INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND ACTIVITY:

PREDICTORS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

IN TRECE MARTIRES CITY(2001-2007) AS
PERCEIVED BY ITS CITIZENS.

MEL REDEN B. GONZALES

A thesis manuscript presented to the faculty of Department of Social Science and

Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences in Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite as a
partial fulfillment for the requirements for graduation with the degree of Bachelor of Arts
in Political Science with Contribution No. _____ prepared under the supervision of Mr.
Fiel Aldous A. Evidente.

INTRODUCTION

There is a big difference between urban and rural areas when it comes to

infrastructures. Because urban areas are already developed, it is more progressive rather

then rural areas. The facilities in urban areas are more improved.

This rural-urban divide is exhibited when people from rural areas go to urban

areas just to buy supplies from the market because their markets are not well maintained.

Likewise, players from rural areas are going to urban areas just to play basketball. People

tend to migrate to urban areas because the facilities there are properly maintained and the

ways of living are more organized.

Infrastructure development is the enhancement and improvement of facilities

within a particular place. It is the development of essential public infrastructures. This is

the important ingredient to sustain economic growth and poverty reduction. According to

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the City Planning and Development Office, it can be measured by comparing the data of

the current year to the data of the previous years to which the comparison is made.

Infrastructure development creates a lasting impact in the nation’s economy. It

makes one place attractive. If infrastructure projects are well-maintained, tourists will go

there and probably they will come back if they will choose the place as the best and they

will stay there forever.

The advances in infrastructure development creates a viable environment for

social development, economic development and proper environmental management.

Social development is promoted by the establishment and rehabilitation of

productivity enhancement centers for out-of-school youth, women, min ors, displaced

families, indigenous people, differently abled persons and older persons. Construction

and rehabilitation of health centers, rural health units or hospitals and purchase of

medical equipment and local government-owned potable water supply system are some

infrastructure development programs that lead to social development. Other infrastructure

works concerned with the propagation of social development include installation of street

lighting systems and preservation of cultural and historic sites.

Economic development is pursued when the implementation of a livelihood

entrepreneurship development programs and projects are prioritized. Construction and

rehabilitation of a communal irrigation or water impounding system and purchase of

post-harvest facilities such as farm or hand tractor with trailer, thresher, mechanical drier

and the like; farm to market roads and local roads or bridges lead to economic

development.

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 The development of infrastructures also translate to proper environmental

management. The construction and rehabilitation of sanitary landfill or controlled

dumpsite, community reforestation or urban green projects, flood control programs or

projects such as de-clogging of canals and desalting of rivers are programs that exhibit a

wise management of the environment. They promote good air and water quality, as well

as productivity of coastal and freshwater habitat, agricultural and forest land.

One of the most pressing problems today in the Philippines particularly in Trece

Martires City is the lack of infrastructures. This is the face of one place when we are

looking to its progression. It is all about the roads, bridges, buildings and other business

establishments holds by the government.

Construction and maintenance of roads, school buildings, bridges and other

infrastructure projects must efficiently and effectively implemented. The city government

must be able to perform its assigned tasks and responsibilities in the administration,

planning, programming and maintenance of roads and bridges.

Maintenance, repair, improvement and rehabilitation of city and barangay roads

should be accomplished including other government facilities like school buildings,

barangay health centers, daycare centers, waterworks systems and others.

Therefore, the city now will become more improve and progressive.Many

investors and businessman will come to transact some business. Visitors may desire to

achieve this kind of development. And so, they will be dreaming to become a permanent

resident of this city, the Trece Martires City.

The researcher chose to conduct his study in Trece Martires City because he can

really observe the development in the city. Trece Martires is the capital of the province of

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Cavite. Being its capital, it is the priority of the provincial government as well as the city

government to improved. It become a city on May 24, 1954 by the virtue of Republic Act

981 entitled “The Charter of Trece Martires City” approved into law by President Ramon

Magsaysay.

On the year 2001, Hon. Melencio L. de Sagun Jr. was the second elected Local

Chief Executive, whose vision is to transform the city not only as the City of Sampaguita

but also as a city with clean human resources by stopping illegal gambling. Being the

capital and located at the heart of the province, the city houses not only the provincial

government but also several national government agencies making the city the seat of

local and national and functioning as the administrative center of the province.

Statement of the Problem

This study will be conducted in order to determine the congruence of

infrastructure development policy and development activity in Trece Martires City.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are infrastructure development policies of Trece Martires City from

2001- 2007?;

2. What are infrastructure development activities implemented in Trece Martires

City from 2001-2007?;

3. Is there a match between infrastructure development policies and infrastructure

development activities implemented from 2001-2007?;

4. What are the perceived infrastructure development projects implemented by

Trece Martires City residents in terms of:

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 a. national roads

b. barangay roads

c. drainage systems

d. bridges

e. schools

f. hospitals

g. commercial parks

h. sport facilities

i. government offices; and

j. public markets.; and

5. What are the personal impact of the development activity to the

residents/respondents in terms of life improvement and satisfaction.

Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to determine the relation between

infrastructure development policies and development activities in Trece Martires City.

