Basic Mathematics

LECTURE 1
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JEELIVE
Basic Mathematics
 Basic Mathematics

ARISTOTLE GALILEO
Why Mathematics?
At a very early stage in the Evolution of Physics, there were 2 kinds of Scientists

GALILEO
ARISTOTLE

One who assembled the

observations into a coherent
One who described things
pattern, and carried out
quantitatively & whose
systematic quantitative
explanation of the laws of
(numerical) measurements to
nature, were dependent on
explain the laws of nature.
mere speculations
 ARISTOTLE
A falling object has a definite
‘natural falling speed’
proportional to its weight i.e.
a heavier object will fall at a
faster rate than a lighter
object
GALILEO
I say that the speed just keeps
on increasing, and weight is
irrelevant as long as air friction is
negligible.
And I will prove you wrong!
Galileo proved Aristotle WRONG by using Mathematics.

ARISTOTLE GALILEO
How did Galileo use Mathematics to prove Aristotle WRONG ?
 For a freely falling body, he had to show that for equal time
intervals, the distance travelled by the body kept on increasing.

It was very difficult to make sufficiently accurate time

measurements with primitive clocks

So how did Galileo perform the experiment?

 He let a ball roll down a slope instead of dropping it vertically.

Velocity increases more gradually on the gentle slope, but the

motion is otherwise the same as the motion of a falling object
 x
3x

t
5x
t

Galileo observed that the distance travelled by the object on the

incline plane in fixed interval of time is in the ratio of odd numbers.
 t

Even when he increased the steepness of the incline plane, the

ratio remained the same.
 t x

t 3x

t 5x

So he concluded that even for the free fall, the result would be
same
Distance travelled by a freely falling body, in fixed
interval of time, is in the ratio of odd numbers

x t Total distance travelled in

time;
t=x
3x t 2t = x + 3x = 4x
3t = x + 3x + 5x = 9x
5x t t →x
2t→4x
3t→9x
 x t
Distance ∝ (time)2
3x t x ∝ t2
x = 5t2
5x t
The constant was experimentally found out to be ∼ 5
 x t

x = 5t2

So, Galileo found a formula which can give us the

distance travelled by a freely falling body in any time t,
if its released from rest
When he proved that for an object falling freely under gravity, the speed
increases continuously, he defined average speed
What if we consider a time interval Δt. How will you write average
speed if the distance covered is Δx?

x t

Δx Δt
 Now lets us say in further time Δt
the object travels a further distance Δx
Formula to find average speed between time t and t + Δt

Δx
vavg =
x t x = 5t2 x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)2
Δt
A

Δx Δt

B
Formula to find average speed between time t and t + Δt

x = 5t2

x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)2
x t
x = 5t2
x + Δx = 5t2 + 5(Δt)2 + 5(2tΔt)
A

Δx Δt Δx = 5(Δt)2 + 10t Δt

B Δx = Δt(5Δt + 10t)

Δx
= (5Δt + 10t)
Δt

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

Formula to find average speed between time t and t + Δt

vavg Δx
= Δt
x t x = 5t2
A
vavg = 5Δt + 10t
Δx Δt

B
Example What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 3s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 1s

vavg= 5(1) + 10(2)

vavg= 25
Example What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 2.5s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 0.5s

vavg= 5(0.5) + 10(2)

vavg= 22.5
Example What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 2.1s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt =
0.1s
vavg= 5(0.1) + 10(2)

vavg= 20.5
Example What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 2.001s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 0.001s

vavg= 5(0.001) + 10(2)

vavg= 20.005
Example What will be the value if we decrease the interval further?

Time Interval Average Speed

2-3 25
2-2.5 22.5
2-2.1 20.5
2-2.001 20.005
So if we decrease the region AB, by bringing B towards A, instead
of average between A and B, we get the instantaneous speed at
A
x = 5t2
Δx
vavg = = 5(Δt) + 10t
Δt

x t

A
Δx tends
to 0 We write them
tends
Δx Δt Δt to
0
as dx and dt
B

dx
vinst = = 10t
dt
 x = 5t2

gives the distance travelled in time t

x t
dx
vinst = = 10t
dt
A gives the speed at any time
t

As we have found speed is proportional to time , this is how

Galileo prove Aristotle WRONG. What we did here is basically
differentiation, which is a very important tool in mathematics
 x t

