14 - Results and Discussion PDF

CHAPTER - IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
102
Chapter Outline
In this chapter the results obtained have been discussed in the light o f relevant
research according to the hypothesis laid down. Considering the objectives, the
chapter has been divided into two parts.
Parti ofresults (Analysis Of Variance)

This part considered the results regarding effect of gender and level of
obesity on subjects’ quality of life, subjective well-being, sexual satisfaction and
health.
Part II ofresults (CorrelationAnalysis)

This part considered the results regarding relationship among subjects’
Quality of Life, Subjective Well-Being, Sexual Satisfaction and Health (physical,
emotional and psychological distress).
103
Part 1 (Analysis Of Variance)
Quality of Life
• Quality of Life and Gender
• Quality of Life and Level of Obesity
• Quality of Life and Interaction Effect
Subjective Well-Being
• Subjective Well-Being and Gender
• Subjective Well-Being and Level of Obesity
• Subjective Well-Being and Interaction Effect
Sexual Satisfaction
• Sexual Satisfaction and Gender
• Sexual Satisfaction and Level of Obesity
• Sexual Satisfaction and Interaction Effect
Health
Physical Distress
• Physical Distress and Gender
• Physical Distress and Level of Obesity
• Physical Distress and Interaction Effect
Emotional and psychological Distress
• Emotional and Psychological Distress and Gender
• Emotional and Psychological Distress and Level of Obesity
• Emotional and Psychological Distress and Interaction Effect
104
Interest m the psychological aspects o f patients with different diseases continues to
grow. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic rise m the prevalence of obesity
worldwide, stimulating interest in the psychological and behavioural consequences
of this phenomenon.
The body of research on die obese individuals has grown to a point that a review of
this literature is warranted. Numerous studies have demonstrated that obese persons
experience significant impairments m their psychological function as a result of their
obesity. As the relationship between body weight and psychological factors is well-
known but inconclusive (Conca et al., 2008; Fnedman & Brownell, 1995; Fnedman,
Reichmann, Constanzo, & Musante, 2002; Wadden & Stunkard, 1993), more
research is needed to clarify whether psychological aspects differ in obese persons.
Further, a number o f factors influence the relationships among obesity and

psychosocial functioning. These factors include race, gender and degree of
overweight. To date research is less advanced in understanding the relationship
between obesity and their accompanied psychological aspects. Therefore the present
study is an effort to investigate the following aspects of obese persons in relation to
their gender and level of obesity-
• Quality of Life
• Subjective Well-Being
• Sexual Satisfaction
• Health
> Physical Distress
> Emotional and psychological Distress
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Quality o f Life
Though prevalence of obesity has been documented among large sections of general
population, little is known about the grave impact obesity has on the quality of life.
Quality of life is now emerging as a central construct within a number of fields, such
as those related to the social sciences, medicine and economics. Prior to 1970s,
quality of life didn’t receive much attention m the medical or public health literature.
However, the scenario has changed since then. Obesity is often reported to be
associated with impaired quality of life (QOL). The term "quality of life" has
different meanings to different people although it has been widely used for long. For
some clinicians and research workers, quality of life is related to almost anything
beyond information about death and death rates. For some others quality of life is an
umbrella concept that broadly embraces various aspects of a person's life, mcluding
physical and mental health, psychological well-being, social and financial well
being, family relationships, friendships, work and work environment, leisure
activities and the like.
Table 4.1: Mean and SD for All Experimental Groups on Measure of Quality of
Life (PGIQOLS)
Experimental Groups Mean SD
A1B1 104.80 12.55
A1B2 103.07 10.07
A1B3 96.47 10.29
A2B1 108.37 11.73
A2B2 103.93 9.29
A2B3 101.73 5.84
106
Where
A1B1 - Male patients with mild level o f obesity
A1B2 - Male patients with moderate level o f obesity’
A1B3 - Male patients with severe level o f obesity
A2B1 Female patients with mild level o f obesity

-
A2B2 - Female patients with moderate level o f obesity
A2B3 - Female patients with severe level o f obesity
Figure 4.1: Bar Diagram Showing Mean Difference for All Experimental
Groups on Measure of Quality of Life (PGIQOLS)
120 m ean
108.37
104.80 103.07 103.93 101.73 BSD
100 96.47
■
Mean Score on PGIQOLS
80
60
40
20 1 1 .7 3
12 55 I ).07 1 1.29 1.29
0 _ ■ _____ ■
A1B1 A1B2 A1B3 A2B1 A2B2 A2B3

Experimental Groups
Descriptive information for all experimental groups appears in figure 4.1. This
figure unveils the mean score of each experimental group on measure of Quality of
Life (PGIQOLS). It is evident from this figure that among all experimental group
A1B1 and A2B1 group scored higher whereas group A1B3 obtained lesser score on
their measure of quality of life. Higher score indicates better quality of life. It
reveals that male and female with low level of obesity are less impaired in their
quality of life as compared to male and female with severe obesity.
107
Table 4.2: Summary of Analysis of Variance for Quality of Life in 2X3
Factorial Designs
Source Df SS MS F
Main Effect
Gender(A) 1 470.45 470.45 4.53*
Level of obesity (B) 2 1697.34 848.67 8.17**
Interaction Effect
A*B 2 147.70 73.85 0.71NS
Error 174 18068.83 103.84
Total 179 20384.33 113.88
** Significant a t. 01 level, * significant a t . 05 level and NS Not significant
Table 4.2 illustrates the inferential information (ANOVA) and computed F values
for gender and level of obesity on measure o f quality of life among obesity patients.
Table shows the main effect for both variables as well as the effect of the interaction
between them. The computed F values were found to be significant for both
variables (Gender and Level of obesity) which reveals that obese male and female
are significantly different on their level of quality of life. Simultaneously level of
obesity is significant on subjects’ level of quality o f life.
As interaction between gender and level of obesity was found to be insignificant,

obese male and female are not significantly different on their quality of life
according to their level of obesity.
108
Quality of Life and Gender
Hypothesis a)
There will be significant difference between obese male and female
on their Quality o f life.
Table 4.3: Mean, SD and F value for G ender on M easure of Quality of Life
(PGIQOLS)
Gender Score on PGIQOLS F value
Male
Mean 101.44
SD 11.49
Female 4.53*
Mean 104.68
SD 9.58
* * significant a t . 01 level, * significant a t . 05 level and NS Not significant
The result table 4.3 and figure 4.2 shows mean scores on measure of Quality of life
(PGIQOLS) for the gender groups which indicated that male and female differ less
on their measure of quality of life. Although mean scores for gender indicate that
both male and female are slightly different m their score on measure of Quality of
life but as computed F value which is found to be significant, it does not support the
above conclusion. It was also noted however, that despite statistical significance, the
magnitude of differences was rather small between male and female. The result
revealed that biological factor i.e. gender is prominent for ones’ level of their quality
of life they spent.
109
Figure 4.2: Bar Diagram Showing Mean Difference for Gender on Measure of
Quality of Life (PGIQOLS)
F-*
N)
O
101.44 104.68
O
M
O
00
O
O
Mean
O
SD
O
O
A1 A2
Male Female
Gender
Regarding male and female difference in their quality of life, previous research has
indicated that the relationship of obesity to quality of life is more pronounced among
male than female. Contradictory to the conclusions of this research, in a study by
Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD, Kosloski KD, Williams GR (2001), it was revealed that
within obese samples, women are sometimes, although not always, found to have
lower QOL. At lower levels of BM1, more pronounced gender differences have been
reported as compared to relatively higher levels of BM1 (Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD,
Kosloski KD, Williams GR. (2000). Similarly White, Mamey A., Patrick M.
Kolotkin, and T. Karlbyme (2004) reported that women showed the most impaired
QOL than males. In same regard Bentley TG, et. al (2011) assessed in their study
that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) varies by body mass index (BMI) among
gender and racial subgroups using nine HRQoL measures. And revealed that health-
related quality of life (HRQoL) scores were significantly lower for obese than
normal-weight among women (P = 0.04) but not men (P = 0.11).
110
Overall, the current findings support and extend the existing
research on gender and QOL, As the present study reported significant difference
for gender on quality of life the alternative hypothesis regarding gender effect on
quality of life has been proven, hence accepted here.
Quality of Life and Level of Obesity
Hypothesis b)
Level of Obesity will be significant on Quality of life among obese.
Table 4.4: Mean, SD and F value for Level of obesity on Measure of Quality of
Life (PGIQOLS)
Level of obesity Mean Score on F value
PGIQOLS
Mild
Mean 106.58
SD 12.18
Moderate
Mean 103.50 8.17**
SD 9.62
Severe
Mean 99.10
SD 8.71
** Significant at 01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
111
Figure 4.3: Bar Diagram Showing Mean Difference for Level of obesity on
Measure of Quality of Life (PGIQOLS)
NJ
O
103.50 99.10
O
O
00
O
CD
O
O
^
Mean
NJ
O
SD
O
62 B3
Mod. Ob. Se. Ob.
Obesity Level
Above result table and respective figure shows that obese patients are different in
their level of quality of life according to their degree of obesity. Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) further indicated that as the levels of obesity increases, patients
reported more impaired QOL.
Along the same lines, in study of Stacy A. Ogbeide, Christopher A. Neumann, C.

