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DARKSIDERS

CAUSATIVE SENTENCE

1. Aktif
 Objek Orang /sesuatu yg bisa melakukanpekerjaan
 Pattern
S + LeMaH (Let/Make-Made/Have-Has-Had) + Objek (Orang) + Vo
Susan made John sweep the floor
S + Get-Got/Ask+ Objek(Orang) + (to+Vo)
Susan Got John to sweep the floor
2. Pasif
 Objek Benda/sesuatu yang dikenai pekerjaan
 Pattern
S + LeMaH (Let/Make-Made/Have-Has-Had)- Get-Got/Ask + Benda +
V3
Susan had his home painted
 Pengecualian
I make this computer scan this paper
The police let the X-ray machine scan those baggages

SUBJUNCTIVE SENTENCE

 List of subjunctive words

Advised Demand Prefer Require

Ask Insist Propose Stipulate
Command Move Recommend Suggest
Decree Order Request Urge

 Pattern
S + Subjunctive word + that + Object + Vo

e.g
the doctor suggested that the patient lose weight

 The simple form of the verb is also used after certain expressions beginning with it. The
adjectives that signal the need for the simple form of the verb include the following:

Advised Mandatory Proposed Suggested

Imperative Necessary Recommended Urgent
Important Obligatory Required

 Examples
It has been suggested that we change the location of the meeting.
It is important that she arrive immediately.

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COMPARISONS AND COMPARATIVE

1. Equal Comparisons
A Positive Comparison
 pattern
......... + Verb/To Be +as + adj/adv + as + .........
......... + Verb/To Be + the same as/similar to.......
........... and ....... Verb + the same/Similar.
e.g.
Marry is as old as Sally.
Marry is the same/simillar to Sally.
Marry and Sally are the same/Similar.
Grisham runs as fast as Ann

A Negative Comparison
 pattern
......... + Verb/To Be + not so/as + adj/adv + as + .........
Jeff is not as/so old as Tom

2. Unequal Comparisons
 Pattern
.......... + er, more-/less- .......... than ........
e.g.
John’s grade are higher than his sister’s.
He studies more frequently than she does/does she.
This year’s exihibit is less impressive than last year’s.
Unequal comparissons can be further intensified by adding much/far before comparative
form.
e.g.
This house is much more expensive than the others we have seen.

3. Double Comparative
 pattern
............ + the comparative.............., the comparative...................
e.g.
the sooner we finish this project, the better we can get points.

4. Superlatives
 pattern
............. + the most-/the -est............ + adj/adv + ......... + of/in + .............
e.g.
This is the most powerful car of the three.
This house is the least expensive of all.

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5. Irreguler Comparison
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Far Further/Farther Furthest/Farthest
Little Less Least
Many More Most

6. Illogical Comparative
e.g.
The population of USA is higher than Indonesia SALAH
The population of USA is higher than THAT of Indonesia BENAR

 Gunakan THAT (Singular) atau THOSE (Plural) untuk mengganti noun.

TO-INFINITIVE AND GERUND

 To-infinitive (untuk melakukan sesuatu pekerjaan lain)

List verb yang diikuti to-infinitive
Agree desire hasitate offer seem
Attempt detrmine hope plan strive
Claim expect intend prepare tend
Decide fail learn pretend want
Demand forget need refuse wish
e.g.
The board decided to schedule another meeting.
Congress will attempt to increase the estate tax exemption.

 Gerund ( berlaku sebagai object-nya)

List verb yang diikuti gerund (v-ing)
Admit delay miss report
Appreciate deny postpone resent
Avoid enjoy practice resist
Consider finish quit resume
Mind recall risk suggest
e.g.
John admited sneaking out of class.
The officers should not risk climbing the ladder.

 Verbs can be followed by to infinitive and gerund

Structure dread like regret
Stop begin forget love
Remember try continue hate
Prefer Start
e.g.
I try to cook pizza. (try to cook – sungguh-sungguh)
I try cooking pizza. (try cooking – coba-coba/eksperimen)

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ANOTHER-THE OTHER-OTHER-OTHERS

 as ADJECTIVE followed by NOUN

Noun : Singular (tunggal) Plural (jamak)
Indefinite(belum pasti) : another other
Definite (pasti) : the other the other
e.g
John buys some cakes. Tom wants another cake/other cakes.
John buys three books. I prefer to the other book/the other books.

