Biology Reviewer Anatomy - study of structures and parts of organisms

Physiology - study of functions of living organisms and

Biology - the science that deals with structures, their parts
functions, and relationships of living things
and their environment. Biochemistry - study of biochemical compositions and
processes of living things
Bios ; logos - came from the greek words ____ and ____
Genetics - study of heredity and variation
“life” “study” - which means ______ and _____
Evolution - study of origin and differentiation of various
Biology may be studied at various levels: organisms

 Molecular Ecology - study of relationships of organisms with each

 Cellular other and their environment
 Organismal
Traditional branches of biological sciences:
 Population
 Community  Taxonomy
 Ecosystems  Cytology
 Embryology
Three major divisions of biological sciences
 Anatomy
 Microbiology  Physiology
 Botany  Biochemistry
 Zoology  Genetics
 Evolution
Microbiology - study or microorganisms
 Ecology
Botany - study of plants
Bioinformatics - study of biological data using computer
Zoology - study of animals programs

Taxonomy - study of naming and classifying organisms Genomics - study of entire genetic material of an organism

Cytology - study of structures and functions of cells Molecular biology - study of molecules that make up the cells of
living organisms
Embryology - study of formation and development organisms
Pharmacogenomics - study of how genes affect a person’s response Inductive reasoning – bottom-up approach collects then
to drugs. generalizes
Deductive reasoning – top-down approach general to
Proteomics - study of different proteins in an organism more specific
Synthetic biology - study of combined biology and engineering  Experiment
 Conclusion
Systems biology - study of systems of biological molecules such
as cell, organism, or species Common biological theories:

Modern branches of biological sciences Cell theory - cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are
composed of cells. All cells come from
 Bioinformatics preexisting cells
 Genomics
 Molecular biology Gene theory - inherited information dictates the structure,
function, and behavior of organisms
 Pharmacogenomics
 Proteomics Theory of evolution - organisms possess inherited traits that may
 Synthetic biology by natural selection make them adaptable to changing conditions in
 Systems biology their environment.

Two main approaches in scientific investigations: Abiogenesis - theory of spontaneous generation; the idea that
life originates from nonliving matter.
 Discovery-based science
 Hypothesis-based science Aristotle - proposed the idea of abiogenesis in 4th century

Discovery-based - relies mainly on verifiable observations and 17th century - the theory held its position until the ________
measurements
Biogenesis - the belief that life originates from preexisting
Hypothesis-based - provides answers by means of life
experimentation; involves the use of scientific
REDI’S EXPERIMENT
method
1668 - the year when the Italian physician named
Scientific method:
Francisco Redi ____________ conducted an experiment to
 Observation challenge the idea of spontaneous generation
 Hypothesis
Maggots - he used _____ that arose from decaying meat
to reject the theory
Conclusion: life arose from living matter such as maggots from eggs
of flies and not from spontaneous generation of meat.
NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT
1748 - the year when the English priest named
__________ challenged redi’s experiment.
Boiling - the key point of his experiment
 Boiling can kill microorganisms
 He tested whether of not microorganisms can appear after
boiling
 Placed solution of boiled mutton broth in container & heated it
 Sealed with corks
 Broth turned cloudy due to microorganisms
Concluded that life was caused by spontaneous generation
HE DIDN’T HEAT IT LONG ENOUGH TO KILL ALL THE
MICROBES
SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT
1767 - year when the Italian scientist names
________ challenged needham’s experiment
 Boiled broth of meat and veggies
 Placed in clean containers
 Both containers were boiled but one was not sealed
 Days later, opened container was filled with microorg
 Sealed container remained settled
Concluded that life occurred from something that entered the
unsealed flask and that it was the one responsible for life to grow.
PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT
1861 - year where because of ____________ most
scientists were convinced that spontaneous
generation does not occur.
 Boiled sugar solution with yeast (flasks with long neck)
 Flask left open; no organisms developed
 Bc organisms settled on the bottom of curved neck so it
cannot reach the mixture
 Cut the neck of flask
 w/in 2 days, solution was filled with microorganisms
“new organisms arise only when they are produced by existing
organisms”
Divine creation - life came from a divine being and everything
was created through a supernatural power
Creationism - another term for divine creation
Spontaneous origin - life camefrom inanimate matter; simple
molecules to complex that created force
Primordial soup - pool of complex molecule
Miller-Urey - suggested that lightning helped trigger the
creation of the key building blocks of life on
earth
Svante Arrhenius - popularized the idea that life aroused outside
the earth and life forms were transported from
another planet to serve as seed of life on earth
Panspermia - proposes that meteor may have carried to earth
amounts of organic molecules which started
evolution of life
1966 - year when a meteorite was found in Intussusception - process in which living things exhibit growth
Antarctica suggested it had been ejected from from within the cells
mars
Reproduction - process by which genetic information is passed
Common characteristics of living things: on from one generation to another

 Gathering and using energy

 Living and interacting with the environment
 Adapting and evolving
 Reproducing and continuing life
 Maintaining internal balance
 Responding to changes in the surroundings

Terms

Energy - ability of organisms to do work that allows

them to move

Cellular respiration - process by which energy is released by the

breakdown of food substances

Metabolism - the sum of all chemical processes and energy

changes happening inside the body

Nutrition - process by which organisms acquire food

Excretion - process of removing wastes

Homeostasis - the maintenance of the body’s internal

environment

Tropism/response - the reaction of organism to respond to stimuli

Sensitivity/irritability - the ability of an organism to respond

appropriately to a stimulus

Evolution - refers to the changes in the characteristics of a

group of organisms over time