé phfa trai thi kim chi thi ngang cita bé thu sé Iéch xuéng dudi. Néu miy bay bay theo géc ha cénh nhé hon géc ha cénh chudn thi kim chi thi ngang di chuyén lén trén, Ngudi Idi dya vao dé sé dua méy bay tré lai géc ha cénh chudn. 6.3. Dai chi huéng ha canh LOC (Localizer). Dai LOC cé céng dung 1a gitip may bay dip xuéng duéng bang * Tinh nang ky thuat. a, Bang tn s6: Phat trén tan sé VHF tir 108 KHz + 112 MHz va tan. phat Iuén lu6n c6 mét chit sé thap phan, méi tin sé cita dai LOC phat trén mét tan sé nhat dinh.Tin s6 dai nay céch dai kia 200KHz. b. Tém hoat dong: Dai LOC phat hai phia: Vé phia cue phat 1 45km, Vé phia nguge lai 1a 30Km. 6 do cao 600m. c. Tan s6 bién digu: Dai LOC ding 2 tan s6 bign dign khdc nhau Ia 90Hz va 150Hz. d. Dai higu: Gém 3 hoae 4 chit c4i va duge phat ma uat Morse. Chit diu: I (ILS) 2 hode 3 chit edi tigp theo 1a noi dat dai. Dinng tan 6 tai dai higu 1a 1020 Hz. Nh6m dai higu duge phat 7 nhém/phit. * Nguyen tac hoat dong. - Dong dign cao tin tit may phat truyén dén 15 anten alffor biie xa ra ngoai kh6ng gian thanh hai cénh sng d6i xing nhau qua truc duéng bang. - Cinh séng ben phai duge bign digu 1S0Hz. - Cnh séng ben trai duge bién digu 90Hz. * Trang thiét bi dat tren may bay. - Tren may bay phai c may thu VHF: May thu VHF cé thé thu tan s6 tir 108 + 118 MHz LOC, 112 + 118 MHz VOR. Ding cho thu LOC va VOR. - Déng hé ICP (kim ditng), anten sing trau va headphone.Vi tri dat cae dai: Dai LOC cé 15 Anten alford phai dat trén 1 duéng thang thang géc vGi true dutng bang cach dau dudng bang 300m vé huéng déi dién véi huéng dap. Nha dat may 6 bén phai hodc bén trdi dudmg bang déu duge. Dai GS dat ben phai, tréi truc dudng bang vé huéng vé huéng dip Khoang cach tit dai téi truc dung bang tir 130 dén 200m mite trung binh 150m. Khodng cach tit dai GS dén dau duéng bang tit 250 - 415m TB 300m. Anten dat sét dai luén khi bay qua OM cé dén mau dé hoae tim sing Jen khoang cach cén lai téi san bay 1a km bay qua dinh MM dén mau cam sing biét duge céch duéng bang 1km. Bay qua dinh IM dén mau trang sng lén khoang cach téi duémg bang 14 75m cia Php, 300m cita My. 250-415m u TB: 300m Tu 130 - 200 ; 1B 150m Huéng dap "8 3001 : IM f= MD om |— 1 Phap: 75m My. 300m i 6,5Km - 12Km TB: 8Km Hinh 2.2. He thong ILS 6.4. Dai diém giita (Middle Marker): Dai nay phat sng dién tit sao cho mot may bay dang ha d cao dé ha cdnh xudng dudng bang 06 thé x4c dinh diém tan cling cita dung bang 1000m, Dai nay duoc dat céch dai diém tan cing ciia dung bang 1050m va nam trén dung thang ciia truc dudng bang. Dai phat ra mot chim séng diéntir hinh quat theo huéng thang ding lén khong gian. Khi may bay bay vao viing séng hinh quat thi dén chi thi tren may bay nhap nhdy va cé thu 4m thanh 1300Hz phat ra tir loa dé bao cho ngudi 1éi biet rang da bay qua dai. Trong truéng hop lép dat ILS chi theo tieu chun cp I vi tri ciia dai diém gitta vita 1a dai diém danh dau do cao chinh xéc cho may bay ha cénh. 6.5. Dai diém xa (Outer Marker): Dai nay thiét ké dién tir sao cho may bay dang tiép can c6 thé tim ra 1 diém céch 7Km tinh tit diém tan cing cla dung bang. Dai nay cing phat chim song nhw dai diém giita. Khi may bay bay vao ving phi sng thi dén chi thi nhap nhay va 4m thanh 400Hz phat ra tir loa béo hiéu cho phi cong biét vi tri va gitip ngudi phi cong phai xem ngay dé cao dé bao céo cho kiém soat vién khong uu. 6.6. Cac hé théng tl 1a dai NDB cé céng suat théip ding chi huéng cho may bay bit vi tri t bi phu tro: Dai phuong vi (Compass Locator) cita dai ILS. Thudng thi dai NDB nay duoc dat tai vi tri ctia dai diém xa. 6.7. Hé thong ILS/DMI