GastroIntestinal

pathophysiology
Firasti AN Sumadi
Literature 2

1. Medical Terminology: A
Living Language, Fourth
Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen
and Suzanne S. Frucht

.
What’s the Function of the Digestive System?
Mechanical and chemical digestion of food
Absorption of nutrient molecules
Elimination of solid wastes

—at a glance
Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon

Accessory Organs
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary glands
content
01 02
General Principles of Propulsion and
Gastrointestinal Mixing of Food
Function in the Alimentary
Tract

03 04 05
Secretory Digestion and Physiology of
Functions of the Absorption Gastrointestinal
Alimentary Tract in the Gastrointestinal Disorders
Tract
 01
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—
Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation
GI Track function : provide and supply
water, vitamins, and nutrients.

Requirements :

secretion of digestive
movement
juices and digestion

absorption of water,
various electrolytes,
circulation of blood
vitamins, and digestive
products

control of all these

functions
by local, nervous, and
hormonal systems.
Gastrointerstinal wall (general)

(1) the serosa

(2) a longitudinal smooth muscle layer
(3) circular smooth muscle layer
(4) The submucosa
(5) the mucosa
enteric nervous system
in the wall of the gut, esophagus → anus.

100 million neurons,

almost exactly equal to the number in the entire spinal cord.

myenteric plexus or
Auerbach’s plexus controls movements
(outer)
main plexus
submucosal plexus or controls secretion and local blood
Meissner’s plexus flow

(inner)
enteric nervous system : autonomous
enteric nervous system Fight or flight
response

Increase action
● Neurotransmitter?

(1) acetylcholine (par) and

(2) norepinephrine. (sym) Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Stimulation Stimulation
Others are
(3) adenosine triphosphate, Increases Usually Inhibits
(4) serotonin, Activity of Gastrointestinal

Decrease action
(5) dopamine, the Enteric Tract Activity.
(6) cholecystokinin,
(7) substance P, Nervous
(8) vasoactive intestinal System.
polypeptide,
(9) somatostatin,
(10) leu-enkephalin,
(11) met-enkephalin
(12) bombesin.
Rest and digest
response
enteric nervous system :
afferent Sensory Nerve Fibers from the Gut

Afferent : inner nervous system → outer organs >< efferent

These sensory nerves can be stimulated by

(1) irritation of the gut mucosa,
(2) excessive distention of the gut,
(3) presence of specific chemical substances in the gut.

reflex
Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
Functional Types of Movements
in the Gastrointestinal Tract
● PROPULSIVE MOVEMENTS—PERISTALSIS

Called myenteric reflex or

the peristaltic reflex

peristaltic

Sphincter blockade
/ constrictive
(every few cm)

● MIXING Mixing process

happened
the peristaltic contractions themselves cause most of the mixing
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—
“Splanchnic Circulation”

● Organ included :
gut + spleen + pancreas + liver.

● Flow :
gut, spleen, and pancreas →
into the liver (through portal vein/vena
porta hepatica)

● In liver blood passes liver sinusoids →

hepatic veins → vena cava of the
general circulation.

Cirrhosis → high pressure on vena porta

hepatica → varicess → hematemesis /
melena
02 Propulsion and Mixing of Food
in the Alimentary Tract
hunger. The amount of food that a person ingests is determined principally by intrinsic desire for food
appetite. The type of food that a person preferentially seeks

Mastication Swallowing
(Chewing) (Deglutition)
• All the jaw • 1) voluntary stage, which
muscles working together can initiates the swallowing process;
close the teeth with a force as • 2) a pharyngeal stage,
great as 55 pounds on the involuntary, passage of food
incisors and 200 pounds on the through the pharynx into the
molars. esophagus; (epiglotis works)
• Digestive enzymes act only on • 3) an esophageal stage,
the surfaces of food particles; → involuntary, pharynx → stomach
chewing is important
● gastroesophageal sphincter
normally remains tonically
constricted. 30 mm Hg,
jika ada food → receptive
relaxation →jika gagal →
achalasia.