 As Pronoun (Subject/Object)
 As Subject diikuti Verb
 As Object terletak diakhir kalimat.
e.g.
 John buys some cakes.
 Tom wants another cake/other cakes. another/other as adjective
 Tom wants another/other. another/other as object
 Another is sweeter/other are more delicious.  another/other as subject

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 John buys two cars.

 I prefer to the other book/the other books.  the other as adjective
 I prefer to the other.  the other as object
 The other is my favorite/the other are my favorite.  the other as subject

 THE OTHERS/OTHERS (PURE-PRONOUN)

Noun : Singular (tunggal)/Plural (jamak)
Indefinite(belum pasti) : others
Definite (pasti) : the others
e.g.
This book is one of the best-seller books in this store.
Others are too/The others is too. as subject
Those cars are expensive.
I buy others/the others. as object

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LINKING VERB

 Linking verb, verb yang seringkali berhubungan dengan pegindraan dan perasaan.
 Pattern
S + Linking verb + adjective
 List linking verb
Appear become be (is, am, are, etc)
Get feel taste
Smell look think
Fall come go
Grow keep sound

e.g.
she looks beautiful.
this soup taste delicious.

ELLIPTICAL/PERINGKASAN
POSITIVE
 Pattern
SO and TOO
 S + V and so + aux + S
e.g.
I like coffee and she likes coffee.
 I like coffee and so does she
 S + V and S + aux + too
e.g.
I like coffee and she likes coffee
 I like coffee and she does too

NEGATIVE
 Pattern
EITHER and NEITHER
 S + V and neither + aux + S
e.g.
I don’t like coffee and she doesn’t like coffee
 I like coffee and neither does she
 S + V and S + aux + not + either
e.g.
I don’t like coffee and she doesn’t like coffee
 I like coffee and she does not (doesn’t) either

INVERSION/POLA BALIK

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Ada 3 sebab inversi yang sering digunakan:

1. Negative words (diawal kalimat)

Nothing not..... noone rarely
Scarcely barely no..... seldom
Never only neither nor
Hardly etc
 Pattern
Neg.word + V/to be + S
e.g.
rarely are they so happy

2. Adverbial of place (keterangan tempat)

 Diawal kalimat
 Tidak muncul koma (,) setelah adv.place tersebut
 Pattern
Adv. Place + V/to be + S
e.g.
in the United States occured earthquakes regulary.

3. Conditinal sentence
 Tidak terdapat IF pada Conditional Sentence maka polanya diinversi VERB dulu baru
Subject.
 Pattern
Verb/to be (Had/should/were) + S
e.g.
if I were there, I would help. (normal)
were there, I would help. (inversi)

SO/SUCH/SUCH A

 SUCH/SUCH A
 Such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun + that .................
e.g.
This is such sour juice that I cannot drink it.
 Such a + adjective + singular noun + that .....................
e.g.
This is such a kind boy that I have never met before.

 SO
 So + adjective/adverb + that .........................
e.g.
the food was so good that he could not resist it.

CONJUNCTIONS

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 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS, menghubungkan

S+S/N+N/V+V/Sentence+Sentence.
List of coordinating conjunctions:
and but or for
yet so nor
 PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS, menghubungkan elemen-elemen kaliamat yang sama(seperti
coordinatig conjunction) hanya saja ini dipakai secara berpasangan.
List of paired conjunctions:
Both....and.... not only.....but also.... either...or....
Neither....nor.... whether.....or.....
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION, menghubungkan induk kalimat (main clause)
dengan anak kalimat (sub clause).
List of subordinating conjunctions:

Waktu Sebab-Akibat Pertentangan Syarat

After Because Although If
Before Since Though Unless/ if not
When Now that Even though Only if
While As Whereas Whether or not
Since In order that While Even if
Until So In case (that)

 Note:
Because of/Due to (dikarenakan oleh)
diikuti oleh Noun Phrase
In spite of/despite (meskipun)

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

 Adjective clause/relative clause, digunakan untuk menereangkan noun (kata benda).

Biasanya menggunakan relative pronoun:
WHO  untuk Subject (Orang) + Verb
WHICH  untuk Subject (Benda) + Verb
WHOM  untuk Object (Orang) + S +V
WHICH  untuk Object (Benda) +S+V
WHOSE  untuk kepemilikan + Noun
WHEN/ON WHICH  Waktu +S+V
WHERE/IN WHICH  Tempat +S+V

PRESENT PARTICIPLE & PAST PARTICIPLE

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 PARTICIPLE, frasa yang menerangkan noun atau pronouns.