Specifically, the study is aiming to:

1. Determine the perceived infrastructure development policy of Trece Martires

City from 2001 – 2007;

2. Explore the perceived infrastructure development activity of Trece Martires

City from 2001 – 2007;

3. Assess similarities and/or between the development policy and development

activity of Trece Martires City from 2001 – 2007;

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 4. Find out the perceived infrastructure development by Trece Martires City

residents in terms of:

a. national roads

b. barangay roads

c. drainage systems

d. bridges

e. schools

f. hospitals

g. commercial parks

h. sport facilities

i. government offices; and

j. public markets.; and

5. To know the personal impact of the development activity to the

residents/respondents in terms of life improvement and satisfaction.

Significance of the Study

The study about the relation of the development policy and development acticity

of Trece Martires City will be helpful for the following sectors in the city.

The General Public for this study will provide information regarding the city

government’s performance of their duties and responsibilities, particularly in the field of

policy making and its processes.

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 The Economic Sector will be informed on the concentration of the development

policy and activity of Trece Martires City. A well-informed economic sector will

contribute more to economic development.

Other Local Government Units, since this study will tell them a lessons, that can

be learned in the experience of Trece Martires City in general and development policy

and activity in particular.

The Political Science Student for this study can give them information and

additional knowledge on Development. Moreover, it will contribute to their learning of

the Policy Process. This research study can be used as future reference of the students in

the field.

Scope and Limitations

The researcher’s study will focus on the infrastructure development policies and

activities of Trece Martires City and the perceived infrastructcre development by the city

residents from 2001-2007.

Infrastructure development policies and activities will be assessed and be matched

whether the infrastructure policies are indicators of the activities implements since 2001-

2007. For the survey method, the researcher chooses several households from the central

barangays of Trece Martires City to determine the perceived infrastructure development

in their places.

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Theoretical Framework

This study will use David Easton’s Model of Political System as its theoretical

framework. Easton’s model regarding the political environment is a step by step process

leading to decision making. These steps can be seen in his diagram of the political

system.

According to Knopf (1953), Easton’s behavioral approach to politics has five (5)

steps in order to reach the process of decision making. The first step is that the changes in

social and physical environment surrounding the political system produces demands and

supports for an action to the political system through political behavior. Second, this

demands and supporting groups will stimulate competition in the political system leading

to a decisions at some aspects of the environment surrounding it. The third step is when

the decision is made, actions will follow and produces changes in the environment.

Fourth step, when a new policy interacts the environment, it may generate a new

demands and supports that is against the policy and fifth is the group will generate a

feedback that lead to the first step. Easton’s model of political system is a never ending

story.

The researcher’s study about the relation between the development policies and

development activities can be related with Easton’s model of political system. The city

government through the demands and supports in the political environment which is the

Trece Martires will lead to a decision making of how the city will be developed. After

having a decision, they will formulate a policies and programs subject to the people of

Trece Martires. When this people satisfy about the development, they will give feedback

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the the city government. Through this, the city government will make another decision

making.

Conceptual Framework

Central Barangays of
Trece Martires City

Development
Development Activity
Policy

Perceived Infrastructure
Development

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Definition of Terms

An Assessment is the process of analyzing data of the current year of Trece

Martires City from its previous years to have a comparison.

Infrastructures are the projects in Trece Martires City that includes roads,

bridges, buildings and other services.

Developments are the growing economy of Trece Martires City in terms of

infrastructures and its continuous expansion.

Policies are the allocation of the priority programs, projects and activities

implemented with a purpose and determine the extent to which the purpose can be

achieved on the basis of available resources. It shall be formulated in order to provide a

guide for action, a broad operating statements that will guide management in achieving

expected results.

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 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and discusses literatures from articles, books and websites

written by the past and recent authors about public policy and its processes, infrastructure

development, David Easton’s Model of Political System and other related topics to the

study.

Development Policy

Development policy is the accomplishment of the planned targets and specific

objectives, formulated to provide much action. Policy decisions are the broad operating

statements that will guide management in achieving expected results. It also includes the

institutional and political mechanism to operationalize the program structure through an

authorized budget. The single most important component of the development policy is

the program structure which is composed of the activities and projects. The programs,

activities and projects is the last component that is prioritized, described and the cost,

source of fund, expected output, and implementing unit are identified.

A program is a major operation composed of projects and activities designed to

accomplish or implement a mandate, functions or ibjectives of an organization.

A project is a special undertakings within a program composed of activities,

which are carried out with in definite time frame and result in the accomplishment of an

identified output.

An activity is a work process, which contributes to the accomplishment of a

program or project. A sequence of actions done to implement the project.

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 There is a need to link all development policy composed of programs, projects

and activities from the barangay level to the regional level.

The participation of the private sector in local governance, particularly in the

delivery of basic service shall be encourage to ensure the viability of local autonomy as

alternative strategy to sustain development policy.

Public Policy

Public policy is whatever to do or not to do. Governments do many things. They

regulate conflicts within societies; they organized societies to carry on conflict with other

societies; they distribute a great variety of symbolic rewards and material services to

members of the society; and they extract money from the society, most often in the form

of taxes (Dye, 2002).