kign phan xa s6ng Ién, Ta thay thé mot dai DME cong suat thap tai vi tri cita dai dinh vi dung ha canh. Néu dai digm xa khong duge lap dat vi digu 6.8. Hé thong dén tigp can: He thong dén may duge sit dung khi tim nhin dang bi han ché va dim bao cho vige tigp c4n an toan t6i dung bang. * Cac chi tiéu ky thuat cia dai ILS: + Dai hudng ha cénh: Tan s6 VHF: 108 =112MHz. Céng suat dinh: 10w.Khodng cach téc dung: 45Km trong ving hoat d6ng tinh tir tim duimg bang sang méi bén 15°, Tan s6 diéu ché: 90Hz va 150Hz. + Dai diém xa: Tan sé: 7SMHz. Cong suat dinh: 3w. Tin higu nghe duge 12/45s tai may bay céch 96 Hai ly. Tan s6 diéu ché: 400Hz. + Dai diém gitta: Tan sé: 75MHz. Céng suat phat dinh: lw. Khoang cdch tac dung: Tin higu nghe thay 6/2s. Tan s6 s6 diéu ché 1300Hz, + Dai chi huéng: Tan s6: 200 + 4150Hz. Cong suat dinh: 20w. Khoang cach tac dung : 10 = 25NM. 7. Hé thong tro giip ha canh MLS - MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM. Hé thong nay chua duge ding trong hién tai cla Viet Nam va nam trong sO céc thiét bi din duéng hién dai cdn lai trong hé théng CNS/ATM méi. Hé thong LMS bao gém céc thiét bi lap dat duéi mat dat gan san bay va thiét bi xir ly tin hiéu trén méy bay. Nhiéu tin higu din dung phat ra tit hé thong duéi mat dat va thiét bi thu sé thu nhan céc thong tin cn thiét cho yéu cau ha cénh, Cc thiét bi co ban cho mot hé thong tro gitip ha cénhMLS bao gém céc dai géc phuong vi (AZ - Azimuth Angle), dai g6c ngdng (AL - Dievation Element ) va dai do géc phuong vi sau (BAZ - Backamuth Angle) néu thay edn thiet. 1, Dai géc phuong vi: Lap dat theo truc duéng bang mé rong cé nhigm vu cung cap cho may bay chun bi ha canh, céc thong tin huéng din vé phuong vi. Dai nay ciing phat dit ligu cn thiét va phu trg vé tinh trang hoat dong ciia cdc thiét bi trén mat dat, thoi tiét va cae vi tri cla cdc thiét bi trén mat dat. 2. Dai ge ngéng: Lap dat theo truc duéng bang. Dai nay cé nhiém vu cung cap vé géc ha cénh cita may bay. 3. Gée phuong vi sau: Lip dat tai khu vue canh phiin dap xudng clia duéng bang, Dai nay cung cp cho may bay vong vé phutong vj cita né (bay vong Ia trang thai ma cdc may bay phai bay vong quanh san bay cho téi khi duéng bang hét ban). Dai nay con cung cp thong tin phuong vi cho cdc may bay bay ngang qua dai.PHAN III: MAY PHAT DAN BUONG SA 500 1. Mé ta chung SA500 Day 1a may phat din dung toan hudng, diéu ché bién dd (AM) diéu chinh céng suat phat ra dén SOOw. May phat ding ky thuat chuyén mach trong khuéch dai cong suat va b6 diéu ché/ diéu chinh mang lai higu sudt cao, gon nhe. BO kich thich bao gém bd téng hgp tan s6 tir 190 + 535KHz én dinh bang thach anh. BO dao dong kép am tan (1020 hoae 400Hz), Manip ma Morse duge lap trinh kiéu chuyén mach DIP, mach kiém tra va mach xit IY thoai tuy chon. Phéin cong suat ciia méi may phat bao gém hai hé théng 250w doc lap, méi hé théng c6 mot b6 Igc ra, mot khuéch dai kiéu chuyén mach (dong ngat) va bd diéu ché/diéu chinh kiéu chuyén mach. Cac am tn ra cla méi hé thong dugc téng hgp lai cung cap 500w cho mét khéi ghép. May phat kép SASOO bao gém hai may phat SASOO va mot khéi tw dong chuyén déi may dugc lap dat trong mot tii riéng. 