Diane Rudebock and Brian E. Sandoval (2010) reported that compared to
participants in the “normal” weight range, participants classified as “over-
weight/obese” reported lower levels of life satisfaction. Correspondingly Fontaine
KR, Cheskin LJ, Barofsky I. (1996) and Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD (2002) studied
relationship between QOL and level of BMI and have reported that QOL
impairment worsens with increasing obesity. In addition, the obtained result of the
present investigation was found to be consistent with the study of Kolotkin RL,
Meter K and Williams GR (2001), who demonstrated that obese persons experience
significant impairments in quality of life as a result of their obesity, with greater
impairments associated with greater degrees of obesity. Similarly Kushner RF and
Foster GD (2000) also focused on the impact of obesity on quality of life and
reported that obesity confers negative consequences on both the physical and
psychosocial aspects of quality of life, especially among the severely obese.
112
Similarly Mamey A. White, Patrick M. O’Neil, Ronette L. Kolotkin, and T. Karl
Byrne (2004) investigated obesity-related quality of life (QOL) and shown that at
increasing levels of overweight, mdividuals report more impaired QOL. Compared
to previous studies, the observed relationships between BMI and QOL were
somewhat attenuated.
Finkelstem (2000) also examined the relationship between BMI and health-related
quality o f life among o f a sample of primary care patients. The study found that
health-related quality o f life scores varied between BMI levels (e.g., normal,
overweight, and obese).
On the basis o f present result as well as consistent aforementioned studies

it can be concluded that, increase in level o f obesity is associated with worsened
quality o f life. Thus the result confirmed the alternative hypothesis in the same
regard.
Quality of Life and Interaction Effect
Hypothesis c)
There will be no significant effect o f interaction between gender
and level o f obesity on Quality o f life among obesity patients.
Table 4.5: F value for interaction effect between independent variable on

Measure of Quality of Life (PGIQOLS)
Interaction F value
Gender * Level o f obesity 0.71NS
** Significant at .01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
113
The above result table presents the computed F values for interaction of gender with
level of obesity on measure of quality of life among obesity population. It is evident
from the results that quality of life of male and female does not significantly differ
with regard to their level of obesity. To conclude, quality o f life score is not
significantly associated with interaction between gender and level of obesity.
Consistent with the present result the study of Bentley TG, et. al (2011) was found
to be in line with the present result. In his study they assessed how health-related
quality o f life (HRQoL) vanes by body mass index (BMI) category among gender
and racial subgroups using nine HRQoL measures. Results revealed that HRQoL
was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) with increasing BMI category. Obese
individuals were 5.3 units lower on PCS (1-100 scale) and 0.05-0.11 lower on the
HRQoL indexes (0-1 scale) than those with normal weight. MCS scores were
significantly lower for obese than normal-weight among women (P = 0.04) but not
men (P = 0.11). Overweight blacks had higher HRQoL than blacks in other BMI
categories (P = 0.033). They further concluded that six commonly used HRQoL
indexes and two of three health status summary measures indicated lower HRQoL
with obesity and overweight than with normal BMI, but the degree of decrement
varied by index. The association appeared driven primarily by physical health,
although mental health also played a role among women.
As hypothesized, the obtained result unveils that QOL would not differ in
different groups based on their degree o f obesity across gender. Therefore, the
considered null hypothesis was proven true and hence accepted here.
Subjective Well-Beins
Person with obesity face stigmatization and discrimination in many areas of their
lives, and it has been assumed that their psychological well-being will be
compromised as a result. Subjective well-being seems to be somehow related to
Obesity as a disease.
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Subjective well-being has been studied in a large number of disciplines over many
centuries and has been defined m ethical, theological, political, economic and
psychological terms (Diener, 1984; Veenhoven, 1984). In psychology, subjective
well-being is defined as people’s assessment of their lives. People evaluate their
lives in several ways. First, people make their judgement about their lives- whether
their lives are fillfilling, satisfying and meaningful. People also evaluate specific
aspect o f their lives such as their marriages, health, and work and leisure time. In
addition, people react to events with affect (moods and emotion); positive or
pleasant affect, when things are going well and negative or unpleasant affect, when
things are going badly. Thus subjective well-being is an umbrella term that refers to
these different forms of evaluations’ of one’s life and colloquially called happiness
as well as psychological well-being.
Studies of clinical samples typically report poorer psychological well-being in

obese. A number of important moderators and mediators of the association between
obesity and well-being have emerged. This study sorts out the effect of gender and
level of obesity on subjective well-being among obese.
Table 4.6: Mean and SD for All Experimental Groups on M easure of

Subjective Well-Being (SUBI)
A1B1 107.67 8.06
A1B2 98.53 10.81
A1B3 87.13 12.07
A2B1 102.17 7.39
A2B2 93.13 8.86
A2B3 87.33 10.96
115
Where
AIBI - Male patients with mild level of obesity
AJB2 Male patients with moderate level o f obesity -
A2BI - Female patients with mild level o f obesity
Groups on Measure of Subjective Well-Being (SUBI)
120
Mean Score on Subjective well being (SUBI)
107.67
102.17 I Mean
98.53
100 93.13 'SD
87.13
80
60
40
20 1 ).81 12.07
8.06 7.39
0
■ ■
A1B1
Experimental Groups
Above result table 4.6 shows the mean score of each experimental group on measure
of Subjective well-being (SUBI). It is evident from this table that among all
experimental groups, A1 Bland A2B1 groups obtained respectively higher scores as
compared to other groups on their measure of subjective well-being (SUBI), which
revealed that male and female who were categorised on low level of obesity as per
BM1 possess good sense of well-being than those who comes under moderate and
severe level of obesity. Overall this finding leads towards the conclusion that as the
116
level of obesity increases among both male and female, level of one’s subjective
well-being diminishes regardless of their gender.
Table 4.7: Summary of Analysis of Variance for Subjective Well-Being in 2X3

Factorial Designs
Source Df SS MS F
Main Effect
A( Gender) 1 572.45 572.45 5.91*
B (Level of obesity) 2 9383.34 4691.67 48.45**
Interaction Effect
A*B 2 319.30 159.65 1.65NS
E rro r 174 16847.90 96.83
Total 179 27122.99 151.53
** significant a t . 01 level, * significant a t. 05 level and NS Not significant
Above result table 4.7 presents the F values for gender and level o f obesity on
measure of Subjective well-being (SUBI) among obesity patients. The computed F
values were found to be significant for both i.e. gender and for level o f obesity but
for their interaction it was found to be insignificant, which revealed that-
• Obese male and female are significantly different on their sense o f subjective
well-being.
• There is a significant difference among all three groups of obesity patients in

their sense of subjective well-being.
• Gender and level of obesity does not significantly interact with each other m
order to determine ones’ level o f subjective well-being criteria.
117
Subjective Well-Being and Gender
Hypothesis d)
Gender will be significant on level o f subjective well-being among obese.
Table 4.8: Mean, SD and F value for Gender on Measure of Subjective Well-
Being (SUBI)
Gender Score on SUBI F value
Male
Mean 91.4
SD 24.12
Female 5.91*
Mean 90.58
SD 26.02
**
significant at .01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
Subjective Well-Being (SUBI)
IN
O
Mean Score on Subjective well being
97.78 Mean
94.21
o
o
iSD
oo
o
o
ID
(SUBI)
IN O
o
Male Female
Gender
The perusal of above result table 4.8 and respective figure shows that obese male
and female obtained around equal score on their measure of Subjective Well-Being
118
(SUBI) which indicate that both male and female are equal m then sense of
subjective well-being but as this mean difference was found to be statistically
significant it does not support the above conclusion which was made on the basis of
obtained mean score for both groups. The present result indicates that biological
factor i.e. gender is significant for ones’ .sense of subjective well-being.
In respect of gender role in ones’ sense of subjective well-beingness, the finding of

the present study revealed that obese females are poorer in their sense o f well-being
as compared to obese males. Likewise m respect of gender role m the ones’ sense of
well-being Jamila Bookwala and Jenny Boyar (2008) examined gender differences
m the association between body mass index (BMI) and psychological well-being.
Regression analysis involving 3,251 adults indicated that gender moderated the
psychological well-being. They further revealed that women reported lower
psychological well-being than men m the overweight but no gender differences were
observed m the more seriously obese or normal-weight groups.
As the present study found significant role o f gender on subjective well

being among obese the concerned hypothesis regarding gender effect on well
being has been proven, hence accepted here.
Subjective Well-Being and Level of Obesity
Hypothesis e)
Level o f Obesity will be significant on subjective well-being among
obesity patients.
119
Table 4.9: Mean, SD and F Value for Level of Obesity on Measure of Subjective
Well-Being (SUBI)

SUBI
Mild
Mean 104.92
SD 8.15
Moderate
Mean 95.83 48.45**
SD 10.17
Severe
Mean 87.23
SD 11.43
** Significant at .01 level , * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
Figure 4.6: Bar Diagram Showing Mean Difference for Level of Obesity on
Measure of Subjective Well-Being (SUBI)
120
104.92
95.83 Mean
100 87.23
I SD
80
60
Jr
-§ 3 40
20 1.43
B1 B2 B3
Mild Ob. Mod. Ob. Se. Ob.
Leve of Obesity
Result table 4.9 revealed that there is highly significant difference among all three
groups of obese patients regarding their sense of subjective well-being. As mild,
moderate and severe obese obtained respectively lesser scores on their measure of
subjective well-being it leads towards the conclusion that level of obesity is
inversely correlated to subjective well-being.
120
In same regard Bookwala & Boyar (2008) also examined the relationship between
gender, BMI, and psychological well-being among a sample of adults from the
National Survey o f Midlife Development in the Umted States I, with the participants
being between the ages of 25 to 74 years and found that higher BMI was associated
with lower psychological well-being scores. In addition, the obtained result of the
present investigation was found to be consistent with the study of Oswald and
Powdthavee (2007). In the study it was reported that BMI has a negative and
significant effect on subjective well-being.
Contradictory to the present result as well as aforementioned empirical studies Jan-