Public policies are developed by officials within institutions of government to

address public issues through the political process. When it comes to creating public

policy, policymakers are faced with two distinct situations. The first situation, and the

ideal one, is for policymakers to jointly identify a desirable future condition, and then

create policies and take actions to move toward that desired future state, monitoring

progress to allow for necessary adjustments. The alternative, and less desirable, situation

occurs when policymakers are unable to reach a consensus regarding a desirable future

condition. In this later instance, policymakers try instead to move away from present

situations judged as undesirable, even though no consensus exists about the preferred

alternative.

Public policies are those policies developed by governmental bodies and officials.

The special characteristic of public policy stem from the fact that they formulated by

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what David Easton has called authorities in the political system, namely elders,

paramount chiefs, executives, legislators, judges, administrators, councilors, monarchs

and the like. These are he says the persons who engage in the daily affairs of the political

system that are recognized by most members of the political system as having

responsibilities of these matters and take actions that are accepted as binding most of the

time by most of the members so long as they act within the limits of their roles

(Anderson, 1978).

Public policy is an attempt by the government to address a public issue. The

government, whether it is city, state, or federal, develops public policy in terms of laws,

regulations, decisions, and actions. There are three parts to public policy-making:

problems, players, and the policy (Venus, 2010).

David Easton’s Model of Political System

The researcher also uses the theory of David Easton in his study. His theory is a

step by step process before reaching the stage of decision-making.

Easton’s behavioral approach to politics has five (5) steps in order to reach the

process of decision making. The first step is that the changes in social and physical

environment surrounding the political system produces demands and supports for an

action to the political system through political behavior. Second, this demands and

supporting groups will stimulate competition in the political system leading to a decisions

at some aspects of the environment surrounding it. The third step is when the decision is

made, actions will follow and produces changes in the environment. Fourth step, when a

-new policy interacts the environment, it may generate a new demands and supports that

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is against the policy and fifth the group will generate a feedback that lead to the first step.

Easton’s model of political system is a never ending story (Knopf, 1953).

The Policy Process

Experts who study public policy have identified four main steps in the public

policy process. These steps include the identification of a problem, the formulation of a

policy change to solve the problem, the implementation of that policy change, and the

evaluation of whether the solution is working as desired. In this way, public policy

process can be seen as the steps a government takes to address a public problem

(Goodman, 2010).

The first step in the public policy process is the identification of a problem. Like

any situation we should identify first the problem before we act. It is important because

there are some instances that when we act without identifying the problem first, the

solution we made may not applicable to the problem. If this happen, it is a waste of time

and a waste of effort.

After that is the formulation of policy to solve a problem. In this step you already

identified the problem and making solutions to solve it. The solutions you made will

become a policy that everybody knows it will obey it.

Third is the implementation of policy. Implementation means that you are

executing something for a change. In this, we are executing solutions for a change,

solutions that will change the environment or solve the problem. Solution without

implementations is useless.

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 Lastly is the evaluation whether the solution is working as desired. It is normal to

us people that after our problems or any problems are solve, we are going back to the first

step checking whether the problem is solved and if we are satisfied to the outcome of the

solution. And the steps in solving it so that if the problem occurs again, we have no

longer difficulties in solving it.

Policy-Making

State-civil society civil interaction in policy-making does not occur in a vacuum.

In the Philippines, the current state and the quality of interaction can properly understood

and appreciated if viewed from the political and historical context of the post-Marcos

transition. In setting this period as the locus of current state-civil society relations, no

attempt to disregard politico-economic events and forces preceding the EDSA revolution

is made or intended. In particular, the role of various opposition groups, including armed

revolutionary forces, leading to the 1986 uprising cannot historically be discounted. Nor

the influence of transnational factors and power relations in the ensuing transition be

denied. But for the purpose of laying the context of present state-civil society relations

the EDSA revolution becomes pivotal in that in 1986 came the ouster of a dictator who

not only concentrated power in the executive but also effectively eliminated all

opportunities for genuine participation in governance.

The EDSA revolution thus marked the beginning of a democratic transition in the

country, a major feature of which is the opening of avenues for direct participation of

civil society, notably through NGOs and POs , in various levels of government

(Brillantes, 1997). It can be said that civil society participation in governance is one of

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the significance hallmarks of post-EDSA period. That the redefinition of governance is

occurring in the Philippine context, Brillantes added, is evidenced by the civil society

participation, and even leadership, in the delivery of basic services. Wary of how the past

Constitution was used to legitimize authoritarian rule, framers of the 1987 Constitution

filled its pages with “constitutionalized” rights and values which civil society can invoke

to protect or assert its sovereign will (Paez, 1997).

With this democratic bias built into the constitutional framework, a momentum

for tangible reforms in politico-administrative process is felt, redefining policy-making

venues and processes where the state and civil society intersect. The backdrop of this

intersection, therefore, is a reformed legal/policy environment that offers greater

possibilities for civil society intervention in policy-making but whose openness and

hospitality to actual civil society participation remains to be tested.

Policy Implementation

Exemplary legislation, policies, programs, rules and regulations often lose their

luster for lacked of sustained enforcement and implementation. A case in a point involves

the policies and programs adopted by the government for the protection of Overseas

Filipino Workers (OFWs). Despite established OWWA policies on the protection of

OFWs abroad, problem still persist, as evidenced by the report that about two dead OFWs

arrive in our country everyday (Villalba, 1997).

