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Introduction
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
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Principles of Classification
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Classification Based on Direction of Energy
Conversion
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Classification Based on Principle of Operation
Examples:
Rotodynamic machines
The machines, functioning of which depend basically on the principle of
fluid dynamics. The other name is turbomachines.
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Examples of Turbomachines (1)
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Examples of Turbomachines (2)
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Examples of Turbomachines (3)
Centrifugal pump
Axial pump
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Examples of Turbomachines (4)
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Examples of Turbomachines (4)
Operation of a turbofan
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Summary on the Review of Turbomachines
Turbomachines in which fluid moves through the rotating member in axial direction
with no radial movement of the streamlines, are called axial flow machines whereas
if the flow is essentially radial, it is called a radial flow or centrifugal machine. Two
primary points will be observed: first, that the main element is a rotor or runner
carrying blades or vanes; and secondly, that the path of the fluid in the rotor may be
substantially axial, substantially radial, or in some cases a combination of both.
Turbomachines can further be classified as follows:
• Turbines: Machines that produce power by expansion of a continuously flowing
fluid to a lower pressure or head.
• Pumps/Compressors: Machines that increase the pressure or head of flowing
fluid.
• Fans/Blowers: Machines that impart kinetic energy to a continuously flowing gas
(air) with a small pressure-rise. (Terms ‘fan’ and ‘blower’ are often used as a
synonyms, but in a strict consideration there is a small difference between them: a
fan imparts very small pressure rise of the gas and provides its circulation in the
entire room, whereas a blower imparts moderate pressure rise and serves for
delivering air to a specific zone or part of the entire room)
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Classification Based on Fluid Used
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Historical Survey: Water Power(1)
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Historical Survey: Water Power(2)
Originated
in Middle
East in 9th
century
and
spread to
China and
India ,
then to
Europe
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Historical Survey: Wind Turbines (2)
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Historical Survey: Steam Turbines (1)
ParsonsTurbine
Sir Charles Parson ( 1854-1931) is credited with the development of the first
steam turbine in 1884. His design used multiple turbine wheels, about 8 cm in
diameter each, to drop the pressure in stages and this way to reduce the velocity of
steam striking the blades. The first of Parson's turbines generated 7.5 kW using
steam at inlet pressure of 550 kPa and rotating at 17,000 rpm.
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Historical Survey: Steam Turbines (2)
Laval turbine
An impulse turbine was developed in 1883 by the Swedish engineer Carl Gustav
Patrik de Laval ( 1845-1913) for use in a cream separator. To generate the large
steam velocities he also invented the supersonic nozzle
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Historical Survey: Gas Turbine(1)
The screw pump was used widely by the Egyptians in the ancient world but
the great mathematician Archimedes was credited with inventing what is known in
history as the Archimedean screw around 250 B.C.
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Historical Survey: Pumps (2)
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Historical Survey: Pumps (3)
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Historical Survey: Pumps (4)
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Historical Survey: Pumps (5)
● First centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine in late 1400”s by Italian Renaissance
engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
● Denis Papin developed the first true centrifugal pump in 1687, which was one with
straight vanes that was used for drainage.
● John Appold, who was a British inventor, developed the first curved vane centrifugal
pump in 1851.
● True centrifugal pumps developed in late 1600’s in Europe and made its way to U.S. in
early 1800’s.
● Widespread use in last 75 years.
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Historical Survey: Pumps (6)
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