Michael Dierk, Matthias Conradt, Elisabeth Rauh, Pia Schlumberger,
Johannes Hebebrand, RheinischeKlimken Essen and Winffied Rief (2006) reported
m their study that social support and social skill measures are relevant predictors of
subjective well-being (with both independent and shared influences), while BMI is
not. Further in their study, they found that the obese people neither differed from
other comparison groups in their subjective well-being, nor did they report greater
impairments in social skills or social support. They overall concluded that BMI does
not seem to be the major determinant of low subjective well-being in obesity.
Inconsistency of results regarding role of obesity on subjective well-being m this
study was attributed on its methodological issue.
With reference to obesity and well-being, it was found that obesity was not directly
accompanied by prejudices and discriminations, but affected the psychological and
mental well-being among the obese (Puhl R, Brownell KD.; 2001)
As fa r present findings are concerned, level o f obesity was found to

be significant on ones’ sense o f subjective well-being. The considered alternative
hypothesis in this regard has been proven and hence accepted here.
121
Subjective Well-Being and Interaction Effect
Hypothesis f)
and level o f obesity on subjective well-being among obese.
Table 4.10: F value for Interaction Effect between Independent Variable on

Measure of Subjective Well-Being (SUBI)
Interaction F value
Gender * Level of obesity 1,65NS
level of obesity on measure of Subjective well-being (SUBI) of obese. As computed
F value was found to be statistically insignificant it can be inferred that male and
females’ sense of subjective well-being do not significantly differ in regard to their
level of obesity. To conclude ones’ sense of subjective well-being was negatively
associated with interaction of gender with level of obesity.
In same direction, a study of Bookwala & Boyar (2008) was found to be inverse as
they revealed that higher BMI was associated with lower psychological well-being
scores m women, but not for men. In addition, women who were overweight and
obese had lower psychological well-being scores when compared to those in the
normal BMI group. Among men, there was no difference found between BMI and
psychological well-being scores. Overall, this study indicated that gender was a
moderator m the relationship between BMI and well-being.
In summary on the basis o f obtained result, it can be concluded that the

difference in male and female subjects ’ sense o f subjective well-being did not
fluctuate with their level o f obesity. As per obtained results, the considered null
122
hypothesis regarding interaction effect o f gender and level o f obesityfo r subjective
well-being o f the subjects was proven and hence accepted here.
Sexual Satisfaction
Obesity is emerging as one of the fastest growing pandemics in modem times. The
adverse effects of obesity on health are, for the most part, well documented (James
WPT; 2008). The consequences for sexual health, however, are less well understood
(Kraft C, Robmson BB, Nordstrom DL, Bockting WO, Rosser BR; 2006). Although
sexual satisfaction is considered important to individuals as they are concerned
about the quality of their sexual relationship as well as their own sense of sexual
satisfaction but sexual satisfaction in general, received little attention m the
empirical or clinical literature. In general, sexual satisfaction is a multidimensional
construct encompassing the positive and negative aspects of a sexual relationship.
As to date, there have been less studies o f the impact of overweight and obesity on
sexual satisfaction. The present study was sought out to study on sexual satisfaction
m both men and women obese m relation to their level of obesity.
Table 4.11: Mean and SD for All Experimental Groups on Measure of Sexual
Satisfaction (SS)
A1B1 16.47 3.96
A1B2 13.73 2.96
A1B3 10.80 2.52
A2B1 17.60 3.94
A2B2 15.13 3.50
A2B3 12.23 3.83
123
Where
AIB1 - Male patients with mild level of obesity
A1B2 - Male patients with moderate level o f obesity
A2B1 - Female patients with mild level o f obesity
Groups on Measure of Sexual Satisfaction (SS)
20
17.60
Mean Score on Sexual Satisfaction (SS)
Mean
ISD
Experimental Groups
Above result table 4.11 and respective figure unveils the obtained mean score of
each experimental group on their measure of Sexual Satisfaction (SS). With respect
to gender, the obtained result revealed that all three groups of females scored higher
than all three groups of males which indicated that females are less affected in their
sexual satisfaction than to their male counterpart as low scores indicating lesser level
of sexual satisfaction. Further when levels of obesity are compared, the obtained
result elucidate that in both groups male and female subjects who are categorised
124
under low level of obesity are found to be higher in their level of satisfaction as
compared to moderate and severe obese.
Table 4.12: Summary of Analysis of Variance for Sexual Satisfaction (SS)

in 2X3 Factorial Designs
Source Df SS MS F
Mam Effect
Gender (A) 1 78.67 78.67 6.44**
Interaction Effect
A*B 2 0.81 0.41 0.03ns
Error 174 2124.17 12.21
Total 179 3117.66 17.42
** significant at 01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
Table 4.12 presents mean score on measure o f sexual satisfaction by Gender (Male
and female) and by BMI category (Mild, Moderate and Severe obesity). Significant
differences by gender and Level of obesity (BMI) group were obtained for sexual
satisfaction. Gender and BMI category interactively do not account for a greater
portion of the variance m sexual satisfaction among obese persons.
Sexual Satisfaction and Gender
Hypothesis g)
Gender will be significant on level o f Sexual satisfaction o f obese.
125
Table 4.13: Mean, SD and F value for Gender on Measure of Sexual
Satisfaction (SS)
Gender Score on PSSI F value
Male
Mean 13.67
SD 3.93
Female 6.44*
Mean 14.99
SD 4.32
** significant at .01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
Sexual Satisfaction (SS)
_ 20
£ 18 ■ M ean
O
<D
M ale Fe m a le
G ender
Above result table 4.13 and respective figure shows that mean score of males is less
than mean score of females. The results revealed that Sexual Satisfaction (SS) is less
in males as compared to females or in other words men reported greater impairments
than female on sexual satisfaction. Further, computed F value was also found to be
statistically significant which revealed that as compared to males, obese females are
less affected in their sexual satisfaction. To conclude gender-specific differences
126
concerning the effects on sexual satisfaction have been observed among obese in
this study.
Consistent with the present finding, Adolfsson, B., Elofsson, S., Rossner, S., Unden,
AL. (2004) reported m their study that in men, obesity has been associated with
lower sexual satisfaction. Inverse to present finding in a case-control study, Esposito
et al found that obese women were more likely to report arousal dysfunction and
being less sexually satisfied. In same regard Bajos et al. (2010) studied 12, 364
French men and women aged 18 to 69 and 21 found that 44% of women and 35% of
men reported being satisfied with their sexual life with no differences across BMI
status. BMI was self-reported and sexual satisfaction was measured using an
unvahdated single item measure.
Studies focusing on the influence of obesity on sexual satisfaction m men and

women have yielded conflicting results. This could be attributed to the use of
different study samples, self-reported vs. measured BMI, and/or different measures
o f sexual satisfaction (validated and not).
Although the findings to date have been heterogeneous and

contradictory but as fa r as the present study is concerned the gender differences
were found to be significant in terms o f sexual satisfaction, as shown in analyses
o f data. Thus, the alternative hypothesis regarding gender effect on sexual
satisfaction has been proven, hence accepted here.
Sexual Satisfaction and level of obesity
Hypothesis h)
Level o f Obesity will be significant on Sexual satisfaction among
obesity patients.
127
Table 4.14: Mean, SD and F Value for Level of Obesity on Measure of Sexual
Satisfaction (SS)

SS
Mild
Mean 17.03
SD 3.96
Moderate
Mean 14.43 37.44**
SD 3.29
Severe
Mean 11.52
SD 3.30
Measure of Sexual Satisfaction (SS)
Mild Ob. Mod. Ob. Se.Ob.
Level of Obesity
Table 4.14 elucidates the mean score on measure of Sexual satisfaction by different
level of obesity groups (Mild, Moderate and Severe obesity). In support of computed
F value, significant differences among these groups were obtained for sexual
128
satisfaction. Subjects categorised m mild level of obesity reported significantly high
sexual satisfaction m comparison with the other two obesity groups.
Obesity has many clinical consequences with preliminary evidence including those
related to sexuality (Esposito & Giugliano, 2005). Limited research has been
conducted on Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m2) and sexual satisfaction; these
research suggest only inconsistent or ambiguous associations between body
composition and sexual satisfaction (for example, Addis et al., 2006; Bajos,
Wellmgs, Laborde& Moreau, 2010). This may be due to methodological limitations
In line with the present result, Addis et al. (2006) found that BMI and sexual
satisfaction were mversely correlated That is, as BMI increases, sexual satisfaction
decreases. Esposito et al. (2007) also found a strong inverse correlation (r=-0.56,
p<0.001) between BMI and sexual satisfaction.
Heterogeneous to the present result Bajos et al. (2010) found m their study that 44%
of women and 35% of men reported being satisfied with their sexual life with no
differences across BMI status.
On the basis of previous literature review it is important to note that studies using
self-reported BMI found no relationship between BMI and sexual satisfaction (Bajos
et a l, 2010; Weaver & Byers, 2006). However, studies using measured BMI found a
relationship between these two variables (Addis et al.; Esposito et al.) which may be
because self-reported BMI underestimates overweight/ obese individuals and
therefore these individuals may be underrepresented m the analysis.
Overall consistent with the present finding, preliminary data do suggest an inverse
association between body weight and sexual satisfaction whereby individuals with
higher BMIs are less likely to be sexually satisfied (Addis et al., 2006; Adolfsson,
Elofsson, Rossner & Unden, 2004; Esposito et al., 2007).
Nathalie Bajos, Kaye Wellings, Caroline Laborde and Caroline Moreau (2010)
analysed the association between body mass index (BMI) and sexual satisfaction,
and concluded that there is a link between BMI and sexual satisfaction.
129
In line with the aforementioned empirical evidence the present
finding point to a relationship such that increased BMI is related to decreased
sexual satisfaction. Thus, the considered alternative hypothesis in this regard has
been proven and hence accepted here.
Sexual Satisfaction and Interaction Effect
Hypothesis i)
and level o f obesity on level ofSexual satisfaction among obesity patients.
Table 4.15: F value for interaction effect between independent variable on