● Prevention of Esophageal
Reflux by Valvelike Closure of
the Distal End of the
Esophagus.
Motor Functions of the Stomach

storage of large quantities of food until the

food can be processed in the stomach,
duodenum, and lower intestinal tract

mixing of this food with gastric secretions

until it forms a semifluid mixture called
chyme;

slow emptying of the chyme from the

stomach into the small intestine at a rate
suitable for proper digestion and
absorption by the small intestine.
 Cont’d

● hunger contractions, often

occurs when the stomach has
been empty for several hours orad
or more.
● Stomach emptying using
peristaltic emptying in
stomach antrum : pyloric
pump
● Stomach emptying, depends
on : Increasing food volume,
gastrin hormon release,
inhibitory feedback from caudad
duodenum
Movements of the Small Intestine
(mixing & propulsive)
● Mixing Contractions (Segmentation
Contractions)
Therefore, the segmentation
contractions “chop” the chyme two to
three times per minute, in this
way promoting progressive mixing of
the food with secretions of the small
intestine.
About max 12 contraction perminute

● Propulsive Movements
v= 0.5 to 2.0 cm/sec, 3 to 5 hours are
required for passage of chyme from
the pylorus to the ileocecal valve

● peristaltic rush : irritation/infection

→diarrhea
 1 Emptying of
ileocecal valve

3
Movements of the Colon

● absorption of water and

electrolytes from the chyme to form
solid feces
● storage of fecal matter until it can be
expelled.
Defecation reflexes
● a parasympathetic defecation reflex

When feces enter the rectum → distention of the rectal wall initiates afferent signals that
spread through the myenteric plexus→ initiate peristaltic waves in the descending colon,
sigmoid, and rectum, forcing feces toward the anus → peristaltic wave approaches the anus →
the internal anal sphincter is relaxed by inhibitory signals from the myenteric plexus → if the
external anal sphincter is also consciously, voluntarily relaxed at the same time →defecation
occurs.

1) an internal anal sphincter, a several-

centimeters-long thickening of the
circular smooth muscle that lies 1
immediately inside the anus
2) external anal sphincter, composed of
striated voluntary muscle that both 2
surrounds the internal sphincter and
extends distal to it.
Secretory Functions of the
Alimentary Tract

03
Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
General Principles of Alimentary Tract
Secretion
● digestive enzymes are secreted in
most areas of the alimentary
tract, from the mouth to the
distal end of the ileum.

● mucous glands, from the

mouth to the anus, provide mucus for
lubrication and protection of all parts of
the alimentary tract
Several types of secretory glands
invaginations of the epithelium in small
intestines, specialized Ex : salivary gland, pancreas gland, liber
secretory cells,
crypts of Complex
Lieberkühn glands

mucous cells/ stimulus :

tubular
goblet cells (1) tactile stimulation,
glands. (2) chemical
@epitel surface, extrude
In stomach and duodeum, large, i(3) distention of the gut wall
mucus a lubricant from
excoriation ex : oxyntic gland → pepsinogen (penggelembungan) :
and digestion. Parasympathetic Stimulation
Increases Alimentary
Tract Glandular Secretion Rate
Secretion of Saliva Shows optimum pH for enzymes to work

● a serous secretion that

contains ptyalin (an α-
amylase), → digesting
starches

● Mucus secretion that contains

mucin for lubricating and for
surface protective purposes

● Saliva contains especially

large quantities of
potassium and bicarbonate
ions
Function of Saliva for Oral Hygiene.

several factors that destroy saliva often contains

helps wash away
bacteria. One of these is significant amounts of
pathogenic
thiocyanate ions and protein
bacteria, as well as food
another is several antibodies that can destroy
particles that provide their
proteolytic enzymes—most oral bacteria, including
metabolic
important, lysozyme—that some that cause dental
support.
attack the bacteria caries.
Esophageal Secretion
● entirely mucous and mainly
provide lubrication for swallowing
Gastric Secretion

● Characteristics of the Gastric Secretions

oxyntic glands (80%) (also called gastric glands) and pyloric
glands (20%)

● The oxyntic (acid-forming) glands secrete hydrochloric acid,

pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus.

● The pyloric glands secrete mainly mucus for protection of the

pyloric mucosa from the stomach acid. They also secrete the
hormone gastrin.
 mucous neck → mucus
Oxyntic (Gastric)
Glands Peptic cells → pepsinogen

parietal (or oxyntic) cells →

HCl + intrinsic factor
● Peptic Cells
Acetylcholine → stimulate peptic cell to release pepsinogen (related to acid secretion) →+ hydrochloric acid → activated to
pepsin.
→functions as an active proteolytic enzyme
in a highly acid medium (optimum pH 1.8 to 3.5)