 Participle dapat diikuti oleh object, adverb, prepositions, atau kombinasi lain diantara
mereka.
 Participle dapat diletakkan diawal, tengah, atau akhir kalimat. Tanda koma (,) dipakai untuk
memisahkan participle phrase dengan bagian kalimat lainnya.
 Ada 2 macam participle
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE (V-ing), Subject melakukan pekerjaan (aktif).
e.g.
holding the torch steadily, Merdine approached the monster.
 PAST PARTICIPLE (V3-ed), Subject dikenai pekerjaan (pasif).
e.g.
Discouraged by the long hours and low pay, my sister finally quit her job.
My sister, Discouraged by the long hours and low pay, finally quit her job.
My sister finally quit her job, Discouraged by the long hours and low pay.

APPOSITIVES

 Appositive, noun/pronoun yang menerangkan noun lainnya.

 Appositive, bisa diletakkan didepan, ditengah, atau diakhir kalimat.
 Contoh:
 The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
 Chopin died at Place Vendome, a famous Paris square.
 A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack the
poor man’s skull with a racket.

ADJECTIVES

 Adjectives/kata sifat, menggambarkan/memberi informasi tentang noun/pronoun.

 Akhiran yang bisa membentuk adjective
-al –alis -ar –aris -ary –arius -arious
-urb -ine –inus -ic –tic –icus -eous –eal –eus
-aceous -aceus -aneous -aneus
-ernal -ern -ernus -urnal
-urn -urnus -nal -nus
-ate -atus -ful -ose
-ous -osus -lent -lentus

COUNTABLE-UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

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Countable &
Uncountable nouns Countale nouns
Uncountable nouns
Much No/none Many
A little Not any A few
A bit (of) Some(any) A number (of)
- A lot of Several
A great deal of Plenty of A large number of

 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS yang sering muncul:

Aluminium death gold luggage poetry sunshine
Air democracy hair mathematics sugar traffic
Anger dust harm meat speed trouble
Beer knowledge heat information rice violence
news eqiupment milk metal safety wine
etc.

PASANGAN VERB

 Pasangan verb yang sering muncul:

Past tense  V2/was-were-did BEFORE Past perfect  HAD + V3

AFTER
Past perfect  HAD + V3 WHEN Past Future Perfect  WOULD
IF/AS IF/AS + HAVE + V3
THOUGH/WISH

Progresive  Ving WHILE Past  V2/was-were-did

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

 TYPE 1
IF + S +Simple present (is-am-are-do-does-V1 +s/es) + S+ Simple future
(will,can,may,etc + Vo)
e.g.
if she wants to study tonight, she will call you.
 TYPE 2
IF + S + Simple past (were/did/V2) + S + Past Future (would,could,might +Vo)
*subject apapun tetap menggunakan “were” pada past tense
e.g.
if I were you, I would call the police.
 TYPE 3
IF +S + Past perfect (had + V3) + S + Past Future Perfect (would/could/might + have +
V3)
e.g.
if she had wanted to study tonight, she would have called you.

USE TO – BE USED TO

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BE/GOT USED TO + V-ing

USED TO + Vo (Dulu Terbiasa)
(Biasa/Terbiasa)
She used to swim everyday. She is/got used to swimming everyday.

ENOUGH

ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + ENOUGH ENOUGH + NOUN

She writes well enough this poem. This company doesn’t have enough employee.

PROBLEM ITEMS

Conjunction + S + V Preposition + Noun Phrase(NP)

Because Due to/owing to/because of
Although/even though/though Despite/in spite of

PROBLEM VERBS

Intransitive (TANPA OBJECT) Transitive ( PLUS OBJECT)

Rise/rose/risen/rising Raise/raised/raised/raising
Lie/lay/lain/lying Lay/laid/laid/laying
Sit/sat/sat/sitting Set/set/set/setting

NUMBER OF

A NUMBER OF + Count.noun (plural) THE NUMBER OF + count.noun (plural)

+ V (plural) + V (singular)
A number of books are available in this The number of books is available in this book
book store. store.

