Question 1: What is the difference between the direct effects model and the hypodermic needle

theory?

The direct effects model is basically focused on the concepts that the media precisely influences
the audience in a way that the audience calmly collect the messages and has no preference but to
obtain the information being given. The hypodermic needle theory is a theory that assumes that
the media is powerful and has passive audience/ gullible victim of messages as well as also
having a casual relationship that is media exposure and effects. Sometimes it is also inferred to
as direct effects model theory because the media is trying to push in a particular information into
the minds of the audience at once.