● parietal cells :
parietal cells → 160 mmol/L of HCl. The pH of this acid is about 0.8
Gastrin (secreted by pyloric gland) stiimulated ECL → enterochromaffinlike cells (ECL cells) secrete histamine → histamine
stimulated parietal cells →
HCl secretion by hydrogen-potassium pump (H+-K+ATPase).

intrinsic factor vitamin B12 is secreted by the parietal cells along with HCl.
Chronic gastritis →achlorhydria (lack of stomach acid secretion→ pernicious anemia because of failure of maturation of the red
blood cells in the absence of vitamin B12 stimulation of the bone marrow.
Basic Factors That Stimulate
Gastric Secretion Are
Acetylcholine, Gastrin, and
Histamine
Interdigestive Period → peptic ulcer

Inhibition of Gastric Secretion by

Other Post-Stomach
Intestinal Factors
Pyloric Glands—Secretion of Mucus and
Gastrin
● Same like oxyntic glands but contain few peptic cells and almost no parietalcells

● large amount of thin mucus that helps to lubricate food movement : it is alkaline → pH 7 mucous

Therefore, the normal underlying stomach wall is not directly exposed to the highly acidic,

● The pyloric glands also secrete the hormone gastrin, which plays a key
role in controlling gastric secretion, as we discuss shortly
Pancreatic Secretion
● The pancreas, which lies parallel to and beneath the
stomach is a large compound gland with most of its internal
structure similar to that of the salivary
● The pancreatic digestive enzymes are secreted by pancreatic
acini, and large volumes of sodium bicarbonate solution are
secreted by the small ductules and larger ducts leading
from the acini
●
The pancreas also secretes insulin directly into the blood—not
into the intestine— by the islets of Langerhans that occur in islet
patches throughout the pancreas

● Three basic stimuli are important in causing pancreatic

secretion:
1. Acetylcholine,
2. Cholecystokinin, which is secreted by the duodenal
and upper jejunal mucosa when food enters the small
intestine
3. Secretin, which is also secreted by the duodenal and
jejunal mucosa when highly acidic food enters the
small intestine
Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes
protein
digestion
• trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
carboxypolypeptidase
• Secreted inactively
(trypsinogen,
chymotrypsinogen, and
procarboxypolypeptidase)
the trypsin and the other
enzymes would digest
the pancreas itself. trypsin
inhibitor : protect
secretory cells from
disruption of typsin itself
acute pancreatitis
carbohydrates
fat digestion
digestion
• pancreatic amylase, which • pancreatic lipase, which is
hydrolyzes starches, capable of hydrolyzing
glycogen, and most other neutral fat into fatty acids
carbohydrates (except and monoglycerides
cellulose) to form mostly • Cholesterol esterase,
disaccharides and a few which causes hydrolysis of
trisaccharides. cholesterol ester
• phospholipase, which
splits fatty acids from
phospholipids
Secretion of Bicarbonate Ions from pancreatic

● bicarbonate ions and water, are secreted

mainly by the epithelial cells of the ductules
and ducts that lead from the acini.
● the bicarbonate ion concentration can rise to
as high as 145 mEq/L, This provides a large
quantity of alkali in the pancreatic juice that
serves to neutralize the hydrochloric acid
emptied intothe duodenum from the stomach
● HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3
Carbonic acid immediately dissociates into
carbon dioxide and water slightly alkaline or
neutral medium, at a pH of 7.0 to 8.0
Secretion of Bile by the Liver; Functions
of the Biliary Tree
● 600 and 1000 ml/day. Bile serves two important functions.

● First, bile plays an important role in fat digestion and

absorption, not because of any enzymes in the bile that
cause fat digestion, but because bile acids in the bile do
two things:
(1) They help to emulsify the large fat particles of the food into many
minute particles, the surface of which can then be attacked by
lipase enzymes secreted in pancreatic juice, and
(2) They aid in absorption of the digested fat end products through
the intestinal mucosal membrane.

● Second, bile serves as a means for excretion of several important

waste products from the blood. These include especially bilirubin,
an end product of hemoglobin destruction, and excesses of
cholesterol
When the bile becomes concentrated in the
gallbladder,
the bile salts and lecithin become concentrated
along with
the cholesterol, which keeps the cholesterol in
solutio
Secretions of the Small Intestine
● Secretion of Mucus by Brunner’s Glands
in the Duodenum

to protect the duodenal wall from digestion by the

highly acidic gastric juice emptying from the stomach. In
addition, the mucus contains a large excess of bicarbonate
ions, which add to the bicarbonate ions from pancreatic
secretion and liver bile in neutralizing the hydrochloric
acid entering the duodenum from the stomach
Secretion of Intestinal Digestive Juices by the
Crypts of Lieberkühn
● (1) a moderate number of goblet cells, which secrete
mucus that lubricates and protects the intestinal
surfaces,
(2) a large number of enterocytes, which, in the crypts,
secrete large quantities of water and electrolytes
and, over the surfaces of adjacent villi, reabsorb the
water and electrolytes along with end products of
digestion.

rate of about 1800 ml/day. These secretions are almost

pure extracellular fluid and have a slightly
alkaline pH in the range of 7.5 to 8.0.