Measure of Sexual Satisfaction (SS)
Interaction F value
Gender * Level of obesity 0.03NS
** Significant at .01 level, * significant at 05 level and NS Not significant
level of obesity on their measure o f sexual satisfaction. As computed F value was
found to be insignificant it can be concluded that level o f obesity do not account for
a greater portion of the variance m sexual satisfaction among obese male and female
persons.
Likewise Adolfsson et al., (2004) studied on 2, 810 Swedish men and women aged
18 to 74 into age and BMI groups (18 to 49 years and 50 to 74 years; BMI 18.5 to
24.9, 25.0 to 29.9 and >30 kg/m2) and using univariate analysis they revealed that
younger, obese men had lower scores on a measure o f satisfaction with sexual life
indicating that for young men, higher BMIs are correlated with lower sexual
satisfaction. This relationship was not seen for any other age or BMI group among
130
m e n o r w o m e n a lth o u g h th is r e la tio n s h ip d is a p p e a r e d m th e m u ltiv a r ia te a n a ly s is
p r o v id in g n o c le a r p a tte r n o f a n a s s o c ia tio n b e tw e e n B M I a n d s e x u a l s a tis f a c tio n
w h e n c o n s id e r e d g e n d e r a n d a g e .
In summary on the basis of obtained result it can be concluded that

difference in male and females * level of sexual satisfaction do not depend upon
their level of obesity. As per obtained results the considered null hypothesis
regarding interaction effect o f gender and level of obesity for sexual satisfaction
of the subjects was proven and hence accepted here.
Health
O b e s ity is in c r e a s in g ly r e c o g n iz e d a s a p u b lic h e a lth p r o b le m in th e p r e s e n t w o r ld .
W h ile e s tim a te s o f th e e x te n t o f th e p r o b le m v a r y , th e r e is n o d o u b t th a t o b e s ity h a s
in c r e a s e d d r a m a tic a lly m th e p a s t tw o d e c a d e s .
I t is a n in d e p e n d e n t r is k f a c to r f o r a v a r ie ty o f c h r o n ic d is e a s e s s u c h a s d ia b e te s ,
h y p e r te n s io n , a n d c o r o n a r y h e a r t d is e a s e .
H e a lth is th e le v e l o f f u n c tio n a l a n d ( o r ) m e ta b o lic e f f ic ie n c y o f a liv in g b e in g . In
h u m a n s , it is th e g e n e r a l c o n d itio n o f a p e r s o n in m in d , b o d y a n d s p ir it, u s u a lly
m e a n in g to b e f r e e f r o m illn e s s , in ju r y o r p a in ( a s in “ g o o d h e a lth ” o r “ h e a lth y ” ).
H e a lth h a s b e e n d e f in e d a s a s ta te o f c o m p le te p h y s ic a l, p s y c h o lo g ic a l, a n d s o c ia l
w e ll- b e in g , r e f le c te d in th e a b ility to b e " c o n f id e n t a n d p o s itiv e a n d ! a b le to c o p e
w ith th e u p s a n d d o w n s o f lif e "
W ith r e g a r d to th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n o b e s ity a n d p h y s ic a l h e a lth , th e im p a c t o f
o b e s ity is w e ll d o c u m e n te d , w ith it b e in g g e n e r a lly a c k n o w le d g e d th a t o b e s ity
in c r e a s e s h e a lth ris k .
I n th e r e f e r e n c e o f f o r g o in g c o n te x t th e p r e s e n t in v e s tig a tio n h a s m a d e its e f f o r t to
s tu d y th e h e a lth m te r m s o f b o th p h y s ic a l a n d e m o tio n a l d is tr e s s a s p e c t o f o b e s ity
p a tie n ts m r e la tio n to th e ir g e n d e r a n d le v e l o f o b e s ity .
131
Physical Distress
Physical health can be defined as an essential part of overall health of an individual,

which include everything from physical fitness to overall wellness. Health can be
defined as a state o f complete well-being and physical health as a state of physical
well-being in which an individual is mechanically fit to perform his daily activities
and duties without any problem.
A good physical health means every external part of our body functions properly as
it is commonly supposed to function. Our eyes are free from any visibility problems
or any other problem related to eyes (which is not temporary), our ears hear
normally and do not show any sign o f problem, we are able to walk, run and perform
other activities without problem. Our weight is under control i.e., it does not pose
any problem in performing any physical activity.
In the present study physical health has been measured in terms of physical distress
(CMI) m which subjects’ describe discomfort related to their physical health i.e.
eyes and ears, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract,
the musculoskeletal system, the skm, the nervous system, gemto-urinary system
fatigability, the frequency of illness, miscellaneous diseases and habits.
Table 4.16: M ean and SD for All Experim ental Groups on Measure of Physical
Distress (CMI-PD)
Experim ental Groups Mean SD
A1B1 8.00 4.14
A1B2 13.13 7.45
A1B3 21.47 7.75
A2B1 8.13 3.50
A2B2 14.80 8.19
A2B3 26.20 9.50
132
Where
A1B1 - Male patients with mild level of obesity
AIB2 Male patients with moderate level o f obesity

-
AIB3 - Male patients with severe level o f obesity
A2B3 Female patients with severe level o f obesity

-
Groups on Measure of Physical Distress (CMI-PD)
50
M e a n S c o re o n C M I( P h y s ic a l D is tre s s )
40 ■ SD
35
E x p e r im e n t a l G r o u p s
Above result table 4.16 explicate the obtained mean score of all experimental groups
on their measure of physical distress (CMI). It is evident from this table that among
all experimental groups, A2B3 and A1B3 groups scored correspondingly higher
which reflect higher physical distress among them as compared to the other groups.
With regard to gender (A), female (A2) groups of all three categories show higher
physical distress as compared to their counterpart males groups. Apart from gender
if only level of obesity (B) were considered the present result revealed that physical
distress increases with level of obesity. Overall the present results indicate that mild
133
o b e s ity a b it is a s s o c ia te d w ith im p a ir m e n t m th e p h y s ic a l h e a lth c o m p a r e d to
m o d e r a te a n d s e v e r e o b e s ity a m o n g m a le a n d fe m a le .
T a b l e 4 .1 7 : S u m m a r y o f A n a ly s is o f V a r i a n c e f o r P h y s ic a l D is tr e s s ( C M I - P D )
in 2 X 3 F a c t o r i a l D e s ig n s
S o u r c e D f S S M S F
M a in E ffe c t
G e n d e r (A ) 1 2 1 3 .4 2 2 1 3 .4 2 4 .2 3 *
L e v e l o f o b e s ity (B ) 2 7 6 1 4 .9 8 3 8 0 7 .4 9 7 5 .5 4 * *
I n te r a c tio n E f f e c t
A * B 2 1 6 4 .5 8 8 2 .2 9 1 .6 3 n s
E r r o r 1 7 4 8 7 7 0 .0 0 5 0 .4 0
T o ta l 1 7 9 1 6 7 6 2 .9 8 9 3 .6 5
* * S ig n if ic a n t a t .0 1 l e v e l , * s ig n ific a n t a t .0 5 le v e l a n d N S N o t s ig n ific a n t
A g la n c e a t a b o v e r e s u lt ta b le 4 .1 7 illu s tr a te s th e in f e r e n tia l s ta tis tic s in w h ic h
c o m p u te d F v a lu e s f o r b o th v a r ia b le s n a m e ly g e n d e r a n d le v e l o f o b e s ity ,
in d iv id u a lly a s w e ll a s e f f e c t o f in te r a c tio n b e tw e e n th e m o n p h y s ic a l d is tr e s s
( C M I ) o f o b e s e w e r e d e p ic te d . G e n d e r a n d o b e s ity b o th w e r e f o u n d to b e
s ta tis tic a lly s ig n if ic a n t w h ic h r e v e a le d th a t m a le a n d f e m a le g r o u p s a s w e ll a s a ll
th r e e g ro u p s o f o b e s e a s p e r th e ir le v e l o f o b e s ity a re s ig n if ic a n tly d if f e r e n t o n th e ir
p h y s ic a l d is tr e s s ( C M I ) .
A s f a r a s F v a lu e s f o r in te r a c tio n b e tw e e n b o th v a r ia b le is c o n c e r n e d it w a s f o u n d to
b e in s ig n if ic a n t w h ic h r e v e a le d th a t s u b je c ts ’ s c o r e o n p h y s ic a l d is tr e s s ( C M I ) d o
n o t d e p e n d o n th e ir le v e l o f o b e s ity in r e la tio n to th e ir g e n d e r .
O n th e b a s is o f o b ta in e d r e s u lts , it c a n b e c o n c lu d e d th a t th o u g h g e n d e r a n d o b e s ity
in d iv id u a lly a f f e c ts o n e s ’ le v e l o f p h y s ic a l d is tr e s s b u t w h e n th e y a re c o m b in e d it
c a n n o t w o r k f o r s a m e .
134
Physical Distress and Gender
Hypothesis j)
Male and fem ale obesity patients will not be significantly different
in their measure o f physical distress (CMI).
Table 4.18: Mean, SD and F value for Gender on Measure of Physical Distress
(CMI-PD)
Gender Score on F value