2. Tinh nang ky thuat SASOO Tigu chudn duge 4p dung theo yéu céu ciia ICAO, FCC va CCIR Tin s6 tit 190 + 53SKHz, bo téng hgp tan sé én dinh bang thach anh chuyén mach Iya chon tang gi&m méi n&c SOOHz, d6 én dinh cao hon 0.05%(6 nhiet 4 -40°C =70°C). Ché d6 phat: AO (khong bién déi). A2 (ma hoa sng diéu bien). A3 (dign thoai, diéu bién 4m, séng mang, bang kép hoac phéi hgp) hoac két hop cdc ché d6 trén tai khdc cong suat ra. Cong suat s6ng mangtrén tai 50 6 thé diéu chinh lién tuc tit 100 + S00w (400 +2000WPEP). Ché do phat thir (do véi Anten gia) bite xa séng cai nhd hon 70dB so véi cOng suat ra 500w. Ché d@ phat AO, A2,A3 hoac két hop. BO diéu bién: BO diéu ché/ diéu chinh bao dam dé sau diéu ché tir 0+95% tan sé 4m tén tai ché 400Hz va 1020Hz duge chon bang chau ni. Manip lam viée binh thutdng 8baud (xap xi 7WPM va duge digu chinh tit 5 +16baud). Diéu kign lam vigc binh thudng, séng mang lién tue duge diéu ché 4m tén tuy chon, tin hiéu nay cé thé diéu chinh véi moi mite. Gidi han d6 sau diéu ché khong qué 100%, néu mach qué tai. Néu 6n va ri rit, méo Am tn < 5% 40dB. So véi séng mang . Nguén cung cép 110/220V AC + 10% 1 pha 50 + 60Hz. Tiéu thu trung binh 1a 895w khi cong suat S00w va dé sau diéu ché 1a 95%. Déng hé chi thi: Cong suat ra, cng suat phan xa, dong di¢n Anten. Dién dp bo khuyéch dai cong sudt, dong dién bd khuéch dai céng suat, do sau diéu ché, am tan vao. Manip: Diing manip 95 DIP cé géu cach ma cai dat duge (diéu chinh tir63 + 166ms) ding duge cho loai ma dac biét. Bao vé mach: Cau chi riéng cho mach nguén AC va mach trong nguén DC, mach VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Radio - Ty sé dign dp song diing) sé tat may phat néu vugt qua mic diéu chinh. Diéu kién lam viéc: Nhiét dé moi trudng (-50°C + +70°C), do dm tir 0 + 100%, d6 man cao nhu ving bi bign.Theo doi, gidm sat: May phat sé tét khi: Mat am tin gidm t6i mic digu ché, am tan lign tuc hoae cong sudt phat giam duéi mic digu chink hoac VSWR vugt trén mic digu chinh véi hé théng kép thi tin higu tat may khdi dong su chuyén déi tir may chinh sang may dy phdng am tn vao tuy thuge can bing, 6002 + 20%, -17dB dinh mic, chap nhan tit -28dB ++5dBm (0dBm = Imw vio 6002). 3. Mo td chung khdi ghép Anten PC - Skilo Bo ph6i ghép Anten ghép tra khéng dau ra may phat SOQ cita may phat dén “T” hoae Anten kigu thép. BO phéi ghép bao gém: Bign thé phi hgp tro khang, Ong day cho cugn Roto diéu hudng, déng hé do va mach ty dong digu hung, Mach tu dong digu huéng hoae bang tay digu khién dong co quay ciia cugn day diéu hutng. BO ghép duge lap dat kin trong hop cach ly am dé sit dung trong digu kign khong cé mai che. Tré khang vao: 502. Trd khang tai: 2 +25Q thudn t, 700 +1500pF dung khang. Tan sé: 190 + 53SKHz véi tai 700 +1S00pF. Cong suat trung binh: 1000w. Cong suat dinh: 2000w. Déng hé do kiém tra: Ding Anten véi 4 vi tri chuyén mach: Tat (OFF) - Diéu chinh (TUNE), 0 +20A, 0 +10A. Diéu chinh cugn day 1én dé diéu chinh tho va dai day dé diéu chink tinh va Roto diéu huéng. Dai tho duge chon véi cde dau néi duge han phia sau tim mach giai trinh (diéu chinh) duge tuy chon véi 10 vi tri chuyén mach. He thong tu dong digu hudng d6 tit cam chinh xéc tit 25H +1mH.Diéu kién lam viée: Nhiét dé méi trudng -50°C + +70°C. D6 dm trén 95%. Dé dm cao so véi mat bién 4000m. Bo phéi ghép nay duge thiét ké lap dat ngoai trdi dudi dé Anten. Kich thutéc rong S7em, ngang $cm, cao 67em, 4. Mé ta chung khéi tu dong chuyén déi may Khéi ny dong chuyén déi may ding dé ty dong chuyén déi tir may chinh sang may dy phong néu céng suat cao tin giam dudi mite gid tri diéu chinh, 4m tén gidm diéu ché duéi mic gid tri diéu chinh, 4m tan phat lien tuc hoac céng suat phan xa tang qué mic diéu chinh. Khéi ty dong chuyén 46i tir may chinh téi may dy phong, ngay ca khi méy phat tin higu tir ngoai vao hong. Hé thong chuyén déi cho phép may phat dy phong ty thir véi tai gid ma khéng ngat my phat chinh, cao tn ra cita may tu dong duge dua tir tim ty déng diéu khién chuyén (SA1) dé cho an toan. B6 chuyén