Vocabulary: Ceiling Cheers! Flour

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VOCABULARY
Ceiling The surface above one's head in a room.
E.g.: There is a light hanging from the ceiling.
Cheers! Used when celebrating.
People put their glasses together and say' Cheers!'.
Flour A white powder.
It comes from wheat.
We use it to make cakes and bread.
Generous To describe a person who gives time or money in an open way.
Intersection A section of road where two or more roads join or intersect.
Light bulb The small, glass object that gives us light when it is connected to
electricity.
Line To wait with other people who want the same as you.
People stand one behind another.
Not yet To say that something which is expected to happen, hasn't
happened.
E.g.: Have you finished the project? Not yet. I think I'll be
finished soon though.
Passive form This is a grammatical structure that makes the object of an
action the subject. It is formed by the verb "to be + past
participle." Example of a passive sentence: The house was built
in 1923 by Mr. Smith. The active form of this sentence would be:
Mr. Smith built the house in 1923.
Spider An eight legged arachnid.
There are house spiders and poisonous spiders.
Talkative Someone who talks a lot.
The way of life The style or manner in which people live.
To bake To cook in the oven without oil.
E.g.: I bake a lot of cakes.
To boil To cook something in boiling water.
To fix To repair something that is broken.
To fry To cook something in very hot oil.
To grill To cook food using high heat on either a stove or a barbecue.
To iron To remove the folds or creases in clothes after washing or
storing.
To learn by heart To memorize.
To owe To need to pay money to a bank or individual because it was
borrowed from them.
E.g.: I owe you ten dollars for the theater ticket.
To roast To cook in an oven using oil.
To sweep To use a brush to clean the floor.

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To taste To put something in one's mouth in order to decide if we like it or


not.
Wall The vertical parts of a building that separate rooms.
E.g.: I have paintings on my walls.

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

The light bulb has gone out.


He is a very generous man.
This is a long line.
Be careful with the spider. Don't hurt it!
Can you pass me the flour for the cake?
He baked himself a pie for lunch and ate it alone.
He's waiting for the water to boil before he adds the potatoes.
Frying potatoes isn't very healthy, but they taste great.
He's using the new grill for the first time so he's being very careful not to burn the dinner.
The recipe said to roast it for 40 minutes, but it looks ready now after 30.
Some crossroads are very dangerous due to the lack of visibility.
He is very good in fixing things, and that is very useful for me because I always break
things.
While I iron, my husband cleans the house.
My boyfriend likes to sweep, he says it's relaxing, so I let him.
We both agree that we want to paint the wall a different color.
In the passive form we make the object of an action the subject.

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SENTENCES

Now?
No, not yet.
You owe me four dollars.
She is a talkative woman.
She is always talking.
Do you like this ceiling?
The soup tastes delicious.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: COOKING

Norman is frying a potato.


Norman is baking a potato.
Norman is roasting a potato.
Norman is boiling a potato.
Norman is grilling a potato.

USEFUL PHRASES

Thanks. I owe you one.


That's alright.
Cheers!
Cheers, buddy.
A lawyer must learn the law by heart.
Western way of life is different from Eastern way of life.
You must understand it.
You must not learn it by heart.

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SHOWROOM: PREPOSITIONS - PREPOSITIONS: IN, AT, ON I

She is in the living room watching television.


I'm at the end of the line.
We're on the roof.
The fish is in the aquarium.
The fish is on the table.

SHOWROOM: PREPOSITIONS - PREPOSITIONS: IN, AT, ON II

There is a gas station at the intersection.


He is in the forest.
We went shopping in town.
Look, a spider on the ceiling.
We are at the bus stop.

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GRAMMAR

The Passive
Hay dos formas de expresar una acción desde el punto de vista de la voz.
1. Voz activa
2. Voz pasiva
En el primer caso se le da más importancia al sujeto.
Shakespeare wrote this tragedy.
Shakespeare escribió esta tragedia.
En el segundo caso se da más importancia al objeto, bien porque el sujeto es desconocido o
bien porque no es relevante en ese momento.
My watch was stolen.
Mi reloj fue robado.
Para ver la explicación del uso y forma de la pasiva, comenzaremos con un ejemplo:
John opened the letter.
The letter was opened by John.
Esta transformación implica los siguientes cambios:
1. El nombre o sintagma que en la frase en activa funcionaba como complemento directo, pasa
a funcionar en la frase pasiva como sujeto:
Roger builds the houses

The houses are built by Roger.


2. La forma verbal de la frase activa es sustituida por la forma apropiada del verbo “to be” en
la forma correspondiente más el participio del verbo que se ha usado en la activa:
Roger builds the houses.

The houses are built by Roger.


3. El nombre o sintagma que en la oración en activa funcionaba como sujeto pasa a ser un
agente en la frase pasiva introducido por “by”:
Roger builds the houses.

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The houses are built by Roger.


