THE CELL

I. Basic Classification:
 Prokaryotes
 Eukaryotes
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
II. Human Cell Types:
 Epithelium (lining cells)
 Muscle
 Nerve
 Connective tissue (blood, adipose, bone and others)
III. Chemical Constituents
 Carbohydrates – energy and cell structure

 Lipids – hormones, insulation and energy storage

 Proteins – enzymes and other functions

 Nucleic acids

 Vitamins and minerals

IV. ORGANELLES: STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
Nucleus
 Porous sac containing
DNA

 Separates DNA from

the rest of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Membrane network

 Site of:
 a. protein synthesis
and folding
 b. lipid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
 Stacks of membrane
enclosed sacs

 Site where:
 a. sugars are made and
linked into starches, or
joined to lipids or
proteins
 b. proteins finish folding

 c. secretions are stored

Lysosome
 Sac containing
digestive enzymes

 Degrades debris

 Recycles cell contents

Peroxisome
 Sac containing
enzymes

 Catalyzes several
reactions
Mitochondrion
 2 membranes; inner
membrane enzyme-
studded

 Releases energy from

nutrients
Vesicle
 Membrane-bound sac

 Temporarily stores or
transports substances
V. Cell Membrane
 Phospholipid bilayer

 Receptors and ligands

for:
 a. signal transduction
 b. cellular adhesion
VI. Cytoskeleton
 Meshwork of tiny
protein rods and
tubules that:
 a. molds distinctive
structures of cells and
positioning of
organelles
 b. provides 3D
structure to cells

 Cytoskeletal elements
FIN