déi khéng nén dé vi tri tu thir, Chttc nang diéu khién: Tat mo nguén cung cap cia hé thong tat mo nguén cla may phat, chon my chinh, khéi dong tao may chinh, binh thuéng ty thit, nguén cung cap mach chi thi: Nguyén trong hé thong may tinh - May chinh chon méy phat chinh 1am viée, dy phdng - chon may chinh hong va my dy phong lam viée: Héng: Khi ca hai may déu hang. Diéu kign lam viée: Nhiet d6 moi trudng: -40°C ++70°C. D6 dm tit 0 +100%.Mach dign bao ve: Cau chi xoay chiéu va mot chiéu cho nguén cung cap, dutmg day duge tinh todn cach ly béi tr khong ndi tiép va cdc kép Diode. I. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC CUA MAY SAS00 ACC IN z Cong suit + Audio Manip, --— Hinh 3.1. So dé khéi SA 5001. Mé ta chitc nang SA500 + Bo tong hop tan sé (Syntheszier): Tin higu cao tan duge tao ra trén mach té hgp tan sé (KWOSYN PWB) boi bé dao dong LC diéu khién bang dién Ap. G tén sO géip doi, tin higu nay duge chia tén thanh tin higu IKHz dé dua t6i vong khod pha (PLL) va duge so sdnh véi tin higu 1KHz tir b@ chia tan cita tin higu dao dng thach anh 4.096MHz. Dién 4p vong khoa pha ta diéu khién Diode Tunning (Diode diéu chinh) trong bé dao dong LC. Dau ra cita bé dao déng LC duge chia déi tan sé dé cung cap xung vudng truyén ra qua 3 chuyén mach quay lap trén tam. + Tién khuéch dai ng suait (RF Driver): Xung vudng truyén ra tit b6 téng hyp tan s6 duge qua tang dém va dao truéc khi dua t6i bd khuéch dai cong suat. + Khoa am tan (Tone Key): Hai du s6 4m tén 400Hz va 1020Hz. duge tgo ra tit bo kho 4m tin TONE KEY PWB. Mot trong hai tin s6 duge chon va dua téi céng chiu diéu khién ciia Manip. Dé 1a céng chiu diéu khién ciia AUDIO PWB hay cia nim diéu chinh d6 sau digu ché tren Panel mat may. + Manip (KEYER CODE): Manip bao gém: Ma Manip (KEYER CODER PWB) mot hoac hai thanh ghi dich ma phu thuge vao chiéu dai ma 8Hz (c6 thé diéu chinh) tren KEYER CODE PWB ma cée bit duge Iuu trit trong ghi bd ma hos ten TONE KEY PWB. MA duge lap trinh v6i DIP duéi dang bo ma hos thanh ghi dich PWB, nghia 1A’tich” 14 mot lin déng va"t khoang cach gitia céc ché 1A 3 1én mé, sao cho tich 12 am 125ms va ta 1 375ms. ich chuyén néi tigp ich chuyén t6i eéng cia am thanh 1a” 1a 3 Hin dong, + Tin higu am thanh (tuy chon):Khi tin higu ting ni cong them vao tin higu cot méc vo tuyén duge xit ly tren AUDIO PWBwvige xit ly baogém: B6 loc 4m tan, tu dong diéu chinh d6 Igi (AGC), diéu khign tigng 6n va mach han bién (xén dinh). + Tién khuéch dai diéu ché (Modulator Driver): Tin higu ma am tan, mtfe mot chiéu (DC) va tin hiéu 4m thanh dugc dém va diéu chinh mttc trong bang mach bé kich thich chi truéc khi di dén dau vao bé diéu bién (tang diéu ché). + Tang diéu ché (Modulator): Téng hop céc tin higu tir tang tién Khuéch dai digu ché, diéu khién do sau rong xung diéu ché. Tr 120 ++160KHz ty 1 véi do rong xung cilia dién Jp vao, nhing xung nay diéu khign ting bude dign 4p diéu ché cita tong khuéch dai cong sudt. + Khuéch dai cong sudt(Power Amplifier - PA): Can chuyén mach khuéch dai cong suat, khuéch dai tin higu cao tan tir tang tién khuéch dai céng suat va thu hién bién diéu bién dé dua t6i b6 loc. + B6 loc kiéu Butter Worth (Filter Butter Worth): BO loc duge boc kin chia lam 5 bang tan s6: Tit 190 +535KHz chon cdc bang nay bing cée chau néi. + Bo gidm sat (Monitor): Dau ra bd loc qua KWRF PWB tdi dau ra cao tin (RF) 50Q. Cong sudt phat xa, cong sudt phan héi va su diéu ché duge lay mau dé chi thi céng suat phat xa, cong sudt phan héi va ty 1é diéu ché. Céc tin higu higu nay duge xit ly trong bang dé cp tin higu ngat cho cng suat thaip, mite am tan thap, am tén lign tuc va cong suat phan héi lén. + Nguén cung cdp: ngudn cho may phat dé c6 thé cung edp tir 110/220V AC hoae 24V hoae 144V DC. Nguén xoay chiéu (AC) t6i mdi nhém RF 1 cau chinh Iuu thong dung, tu loc nguén. Khi hé thong ding ca hai nguén xoay chiéu (AC) va mQt chiéu (DC). Cong sudt DC duge cung cp lién tyc khi nguén AC bi mat.