Moreover, policy implementations suffer from the absence of synergy or the

dearth of coordination among government agencies. Weak implementation and

enforcement of our tax, trade, environmental and penal laws, for instance, have muted

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their intended beneficent results speaking of the countries criminal justice system, a case

study writer (Ang See, 1997) lamented, “The five pillars of criminal justice system – law

enforcement, prosecution, courts, correction and community – suffer from poor

credibility and poor efficiency. They work in isolation from, instead of in harmony with,

each other.” Also, this lack of coordination among government agencies continues to

slow down the delivery of basic services like housing, health and infrastructure.

The lack of follow-through mechanisms also hampers policy implementation. An

anti-crime NGO, for example, cited the failure of governments to implements or

institutionalize agreements reached for the previous summits as the reason for its boycott

of succeeding anti-crime summits (Ang See, 1997). Also, a case study writer (Tigno,

1997) on the relations between private recruitment agencies and POEA stated that

government response to suggestions of the private sector has been characterized as “the

usual red tape where the actual response is so much delayed.”

To recapitulate, while venues and mechanisms for state civil society interaction

are concededly available, their existence does not necessarily lead to an effective

intervention by civil society in the state’s policy-making process. At best, what the

foregoing discussion has shown is an evident gap between policy and action, between

theory and reality.

On the question on whether or not civil society can exploit these venues and

mechanisms to penetrate state policy-making institutions and processes, various

experiences of civil society groups show that this will depend, in one part, on the

particular issue, advocacy, or sector involved and, in another on the three factors – Civil

Society Actors, Civil Society Knowledge and Civil Society Group.

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Who makes a policy?

A policy is made by a person with power to influence or determine policies and

practices at an international, national, regional, or local level. Policy making is the

process by which governments translate their political vision into programmes and

actions to deliver outcomes. This concern with achieving real changes in people's lives is

reflected in the Government's overall strategy for improving public services.

Promoting good practice in policy making is fundamental to the delivery of

quality outcomes for citizens and to the realization of public sector reform. Policy makers

must do a good policy that will afford the citizens and make them ready for a change.

Policy makers should have available to them the widest and latest information on

research and best practice and all decisions should be demonstrably rooted in this

knowledge. They should make a policy that is new and updated the people.

The features of good policy-making are considered in detail in Better Policy-

Making and Professional Policy-Making for the 21st Century.

Policy Making Roles

The City Mayor

According to Article I, Section 455 of the Local Government Code of 1991, the

city mayor, as the chief executive of the city government, shall exercise such powers and

perform such duties and function provided by this Provisions and other laws.

For efficient, effective and economical governance the purpose of which the

general welfare of the city and its inhabitants pursuant to Section 16 of the Local

Government Code of 1991, the city mayor shall:

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 First, exercise general supervision and control over-all programs, projects,

services and activities of the city government. He needs to know all the matters

happening in his constituents if it is for good or not.

Second, enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the governance of the city and

the exercise of the appropriate corporate powers provided for under Section 22 of this

Code, implement all approved policies, programs, projects, services and activities of the

city. All laws must approved by him before it was being passed so that he knows what is

this law all about.

Third, initiate and maximize the generation of resources and revenues, and apply

the same to the implementation of development plans, program objectives and priorities

as provided for under Section 18 of this Code, particularly those resources and revenues

programmed for agro-industrial development and countryside growth and progress. He

must start working for the progression and growth so that others will follow and no single

resources and revenues will be wasted.

Fourth, ensure the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate

facilities as provided for under Section 17 of this Code. He must ensure that the basic

needs of his constituent will be received by them and they are provided with good

services.

And fifth, exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions

as maybe prescribed by law or ordinance. He must try other powers that will bring

goodness to his constituents provided that this is legal and ready for a substitute work.

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The Sangguniang Panglungsod

The Sangguniang Panglungsod, as the legislative body of the city, shall enact

ordinances, approved resolutions and appropriate funds for the welfare of the city and its

inhabitants pursuant to Section 16 of the Local Government Code of 1991 and the proper

exercise of the corporate powers of the city as provided for under Section 22 of this

Code. The Sangguniang Panglungsod shall:

First, approve ordinances and pass resolutions necessary for an efficient and

effective city government. All projects must need their approval so that they will know

what is this projects for, who will benefit in this projects and do this projects will bring

goodness to the city.

Second, generate and maximize the use of resources and revenues for the

development plans, program objectives and priorities of the city as provided under

Section 18 of this Code, with particular attention to agro-industrial development and city

wide growth and progress. Like the work of the mayor, they must start working for the

progression and growth so that others will follow and no single resources and revenues

will be wasted.

Third, subject to provisions of Book II of this Code, enact ordinances granting

franchises and authorizing the issuance of permits or licenses, upon such conditions and

for such purposes intended to promote the general welfare of the inhabitants of the city.

This is only the Book I of the Local Government Code of 1991 but the Book II of Code

says that the Sangguniang Panglungsod are the one responsible for accepting franchisee

and issuance of the needed papers for them to operate provided that it will promote the

general welfare of the inhabitant of the city.

