VENULES
• A very small vein, especially
HISTOLOGY AND one collecting blood from the
MICROTECHNIQUES capillaries
(capillaries
BIOLOGY 160 • Connects capillary beds to
veins
Prof. Maria Luisa J. (capillary beds-where
Landingin interchange of oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nutrients
take place with the cells)
• Allows deoxygenated blood to
return from capillary beds to
veins
Chapter 11- Venules and (deoxygenated blood-rich in
CO2 rather than O2 on the
Veins way back to the heart;O2
delivered to the body and
Chepter 12- Monocytes CO2 has replaced oxygen;
and Lymphocytes found in veins and pulmonary
artery)
Chapter 13- Bone Marrow • 8-100 micrometers in
diameter
• Formed when capillaries unite
• Venules unite to form a vein
STRUCTURE OF A VENULE
Reporter: Dorothy Rica • Inner endothelium:
G. de Asis squamous endothelial
cells – membrane
Biology 4Free (endothelium- tissue
forms a single layer of
cells lining various organs
and cavities)
• Middle layer: muscle and
elastic tissue
• Outer layer: fibrous
connective tissue
SMALL/MEDIUM VEINS
• 10mm or less
KINDS OF VENULES
• Postcapillary venules – 15-
20 micrometers in diameter;
primary site to which WBCs
adhere to endothelium and
leave circulation at sites of
infection or tissue damage;
cite of recirculation of the
lymphocytes from the blood to
the lymphoid tissue
• Collecting venules– have
more contractile cells;
surrounded by tunica media
(middle coat) with two or three
smooth muscle layers
(muscular venules)
(contractile- capable of
contraction)
• Venules have large diameter
of lumen compared to the
overall thinness of the walls
(lumen-inside space of a
luminar structure)
VEINS
• Carry blood back to the heart
from microvasculature over
the body
• Located close and parallel to
corresponding muscular
arteries
• Intima – has thin
subendothelial layer;
innermost membrane or
lining; thin layer of connective
tissue lying between the
endothelium and elastic
lamina in the intima of blood
vessels
• Media- consists of small
bundles of smooth muscles
intermixed with reticular and
elastic fibers
(reticular fibers- intercellular
fiber elements that may be
continuous with collagen
fibers)
(elastic fibers- contains
elastin,allows many tissues in
the body to resume their
shape)
LARGE VEINS
• Have a well-developed
intima
• Media is relatively thin,
alternating layers of
smooth muscle and
connective tissue
• Adventitial layer is thicker
than the media; contains
longitudinal bundles of
smooth muscle
(adventitial layer-
outermost connective
 tissue covering of an
organ)
• Media and adventitia
contain elastic fibers
• External and internal
laminae not present
MONOCYTES
 Monocytes– committed
progenitor cell that is virtually
identical to myeloblast
(progenitor cell-has a
tendency to differentiate into a
specific type of cell but is
already more specific than a
stem cell and is pushed to
differentiate into a target cell;
limited division)
(myeloblast-uniopotent stem
cell, develops into a type of
WBC-normally seen in bone
marrow)
 Precursor of macrophages,
microglia, and osteoclast
(macrophage-large
mononuclear phagocytic cell)
(osteoclast-for bone
remodelling; digests old bone
cells)
 Promonocyte– large cell (up
to 18micrometers in diameter)
 Chromatin is lacy and nucleoli
is evident
 Basophilic cytoplasm, slightly
indented nucleus
(basophilic-takes up basic
dyes)
 Monocytes circulate in blood
for many hours and enter
tissues where they mature as
macrophages and function up
to several months
LYMPHOCYTES
• Originate mainly in thymus
and the peripheral lymphoid
organs
(thymus-specialized lymphoid
organ; ductless gland,
produces T cells)
(T cells- for cell mediated
immunity)
• All lymphocyte progenitor
cells originate in bone marrow
• Migrate to thymus– acquire
properties of T lymphocyte
• B lymphocytes– Bone marrow
lymphocytes
• Progenitor of lymphocytes–
lymphoblast
(lymphoblast-abnormal cell
resembling a large
lymphocyte, produced in large
numbers, in a form of
leukemia after being
stimulated by an antigen
gives rise to a lymphocyte)
• Lymphoblast– capable of
dividing two to three times
• Most numerous type of
agranulocyte
• (agranulocyte-mononuclear
leukocytes, WBC w/ one
lobed nucleus; cytoplasmic
granules absent ;
lymphocytes and plasma cells
are agrunolocytic)
• Lymphocytes are the smallest
leukocytes; constituting up to
two thirds of these cells
• vary in life span according to
their specific functions; some
live only a few days and
others survive in the
circulating blood or other
tissues for many years.
•
BONE MARROW
• Red bone marrow– active in
homopoiesis
(homopoiesis- formation iof
blood cells in the living body)
• Yellow bone marrow–
consists mostly of adipose
tissue
• Bone marrow– found in
medullary canals of long
bones and small cavities of
cancellous bones
(medulalry canals-marrow
cavity of long bones
• matrix of bone marrow–
collagen type I,
proteoglycans, fibronectin,
and laminin, the latter
glycoproteins interacting with
integrins to bind cells to the
matrix.
• Red marrow– site where
older, defective erythrocytes
undergo phagocytosis by
macrophages
• reprocess homebound iron for
delivery to the differentiating
erythrocytes.