+ Bo nap Acquy: Hé thong nap Acquy c6 hai ché d9 tu dong nap: Ché do nap nhanh va ché d@ nap dign dan phy thuge vio Acquy. Su bao ve dutge thuc hign Acquy sé khong duge nap hoac nap lai duéi mite dién ap. 2, Mé ta chite nang hé thong ty dong chuyén déi: Cap may phat g6m hai phan: Hai may phat doc lap va hé thong chuyén déi. He théng chuyén déi binh thudng cung cp tin higu va nguén duige n6i t6i mt trong hai may phat cing mot Itic. Méi mot may duge chon bdi cong téc mé cita hé thong chuyén déi bat dau tit may chinh. ‘May chinh lam viée cho dén khi mach kiém tra phat hién suo. C6 thé 1a diéu ché thap, 4m tn lién tuc, céng suat th4p, phan héi cao. Néu mot trong hai diéu kién dé xay ra thi méy sé tat, may chinh tu tat nay do hé théng ty dong chuyén déi phat hién va n6 sé bat dau thyc hién chuyén déi mach logic cita su chuyén déi sé cét Role cp nguén cho may chinh. Sau thdi gian tré nhé, bo phéi ghép sé chuyén sang may dir phong. Sau Jan tré nho nita thi Role cap dién cho may dy phéng mdi én dinh may dy phong lam vige véi su kiém tra cita khéi kiém tra cho dén khi may dix phong héng hoac thiét lap lai méy tinh bang céch an nit RESET trén khéi ty dong chuyén di hoac chuyén déi cho may phat. Ban than cap may phat duge chi thi théng qua ba dén LED va Role. Canh duéi trén khéi chuyén déi voi may phat chinh lam vigc LED mau xanh lA cay sing nén may ty dong du phong LED mau vang sang.May phat 3 ¥ ¥ F Anten Voice |144v DC| 24v DC VAC in in in| RF out 110/220 t I + z 144v DC B6 ghép DC Posvpc.| BO chuyénmachtydong f——~*| noi { Théng tin 7 Voice |144v DC] 24v DC BO nap in in in| RF out —") Acquy 1 ’ 7 May phat Hinh 3. 2. So dé khdi bo may phat kép Hong may phat dy phong thi LED cia may di phong tat, cita LED bdo hong mau do sdng, Role bao héng cat vi thé LED bao héng sang. Neguén cung cap hé théng ty dong chuyén déi lam vige tit nguén duéng day truyén xoay chiéu hoac mét chiéu (Acquy). Chon ché d6 dién dp xoay chiéu do hé thong chuyén déi lam vige duge thye hign béi vi tri cdc chan néi duge dat trong khéi (5A) hé théng tat mé cita nguén tu dong duge thuc hién nhu mét céng tac tat mé nguén cia cap may phat duge diéu khién nguén nhd mach chuyén déi nguén Logic va Role nguén. 3. Phan tich chi tiét hé théng chuyén mach ty dong SAS00 (Automatic Transfer System SAS00): 3.1 Diéu khién chuyén mach tu dong. Diéu khién chuyén mach ty dong ding nhu nguén cung ep va giao dién giita logic chuyén mach tu dong va Ro le digu khién TI va Cl chuyén déi dign 4p hose 110 VAC hoae 220 VAC thanh dién 4p 24VDC hode 48 VDC tuy theo vi tri cau néi, Dign 4p mot chiéu cung cap cho mach logic chuyén mach ty dong va cung cap cho CTRL + V. DSI, 2 va 3 chi trang thai ciia he thong: DSI chi hoat déng cita may phat. DS2 chi may phat thit nhat hur hong va may phat thit hai hoat dong. DS3 chi cd may 1 va 2 bi héng. Cac khoa tit $1 dén SS cho cac mic thang sau: Sl: SYSTEM POWER ON/OFF diéu khién dong cat dién 4p nguén ca AC va DC. S2: TRANSMITTER POWER ON/OFF Logic tu dong chuyén mach cho phép. $3: PRIMARY TRANSMITTER SELECT1/2 chon may phat 1 hoac miy phat 2 nhu may chin. S4: RESET dat lai hé thong my phat chinh. $5: STANDBY TEST/NORMAL 6 ché dé binh thuéng chi mét may phat lam viéc tai mot thdi diém va dau ra néi voi bo ghép