Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of
natural world gained through the scientific method.
• Thus, the first scientists were called
“philosophers of nature“.
• They sought to discover the truth behind
material things and natural things.
• It was the task of the philosophers of nature to
observe the world and beyond, and to discover
• Meanwhile, the term technology comes from
Greek words tekhne meaning “art or craft” and
–logia, meaning a “subject or interest”.
There have also been instances when advancements in
science and technology changed people’s perceptions
and beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period
now known as the Intellectual Revolution.
 The developments during the Intellectual
Revolution showed how society was
transformed by science and technology.
 This chapter aims to establish the interaction
between science and technology and society,
cementing further the relationship as
introduced in the first chapter.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
 In the early times, people questioned what
created days and stars, moons and planets are.
 The invention of the telescope allowed the
people to take a peek at the outer space, but
more importantly, it also intrigued them to
known what was actually out there.
 Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals
wrote about planets in an attempt to explain
the movements of heavenly bodies and their
effects on the world as they knew it.
 Planets moved around in circular motion, and
that these movements created days and nights,
among others.
 A famous philosopher and astronomer,
Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as
well as the sun and moon’s revolution explained
the existence of days and nights. He believed
that the Earth was at the center – a concept
known as geocentrism.
 Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely
accepted by the people and was one of the
greatest discoveries of that time.
 In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a
Polish mathematician and astronomer,
challenged the Ptolemaic model.
 He introduced a new concept known as
heliocentrism, which suggested that the center
of the Solar was not the Earth but actually the
sun.
 It was eventually accepted by the people in a
period which was called the birth of modern
astronomy. This era began what was known as
the scientific revolution which resulted in the
transformation of society’s thoughts and
beliefs.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
• He stated that the organisms have the ability to
adapt to their environment and would gradually
change into something that would be more
competitive to survive, a process known as
evolution.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
• In the past, the field of psychology was always
classified under philosophy. Psychology was
considered more of an art rather than a science.
In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was
able to change the people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis.
• Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human
behavior.
• In his theory, Freud explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious factors that
can influence behavior and emotions. He also
argued that personality is a product of three
conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.
• Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of
psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts
were more philosophical and supernatural.
Many believed that Freud’s theory had no
scientific basis as no empirical experimental
data could support it.
• According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic
theory of personality, the id is the personality
component made up of unconscious psychic
energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs,
and desires. The id operates based on the
pleasure principle, which demands immediate
gratification of needs.
• The ego operates according to the reality
principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying
the id’s demands, often compromising or
postponing satisfaction to avoid negative
consequences of society. The ego considers
social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in
deciding how to behave.
• Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure (i.e., tension
reduction) and avoids pain, but unlike the id,
the ego is concerned with devising a realistic
strategy to obtain pleasure. The ego has no
concept of right or wrong; something is good
 simply if it achieves its end of satisfying without • Each leadership had its own science and
causing harm to itself or the id. technology agenda.
• Freud made the analogy of the id being a horse • However, it is important to note that some
while the ego is the rider. The ego is ‘like a man Philippine presidents posted more
on horseback, who has to hold in check the developments in the field than others.
superior strength of the horse.’ • One of the presidents who ushered in
advancements in science and technology was
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD former president and dictator Ferdinand
• Scientific and technological development in the Marcos.
Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. • Under his term, many agencies in science and
• Even before the Spaniards came to the technology were established and strengthened,
Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were including:
already using certain plants and herbs as • the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
medicines. Astronomical Services Administration
• Systems of farming and animal-raising were also (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather
implemented. Bureau;
• Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed • the National Academy of Science and
different modes of transportation, whether Technology;
terrestrial or maritime. • and the reconstituted National Science and
• A complicated engineering fear was achieved by Technology Authority (originally established in
the natives of the Cordilleras when they built 1958 as the National Science and Development
rice terraces by hand. Board and now the Department of Science and
• Through these terraces, the people were able to Technology)
cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold • Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is
temperatures. the continued development of science and
• They incorporated an irrigation system that technology. The progress in science and
uses water from the forests and mountain tops technology continued even after his dictatorial
to achieve an elaborate farming system. The rule and the presidents after him left their own
rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still legacies in the field.
functional, show the innovative and ingenious
way of natives to survive in an otherwise
unfriendly environment.
COLONIAL PERIOD
• Colonization by the Spaniards provided the
Philippines with modern means of construction.
• Walls, roads, bridges, and other large
infrastructures were built using some of the
engineering skills and tools brought by the
Spaniards.
• In addition, the Spanish government developed
health and education systems that were
enjoyed by the principalia class.
• The American occupation modernized almost all
aspects of life in the Philippines.
• They established a government agency, the
Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of
nurturing development in the field of science
and technology.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
• After achieving independence from the
colonizers, the Philippines, under different
administration, continued to pursue programs
in science and technology.