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 Fourth, regulate activities relative to the use of land, buildings and structures

within the city in order to promote general welfare. The Sangguniang Panglungsod must

lead and participate in activities with concern with the city’s infrastructures to promote

general welfare in the city.

Fifth, approve ordinances which shall ensure the efficient and effective delivery

of the basic services and facilities as provided for under Section 17 of this Code. Like the

city mayor’s work, they shall ensure that the basic needs of their fellowmen will be

received by them and they are provided with good services.

And lastly, exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and

functions as may be prescribed by the law or ordinance. They must help the city mayor in

promoting welfare of their fellowmen.

Development

The act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding

process by which anything is developed, as a plan or method, or an image upon a

photographic plate; gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive

changes; also, the result of developing, or a developed state.

Development in policy making is very important to such place to follow the trend

of modernization. In policy making, the development will give an idea to the government

on how the corresponding activities will be made easier and deliver it to the city’s

constituents.

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Measuring development

The following are the ways of how we measure the development of one country. The

economic indicators such as GDP/GNP, the currency fluctuations, the prices of goods and

services, the distribution of wealth, the dependency on one industry, the tax and

government spending on public goods, the informal economy and unpaid work, the

monetary value of goods traded can fluctuate (especially agriculture), the accurate info

difficult to obtain, high informal sector, rural economy, ineffective governance; and the

percentage of public and private sector.

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development

that is published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The HDI

provides an alternative to the common practice of evaluating a country’s progress in

development based on per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The HDI is the

signature trademark of the Human Development Report (HDR), an independent report

commissioned by the UNDP that is written by a team of scholars, development

practitioners and members of the Human Development Report Office of UNDP. The HDI

has had a significant impact on drawing the attention of governments, corporations and

international organizations to aspects of development that focus on the expansion of

choices and freedoms, not just income (Cleveland, 2008). According to Cleveland,

Human Development Index (HDI) can be measured using this formula.

HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index)+ 1/3 (GDP index)

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Infrastructure Development

Infrastructures are the basic physical systems of a country's or community's

population, including roads, utilities, water, sewage, etc. These systems are considered

essential for enabling productivity in the economy. Developing infrastructure often

requires large initial investment, but the economies of scale tend to be significant.

The whole system of bases, services, training, establishment, etc. required for the

use of troops in military operations can be considered as infrastructures.

Work in infrastructure involves the planning, design, construction and repair of

roads, pavements, bridges, tunnels, ports or airport runways, electricity generation,

transmission and supply networks and water treatment, distribution and drainage systems.

The development and maintenance of essential public infrastructure is an

important ingredient for sustained economic growth and poverty reduction. Poor

infrastructure is perhaps the most binding constraint to growth throughout the Asia-

Pacific region. In Asia, rapid population growth and urbanization threaten to exacerbate

infrastructure bottlenecks. In the Pacific, emphasis is needed on equitable access to social

infrastructure in remote, rural environments where 80 per cent of the population lived

mostly without electricity and roads. Infrastructure investment can lift economic growth

and support social objectives. Health, education, and efficient water and sanitation

services help lay the groundwork for a more productive, healthy population capable of

contributing to sustained economic growth. Likewise transport infrastructure improves

access to services and markets in rural areas.

It is important to make decisions about local infrastructure development within

the framework of the Infrastructure Development Programs and the available municipal

23
resources. The appropriate service levels should be selected and questions must be asked

about affordability and sustainability. Most infrastructure development has ongoing cost

implications for municipalities. For example, some forms of sanitation have much higher

operating costs than other forms. Funding is often available for infrastructure

development, but ongoing maintenance and operating costs must be paid from the

municipal budget. In municipalities with a large number of poor people the revenue base

is smaller and it is difficult to get users to pay for operating costs. Different policy issues

should be considered when deciding on infrastructure development. Infrastructure

Development can be measured through comparing the data of the succeeding year to the

previous years.

Trece Martires City

Trece Martires City is one of the largest cities in the province of Cavite. It is

expected to be a high-profiled city compared to other cities. Many buildings and other

establishments are found here. Population, Literacy, Labor, Employment and

Unemployment Rate boost within the city due to the informal settlers from the other

provinces. The city’s profile is shown in the table below.

City Profile

Geography Located at the heart of the Province of Cavite

Land Area 3,917 hectares of 39.17 kilometers
Elevation 100 feet above sea level
Slope Ranges from 0-3% to 3-8%
Soil Type Guadalupe and Magallanes Series
Climate Dry from December to May; Wet from June to
November
Average Amount of Rainfall 159.73 mm
Average Relative Humidity 80.25 degrees
Average Highest Temperature 34.32 degrees

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 Average Lowest Temperature 25.58 degrees
Water Resources Rivers, springs and underground water
Road Network 73.2306 kilometers
Number of Barangays 13 barangays
Population 191, 168
Projected Population 112, 452 (2002 projected)
Population Growth Rate 11.67%
Literacy Rate 95.30%
Labor Force 97, 347
Employment Rate 84.4%
Unemployment Rate 15.6%
Hospitals 250 bed capacity GEAMH including Korea-Phils. as
the pay wing of GEAMH; 43 bed capacity MJH; 50
bed capacity TMP
Schools 12 public elem. Schools and 4 public HS; 1 City
College and State College
Registered Voters 49, 588 (COMELEC as of Nov. ‘09)
Distant from Airport 40 km from NAIA
Distant from Seaport 45 km from Manila Inter’l Container Terminal

The table above shows the data of Trece Martires City’s profile. It was written

there that the city is located at the heart of the province of Cavite. The city has a total

land area of 3,917 hectares (39.17km). it has an elevation of 100 feet above sea level and

a slope that ranges from 0-3% to 3-8%. Guadalupe and Magallanes Series are the city’s

soil type. The city was dry from December to May and wet from June to November.