Physical Distress (CMI)
M ale
M ean 14.20
SD 8.63
Fem ale 4.23*
M ean 16.38
SD 10.56
** significant at .01 level. * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
Phy sical Distress (CMI-PD)
O
W
Mean Score on CMI( Physical Distress)
■ Mean
Ln
M
■ SD
O
hJ
h-»
I-*
o
Ln
O
A1 A2
Male Female
Gender
135
Above result table 4.18 and respective figure shows that female obtained slightly
higher score on their measure of physical distress (C M ) m various domains of
health, which indicate that physical distress o f obese male is lesser than female
subjects although this minor difference between mean scores was found to be
significant it revealed that in comparison to males, obese females experienced
significantly more stress or problems in their physical health which are related to
eyes and ears, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract,
the musculoskeletal system, the skm, the nervous system, gemto-urmary system
fatigability, the frequency of illness, miscellaneous diseases and habits.
Obesity is a complex phenomenon that involves a wide and interactive range of

biological, behavioural and societal factors. Among these factors recent data indicate
that the proportion of overweight and obese of both genders has increased markedly
m different areas of the world [WHO]. Obesity m adolescence has been found to be
associated with multiple health problems (Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD,
Flegal KM.; 2007).
Pertaining to health complaints of obesity patients among male and female obtained
results of various cross-sectional studies are varies, which can be attributed on
different moderating variables related to subjects’ personal characteristics as well as
on methodological aspect of studies . As far as present finding is concerned it was
found to be somewhat in line with the study of Keiko Mori, Fujiko Ando, Hideki
Nomura, Yuzo Sato and Hiroshi Shimokata, (2000) who have evaluated the
association between intraocular pressure and obesity by cross-sectional and
longitudinal analyses m a large Japanese population. Result o f Cross-sectional
analysis revealed that the total intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased gradually with
age and was significantly higher in males than m females m almost all age groups.
As in the present study physical distress was found to be

significantly higher in obese female than obese male the proposed null hypothesis
in same regard has been not proven hence rejected here.
136
Physical Distress and Level of Obesity
Hypothesis k)
Level of Obesity will be significant on physical distress
among obese.
Table 4.19: Mean, SD and F Value for Level of Obesity on Measure of Physical
Distress (CMI-PD)
Level of obesity Score on F value
Physical Distress (CMI)
Mild
Mean 8.07
SD 3.80
Moderate
Mean 13.97 75.54**
SD 7.81
Severe
Mean 23.83
SD 8.92
Measure of Physical Distress (CMI-PD)
CO
o
Mean Score on CMI{ Physical distress)
23.83 ■ Mean
(N
m
CM
o
13.97
r
co
B3
2
M od. Ob. Se. Ob.
Level of Obesity
137
Aforementioned result table 4.19 and respective figure unveils the obtained mean
score o f all three groups o f obesity on their measure of physical distress (CMI-PD)
which shows that compared to mild and moderate, severe obese reported higher
health related complaints in different domains like eyes and ears, the respiratory
system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, the musculoskeletal system,
the skin, the nervous system, gemto-urinary system fatigability, the frequency of
illness, miscellaneous diseases and habits. As per result for all domains of health the
highest scores were recorded by those who were categorised under severe obesity
group or in other way scores increased fairly progressively with mcreasing severity
of obesity.
In reference of health of obese person it is generally well documented that obesity is

a serious public health problem that has been linked to persons’ health issues such as
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and some types of cancer (Allison,
Fontaine, Manson, Stevens, & Vanltalhe, 1999; Berke & Morden, 2000; “Health
Consequences,” 2008). Obesity and overweight are also associated with a plethora
of undesirable health consequences. People who carry extra body weight are at an
increased risk of suffering from multiple diseases and health conditions including
type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, high cholesterol, hypertension, stroke,
gallbladder disease, sleep apnoea, high blood pressure, respiratory problems,
osteoarthritis, and various cancers, including breast and colon (Centers for Disease
Control, 2006).
Consistent with the present findings in a study o f Helen A. Doll, Sophie E.

K. Petersen and Sarah L. Stewart-Brown (2000) investigated the associations
between obesity and health-related quality of life and revealed that body mass index
was significantly associated with health status and physical well-being deteriorated
markedly with increasing degree of overweight. Likewise Karen C. Swallen, Erie N.
Reither, Steven A. Haas and Ann M. Meier (2005) investigated the association
between obesity and health-related quality of life and found that obesity in
adolescence is linked with poor physical quality o f life. Similarly Fmkelstein (2000)
examined the relationship between BMI and health-related quality of life among of a
sample o f primary care patients. The study found that health-related quality of life
138
scores varied between BMI levels (e.g., normal, overweight, and obese). Kristina L.
Penmstonn and Stephen Y. Nakadaa (2007) also reported in their study that
Comorbidities such as depression, diabetes, hypertension and overweight/obesity
contributed to lower scores for many health domains.
In relation to physical health and obesity most observational studies show a U and J
shaped relationship between BMI and mortality caused by health deteriorate.
(NTFPTO; 2000).
As in the present study, the measure of physical distress was self-reported

questionnaire, a very little data exists to date concemmg the relationship between
obesity and self-rated health but available data indicate a significant association
between increased BMI and impaired self-reported health (Ferraro KF, Yu Y.; 1995)
Aforementioned studies as well as results o f the present study reaches out to the
conclusion that obese subjects are inclined to be inferior in their overall health
status as per their severity o f obesity. In relation to present findings the considered
alternative hypothesis in this regard has proven true and hence accepted here.
Physical Distress and Interaction Effect
Hypothesis l)
and level o f obesity on physical distress o f obesity patients.
Table 4.20: F value for Interaction Effect between Independent Variable on

Measure of Physical Distress (CMI-PD)
Interaction F value
Gender * Level of obesity 1.63ns
139
The above result table shows the computed F values for interaction between gender
and level of obesity on physical distress measured through CMI (eyes and ears, the
respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, the
musculoskeletal system, the skin, the nervous system, genito-urinary system
fatigability, the frequency of illness, miscellaneous diseases and habits) of the
subjects. As computed F value for this interaction is not found to be significant, it
can be concluded that physical distress among different groups of obesity mcreases
as their level of obesity increases regardless to their gender difference.
Consistently with the present result Mond JM, Baune BT. (2009) also revealed that
mild obesity associated with marked impairment m the physical health o f female,
compared to moderate and severe obesity in men.
Present result was indirectly a bit supported by the study o f Palinkas, Wmgard, and
Barrett-Connor (1996), Reed (1985)). Larsson, Karlsson, and Sullivan (2002) m
their studies regression analysis revealed that overweight and obesity for both young
men and women (16-34 years) leads to poor physical health, but not mental health.
For middle-aged (35-64 years) individuals, obese men and women report health
impairments, however only women report mental health problems.
On the basis o f obtained results the null hypothesis

which stated about effect o f interaction between gender and level o f obesity on
distress regarding physical health was accepted here as F value was found to be
insignificant.
Emotional and Psychological Distress
Nowadays, the field of Global Mental or psychological Health has emerged, which
has been defined as 'the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on
improving mental health and achieving equity m mental health for all people
worldwide whether they suffer from any disease or not'.
140
Mental health describes a level of psychological well-being in which the individual
realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her
community” (World Health Organization).
In the present study psychological or emotional health was measured in terms of

psychological distress (CMI) m which subjects’ describe their discomforts related to
mood and feeling pattern like inadequacy, depression, anxiety, sensitivity., anger
and tension.
Table 4.21: Mean and SD for All Experimental Groups on Measure of

Emotional and Psychological Distress (CMI-ED)
A1B1 3.20 2.07
A1B2 6.67 4.15
A1B3 10.80 5.00
A2B1 4.80 1.49
A2B2 7.87 3.13
A2B3 12.53 7.26

Where
A1B1 - Male patients with mild level o f obesity
A1B2 - Male patients with moderate level o f obesity
A2B2 Female patients with moderate level o f obesity

-
141
Groups on Measure of Emotional and Psychological Distress (CMI-ED)
N>
f sJ - £ i ( T ! C O O b J - C * a ' i C O O
M e a n S c o re o n C M I( E m o t io n a l D is tre s s )
■ M ean
■ SD
M M h-» l-»
1 2 .5 3
11 y ?0
1
3.20
■
& A7
|is
.
5 .00 a an
i i 07 1.49
m
O
E x p e r im e n t a l G r o u p s
Descriptive information for the all experimental groups appears in the result Table
4.21. As per obtained result it was found that though emotional distress varied
markedly across all experimental groups it was worth to highlight that in both male
and female groups subjects who were categorised into severe obesity group (A1B3
and A2B3) are scored higher on their measure of psychological distress than those
who were categorised under mild and moderate obesity group. As higher score is
indicative of higher psychological or emotional distress it revealed that increased
level of obesity amplify psychological disturbance among subjects.
142
Table 4.22: Summary of Analysis of Variance for Emotional and Psychological
Distress (CMI-ED) in 2X3 Factorial Designs
Source Df SS MS F
Main Effect
Gender (A) 1 102.76 102.76 5.54*
Interaction Effect
A*B 2 2.31 1.16 0.06ns
E rro r 174 3226.00 18.54
Total 179 5107.24 28.53
** Significant at 01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
Result of inferential statistics (result table 4.22) illustrates the F values separately for
both variables namely gender and level of obesity and simultaneously for interaction
between them on subjects’ psychological distress (CMI). Gender and obesity both
were found to be statistically significant which revealed that male and female groups
as well as all three groups of obese (Mild, Moderate and severe) are significantly
different on their psychological distress (CMI). As far as F values for interaction
between both variable is concerned it was found to be insignificant which revealed
that variation in subjects’ level of obesity independently influences their level of
psychological distress (CMI) but interactively m regard to gender, it was not found
to be significant for same.
On the basis of obtained results, it can be concluded that though gender and obesity
individually affects ones’ level o f psychological distress but when they are
collectively seen, they are not significant for the same.
143
Emotional and Psychological Distress and Gender
Hypothesis m)
Obese male and female will not be significantly different in their
measure of emotional and psychological distress.
Table 4.23: Mean, SD and F Value for Gender on Measure of Emotional and
Psychological Distress (CMI-ED)
Gender Score on CMI-ED F value
M a le
M ean 6 .8 9
S D 4 .9 9
F e m a le 5 .5 4 *
M ean 8 .4 0
S D 5 .6 0
** significant at .01 level, significant at .05 level andNSNot significant