FOR/SINCE

FOR + duration of time SINCE + beginning time

e.g. for five years, for three hours e.g. since 1997, simce five o’clock

YET/ALREADY

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YET
a. Negative sentence and question
b. Appear at the end of the sentence
S + has/have + not + V3 + YET + ......
e.g. We have not written our report yet
ALREADY
a. Affirmative sentence (+)
b. Appear between the auxilary and
main verb
S + has/have + ALREADY + V3 + .....
e.g. We have already written our report

NO/NONE

NO NONE
No + singular/uncoun noun + Singular None + of the + uncount noun + Singular
Verb Verb
e.g. no example is relevant to this case e.g. none of the counterfeit money has been
found

No + plural noun + Plural Verb None + of the + plural noun + plural Verb
e.g. no examples are relevant to this case e.g. none of the students have finished the
exam

EITHER/NEITHER

PLURAL
Either + noun + or + plural noun + plural
verb
e.g. either John or his friends are coming
Neither + noun + Nor + plural noun +
plural verb
e.g. Neither John nor his friends are coming
SINGULAR
Either + noun + or + singular noun +
singular verb
e.g. either John or Bill is coming
Neither + noun + Nor + singular noun +
simgular verb
e.g. Neither John nor Bill is coming

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

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CLUE DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Past
Present V1 +s/es –is/am/are/do/does
V2/was/were/did
Tenses nya Perfect 
Past V2/was/were/did
mundur has/have/had + V3
Past Future Perfect
Perfect  has/have/had + V3
would + have + V3
Now Then
Ket. Waktu
Yesterday The day before
HARUS berubah
Tomorrow The day after
Diawali Aux verb/modals verb
YES/NO IF/WHETHER + S +
(is/am/are/was/were/do/does/did/will/would/could/etc
Question V
)

WH Question Diawali what/where/who/when/why/how WH question + S + V

Perhatikan
Direct sentence as Subject Indirect as Object
Subject-nya

e.g
Indirect to + Vo
Kalimat Perintah Direct: open the door!
Indirect: .... to open.....

Indirect not + to +Vo

Kalimat e.g
Indirect: .....not to
Larangan Direct: Don’t ask me
ask...

QUESTION TAG

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CLUE QUESTION TAG EXAMPLE

Menggunakan tag will e.g. open that book, will

Kalimat Perintah (imperative)
you?/won’t you? you? /won’t you?

Kalimat ajakan (let’s) Menggunakan tag shall we? e.g let’s write, shall we?

I am ................. Menggunakan tag aren’t I? e.g I am sad, aren’t I?

I am not ............ Menggunakan tag am I? e.g I am not sad, am I?

subjeknya nobody, no one, e.g nobody live there, dont

Menggunakan tag they
somebody, someone, everyone they?
subjeknya nothing dan e.g nothing is impossible, isn’t
Menggunakan tag it
everything it?
Untuk Present Tense

Don’t + S?
e.g. He sleeps well, doesn’t he?
Positive sentence
Doesn’t + S?

Untuk Past Tense

e.g. He slept well, didn’t he?
Didn’t + S
Untuk Present Tense
Negative sentence Do + S? e.g. He doesn’t sleep well, does
he?
*untuk Negative sentence Does + S?
berlaku kebalikannya (tanpa
NOT)
Untuk Past Tense e.g. He didn’t sleep well, did
Did + S he?
Seldom Dislike
Hardly
Nothing
Impossible
Never
Few
Rarely
Semi-negative word Tag nya POSITIVE
Little
Absent
Nobody
Scarcely
Unusual
No one

 I and
I + all Subject
She.......,....we?
You + all Subject (except.
 You and
Combination of Subject I/We)
he.....,....You?
We + all Subject
 She and
he.....,....they?
MODALS

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 Modals + Vo (Verb asli tanpa imbuhan apapun)

 Common modals
Had better
Would rather
Had rather
Ought to + Vo
Would
Could
Used to
Should

PREPOSITION

 On (something general)
Untuk hari-hari dalam seminggu  on Sunday
Untuk tanggal saja/tanggal + bulan/lengkap  on March 15, 2018

 In (middle)
Untuk bulan  in May
Untuk tahun  in 1995

 At (something specific)
Untuk menunjukan jam  at 7 am

 Into/onto (refer to process)

 Preposition can be followed by gerund/noun/object

PARALLEL STRUCTURE (kesetaraan)

Contoh:

The bears have become more active, aggression, and angry than before.
A B C D
The answer is C, aggressio should be aggresive (adjective), its parallel are active and angry.