There is an average rainfall of 159.73mm, an average relative humidity of 80.25 degrees,

an average highest temperature of 34.32 degrees and an average lowest temperature of

25.58 degrees. Its water resources are from rivers, springs and underground water. The

city has 73.2306 road networks. There 13 barangays and 191.168 population. As of 2002,

there are 112, 145 projected population in the city there are 11.67% Population Growth

Rate, 95.30% Literacy Rate, 97, 347 Labor Force, 84.4% Employment Rate and 15.6%

Unemployment Rate. There 250 bed capacity from Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Memorial

Hospital including Korea-Philippines as a pay wing of it, 43 bed capacity from Mark

25
James Hospital and 50 bed capacity from Treceño Medical Pavillion. There are also 12

public elementary schools and 4 public highschools, 1 city college and state college.

Records from COMELEC as of November 2009, the city has 49, 588 registered voters.

Its distance from the airport is 40 kilometer from NAIA and 45 kilometers from Manila

International Container Terminal (Distance from the sea port).

History

Before its declaration as a city, Trece Martires used to be a remote barrio of Tanza

called Quintana, which was a friar land of the Santa Cruz de Malabon Estate. It was

settled in the early 19th century by families from Indang, Amadeo, General Trias, Tanza,

and Batangas. Because of the remoteness of the barrio, development came at a slow pace,

even after the end of the Second World War. It was not until 1954 that progress were

made when President Magsaysay signed its ratification as a chartered city with the

governor of Cavite serving as ex-officio city mayor. The city was named after the thirteen

martyrs of Cavite that were executed by the Spanish at the height of the Philippine revolt

against Spain in the late 19th century.

Trece Martires was instated as the provincial capital of Cavite on January 1, 1956

with the governor still serving as the ex-oficio mayor. It was not until 1992 that the city’s

charter was amended to allow for the election of its city official through ballot voting. In

its existence as a city, Trece Martires has received multiple awards in the fields of social

services, literacy, education, nutrition, health services, and cleanliness.

Trece Martires City is politically subdivided into 13 barangays. It is not

coincidence but design that the city was subdivided into thirteen barangays; this was

26
planned by Senator Justiniano Montano and Congressman Jose Cajulis, who played a

major role in creating the city. Each barangay was named after one of the Thirteen

Martyrs of Cavite to commemorate their bravery and heroism. Below are the names of

the thirteen baranagys and the name they carried before the City’s Charter was passed on

May 24, 1954. The barangays were the following: Cabezas (Palawit), Cabuco

(Kanggahan), De Ocampo (Quintana I), Lallana (Panukang Gubat), San Agustin

(Quintana II), Osorio (Project), Conchu (Lagundian), Perez (Lukbanan), Aguado (Fiscal

Mundo), Gregorio (Aliang), Inocencio (Bagong Pook), Lapidario (Bayog), Luciano

(Bitangan).

Infrastructure Projects in Benguet Province

by: Caliging, Nicomedes L.

ABSTRACT

Objectives of the Study

This study is sought to find out whether implemented infrastructure projects in

Benguet Province contribute the quality of life.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of which agencies implements their infrastructure projects?

1.a Is there a maximum significant difference between the perceptions of

implementors and beneficiaries on the level of implementation of infrastructure projects

of the various agencies?

2. What is the level of awareness of beneficiaries on the beneficiaries on the

information relevant to the implementation of infrastructure projects?

27
 2.a Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of implementors and

beneficiaries on the level of awareness of beneficiaries on information relevant to

implementation of infrastructure projects?

3. What is the level of acceptability of infrastructure projects?

3.a Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of implementors and

beneficiaries on the level of acceptability of infrastructure projects?

4. What is the level of contribution of infrastructure projects to the life of

community people?

4.a Is there a significant difference between the perception of implementors and

beneficiaries on the level of contribution of infrastructure projects to the life of the

people?

5. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of infrastructure

projects and their degree of seriousness?

5.a Is there a significant difference between the perception of implementors and

clients on the degree of seriousness of problem encountered in the implementation of

infrastructure projects?

Scope and Coverage

The scope of this study is limited to the infrastructure projects in Benguet

Province calendar year 1995 and composed of 150 implementors and 150 beneficiaries.

Methodology

This research adopted the descriptive-survey method.

Major Findings

28
 1. As perceived by the implementors and beneficiaries on the level of

implementation of the various agencies on their infrastructure projects in the Province of

Benguet they were moderately implemented, while on the comparison of perception

between the respondent there was significant.