*
N »
O
Mean Csore on CM I(Em otional Distress)
■ Mean
I-*
M
^
M
■ SD
^
^
N
O
8.40
O
6.89
C
l
T
C
^
M
O
A1 A2
Male Female
Gender
1 4 4
Above result table 4.23 and corresponding figure unveils the mean score on measure
of psychological distress for gender where women reported higher distress regarding
their mood and feeling pattern which includes inadequacy, depression, anxiety,
sensitivity, anger and tension as compared to their male counterparts. Further as
computed F value for gender was also found to be highly significant for females, it
can be concluded that obese females experience significantly higher emotional
disturbance than males.
Regarding gender, previous research has indicated that the relationship of obesity to
depression is more pronounced among women than men; in fact, one population-
based study found that overweight men were less likely to experience major
depression than were healthy-weight men (Carpenter KM, Hasin DS, Allison DB,
Faith MS;2004)). Likewise Bookwala & Boyar (2008) also examined the
relationship between gender, BMI, and psychological well-being and revealed that
higher BMI was associated with lower psychological well-being scores m women,
but not for men. Likewise Noppa and other (1981) found strong evidence o f the
relationship between overweight/obese individuals and depression in females.
Consistently with the present finding in study of McCarty CA, Kosterman R, Mason
WA, McCauley E, Hawkins JD, Herrenkohl TI, et. al. (2009) women appeared to be
at most risk of obesity and common mental health disorders than men. Similarly in a
study of Scott KM, Bruffaerts R, Simon GE, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, de Girolamo
G, et al. (2008) the mental health of obese girls and young women also appeared to
be more effected than their male counterparts. In both these studies this disparity
attributed to the stigma which is attached to excessive weight in women, where
women have to deal with the sociocultural pressures, body dissatisfaction, and drive
for thinness. Another reason is that women are more likely to engage in ‘ruminative
coping than men, and rumination has been linked to depression. Further women
have also been found to suffer a disproportionately large share o f the disease burden
o f obesity, due to higher levels of comorbidity which increases their psychological
distress.
145
Likewise the present findings also reported that psychological
distress among obese appears to be significantly stronger for women than men,
thus the considered null hypothesis regarding gender difference on psychological
distress has been rejected here.
Emotional and Psychological Distress and Level of Obesity
Hypothesis n)
Level of Obesity will be significant on emotional and psychological
distress among obese.
Table 4.24: Mean, SD and F Value for Level of Obesity on Measure of


CMI-ED
Mild
Mean 4.00
SD 1.97
Moderate
Mean 7.27 47.90**
SD 3.69
Severe
Mean 11.67
SD 6.24
** Significant at 01 level, * significant at 05 level and NS Not significant
146
Figure 4.15: Bar Diagram Showing Mean Difference for Asthmatic Status on
Measure of Emotional and Psychological Distress (CMI-ED)
r\|
O
Mean Score on CMI(Emotional Distress)
1—I
00
Mean
»H
kO
SD
rH
11.67
Mild Ob.
Leve of Obesity
Aforementioned result table 4.24 unveils the obtained mean score of all three groups
of obesity on their measure of psychological distress (CMI-ED) which shows that
compared to mild and moderate, severe obese reported higher distress regarding
their moods and feelings pattern which includes inadequacy, depression, anxiety,
sensitivity, anger and tension. In the present finding the highest scores on emotional
distress were recorded by those who were categorised under severe obesity group or
in other way emotional distress increased fairly progressively with increasing
severity of obesity.
The present finding can be supported by the existence evidence of connection

between obesity and common mental health disorders. Both these conditions have
major implications for health care systems across the globe and account for a
significant proportion of the global burden of obesity disease. Individuals who suffer
from obesity may face particular risks of health and well-being, as it is likely that the
conditions may perpetuate each other (Markowitz S, Friedman MA, Arent SM;
2008).
147
The bi-directional association between obesity and common mental health disorders
is complex and multi-factorial. Gender, seventy of obesity, socioeconomic status
and level of education, age and ethnicity have all been suggested as potentially
important nsk factors that could affect the direction and/or strength of the
association between the two conditions. There is also a wide range of behavioural,
biological, social and psychological moderating factors that could help explain the
relationship.
Although obesity is no doubt associated with some loss of health related quality of
life, particularly in terms o f psychological well-being (Fontaine, K. R., Barofsky, I.,
Cheskm, L. J. (1997)), epidemiological and clinical studies do not support the idea
that overweight individuals are as a group more emotionally disturbed than lighter
individuals (Wadden, T. A., Stunkard, A. J. (1987)). In this regard, one study found
that obesity was not associated with impaired emotional well-being, as assessed
using both a general and an obesity-specific measure (Le Pen, C., Levy, E., Loos, F.,
Banzet, M. N., Basdevant, A. (1998)),
There are uncertainties, however, regarding the associations between obesity and
health-related quality of life.
Some studies have found obesity to be associated with compromised mental well
being (Fontaine, K. R., Cheskin, L. J., Barofsky, I. (1996)) and obesity-specific
measures. Moreover, weight loss has been found to be associated with improvement
in psychological well-being (Rippe, J. M., Price, J. M., Hess, S A., et al (1998)).
Obese subjects have also been shown to have even poorer psychological profiles
than other chronically ill people (Stunkard, A. J., Sobal, J. (1995), and their BMI has
been found to be positively correlated with reports of self-harm as well as borderline
personality symptomatology (Sansone, R. A., Sansone, L. A., Fine, M. A. (1995)).
Similarly to the present finding Conca et al. (2008) also examined the relationship
between obesity and the psychological variables of health-related quality of life and
found that psychological factors were a major correlate with obesity and that
psychological disturbances can contnbute to poor perceived health status, distress,
and functional impairment. Other studies have found inconclusive results. Carr,
148
Friedman, and JafFe (2007) also reported that obese individuals (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2)
had higher levels of negative affect when compared to thinner individuals in the
study, but positive affect varied between the overweight and obese weight
categories. Similarly Roberts, Kaplan, Shema, and Strawbndge (2000) conclude
that, there is greater relative risk for future depression for the obese than for the non-
obese. Based on their results and on the results o f other studies, they conclude \that
the obese may be at increased risk for depression.
Other studies, however, have not found any association between BMI and
psychological disturbances, finding little difference between obese and non-obese
individuals in terms of scores on standard psychological tests (Stunkard, A. J.,
Sobal, J. (1995).The contradictory findings with regard to the association between
obesity and emotional and psychological factors was explained by sample
differences.
Consistent with the present finding Wardle J, and Cooke L.(2005) examined the
most recent empincal evidence on the relationship between obesity and body
dissatisfaction, self-esteem and depression. Further these studies report poor
psychological well-being m treatment seeking obese as compared to normal weight
controls.
Aforementioned study as well as result o f the present study