● These enzymes are the following:

(1) several peptidases → small peptides into amino
acids;
(2) four enzymes—sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, and
lactase → disaccharides into monosaccharides;
(3) Intestinal lipase → neutral fats into glycerol and fatty
acids.
Secretion of Mucus by the Large Intestine
● Mucus Secretion
crypts of Lieberkühn;

● Irritation → Diarrhea Caused by Excess Secretion of Water and Electrolytes in Response to

Irritation.
as occurs when bacterial infection becomes rampant during enteritis, the mucosa secretes
extra large quantities of water and electrolytes in addition to the normal viscid alkaline mucus
. the diarrhea also washes away irritant factors, which promotes earlierrecovery from the disease
than might otherwise occur
 04
Digestion and Absorption
in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Digestion of the Various Foods
by Hydrolysis
● Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates.

● Hydrolysis of Fats
the fat-digesting enzymes return three molecules
of water to the triglyceride molecule and thereby split the
fatty acid molecules away from the glycerol.

● Hydrolysis of Proteins
proteolytic enzymes return hydrogen and hydroxyl ions from water molecules
to the protein molecules to split them into their constituent amino acids.
Digestion of Carbohydrates
● in the Mouth and Stomach.
ptyalin (an α-amylase) secreted mainly by the parotid glands.

● in the Small Intestine

Pancreatic Amylase : several times as powerful. Therefore,
within 15 to 30 minutes after the chyme empties from
the stomach into the duodenum and mixes with pancreatic juice, virtually all the
carbohydrates will have become
digested.
Digestion of Proteins
● in the Stomach :
Pepsin, the important peptic enzyme of the stomach, is
most active at a pH of 2.0 to 3.0 and is inactive at a pH
above about 5.0 . 10 to 20 percent of the total protein
digestion to convert the protein to proteoses, peptones,
and a few polypeptide
● Pancreatic
Proteolytic Enzymes trypsin,
chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase, and proelastas

● Intestine
Peptidases in the Enterocytes That Line the Small
Intestinal Villi. aminopolypeptidase and several dipeptidases
plitting the remaining larger polypeptides into
tripeptides and dipeptides and a few into amino acids.
Digestion of Fats
● lingual lipase (10%)
● in the Intestine
Emulsification by Bile Acids and Lecithin
● Pancreatic Lipase
→ for triglycerides
→ lipases cholesterol esters and the phospholipids
Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal
Absorption

● The total quantity of fluid that must be absorbed each

day by the intestines is equal to the ingested fluid
(about 1.5 liters) plus that secreted in the various
gastrointestinal secretions (about 7 liters). This comes
to a total of 8 to 9 liters.

● All of this is absorbed in the

small intestine, leaving only 1.5 liters to pass through
the ileocecal valve into the colon each day
Kerckring, Villi, and Microvilli Increase
the Mucosal Absorptive Area by Nearly 1000 Fold.
 Poop, consist of

● 30 percent dead bacteria, 10 to 20 percent fat, 10

to 20 percent inorganic matter, 2 to 3 percent
protein, and 30 percent undigested roughage from
the food and dried constituents of digestive
juices, such as bile pigment and sloughed
epithelial cells.

● The browncolor of feces is caused by stercobilin

and urobilin, derivatives of bilirubin. The odor is
caused principally by products of bacterial action
indole, skatole, mercaptans,
and hydrogen sulfide.
05 Physiology of Gastrointestinal
Disorders
Disorders of Swallowing and of the Esophagus
● Paralysis of the Swallowing Mechanism.
(1)complete abrogation of the swallowing act so that swallowing cannot occur,
(2) failure of the glottis to close so that food passes into the lungs instead of the esophagus,
(3) failure of the soft palate and uvula to close the posterior nares so that food refluxes into the nose
during swallowing

● Achalasia and Megaesophagus

Achalasia is a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax during swallowing. →
megaesophagus
Disorders of the Stomach
● Gastritis—Inflammation of the Gastric Mucosa.