Δx Δt

B
 x = 5t3
dx
What would be dt ?

x = 5t3
x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)3
x + Δx = 5t3 + 5(Δt)3 + 15(t + Δt)tΔt
Δx
= 5(Δt)2 + 15(t + Δt)t
Δt

dx (by putting Δt = 0)
= 15t2
dt
 x = 5t3
dx
What would be dt ?

x = 5t3
x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)3
x + Δx = 5t3 + 5(Δt)3 + 15(t + Δt)tΔt
Δx
= 5(Δt)2 + 15(t + Δt)t
Δt

dx = 15t2 (by putting Δt = 0)

dt
 If x = tn

dx
= nt
n–1

dt

So instead of doing it by the ‘first principle method’, we can develop a

formula
Mathematically,

It is the speed, OR rate of change of distance x, with respect to time t

dy/dx is the rate of change of y w.r.t. x

Example Differentiate the following.
if y = x2 if y = x–2
dy/dx = ? dy/dx = ?

If y = xn
dy
if y = x1/2 = nxn–1 if y = x
dx
dy/dx = ? dy/dx = ?
Solution Differentiate the following.

if y = x2 if y = x–2
dy/dx = ? dy/dx = ?

If y = xn
dy
if y = x1/2 = nxn–1
dx if y = x
dy/dx = ?
dy/dx = ?
Example
Find if

A
(a) 2 3x
2 (b) 1
x 4x
3
B 1
(c) 2 3x2
C
x 4x3
(d) None of these
D None of these
Example
Find if

x2 x3
y=
x4 INCORRECT
dy 2x 3x3
dx 4x3

We need to convert the expression

in xn format before we can use the
formula
 xaxb = xa + b
x2 x3 x5 xa
y= = =x = xa –
x4 x4 xb b
y=x (xa)b = xab
dy √ x = x1/
dx = 1x = 1 CORRECT
0
n 2
√ x = x1/n
1 = –a
x
xa
Example 1
Find yif=
x2
1
(a 2 (b) –
) Ax 2x
3

(c B2 (d
2x
) x ) 3

D
Example
Find if y = 12
x
1
y=
x2
d 1 INCORREC
= 2
yd T
x x
1
y= = x–2
x 2

d – CORREC
= –2x–3=
d
y 2x T
x 3
 if y = xn
dy
dx = nx
n–1

Just like the above formula,

There are many other formulas that can be used
to differentiate trigonometric, logarithmic, and
exponential functions
Example What is the rule for differentiation for constant ?

Rule 1
If we differentiate a constant, the result is zero
y=4
dy
= 0
dx
But, if constant is multiplied to the
function, it remains as it is
y = 4x3
dy
= 4( 3x2 )
dx
dy
= 12x2
dx
Example What is the rule for differentiation for addition and subtraction ?

Rule 2

If we have an expression where several terms are added or

subtracted, we can differentiate them separately

(i) y = x2 + x3
dy
dx
= 2x + 3x2

y = 12 = x–2
x
(ii) y = x2 + 1
x2
dy –2
dx
= 2x +
x3
Example Differentiate the following.

y= 3x2 – sinx
y = 3x2 – sinx
(a)A. 2x – cosx (b)
B. 6x + cosx
C. 6x – cosx
(c)D. 2x+ cosx (d)
Example Differentiate the following.

y = 4ex – ln x
4

1 1
(a) 4ex – 4x (b) 4ex +
A 4x

B (c) 4ex – 1 (d) 1

ex –
x 4x
C

D
Example Differentiate the following.

2 x
y= x
+
2

A 1
2x–2 +
2
1
B –2x2 +
2
1
C –2x–2 +
2
1
D –2x–2 -
2
 (i) y = 3x2 – sinx
dy
= 6x – cosx
dx
ln x
(ii) y = 4ex –
4
dy 1
= 4ex–
dx 4x
2 x
(iii) y = x +
2
1
y = 2x–1 + x
2
dy 1
= –2x–2+
dx 2

If we have to differentiate y = x2x3

we can use identities to get one single term y = x5; and then differentiate
 11th Grade
Monday
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Chemistry 8 PM
Mathematics 9 PM
 12th Grade
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Chemistry 8 PM
Mathematics 9 PM