The astronouts on this mission expect to dock with the space station, performance a space walk, or
A B C
repair the Hubbel telescope.
D
The answer is C, performance should be perform (verb), its parallel are to dock and repair.

PREFERENCE

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 Preference adalah ungkapan perasaan yang menyatakan lebih suka daripada yang
lainnya
1. Prefer
Rumus:
 Subject + Prefer + to infinitive
 Subject + Prefer + Nouns + to + Nouns
 Subject + Prefer + Gerund + to + Gerund
Contoh:
 They prefer to go now
 My mother prefers lemon to orange
 She prefers watching TV to listening to the radio
2. Would Rather
Rumus:
 Subject + would rather + Kata kerja bentuk I (tanpa to- Infinitives)
 Subject + would rather + Infinitives + than + Infinitives
 Subject + would rather + Infinitives + Noun + than + Inf + Noun
 Subject + would rather + someone + Bentuk II
Contoh:
 I would rather study now
 She would rather stay home than go shopping
 We’d rather play card than play ball
 I’d rather you went now
3. Would Prefer to
Rumus:
 Subject + Would Prefer to + infinitive +rather than + inf
 Subject + would Prefer to + infinitives + Nouns + rather than + infinitives + Nouns
Contoh:
 They would prefer to sing rather than dance
 You’d prefer to play ball rather than take a sleep
4. Like
Rumus:
 Subject + Like + Nouns/Gerunds
 Subject + like +gerunds + better than + gerund
 Subject + like + noun + better than + noun
Contoh:
 I like singing a song
 She likes singing a song better than playing a guitar
 They like coffee better than tea
5. Had Better
Rumus:
 Subject + had better + infinitive
 Subject + had better + not + infinitive
Contoh:
 You had better study hard
 You had better not work on Sundays
6. It’s time
Rumus:
 It’s time + to infinitives
 It’s time + Subject + Bentuk past
Contoh:
 It’s time to get up

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 It’s time you went away

7. Instead of
Instead of kita gunakan sebagai pengganti dari: to, than, better than, rather than
Rumus:
 Instead of + Gerund/Nouns
Contoh:
 I prefer staying home instead of going out
 They would rather eat their lunch instead of work
 I woud prefer to invite them instead of him
 He likes me instead of him

ADDITIONAL NOTES

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Irregular nouns

 There are some irregular noun plurals.

Singular Plural
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
person people
leaf leaves
mouse mice
goose geese
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
elf elves
loaf loaves
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
cactus cacti
focus foci
fungus fungi
nucleus nuclei
syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
analysis analyses
diagnosis diagnoses
oasis oases
thesis theses
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria
datum data

 Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

Singular Plural
sheep sheep
fish fish

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Singular Plural
deer deer
species species
aircraft aircraft

 Irregular verb/noun agreement

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.

Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence

news The news is at 6.30 p.m.
athletics Athletics is good for young people.
linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.
darts Darts is a popular game in England.
billiards Billiards is played all over the world.

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USAGE CONNECTIVE WORDS

addition of and, also, besides, further, furthermore, too, moreover, in addition, then, of equal
ideas importance, equally important, another
next, afterward, finally, later, last, lastly, at last, now, subsequently, then, when, soon,
time thereafter, after a short time, the next week (month, day, etc.), a minute later, in the
meantime, meanwhile, on the following day, at length, ultimately, presently
order or first, second, (etc.), finally, hence, next, then, from here on, to begin with, last of all,
sequence after, before, as soon as, in the end, gradually
above, behind, below, beyond, here, there, to the right (left), nearby, opposite, on the
space and place other side, in the background, directly ahead, along the wall, as you turn right, at the
top, across the hall, at this point, adjacent to
to signal an for example, to illustrate, for instance, to be specific, such as, moreover, furthermore,
example just as important, similarly, in the same way
as a result, hence, so, accordingly, as a consequence, consequently, thus, since,
results
therefore, for this reason, because of this
purpose to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, for this reason(s)
comparison like, in the same manner (way), as so, similarly
contrast but, in contrast, conversely, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, and yet, on
connectives the other hand, on the contrary, or, in spite of this, actually, in fact
to summarize in summary, to sum up, to repeat, briefly, in short, finally, on the whole, therefore, as
or report I have said, in conclusion, as you can see

Apa yang kita dapat kan bergantung dengan apa yang kita prasangka kan
Salam DARKSIDERS