● Chronic Gastritis Can Lead to Gastric Atrophy and Loss of Stomach Secretions.

→ Achlorhydria
means simply that the stomach fails to secrete hydrochloric acid

→ Gastric Atrophy May Cause Pernicious Anemia. (due to lack of B12)

● Peptic Ulcer
Disorders of the Small Intestine
● Abnormal Digestion of Food in the Small Intestine—
Pancreatic Failure
(1) in pancreatitis
(2) hen the pancreatic duct is blocked by a gallstone at the papilla of Vater,
(3) after the head of the pancreas has been removed because of malignancy.

● Malabsorption by the Small Intestinal Mucosa—Sprue

idiopathic sprue, celiac disease (in children),

Gluten enteropathy : gluten has a direct destructive effect on intestinal enterocytes → peptidase decrease
tropical sprue frequently occurs in the tropics and can often be treated with antibacterial agents.
Malabsorption in Sprue. → steatorrhea,
Cont’d
● Further disorders of absorbtion of small intestine

(1) severe nutritional deficiency, often developing wasting of the body;

(2) Osteomalacia (demineralization of the bones because of lack of calcium);
(3) inadequate blood coagulation caused by lack of vitamin K;
(4) macrocytic anemia of the pernicious anemia type, owing to diminished vitamin B12 and folic acid
absorption
Disorders of the Large Intestine
● Constipation
low movement of feces through the large intestine

● Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s Disease)

● Diarrhea
Enteritis
Psychogenic Diarrhea
Ulcerative colitis → repeated diarrheal bowel movements.

● Paralysis of Defecation in Spinal Cord Injuries

General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal
Tract
● Vomiting
 ● Nausea
(1) irritative impulses coming from the gastrointestinal tract
(2) impulses that originate in the lower brain associated with motion sickness
(3) impulses from the cerebral cortex to initiate vomiting.

● Gastrointestinal Obstruction
(1) cancer
(2) fibrotic constriction resulting from ulceration or from peritoneal adhesions,
(3) spasm of a segment of the gut
(4) paralysis of a segment of the gut.

● Gases in the Gastrointestinal Tract; “Flatus”

(1) swallowed air, (2) gases formed in the gut as a result of bacterial action, or (3) gases that diffuse from
the blood into the gastrointestinal tract
normal +/- 0,6 L/day through anus
Terminologi
medik
Digestive System Combining Forms
● an/o anus
● append/o appendix
● appendic/o appendix
● bar/o weight
● bucc/o cheek
● cec/o cecum
● chol/e bile, gall
Digestive System Combining Forms
● cholangi/o bile duct
● cholecyst/o gallbladder
● choledoch/o common bile duct
● col/o colon
● colon/o colon
● dent/o tooth
● duoden/o duodenum
Digestive System Combining Forms
● enter/o small intestine
● esophag/o esophagus
● gastr/o stomach
● gingiv/o gums
● gloss/o tongue
● hepat/o liver
● ile/o ileum
Digestive System Combining Forms
● jejun/o jejunum
● labi/o lip
● lapar/o abdomen
● lingu/o tongue
● lith/o stone
● odont/o tooth
● or/o mouth
Digestive System Combining Forms
● palat/o palate
● pancreat/o pancreas
● pharyng/o throat, pharynx
● proct/o anus and rectum
● pylor/o pylorus
● rect/o rectum
● sialaden/o salivary gland
● sigmoid/o sigmoid colon
Digestive System Suffixes
● –emesis vomit
● –lithiasis stone
● –orexia appetite
● –pepsia digestion
● –phagia eat, swallow
● –prandial pertaining to a meal
● –tripsy surgical crushing
Word Building with an/o & bucc/o
–al anal pertaining to anus

–al buccal pertaining to cheek

labi/o –al labiobuccal pertaining to lips and cheeks
Word Building with append/o & appendic/o
–ectomy appendectomy surgical removal of appendix

–itis appendicitis inflammation of appendix

Word Building with cholecyst/o & dent/o
–ectomy cholecystectomy removal of gallbladder