ndi. d ché do thir nghiém khod nguén déng va phy tai 4o duge néi v6i may phat du phdng (méy phat nay khong cung cap cho Anten). Diéu nay cho phép may phat dy phong duge thir nghiém véi tai 40 50Q ben ngoai, ngudi sit dung cé thé cam dac cam tai do. Tai ao céin duge dat truéc khi khod dién xoay vé vi tri TEST hoac 6 thé xay ra hu hong may phat dy phong. Canh bao Khi thir nghiém may phat dy phdng dam bao rang may phat dang hoat d6ng trong hé théng an toan dugc chon nhu may chinh va chi thi cua né dat 6 vi ti DSBL.3.2, Auto Transfer logic PWB (Bang mach logic chuyén mach tu dong) BO Auto Transfer c6 nhigm vu diéu khién dé mé nguén cia my phat 1 va 2 va role Anten. Hai dau ra cita bo cm bién cilia Monitor duge dura t6i chan s6 12 va 13. S,xée dinh vi tri may chinh va may dy phong. S, Tat mé mach logic ca Auto Transfer. Dau ra chan s6 2 mé may phat 1 Dau ra chan sé 1 mé may phat 2. Du ra chan s6 3 mé role Anten. Chan sé 4, 5 vi 6 dua ra Led chi thi. Khi miy | lam viée chan s6 2 6 mic 0, chan s@ 1 va 3 6 mic 1. Khi my 2 lam vige chan s6 1 va 3 6 miic 0 va chan s6 2 6 mic 1. Khi role Anten kh6ng Jam vige thi né néi tin higu RF cita may phat 1 ra Anten déng thoi dua tin higu may phat 2 ra tai gid va khi Role lam vige thi duta tin higu RF may phat 2 ra Anten va ndi tdi gid vao may phat 1.Aewug Ws (Bugud np) puoseg: uowy (ugn6u deo) zyeud e1py (ugn6u deo) | wud e1py 5 a ee AG UL OW a y 6 om 307 440/NO. eye | 7 cy eu Wow 0 t f ° eu Dew ee or Auepuoses si ‘a Ol [rewug fll ext 2 Px (en) sonuow Hinh 3. 3. So dé khéi mach Auto TransferIL PHAN TICH MACH DIEN SA500 1. Bé téng hop tan sé (KWOYN PWB): B6 téng hop tan sé: Q, lam nhiém vu dao dong theo kiéu Colpitts tao ra dai tn $6 tir hai lan 190+-320KHz (khi sit dung ca L, va L,) va hai lin 320 + 535 KHz (khi sit dung cuén L,). Mach dao dong LC nay dugc én dinh nhé b6 én dinh tan s6 gém b6 dao dong chuén U, Ia dao dong thach anh f = 4096KHz va duge chia cho chinh né 1a 1KHz tai déu ra chan s6 1 - U, va duge dua téi b6 so pha U,; tai day tin higu KHz tir b6 chia lép tinh (tin higu nay thay déi theo tin hieu LO). Mach so pha so snh hai tin higu 1 KHz néu dao dong LC chudn thi tin higu déng pha nhau dign Ap sau khi tich séng bing 0. Néu tin higu LC sai lech (thap hogc cao) két qua cho ra dign 4p (-) hoge (+), dign Ap nay dua éu khién bign dung CR, dé bat bude dao dong ding.osc 3 U3 1 Dao déng B6 chia 2 Lc oS Rr 190 +320 KHz 1314 10 320 = 535 KHz | chia tap tinh | 1K | Us PLL 1K eomong | Yee UsUsUs 23 ‘So pha Thach Anh T T 11 iS Hinh 3. 4, So dé kh6i bé tng hop tan sé S,, S,, , 18 chuyén mach cita b6 lap trinh chon tén s6 né thiét lap dé xéc dinh dién 4p nén ban dau cho CR,. U, c6 nhiém vu chia déi tan sé dé tao ra xung vudng dé dua téi mach tién khuyéch dai cong suat. Tai day dat duge dai tan céng tac. Tién khuéch dai(RF Driver): RF ~ — . a Hinh 3. 5. So dé khéi RF DRIVER (Tang dém)U, 6 nhigm vy vita dém vita dio pha dé dua t6i ting khuéch dai cong suat, Tin higu dau ra duge lay ra 6 chan 8 day 1a mach IC cé 6 con dio (chi sit dung 1 cdn lai dy phong). 2, Khoa am tan (Tone Key): us ae] Ri 1213 22 14 Hinh 3. 6. So dé khéi TONE KEY Trong mach nay UID Iam nhiém vu dao dong tao ra tin higu 400Hz or 1020Hz phu thude vao vi tri cila chau ndi. UIA tao thanh mot bé loc tich cue cita tn s6 1020 Hz. UIC tao thanh b¢ loc tich cue cia tin s6 400Hz. Tin higu nay duge dura t6i chau ndi dé dua céng Gate. Céng nay cho thong qua khi & mite 1 va déng khi d mie 0. Tin higu Morse duge dua téi U2B diéu khién Gate nay tao nén tin higu am tén duge ma héa morse dé dua téi dau chan 14 tai chan nay cing 06 dign 4p mot chiéu SV dé diéu khién b khuéch dai diéu ché RF.3. Mach Manip (Keyer Code): IyiD~-8-f-uie = F_uiE cy Hinh 3. 