concludes that severity o f obese in subjects lead towards the inferiority in their
psychological health. Thus the considered alternative hypothesis in this regard
has proven true and hence accepted here.
Emotional/Psychological Distress and Interaction Effect
Hypothesis o)
and level o f obesity on emotional and psychological distress among obesity
patients.
149
Table 4.25: F Value for Interaction Effect between Independent Variable on
Measure of Emotional and Psychological Distress (CMI-ED)
Interaction F value
Gender * Level of obesity 0.06NS
** Significant at .01 level, * significant at 05 level and NS Not significant
The above result table shows the computed F values for interaction between gender
and level of obesity on measure of psychological distress (CMI) of the subjects. It is
evident from the result that the computed F value for this interaction is not found to
be significant, which revealed that male and female subject do not differ
significantly on their psychological distress m relation to their level of obesity.
Though obtained results indicate that gender and obesity, when considered
separately for psychological distress among obese, were found to be significantly
profound (Result table 4.22), but in case of their mutual influence on psychological
distress, increased level of obesity led to emotional distress regardless to obese
gender difference.
In line with the present findings, Bookwala & Boyar (2008) reported, women who
were overweight and obese had lower psychological well-being scores when
compared to those in the normal BMI group. Among men, there was no difference
found between BMI and psychological well-being scores. Overall, this study in
dicated that gender was a moderator in the relationship between BMI and well
being. In same line Linda M. Delahanty and all (1992) determined psychological
and behavioral correlates of baseline BMI in their study and revealed that higher
BMI correlated with more frequent weight cycling (r = 0.50, P< 0.0001) and efforts
at weight loss (r = 0.34, P< 0.0001); younger age when first overweight (r = -0.42,
P< 0.0001); lower exercise efficacy (r = -0.15, P = 0.015); lower weight loss
efficacy (r = -0.21, P< 0.001); a less advanced stage of change for weight loss (r =
-0.12, P = 0.04); more perceived stress (r = 0.14, P = 0.02); emotional eating (r =
0.19, P = 0.001); poor dietary restraint (r = -0.14, P = 0.02); binge eating frequency
150
(r = 0.18. P = 0.004) and severity (r = 0.30, P< 0.0001); feeling deprived, angry, or
upset while dieting (r = 0.27, P < 0.0001); and food cravings while dieting (r = 0.31,
P< 0.0001). Correlations did not differ as a function o f sex; however, correlations of
BMI with anxiety and low-fat diet and weight loss self-efficacy differed as a
function of ethnicity.
Present result was also indirectly supported by the study o f Kolotkm, R. L., Head,
S., Hamilton, M., Tse, C. K. (1995). They reported in their study that BMI was not
related to the impact of weight on psychological measures in women, but not in
men, which was substantial even m those with low BMI.
Obtained results in the present study prove that the null hypothesis has been
accepted.
151
Part 2 (Correlation Analysis)
Quality of Life
• Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being.
• Quality of Life and Sexual Satisfaction.
• Quality of Life and Health (physical, emotional and
psychological distress)
• Subjective Well-Being and Sexual Satisfaction.
• Subjective Well-Being and Health (physical, emotional and
psychological distress)
Sexual Satisfaction
• Sexual Satisfaction and Physical Distress
• Sexual Satisfaction and Emotional and Psychological Distress
152
Obesity and excess body weight problems have emerged as the most senous public
health challenges o f the 21st century for the modem world. Ample evidence
suggests that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing across the
continents at an alarming rate. Today obesity is a grave health problem not only for
the developed countries but for the developing countries as well.
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions the world over. Undoubtedly, it is a major
contributor to the global burden of chronic diseases and disabilities. Obesity is a
complex condition that affects all age groups and hence it has wide-spread social
and psychological dimensions. Obesity has been associated with an array of
domains, including self-esteem, physical functioning, sexual functioning, quality of
life, well-bemgness, public distress etc. It may also lead to social disabilities and
unhappiness and may further induce, stress and even mental illness. It is a pity that
the dire health consequences of obesity often surface at a later stage.
In a study by Linda M. Delahanty et al (1992), many psychological and behavioral

factors were found to be associated with higher BMI group in men and women. A
recent review by Wardle and Cooke [2005] included 53 studies examining the
relationship between different psychosocial factors among obese distinguishing
clinical and community samples and found these results inconclusive at best. As the
direction of the relationship among different psychological correlations among
obese are varied and certainly remains unclear. The present research explore the
correlation between psychological variables namely Quality of Life, Subjective
Well-Being, Sexual Satisfaction, and Health (Physical Distress and Emotional and
Psychological Distress) among obese.
Quality o f Life
Quality of life has become a buzz word in medicine and psychology. The term is
used to describe events that range from satisfaction with one’s work or leisure
activities to the physical and economic burden imposed by specific illnesses (Gladis
MM, Gosch EA, Dishuk NM, Cnts-Chnstoph P;1996).
153
Quality of life of patients with different diseases has attracted an array of research
studies in last few decades. A dramatic rise in the global prevalence of obesity has
surged an interest in the health and quality of life consequences of obesity. The
potential adverse effects of obesity on quality of life have come to light. Research
suggests that the obese persons have significant impairments in quality of life; the
higher the degree of obesity, the more could be the impairment.
With this background, the present review focuses on correlation of quality of life
with various psychological concept like subjective well-being, sexual satisfaction as
well as with health in terms of physical and psychological distress among obese.
Hypothesis p)
Quality o f Life will be significantly correlated with -

■ Subjective Well-Being
■ Sexual Satisfaction
■ Health
y Physical Distress
y Emotional and psychological distress
154
Table 4.26: Correlation Coefficient between Quality of Life and Various
Variables
Variable N Df Correlation Critical Significance
Coefficient (r) Value of r Level
Subjective Well- 180 178 .226 .181 P<0.01

Being
Sexual satisfaction 180 178 .230 .181 P<0.01
Health
Physical Distress 180 178 -.261 .181 P<0.01
Emotional Distress 180 178 -.374 .181 P<0.01
** significant at 01 level, * significant a t . 05 level and NS Not significant
Result table 4.26 shows the correlation coefficient of quality of life with Subjective
Well-Being, Sexual Satisfaction, Physical Distress and with Emotional and
psychological distress among obese which indicates that quality o f life of obese is
significantly and positively correlated with their sense of subjective well-being and
sexual satisfaction whereas with physical and emotional distress the computed
correlation coefficient was found to be significant but negatively correlated. Further
m regard to the association between quality of life and physical and emotional
distress it was further worth to note that though magnitude of correlational strength
is moderate for physical and emotional distress but compared to physical distress
with emotional distress, the magnitude of correlation was found to be highly
155
negative which revealed that poorer quality o f life diminished psychological health
more than physical health among obese.
It is well known that obesity may impact important aspects of an individual’s psyche
such as quality of life, physical health and emotional health, well-being, sexual
functions and psychosocial functioning (Kawachi I; 1999). Pertaining to the
aforesaid the relationship o f quality of life with other psyche domains can be best
expressed m view of Katschnig (1997) who has aptly conveyed the breadth of this
construct, defining quality of life as a “loosely related body of work on
psychological well-being, social and emotional functioning, health status, functional
performance, life satisfaction, social support and standard o f living, whereby
normative, objective, and subjective indicators of physical, social and emotional
functioning are all used.”
Relationship between quality of life and subjective well-being has been found to be
significant m the present study also somewhat supported by the study of Timothy P.
Daaleman, Bruce B. Frey, Dennis Wallace, Stephanie A. Studenski (2002) in which
they unveiled the Subjective well-being had significant and expected correlations
with other quality of life measures.
With regard to relationship between quality o f life and sexual satisfaction among
obese as also observed in the present findings, it can be observed that good sexual
satisfaction or experiences were found to be part of satisfying relationships, which m
turn, enhanced the overall quality of life. Consistently based on the results of large-
scale survey studies Raymond C Rosen, Gloria A Bachmann (2008) reported that
there is evidence of an association between sexual activity and satisfaction, on the
one hand, and aspects o f emotional well-being, partner satisfaction, and overall
quality o f life on the other. Although the nature o f the casual relationship is unclear,
women with more active and satisfymg sexual relationships report consistently
higher ratings of emotional well-being. This heightened sense of well-being
potentially contributes to improved subjective health and other positive outcomes.
Similarly Laumann et al., 1999 revealed m their study that among men, low sexual
satisfaction or desire are associated with decreased quality of life.
156
Apart from these aforementioned association of quality of life with subjective well
being and sexual satisfaction, health domains are also considered prominent as in
recent years, the terms quality of life is more specifically considered m terms of
health-related quality o f life (HRQOL) which have been used to refer to the
“physical, psychological, and social domains of health, seen as distinct areas that are
influenced by a person’s experiences, beliefs, expectation, and perceptions”. The
present finding support this relationship as the correlation coefficient was found to
be significant. The present finding also a bit supported by the study of Mathias,
Susan D.; Williamson, Cynthia L.; Colwell, Hilary H.; Cistemas, Miriam G.; Pasta,
David J.; Stolshek, Bradley S.; Patrick, Donald L.(1997) where they assessed a new
health-related quahty-of-life (HRQOL) measure containing global and obesity-
specific domains and an obesity-specific health state preference (HSP) assessment
and revealed that normal weight individuals reported statistically significantly better
functioning and well-being on the majority o f the HRQOL scales and HSP than
obese individuals. Likewise in study of Pahnkas, L. A., Wmgard, D. L., Barrett-
Connor, E. (1996), BMI (along with the presence of pam, age, and gender) was
found to be a predictor o f impaired quality of life with respect to physical domains
of the SF-36 but not predictive of decrements m the Mental Component of health-
related quality of life.
Eventually the obtained result support the considered hypothesis

regarding relationship o f quality o f life in the following domains, hence
accepted here -
■ Subjective Well-Being
■ Sexual Satisfaction
• Health
> Physical Distress
> Emotional and psychological distress
157
Well-being of individuals is now considered fundamental to the understanding of

individual and group behaviour (Shen & Lai, 1998) as a strong sense of well-being
may indicate an individual’s perception of his mastery over life’s challenges. This is
reflected m the marked increase in well-being assessments in both clinical research
and practice (Holcik & Koupilova, 1999). Psychological well-being is essentially a
subjective construct, and people appear to derive an assessment of their own well
being using both extemal(social and environmental) as well as internal (personal)
indicators. Diener (1998) has contended that well-being is related to inherited
temperament in addition to factors such as person-environment fit, self-esteem, life
tasks and goals and the sense of agency in the realisation of these goals.
Hypothesis q)
Subjective Well-Being will be significantly correlated with-

* Sexual Satisfaction
■ Health
> Physical Distress
158
Table 4.27: Correlation Coefficient between Subjective Well-Being and Various
Variables
Variable N df Correlation Critical Significance