–gram cholecystogram X-ray record of gallbladder

–ic cholecystic pertaining to gallbladder
–algia cholecystalgia gallbladder pain

–al Dental pertaining to teeth

–algia dentalgia tooth pain

Word Building with col/o &
colon/o
–ectomy colectomy removal of colon

–ostomy colostomy new opening into colon

rect/o –al colorectal pertaining to colon & rectum

–scope colonoscope instrument to view colon

–ic colonic pertaining to colon
Word Building with duoden/o, enter/o, &
esophag/o
–al duodenal pertaining to duodenum

–ic enteric pertaining to intestine

–itis enteritis inflammation of intestine

–eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus

–ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus
Word Building with gastr/o
–algia gastralgia stomach pain

–ic gastric pertaining to stomach

enter/o
gastroenteritis inflammation of stomach
–itis
enter/o
gastroenterologist stomach specialist
–ologist
–malacia gastromalacia stomach softening
Word Building with gastr/o
nas/o –ic nasogastric pertaining to nose & stomach

–ostomy gastrostomy new opening into stomach

–scope gastroscope instrument to view stomach
–itis gastritis inflammation of stomach

–ectomy gastrectomy surgical removal of stomach

Word Building with gingiv/o &
gloss/o
–al gingival pertaining to gums

–itis gingivitis gum inflammation

–al glossal pertaining to tongue

hypo– –al hypoglossal pertaining to under tongue
Word Building with hepat/o & ile/o
–itis hepatitis inflammation of liver

–oma hepatoma liver tumor

–ic hepatic pertaining to liver

–al ileal pertaining to ileum

–ostomy ileostomy new opening into ileum
Word Building with jejun/o, lapar/o, &
lingu/o
–al jejunal pertaining to jejunum

–otomy laparotomy incision into abdomen

instrument to view inside
–scope laparoscope
colon

sub– –al sublingual pertaining to under the tongue

Word Building with odont/o, or/o, &
palat/o
orth/o –ic orthodontic pertaining to straight teeth

–al oral pertaining to mouth

–plasty palatoplasty surgical repair of palate

Word Building with pancreat/o & pharyng/o
–itis pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas

–ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas

–eal pharyngeal pertaining to pharynx

–plegia pharyngoplegia pharynx paralysis
–plasty pharyngoplasty surgical repair of pharynx
Word Building with proct/o & pylor/o
–ptosis proctoptosis drooping rectum & anus

–logist proctologist rectum & anus specialist

–pexy proctopexy surgical fixation of rectum & anus

–ic pyloric pertaining to pylorus

Word Building with rect/o, sialaden/o, &
sigmoid/o
–al rectal pertaining to rectum

inflammation of salivary
–itis sialadenitis
glands

instrument to view inside

–scope sigmoidoscope
sigmoid colon
–al sigmoidal pertaining to sigmoid colon
Word Building with –emesis, –orexia, & –
prandial
hemat/o hematemesis vomit blood
hyper– hyperemesis excessive vomiting

an– anorexia lack of appetite

dys– dysorexia abnormal appetite

post– postprandial pertaining to after a meal

Word Building with –pepsia & –phagia
brady– bradypepsia slow digestion

dys– dyspepsia painful digestion

a– aphagia lack of eating

dys– dysphagia abnormal eating
poly– polyphagia too much eating
Digestive System Vocabulary

loss of appetite with other conditions;

anorexia
different from anorexia nervosa
ascites collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
bowel
inability to control defecation
incontinence
dental appliance attached to adjacent
bridge
teeth to replace missing teeth
loss of weight and wasting occurring
cachexia
during chronic disease
Digestive System Vocabulary

constipation difficult or infrequent defecation

crown artificial tooth to replace original crown
decay of tooth due to bacterial infection;
dental caries
tooth cavity
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
dentistry
conditions involving teeth, jaw, and mouth
denture partial or complete set of artificial teeth
diarrhea frequent, watery bowel movements
Digestive System Vocabulary

emesis vomiting
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
gastroenterology
the digestive system
hematochezia passing bright red blood in stools
prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a
implant
tooth
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
internal medicine
internal organs
Digestive System Vocabulary

yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of

jaundice
bile pigment; often caused by liver disease
passage of dark tarry stool, due to
melena
digested blood
nausea urge to vomit
obesity weight above healthy levels
orthodontics correction of problems of tooth alignment
Digestive System Vocabulary

treating conditions of the gums and area

periodontics
around teeth
tumor with a pedicle (stem) attachment;
polyp
found on mucous membranes
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
proctology
anus and rectum
stomach acid splashing into esophagus;
pyrosis
heartburn
regurgitation backflow of stomach contents into mouth
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