7. So dé bang mach ma MANIP (KEYER CODE). Bo MANIP cé nhiém vu tao ra tin higu nhan dang (Morse) dé dua lén diéu khién b6 dao déng am tan. BO manip bao gém: Ma manip (Keyer Code) va b6 ghi dich ma (Code Shift Register). Chit tigu chudn quy dinh: Mot tich 1a 1bit; mot ta 1a 3 bit; khoang cdc gitta cdc nhém chit 1a 5 bit. Tht ty dat day chit duge quy dinh tir U, dé U, nh hinh ve, Nhu vay téng cong cita bo ghi dich ma 1a 47 bit dit cho 3 chit hoac hon phy thude vao chigu dai cia chit dé.ose TONE osc . a Mame TONE CODE SHIFI_ | 86 ghicich ma REGISTER Ur Ue - Us [ Us LT Us = Minh 3. 8. So dé khdi nguyén ly 1am viée cia bd Manip 4. Bo khuéch dai diéu ché (Modulater - MOD): #lav 144v RF Level : Ur 7h ls Cr Rs Re Hinh 3. 9. So dé bang mach diéu khién bo diéu bién BO khuéch dai digu ché c6 nhiém vu khuéch dai di¢n 4p am tan dé thuc cho tang khuéch dai cong suat. hign diéu ché cao 4p thay déi am tan d Thue té mach sit dung U, dé dao dong tao xung c6 d6 rong xung thay déi theo dign 4p dau vao, déu ra clia bo tao xung (150Hz) chan s6 11 va 141hai xung dao pha nhau (75KHz) duge dua tdi hai bd khuéch dai U;, U, dé Khuéch dai xung 75KHz dé cap xung diéu khién Q,, Q,. Dién dp ra tai Q, va Q, c6 dé rong cita xung (dinh 144V) phu thude vao bien d dau vao chan s6 9 - U,. Nhu vay dién dp trung binh qua b@ gc cho ra dign dp thay déi dang hinh sin dign p 4m tan; dign 4p nay dugc dua téi b6 khuéch dai cong suat SPA. igu chuyén mach (Switching Power Amplifier - SPA): 5. Cong sus [Bias Hinh 3.10: So dé cong suat kiéu chuyén mach Khi ban chu ky (-) vao chan s6 1 qua U,C (b0 dio dau ra tai chan so 8 va ban chu ky (-) dao thanh ban chu ky (+) di vao Q, va Q,. Lite nay Q, (thuan) duge mé cdn Q, (ngugc) bi déng. Q, mé Lam cho dign ap +12V di qua va vao C3 t6i T, déng thoi mé Q, va Qy. Cing Hic mot nhanh khde tir C, 16i T, do nguge pha nén lam cho Q, va Q, déng. Tai Q; bi déng va Q, duge mé, tin higu di qua va xudng mass. Khi Q, va Q, mé, tin higu vao Q,, qua T, t6i Q, va di xudng mass. RF ra tai T,.‘Mat khac cing tai théi diém ban chu ky (-) vao chan s6 1 di qua U,A va U;B. Sau khi di qua 2 bé dao pha vin gitt nguyen ban chu ky (-) vao Q, va Q,. Laie nay Q, bi déng cin Q, duge mé va tin higu di qua xuéng mat. Khi bin chu ky (+) vao chan s6 1 qua U,A va U,B, dau ra tai chan sé 6. Vi di qua 2 bé dao pha nén ban chu ky (+) van duge gid’ nguyén va di vao Q; va Q,. Lite nay Q, (thudn) duge mé cdn Q, (ngugc) bi déng. Q; mo lam. cho dign ap +12V di qua va t6i T, 1am déng thoi Q, va Q, mé. Cang lic mot nhanh khic tir Q, t6i T, do nguge pha nén 1am cho Q, va Q, déng. Tai Q, bi déng cdn Q, duge mé, tin higu di qua va xudng mat, Khi Q, va Q, md. Tin higu vao Q, téi T; qua Q, réi di xuéng mass. RF ra tai T,. Mat khdc sau khi ban chu ky (+) di qua U,C sé bi dao thanh ban chu ky (-) vao Q, va Q;. Tai Q; bi déng cdn Q, duge mé nén tin higu di qua va xudng mat. 6. Module Cut (Module isconnect - MDC): C6 nhiém vu khi tém cong suat va diéu ché c6 su o6 (chy céu chi) thi méy nay hoat dong bao dam tm c6ng suat va diéu ché vin hoat dong binh thudng nhimg cong suat giam 50%. Nguyén ly: Binh thudng khi hai céu chi chua chdy dién dp 24Y vao CR, t6i cue (-) clia CR, dan t6i lam khod Q,. Twong tu khi dién 4p 24V vao CR, téi cue (-) CR7 vi CR7 nguge nén lam Q, khoa. Khi c6 su c6 cau chi ditt: tai tém MOD céu chi ditt CR, duge néi mass qua R, xuat hién dong dét bién 1am cuc B cita Q, (-). Do dé dién ap +24V di qua Q, duge R, én dinh vao CR; t6i Role K, lam viée. Tai tam cong suat cdu chi CR, duge néi mass qua R, xuat hién dong dot bién lam cue B cia Q, (-). Do dé dién dp +24V di qua Q, duge R, én dinh vao CR,, téi Role K, lim viée.Mol 1asv 7 Nk a x pr nas Hinh 3. 