“BUSINESS INTELIGENCE AND ANALYTICS

ASSIGNMENT”

SUBMITED TO = MRS. SUCHI SRIVASTAV

MADE BY = NIKHIL KAPOOR

M.B.A. 4TH SEMESTER

ENROLLMENT NO = 501
Quest.2 a. Differentiate between structured decisions, semi-
structured decision and unstructured decisions. Give example of semi-
structured decision and unstructured decisions.

Ans= Structured Decisions: Structured or Programmed decisions are

the ones where the organization has already faced such decisions. And the
employees are used to solving such problems.

A structured decision is one in which the phases of the decision-making process

(intelligence, design, and choice) have standardized procedures, clear objectives,
and clearly specified input and output. There exists a procedure for arriving at
the best solution.

An unstructured decision is one where not all of the decision-making

phases are structured and human intuition plays an important role.

While these have the same components as structured ones—data, process, and
evaluation—there is little agreement on their nature. With unstructured
decisions, for example, each decision maker may use different data and processes
to reach a conclusion. In addition, because of the nature of the decision, there
may only a limited number of people within the organization qualified to evaluate
the decision.

Semi-Structured Decisions: Decisions in the middle between

structured and unstructured decisions, A semi structured decision has some, but
not all, structured phases where standardized procedures may be used in
combination with individual judgment. n the middle of the continuum are semi-
structured decisions – where most of what are considered to be true decision
support systems are focused.

 UNSTRUCTURED DECISION EXAMPLE= Ex: expanding the business, moving

operations to foreign countries.
  SEMI- STRUCTURE DECISION EXAMPLE= Ex: annual evaluation of
employees, trading bonds, setting marketing budgets for consumer
products.

QUES.2.B) EXPLAIN THE ARCTHITECTURE OF EXPERT SYSTEM? WHAT

ARE ITS APPLICATION AREAS.

ANS. An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with
knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving
advice.

To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a

substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the
knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able
to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions.

The Architecture of Expert Systems

The process of building expert systems is often called knowledge engineering.
The knowledge engineer is involved with all components of an expert system:
Building expert systems is generally an iterative process. The components and
their interaction will be refined over the course of numerous meetings of the
knowledge engineer with the experts and users. We shall look in turn at the
various components.

 THE ARCHITECTURE OF EXPERT SYSTEM CONSIST OF

FOLLOWING MAJOR COMPONENTS.

Knowledge Base (KB): repository of special heuristics or rules that direct the use
of knowledge, facts (productions). It contains the knowledge necessary for
understanding, formulating, & problem solving.

Working Memory(Blackboard): if forward chaining used

It describes the current problem & record intermediate results

Records Intermediate Hypothesis & Decisions: 1. Plan, 2. Agenda, 3. Solution

Inference Engine: the deduction system used to infer results from user input & KB

It is the brain of the ES, the control structure(rule interpreter)

It provides methodology for reasoning

Explanation Subsystem (Justifier): Traces responsibility & explains the ES

behaviour by interactively answering question: Why?, How?, What?, Where?,
When?, Who?

User Interface: interfaces with user through Natural Language Processing (NLP),
or menus & graphics. Acts as Language Processor for friendly, problem-oriented
communication

Shell = Inference Engine + User Interface

The Human Elements in ESs

Expert: Has the special knowledge, judgement, experience and methods to give
advice and solve problems.

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