2. As perceived by the respondent on the level of acceptance of the

implemented infrastructure projects in the province of Benguet they were acceptable,

while on the comparison between the respondent there was a significant.

3. As perceived by the respondent on the level of awareness of the

respondent on the informations relevant to the infrastructure projects being implemented

in Benguet they were acceptable, while the comparison of perception between the

respondents there was no significant.

4. As perceived by the respondent on the extent of contribution to

infrastructure projects to the life of the people they were moderately contributed, while

on the comparison of perception between the respondent there was no significant.

5. As perceived by respondents on the degree of seriousness of problem

encountered affecting the implementation of infrastructure projects they were serious,

while on the comparison of perception between the respondent there was no significant.

Conclusions

1. The agencies have moderately implemented their infrastructure projects.

2. The infrastructure projects were acceptable to the people.

3. The beneficiaries were aware of relevant information about infrastructure

projects.

29
 4. The infrastructure projects were have contributed positively to the life of

the people.

5. There were problems encountered in the implementation of infrastructure

projects.

Recommendations

1. The agencies should improve further the implementation of their

infrastructure projects.

2. The agencies should continue providing the infrastructure projects that are

acceptablehe people.

3. The implementors should continue informing the beneficiaries of the

relevant information about the infrastructure projects being undertaken in their

community.

4. The implementors should continue providing projects that are positively

contributing to the life of the people.

4.a political interference should be minimized.

4.b more funds should be allocated for infrastructure projects.

4.c funds should be released on time.

4.d red tape should be minimized.

4.e favoritism in awarding of projects to contractors should be minimized.

4.f right-of-way should be provided.

4.g contractors should have the financial capability before accepting projects.

4.h technical capability of contractors should be improved.

30
 5. A similar study should be conducted after five (5) years to see if the

implementation of infrastructure projects in province of Benguet has improved.

The Social and Economic Infrastructure Projects in the Municipality of Pilar,

Sorsogon: An Evaluation.

by: Ibo, Noemi L.

ABSTRACT

The study is premised on Iglesia’s theory that depicted the input process and the

output in the evaluation of programs/projects. Thus, the result of this study may guide the

policy makers in making decisions on whether or not the program should be continued

and even expand in other areas.

The descriptive method of research was utilized. It identified the projects’

objectives, funding, and the time schedule for implementing the programs. It also

described the respondent’s awareness, usefulness and their satisfaction on the

implemented projects.

The permanent residents of thirty-five (35) barangays were chosen as

respondents, for they are in a position to evaluate and assess the impact of projects

implemented in their barangays. Based from the list of the National Census and Statistical

Office (NCSO), the researcher identified the sample respondents through simple lottery

technique.

Eleven sets of questionnaire were used to fully ascertain the impact of eleven (11)

infrastructure projects implemented in thirty-five (35) barangays. Percentage and the

mean were the statistical tools.

31
Findings

1.a The Municipality of Pilar, Sorsogon, had three (3) general objectives for the

development projects for the years 1992-1993.

1.b The eleven (11) infrastructure projects evaluated were correctly funded by the

municipality. The budget for each project was approved by the Municipal Planning and

Development Council of Pilar, Sorsogon.

1.c Except for four (4) projects, all other development projects were implemented

as scheduled.

2.a The residents were aware of the existence of the infrastructure projects,

although the same cannot be said of its sponsor.

2.b The projects were considered useful in solving the needs of the residents, but,

their expectations of the projects were “moderately attained”.

2.c The respondents were generally satisfied of the implemented infrastructure

projects.

3.a Of the eleven (11) infrastructure projects, seven (7) have positive economic

impact or the household income of the respondents and their living condition have been

improved.

3.b Only three (3) infrastructure projects increased the social awareness of the

residents.

3.c Except for basketball goals, which was not exclusively used for basketball

games, all of the ten (10) projects contributed to the beautification of the barangay sites

and improvement of community services.

32
Conclusions

1. The Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator Office of Pilar,

Sorsogon, has set clear objectives for all its projects. The projects are implemented as

scheduled and correctly funded.

2. The barangay residents are aware of the existence of the projects, which

they consider useful in solving their needs. They fell satisfied of the projects.

3. The projects in general have economic impact on the residents, alyhough

the social life is not much affected. Except for basketball goal/s project, the projects have

improved the community sites and services.

4. The problems commonly encountered are attributable to lack of

cooperation among the barangay residents and lack of competence of the barangay

councils in maintaining the projects

5. The recommendations offered by the respondents are focused on the use,

maintenance, and management of the implemented infrastructure projects.

Recommendations

1. Each infrastructure project implemented by the municipality of Pilar,

Sorsogon, must have its specific objectives to fully ascertain the extent of its

implementation and attainment of its goals as well as to easily identify prospective

beneficiaries.

2. Barangay residents must first be consulted as to the priority needs of the

barangays, before a certain project should be implemented.

3. Aside from the infrastructure projects, livelihood programs must be made

33
 4. Available to the residents to improve them economically. It is also

recommended that the municipal government of Pilar, Sorsogon, should have a follow-up

report of every project implemented.