Coefficient (r) Value of r Level
Sexual 180 178 .236 .181 P<0.01

Satisfaction
Health
Physical 180 178 -.488 .181 P<0.01

Distress
Emotional 180 178 -.430 .181 P<0.01

Distress
** significant at .01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant
As illustrated in above result table 4.27 the score on the measure of Subjective Well-
Being (SUBI) has been found significantly correlated with sexual satisfaction as
well as with health in terms of physical and emotional distress among obese. More
specifically, regarding the direction of correlation as assumed the sense of subjective
well-being of obese was found to be significantly and positively correlated with their
sexual satisfaction (r = .236) . When health is considered their sense of subjective
well-being with physical distress (r = -488) and emotional distress (r = -430) it was
found to be significantly and negatively correlated Although these correlation were
found to be mild to moderate in strength but as they were found to be significant, it
reflected the correlation of subjective well-being with sexuality and health.
159
Subjective well-being can be defined as, “how people evaluate their lives, and
includes variables such as life satisfaction...lack of depression and anxiety, and
positive moods and emotions” (Diener, Suh, & Oishi, 1997). It is intuitive that
subjective well-being itself influences as well as accompanied with numerous other
aspects of life, both in the short and in the long run.
In the field of sexuality, there is paucity of research focusing on subjective well

being. As Psychological well-being and the degree of satisfaction with sexual life
are likely to affect a range of social behaviours it is important to understand the
existing relationship between them. The extent to which low sexual satisfaction m a
person impacts on his well-being remains uncertain. The present study revealed that
good sense of subjective well-being increases greater satisfaction m sexual life
among obese or vice versa. This result was also supported by the study of Davison
SL, Bell RJ, LaChma M, Holden SL, and Davis SR (2009) in which they explored
the relationship between well-being and self-perceived satisfaction with sexual
function. Overall consistent with present finding which also support the previous
studies it can be concluded that obese as having sexual dissatisfaction, have lower
subjective well-being.
Apart from sexuality, the obtained correlation coefficient o f subjective well-being

with physical and emotional distress, were found to be significantly and inversely
correlated which lead to the conclusion that increase sense of subjective well-being
drops both physical and emotional distress among obese or in other words among
obese higher level of physical and psychological distress bring impairment in their
sense of subjective well-being. The present results regarding relation between well
being and health, there is consent that a diminished sense of physical and emotional
well-being may contribute to poorer health status by affecting health behaviour and
lifestyle (Steptoe & Wardle, 2001). This suggests that health and psychological
well-being are intimately related (Alexandrer & French, 2001). In similar
perspective G. Hutchinson, D.T. Simeon, B.C. Bam, G.E. Wyatt, M.B. Tucker &E.
Lefranc (2004) identified the variables which best predicted psychological well
being concluded that health variables are more important for psychological well
being while social circumstances are more significant for satisfaction with life.
160
Likewise Alex Zautra and Ann Hempel (1984) reviewed the findings of eighty-one
studies that have tested the relationship between health status and subjective well
being and found an association between health and well-being, although the source
and extent of that relationship could not be clearly delineated which was attributed
on the numerous measurement problems and methodological inconsistencies found
among the studies.
Finally the present findings confirm the considered hypothesis regarding

relationship o f subjective well-being with following domains, hence
accepted here -
■ Sexual Satisfaction.
■ Health
> Physical Distress
Sexual Satisfaction
Until recently, the study of sexual satisfaction was quite limited and hampered by
poor conceptualization of the construct (Lawrance & Byers, 1992). Sexual
satisfaction is not simply defined by physical pleasure, nor is it simply the absence
of problems, disorders or dissatisfaction (Byers, 1999; MacNeil & Byers, 1997).
Instead, sexual satisfaction encompasses the overall feeling with which we are left
after considering the positive and negative aspects (or sexual rewards and costs) of
our sexual relationship (MacNeil & Byers, 1997). Sexual satisfaction is
multidimensional involvmg thoughts, feelings, personal and socio-cultural attitudes
and beliefs and biological factors (Gil, 2007).
Hypothesis r)
Sexual Satisfaction will be significantly correlated with -
» Health
> Physical Distress
161
Table 4.28: Correlation Coefficient between Sexual Satisfaction and Health
Variable N df Correlation Critical Value Significance

Coefficient (r) of r Level
Health
Physical 180 178 -.342 .181 P<0.01

Distress
Emotional 180 178 -.233 .181 P<0,01

Distress
** significant a t .01 le vel, * significant a t . 05 level and NS Not significant
Result table 4.28 exhibits that there is existence of significant and negative
correlations of sexual satisfaction with physical and emotional distress of obesity
patients i.e. r = -.342 and r = -.233 respectively. As the correlation was found to be
negative in direction it indicates that when patient of obesity reported satisfaction in
their sexual life they simultaneously reporting less distress related to their physical
and emotional health.
Sexual satisfaction, a multidimensional construct encompassing the positive and

negative aspects o f a sexual relationship, is an important part o f sexual health and
one component of sexuality (Gil, 2007; MacNeil & Byers, 1997).
Sexuality is an integral part of being human as it is present across the entire life
span, and fulfills a number of personal and social needs (Satcher, 2001). Sexuality
encompasses more than sexual behaviour and is connected with physical, spiritual
and mental health. It is now increasingly recognized that sexual health is important
to overall good health and well-being as sexual problems negatively impact overall
health (Bridges, Lease & Ellison, 2004; Laumann et al., 2006). As low sexual
162
satisfaction can impact other areas of sexual function and contribute to numerous
health related disorders and problems, it is considered as a common outcome
measures in studies of health and well-being. However, confusion remains as to if
and how the two constructs are related. While many researchers have conceptualized
satisfaction and distress as polar opposites, with a lack of satisfaction indicating high
distress and vice versa, there is a growing movement to view satisfaction and
distress as relatively independent factors and measure them accordingly.
Similar to present finding Kyle R. Stephenson, BS, and Cindy M. Meston (2010)
assessed the level of independence between sexual satisfaction and distress in
female clinical and non-ehnical samples and revealed that sexual satisfaction and
distress were generally closely and inversely related; however, distress was more
closely related to sexual functioning variables than was satisfaction in the clinical
sample, and satisfaction was more closely related to relational variables than was
distress in the non-clmical sample. In same line Eigrid Elsenbruch, Susanne Hahn,
Daniela Kowalsky, Alexandra h. Offner, Manfred Schedlowski, Klaus Mann, and
Onno E. Janssen(2003) studied obesity impact on health-related quality o f life and
sexuality and in result they found that the obesity patients showed greater
psychological disturbances on the symptom checklist revised dimensions, obsessive-
compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, aggression and
psychoticism along with a lower degree of life satisfaction in the life satisfaction
questionnaire scales of health, self and sex. In conclusion they reported obesity
causes a major reduction m the health related quality of life and severely limits
sexual satisfaction.
As the results prove the statistical significance o f the

negative relationship between sexual satisfaction and physical as well as
emotional among the obese, hence the considered hypothesis has been
proven and accepted here.
163

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CHAPTER - IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Parti ofresults (Analysis Of Variance)

Part II ofresults (CorrelationAnalysis)

Further, a number o f factors influence the relationships among obesity and

Experimental Groups Mean SD

A1B1 104.80 12.55

A1B2 103.07 10.07

A1B3 96.47 10.29

A2B1 108.37 11.73

A2B2 103.93 9.29

A2B3 101.73 5.84

A1B1 - Male patients with mild level o f obesity

A1B2 - Male patients with moderate level o f obesity’

A1B3 - Male patients with severe level o f obesity

A2B1 Female patients with mild level o f obesity

A2B2 - Female patients with moderate level o f obesity

A2B3 - Female patients with severe level o f obesity

A1B1 A1B2 A1B3 A2B1 A2B2 A2B3

Gender(A) 1 470.45 470.45 4.53*

Level of obesity (B) 2 1697.34 848.67 8.17**

A*B 2 147.70 73.85 0.71NS

Error 174 18068.83 103.84

Total 179 20384.33 113.88

** Significant a t. 01 level, * significant a t . 05 level and NS Not significant

As interaction between gender and level of obesity was found to be insignificant,

Gender Score on PGIQOLS F value

* * significant a t . 01 level, * significant a t . 05 level and NS Not significant

Quality of Life and Level of Obesity

Mod. Ob. Se. Ob.

Along the same lines, in study of Stacy A. Ogbeide, Christopher A. Neumann, C.

On the basis o f present result as well as consistent aforementioned studies

Quality of Life and Interaction Effect

Table 4.5: F value for interaction effect between independent variable on

Gender * Level o f obesity 0.71NS

** Significant at .01 level, * significant at .05 level and NS Not significant

Studies of clinical samples typically report poorer psychological well-being in

Table 4.6: Mean and SD for All Experimental Groups on M easure of

Experimental Groups Mean SD

A1B1 107.67 8.06

A1B2 98.53 10.81

A1B3 87.13 12.07

A2B1 102.17 7.39

A2B2 93.13 8.86

A2B3 87.33 10.96

AIBI - Male patients with mild level of obesity

AJB2 Male patients with moderate level o f obesity -

A1B3 - Male patients with severe level o f obesity

A2BI - Female patients with mild level o f obesity

A2B2 - Female patients with moderate level o f obesity

A2B3 - Female patients with severe level o f obesity

Table 4.7: Summary of Analysis of Variance for Subjective Well-Being in 2X3

A( Gender) 1 572.45 572.45 5.91*

B (Level of obesity) 2 9383.34 4691.67 48.45**

A*B 2 319.30 159.65 1.65NS

E rro r 174 16847.90 96.83

Total 179 27122.99 151.53

** significant a t . 01 level, * significant a t. 05 level and NS Not significant

• There is a significant difference among all three groups of obesity patients in

Gender Score on SUBI F value

In respect of gender role in ones’ sense of subjective well-beingness, the finding of

As the present study found significant role o f gender on subjective well­

As the present study found significant role o f gender on subjective well