ABRAHAM MASLOW SIGMUND FREUD

❖ “One of the goals of education should be to
teach that life is precious”
❖ Humanistic Psychology and for his famous
Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological Needs
⋅ Food
⋅ Water
⋅ Breathing
⋅ Homeostasis
2. Security and Safety Needs
⋅ Financial security
⋅ Health and wellness
⋅ Safety against accidents and injury
3. Social Needs
⋅ Friendships
⋅ Romantic attachments
⋅ Family
⋅ Social groups
⋅ Community groups
⋅ Churches and religious organizations
4. Esteem Needs
⋅ At the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy is the
need for appreciation and respect.
⋅ Increasingly important to gain the respect and
appreciation of others. People have a need to
accomplish things and then have their efforts
recognized.
5. Self-Actualization Needs
⋅ "What a man can be, he must be," Maslow
explained, referring to the need people have to
achieve their full potential as human beings.
⋅ "It may be loosely described as the full use and
exploitation of talents, capabilities,
potentialities, etc. Such people seem to be
fulfilling themselves and to be doing the best
that they are capable of doing... They are
people who have developed or are developing
to the full stature of which they capable.”
❖ “One day, in retrospect, the years of struggles
will strike you as the most beautiful”
❖ Sigmund Freud's work and theories helped
shape our views of childhood, personality,
memory, sexuality, and therapy.
Freud's Major Theories
⋅ However, his ideas have become interwoven
into the fabric of our culture, with terms such as
"Freudian slip", "repression", and "denial"
appearing regularly in everyday language.
⋅ He also proposed that personality was made up
of three key elements, the id, the ego, and the
superego.
⋅ Psychoanalytic theory suggested that
personality is mostly established by the age of
five. Early experiences play a large role in
personality development and continue to
influence behaviour later in life.
1) The Oral Stage Age Range: Birth to 1
Year Erogenous Zone: Mouth
⋅ During the oral stage, the infant's primary
source of interaction occurs through the mouth,
so the rooting and sucking reflex
⋅ Tasting and sucking.
2) The Anal Stage Age Range: 1 to 3 years
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder
Control
⋅ Primary focus of the libido was on controlling
bladder and bowel movements.
⋅ Toilet training--the child has to learn to control
his or her bodily needs. Developing this control
leads to a sense of accomplishment and
independence.
3) The Phallic Stage Age Range: 3 to 6
Years Erogenous Zone: Genitals
⋅ Primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. At
this age, children also begin to discover the
differences between males and females.
⋅ The Oedipus complex describes these feelings
of wanting to possess the mother and the desire
to replace the father.
⋅ Electra complex has been used to describe a
similar set of feelings experienced by young
girls. (Penis Envy)
4) The Latent Period Age Range: 6 to
Puberty Erogenous Zone: Sexual
Feelings Are Inactive
⋅ Develops social skills, values and relationships
with peers and adults outside of the family.
 5) The Genital Stage Age Range: Puberty f) Psychosocial Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation
to Death Erogenous Zone: Maturing ⋅ Early adulthood when people are exploring
Sexual Interests personal relationships.
⋅ Individual develops a strong sexual interest in ⋅ Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal
the opposite sex. This stage begins during identity was important for developing intimate
puberty but last throughout the rest of a relationships. Studies have demonstrated that
person's life. those with a poor sense of self do tend to have
less committed relationships and are more likely
to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and
depression.
ERIK ERIKSON g) Psychosocial Stage 7 – Generativity vs.
❖ Identity crisis Stagnation
⋅ During adulthood, we continue to build our
Psychological Development lives, focusing on our career and family.
a) Psychosocial Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust ⋅ Those who are successful during this phase will
⋅ Birth and one year of age feel that they are contributing to the world by
⋅ Because an infant is utterly dependent, being active in their home and community.
developing trust is based on the dependability Those who fail to attain this skill will feel
and quality of the child's caregivers. unproductive and uninvolved in the world.
b) Psychosocial Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
⋅ Early childhood
⋅ Focused on children developing a greater sense
of personal control.
⋅ At this point in development, children are just
starting Psychosocial Stage 8 Integrity vs.
Despair
c) Psychosocial Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt
⋅ The third stage of psychosocial development
takes place during the preschool years.
⋅ At this point in psychosocial development,
children begin to assert their power and control
over the world through directing play and other
social interactions.
⋅ Capable and able to lead others or guilt, self-
doubt, and lack of initiative.
d) Psychosocial Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority
⋅ Age 5 to 11.
⋅ Develop a sense of pride in their
accomplishments and abilities. Children who are
encouraged and commended by parents and
teachers develop a feeling of competence and
belief in their skills. Those who receive little or
no encouragement from parents, teachers, or
peers will doubt their abilities to be successful.
e) Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs. Confusion
⋅ Turbulent teenage years.
⋅ Developing a sense of personal identity which
will continue to influence behaviour and
development for the rest of a person's life.
⋅ During adolescence, children explore their
independence and develop a sense of self.