5. Feedback, as well as problems met must be given immediate attention by

the barangay council so as to prevent serious damages.

6. The recommendations of the respondents which were aimed to improve

the proper use, maintenance, and management of the implemented infrastructure projects

must be given attention by the implementators.

The researcher’s study can be related with Ibo and Caliging’s works because they

both tackled in their studies about Infrastructure Projects. Noemi L. Ibo is from Bicol

University, Legazpi City and studied “The Social and Economic Infrastructure Projects in

the Municipality of Pilar, Sorsogon: An Evaluation”. Her study used a descriptive

research method. She aims to evaluate the programs and projects of the output of the

depicted input process and guide the policymakers in decision-making. Nicomedes L.

Caliging is from Baguio Central University and studied about “Infrastructure Projects in

Benguet Province”. He used a descriptive-survey research method. His study aims to find

out whether the implemented infrastructure projects in Benguet Province contribute to

improve the quality of life.

34
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter of the research is where the researcher gets and analyzes the data he

will gather. With these kept in mind, the researcher discusses in this chapter the Research

Design, Sampling Procedure, Collection of Data, Research Instrument and Method of

Analysis.

Research Design

This is a descriptive-correlation research method of the relation between

development policy and development activity in the city of Trece Martires for the one

whole term of the former administration.

A descriptive-correlation research method is a method designed to determine if

two or more variables are associated with each other. Descriptive method is used to

describe the present behaviour or characteristics of a particular population. Correlation is

also called correlation coefficient, indicates the strength and direction of a linear

relationship between two random variables. In general statistical usage, correlation or co-

relation refers to the departure of two variables from independence. In this broad sense

there are several coefficients, measuring the degree of correlation, adapted to the nature

of data.

The researcher’s study is using descriptive-correlation research method. With this

design, the researcher will be able to assess the people’s perception about the relation

between development policy and activity by getting data from them.

35
Sampling Procedure

The study will use a Simple Random Sampling. This is a method of selecting

small units out of a larger unit in the population in such a way that every distinct sample

has an equal chance of being drawn. The process of selecting a sample must give an

equal chance of selection to anyone of the remaining elements in the population.

The researcher gets its samples by selecting the central barangays of Trece

Martires, namely De Ocampo, Lapidario, Luciano and San Agustin. Based from the data

given by the National Statistics Office, the total number of respondents in four (4)

barangays above is 11, 612. The researcher will use the Slovin’s formula to lessen his

number of his respondents. The Slovin’s formula is:

N where; N = population size which is 11, 612

n=
1 – N(e2) e = standard error which is 5% (.05) raised
to the second power
`n = output

The table below shows the output of the Slovin’s formula in the central barangays

in the city. The output will be devided into four (4) representing the central barangays of

Trece Martires.

Barangays Respondents

1. De Ocampo 103
2. Lapidario 104
3. Luciano 103
4. San Agustin 104

Total # of Respondents 414

36
Respondents

The characteristics of the respondents to be surveyed are the following: household

parents and residing at the central barangays of Trece Martires for at least 10 years and

above.

Collection of Data

In collecting data, the researcher did the following. He passed a title of his

proposal title to his thesis adviser. After approval, he went to the following offices of the

city, asking permission to secure a copy of their documents related to the study. To the

City Mayor’s Office which is the chief executive of the city and the policy-making body.

To the Sangguniang Panglungsod which is the legislative body and the one who

implements such policies. And lastly, to the City Planning and Development Office

because they are the one who keeps records of the accomplished projects of the City. He

also went to the respective barangay chairmen to ask permission to conduct a survey in

their places.

Research Instrument

The researcher will use Documentary Analysis Method in gathering data from the

documents. Using this method, the researcher will get the needed documents to study it.

It is the way to know the completeness of the documents required to support the claims

defined in applicable laws and regulations. Several factors to this analysis is the legality,

regularity and priority. Legality as to compliance with pertinent provision of the

Constitution and Laws, regularity that signifies an existing rules and regulation and

37
priority that encompasses determination of the reasonableness of the contract price, the

necessity of transactions, and other matters affecting economy, efficiency and

effectiveness of the projects.

The researcher will use survey questionnaires to assess the people’s perception

about the infrastructure development. He will ask the respondent about infrastructure

development policies and the activities on their places. In selecting his respondents, he

will use the Slovin’s formula wherein the population size will be divided into itself

multiplied by the common error raised to the second power subtracted to one.

With the use of these two (2) methods, the researcher will be able to gather data

about the infrastructure development policy and development activity. Gathering data

from documents, he will use the Documentary Analysis and to assess people about

infrastructure development policy and activity, he will use Survey Method.

Method of Analysis

In the study about the infrastructure development policy and development

activity, the researcher will use the following statistical methods in his analysis.

For some questions regarding infrastructure development policy and development

activity, the researcher will use the frequency distribution method and getting its

percentage of perceived infrastructure development by Trece Martires City residents in

terms of national roads, barangay roads, drainage systems, bridges, schools, hospitals,

commercial parks, sports facilities, government offices and public markets.

He will also use “chi-square” to get the total of perceived infrastructure

development of Trece Martires City residents.

38
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APPENDICES

41