El proceso llevado a cabo en la transformación de activa a pasiva se podría representar de
este modo:
Sujeto + verbo en activa + objeto
Sujeto + verbo en pasiva (be + participio)
+ agente
El agente sólo se expresa cuando es importante quién o qué ha hecho algo.
El verbo en pasiva se construye poniendo el verbo “to be” en el tiempo en que el verbo estaba
en la oración activa + el participio del verbo utilizado en la frase activa.
build is built
eat is eaten
built was built (pasado del verbo “to be” (was) + el participio del
verbo)
have built have been built (presente perfecto del “to be” + participio)
was building was being built (pasado continuo del “to be” + participio)
etc...

Comparatives
El comparativo se utiliza para hablar de una cosa en relación a otra. En español, cuando
queremos decir que algo o alguien es más grande, alto, bajo, inteligente, interesante, etc., que
otra cosa o persona, utilizamos el adverbio más seguido del adjetivo + que.
En inglés es muy similar, pero tenemos que distinguir entre comparativos con adjetivos cortos
y con adjetivos largos.
1.- Para hacer el comparativo con adjetivos de una o dos sílabas (cortos), se añade al adjetivo
el sufijo “-er”, seguido de la conjunción than en caso de que sea necesario.
slow + -er slower (más lento)
This car is slower than my car.
Este coche es más lento que mi coche.
Si el adjetivo acaba en “-y”, la “-y” cambia a “i” y se añade “-er”:
happy happier
heavy heavier

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early earlier
I am happier than you.
Yo estoy más feliz que tú.
Si el adjetivo acaba en consonante más vocal más consonante y la vocal está acentuada, la
última consonante se dobla (con la excepción de palabras que terminan en “w”):
hot ho tter
big bigger
thin thinner
P. ej.: That house is bigger than your house.
Esa casa es más grande que tu casa.
Comparativos irregulares:
good better
bad worse
far farther / further
little less
2.- Para hacer el comparativo con adjetivos de más de dos sílabas (largos), la estructura es
similar al español, ya que sería more + adjetivo + than (en caso de que sea necesario).
more + adjetivo + (than)
difficult more difficult (más difícil)
dangerous more dangerous (más peligroso)
beautiful more beautiful (más bella, más guapa)
Anna is more beautiful than Jane.
Anna es más guapa que Jane.
This exercise is more difficult.
Este ejercicio es más difícil.
Hasta ahora hemos tratado el comparativo de superioridad, pero también existe el
comparativo de inferioridad que, en español, se traduce por “menos + adjetivo + que”.
En inglés, la forma de construir este tipo de comparativo es muy similar, ya que no tenemos
que hacer distinción entre adjetivos cortos y largos.
less + adjetivo + than
Esta forma de comparación puede ser utilizada como alternativa al comparativo de

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superioridad, ya que se puede decir:


Ella es más alta que yo.
She is taller than me.
y
Yo soy menos alta que ella.
I am less tall than her.

Superlatives
El superlativo se usa para comparar un miembro de un grupo con el resto del grupo
(incluyéndolo a él). Expresa el grado más alto del adjetivo.
En cuanto a su forma, diremos que ocurre lo mismo que con el comparativo de superioridad
(más ... que), ya que dependerá del número de sílabas que tenga el adjetivo.
1. Con adjetivos largos (tres sílabas o más):
The most + adjetivo largo
El más + adjetivo
beautiful the most beautiful
el más hermoso
careful the most careful
el más cuidadoso
exotic the most exotic
el más exótico
She is the most beautiful girl in the class.
This the most exotic place in the world.
2. Con adjetivos cortos (de una sílaba y alguno de dos):
The + adjetivo corto + -est
tall the tallest
el más alto
long the longest
el más largo
short the shortest
el más corto

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This is the longest river in America.


Anna is the tallest girl in the class.
3. Los adjetivos de dos sílabas o menos que funcionan como cortos son los que acaban en -y, -
er, -le, -ow:
happy the happiest
el mas feliz
tender the tenderest
el más tierno
narrow the narrowest
el más estrecho
humble the humblest
el más humilde
Debemos prestar atención a la preposición que se usa en este tipo de frases cuando se dice:
“del mundo, de la clase, de mi vida,...”, ya que en inglés siempre se pone “in”:
She is the tallest girl in my class.
Es la chica más alta de mi clase.
This is the happiest moment in my life.
Es el momento más feliz de mi vida.
Superlativos irregulares:
bad the worst
good the best
far the farthest / furthest
little the least
many / much the most

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Preposiciones: in, at, on


a) In: Se usa para hablar de una cosa dentro de un espacio cerrado o contenedor.
I am in the kitchen.
(dentro del espacio de la cocina)

b) At: Normalmente se usa para hablar de un punto de referencia en el espacio.


She is at the bus stop.
(en un punto de la calle donde viene el autobús)
Compara In / At:
We’ll meet in the shop.
Nos vemos en la tienda, dentro.
We’ll meet at the shop.
Nos vemos en la tienda, antes de entrar en la puerta.

c) On: Se usa para hablar de algo encima de una superficie.


The book is on the table.

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