 TREATY OF PARIS – with Germany.

(1783)

 The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of

the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set
the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States, on lines "exceedingly
generous"[2] to the latter. Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war.
 This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American
cause — France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic — are known collectively as the Peace of Paris.[3][4] Only Article 1
of the treaty, which acknowledges the United States' existence as free, sovereign, and independent states,
remains in force.[5
 Treaty of Saint-Germain, (1919), treaty concluding World War I and signed by representatives of Austria on one
side and the Allied Powers on the other. It was signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, on Sept. 10, 1919,
and came into force on July 16, 1920.
 The treaty officially registered the breakup of the Habsburg empire, recognizing the independence
of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) and ceding
eastern Galicia, Trento, southern Tirol, Trieste, and Istria. Plebiscites eventually determined the disposition of
southern Carinthia (which went to Austria) and the town of Sopron (which went to Hungary). The Covenant of
the League of Nations was integrally included in the treaty, and the union of Austria with Germany was expressly
forbidden without the consent of the Council of the League. The military clauses limited Austria’s long-service
volunteer army to 30,000 men and broke up the Austro-Hungarian navy, distributing it among the Allies.
Although Austria was made liable for reparations, no money was ever actually paid.
 The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement of 1920 that formally ended World War I between most of
the Allies of World War I[1] and the Kingdom of Hungary, the latter being one of the successor states to Austria-
Hungary.[2][3][4][5] The treaty regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. It left
Hungary as a Austro-Hungarian monarchy). Its population was 7.6 million, only 36% of the pre-war kingdom's
population of 20.9 million.[6]
 The principal beneficiaries of territorial division of pre-war Kingdom of Hungary were the Kingdom of Romania,
the Czechoslovak Republic, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. One of the main elements of the treaty was the
doctrine of "self-determination of peoples", and it was an attempt to give the non-Hungarians their own
national states.[11] In addition, Hungary had to pay war reparations to its neighbours. The treaty was dictated by
the Allies rather than negotiated, and the Hungarians had no option but to accept its terms.[11] The Hungarian
delegation signed the treaty under protest[8][12] on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in
 The modern boundaries of Hungary are the same as those defined by the Treaty of Trianon, with some minor
modifications until 1924 and the notable exception of three villages that were transferred to Czechoslovakia in
1947.

The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central
Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.[1][2]
The treaty required Bulgaria:

 to cede Western Thrace to the Entente (which awarded it to Greece at the San Remo conference) thereby

cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean Sea. A population exchange (not compulsory) followed between
Bulgaria and Greece.
 to cede a further area of 2,563 km2 (990 sq mi) on its western border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes(later Yugoslavia).
 to return Dobruja, which according to the Treaty of Bucharest was partially ceded to Bulgaria and partially to
the Central Powers (who later, on 25 September 1918, transferred this joint condominium to Bulgaria), to Romania,
thus restoring the border set by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
 to reduce its army to 20,000 men.
 to pay reparations of £100 million.
 to recognize the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The Treaty of Sèvres (French: Traité de Sèvres) was one of a series of treaties[3] that the Central Powers signed after their
defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros. The treaty was signed on 10 August
1920, in an exhibition room at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres porcelain factory[4] in Sèvres, France.[5]
The Sèvres treaty marked the beginning of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and its dismemberment. The terms it
stipulated included the renunciation of all non-Turkish territory and its cession to the Allied administration.[6] Notably,
the ceding of Eastern Mediterranean lands allowed the creation of new forms of government, including Mandatory
Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon.[7]
The terms of the treaty stirred hostility and nationalist feeling amongst Turks. The signatories of the treaty were stripped
of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[8] and this ignited the Turkish War of
Independence. In that war, Atatürk led the Turkish nationalists to defeating the combined armies of the signatories of
the Treaty of Sèvres, including the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. In a new treaty, that of Lausanne in 1923, Turkish
sovereignty was preserved through the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

The political affect of WW1 was the new dividing of the world. Where before the WW1 there had been 19 monarchies
and 3 republics in Europe, by 1922 there were 14 republics, 13 monarchies and 2 regencies (Albania, Hungary). Although
Britain stayed a monarchy the war enthroned changes.

On the whole the British successfully managed the economics of the war. There had been no prewar plan for
mobilization of economic resources. Controls were imposed slowly, as one urgent need followed another.[120] With the
City of London the world's financial capital, it was possible to handle finances smoothly; in all Britain spent 4 million
pounds everyday on the war effort.[121]
The economy (in terms of GDP) grew about 14% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services;
by contrast the German economy shrank 27%. The War saw a decline of civilian consumption, with a major reallocation
to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943).[122]
[123]
 The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from private and government creditors
in the United States.[124] Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while
maintaining his productivity. The financing was generally successful,[125] as the City's strong financial position minimized
the damaging effects of inflation, as opposed to much worse conditions in Germany.[126] Overall consumer consumption
declined 18% from 1914 to 1919.[127] Women were available and many entered munitions factories and took other home
front jobs vacated by men.[128][129]
Scotland specialized in providing manpower, ships, machinery, food (particularly fish) and money. Its shipbuilding
industry expanding by a third.[1

Social change[edit]
Variously throughout the war, serious shortage of able-bodied men ("manpower") occurred in the country, and women
were required to take on many of the traditional male roles, particularly in the area of arms manufacture; though this
was only significant in the later years of the war, since unemployed men were often prioritised by employers.[12] Women
both found work in the munitions factories (as "munitionettes") despite initial trade union opposition, which directly
helped the war effort, but also in the Civil Service, where they took men's jobs, releasing them for the front. The number
of women employed by the service increased from 33,000 in 1911 to over 102,000 by 1921.[153] The overall increase in
female employment is estimated at 1.4 million, from 5.9 to 7.3 million,[12] and female trade union membership increased
from 357,000 in 1914 to over a million by 1918—an increase of 160 percent.[153] Beckett suggests that most of these
were working class women going into work at a younger age than they would otherwise have done, or married women
returning to work.[12] This taken together with the fact that only 23 percent of women in the munitions industry were
actually doing men's jobs, would limit substantially the overall impact of the war on the long-term prospects of the
working woman.[12]
When the government targeted women early in the war focussed on extending their existing roles – helping with Belgian
refugees, for example—but also on improving recruitment rates amongst men. They did this both through the so-called
"Order of the White Feather" and through the promise of home comforts for the men while they were at the front.
In February 1916, groups were set up and a campaign started to get women to help in agriculture and in March 1917,
the Women's Land Army was set up. One goal was to attract middle-class women who would act as models for patriotic
engagement in nontraditional duties. However the uniform of the Women's Land Army included male overalls and
trousers, which sparked debate on the propriety of such cross-dressing. The government responded with rhetoric that
explicitly feminized the new roles.[154] In 1918, the Board of Trade estimated that there were 148,000 women in
agricultural employment, though a figure of nearly 260,000 has also been suggested.[12]
War poems[edit]
Further information:  War poetry during World War  I

There was also a notable group of war poets who wrote about their own experiences of war, which caught the public
attention. Some died on active service, most famously Rupert Brooke, Isaac Rosenberg, and Wilfred Owen, while some,
such as Siegfried Sassoon survived. Themes of the poems included the youth (or naivety) of the soldiers, and the
dignified manner in which they fought and died.[citation needed] This is evident in lines such as "They fell with their faces to the
foe", from the "Ode of Remembrance" taken from Laurence Binyon's For the Fallen, which was first published in The
Times in September 1914.[118] Female poets such as Vera Brittain also wrote from the home front, to lament the losses of
brothers and lovers fighting on the front