11. So dé khoi Module Cut 7, Bé loc (Filter): Tin higu tir hai bo khugch dai cong suat duge dua qua hai bd loc Butter Worth. B6 loc nay duge chon cac tan sé chia 1am nam bang s6: 1. 190 + 220 KHz 2. 220+ 280 KHz 3. 280+ 360 KHz 4, 360+ 460 KHz 5. 460 +535 KHzout TUsPA 89 ‘81 toe +mc 2 K fu 1 out TUSPA 89 , w8i2 ioe ] moe 1s PS] 19 ‘Shutdown (11DMOD) “TONE KEY 1 | ws ‘§0n Sen Auto Transfer Rl] (bé ffm bin) |-2—. Lowpwr M'ch logic monitor DsBL| rK- 12 Lenai Hinh 3. 13. So dé khéi bo Monitor 18 bd gidm sat su hoat dong cita mAy (chi c6 véi may phat kép). Tin higu gidm sat: S6ng phat di (FWD), s6ng phan héi (REFL) va tin higu digu ché (MOD). Tin higu déu vao nay duge trich sau téng COMBINER (BO céng) va dutge dita vé chi higu dau ra cia né tit chan 13 dén bO cdm bign cia may chan 19 dén ShutDown tat may phat, Ngoai ra chan s6 2, 3, 4, 5 duge dura t6i Led chi thi i tren déng hé mat may. Tin bao higu cc thong sé bi sai léch. Chan 13 mue dich dua xung diéu khién dén Auto Transfer (ty déng chuyén mach) dé thyc hién chuyén may khi 06 sucé. S, 063 vi tri:- Vi tri ben phai mite khong tr dong muc dich néi chan s6 19 xuéng mass (mifc 0) dé mé tim DMOD, mic nay dén DS, sng len. - Vi trf & gitta 18 mete ty dong (ENBL), chan s6 19 khong néi mass Itic nay may tw dong ngat khi c6 su c6. - Vi tri bén trai (RST) miic Reset - thiét lap lai (xoa). — RF Out Ti DR = U MOD at R{] Ds

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5823)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1093)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (852)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (612)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1720)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1105)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (898)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (541)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2105)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (349)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1025)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1867)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (823)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (442)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1948)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (403)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4771)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (809)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1903)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2525)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3973)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (880)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (105)
• Img 1484

  

  Document1 page

  Img 1484

  Nguyễn Nhật

  No ratings yet
• Huấn Luyện Thông Tin Thoại Vô Tuyến

  

  Document27 pages

  Huấn Luyện Thông Tin Thoại Vô Tuyến

  Nguyễn Nhật

  No ratings yet
• Quy chuẩn hạ cánh

  

  Document33 pages

  Quy chuẩn hạ cánh

  Nguyễn Nhật

  No ratings yet
• Transponder

  

  Document43 pages

  Transponder

  Nguyễn Nhật

  No ratings yet
• Ads B

  

  Document7 pages

  Ads B

  Nguyễn Nhật

  No ratings yet
• DCP02 Dual Vout Low Noise Analog Power Scheme: DCP022415D 15V@1-2W

  

  Document1 page

  DCP02 Dual Vout Low Noise Analog Power Scheme: DCP022415D 15V@1-2W

  Nguyễn Nhật

  No ratings yet