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Zelman Khrystyna зіставна
Zelman Khrystyna зіставна
Zelman Khrystyna зіставна
1. Organize each of the following groups of words into a taxonomy in which the superordinate
terms and their hyponyms are properly arranged with respect to each other. Be sure to
identify which terms are superordinate and which are hyponyms (and which are co-
hyponyms). Identify any problems you might have in organizing the data, and supply
additional data if you can think of them. It may be helpful to sketch a tree diagram. Are you
aware of any other disciplines in which such taxonomies are used?
a hammer, screwdriver, wrench, awl, tool, pliers
b carpenter, electrician, craftsman, plumber
c mammal, human, animal, amphibian, reptile, frog, snake
d shatter, crack, break, smash, fracture
e man, woman, husband, bachelor, wife, human, widow
Tool
craftsman
Craftsman -hyperonym
Carpenter, electrician, plumber - hyponyms of craftsman and co-hyponyms of one
another.
animal
break
man woman
2. Organize the given words in accordance with their hyponymic relations. enumerate the
general terms (hyperonyms)
1) train, light lorry, bicycle, vehicle, cabriolet, car, heavy lorry, estate car, motorcycle, bus,
lorry, three-door hatchback, three-way dump truck
2) turtle, mammal, squirrel, animal, reptile, seal, tiger, lizard, leopard, fox, wolf, iguana,
bear, snake, feline, panther
vehicle
bus
train
lorry car
Three-way
Light dump truck
bicycle
lorry Heavy Three-door
lorry hatchback
motorcycle cabriolet
Estate car
animal
bear
tiger
squirell wolf iguana panther
seal
snake leopard
fox turtle lizard
3. Explain what it means to say that hyponymy involves entailment. For each sentence below
give another sentence which the first one entails, and then give one which the first does
NOT entail.
a John is a bachelor
b John is a widower
c Mary is divorced
d This is a tulip
John is a bachelor. Entails John has not been married yet.. Does not entail John is
clever.
John is a widower. Entails John has lost his spouse by death. Does not entail John is
pretty.
Mary is divorced. Entails Mary is not married now. Does not entail Mary is nice.
This is a tulip. Entails This is a flower. Does not entail This is beautiful.
4. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since “dog”
is a hyponym of “mammal” and “mammal” is a hyponym of “animal”, “dog is a hyponym
of animal”. (1) Can you find other examples to prove the relation of transitivity? (2) Is
meronymy a transitive relation like hyponymy? Use examples for illustration.
(1)
“car” is hyponym of “vehicle” which is hyponym of “carl”
“rose” is hyponym of “flower” which is hyponym of “plant”
(2)
A dog is a kind of animal, but not a part of an animal; a body has a
hand, and a hand is a part of a body.
5. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a general
term and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in both
speaking and writing. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter one
synecdoche. For example, in the sentence “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”, the
specific term “apple” refers to the general term “fruit”; in the sentence “How many mouths
does he have to feed”, the part word “mouth” is used to replace the whole word “person”.
Read the following sentences.
a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.
Bread” substitutes “food”.
b. I’ve got wheels.
Word “wheels ” is used to replace the word “car”.
c. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.
“Vehicles” means “cars”.
d. Put down the steel.
“Steel” means “khife”.
7 The following passage is an introduction to “pop”. Please draw a lexical network of “pop”
constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.
Pop
Even if the word “pop” disappears from the English vocabulary, the influence of pop will
remain. Pop has become part of British- and American-history.
There has always been a close cultural link, or tie, between Britain and English-speaking
America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music. Before the Second
World War the Americans exported jazz and the blues. During the 1950s they exported rock ’n’
roll.
Then in the early 1960s a new sound was heard, very different from anything, which has so
far come from the American side of the Atlantic. This was the Liverpool, or Merseyside,
“beat”. Situated on the River Mersey in the northeastern corner of the industrial Black
Country, Liverpool was not a place which anyone visited for fun. Until the 1960s it was known
only as one of the Britain’s largest ports. Then, almost overnight, it became world famous as
the birthplace of the new pop culture which, in a few years, swept across Britain and America,
and across most of the countries of the western world.
The people responsible for the pop revolution were four Liverpool boys who joined
together in a group and called themselves The Beatles. They played in small clubs in the back
streets of the city. Unlike the famous solo stars who had their songs written for them, the
Beatles wrote their own words and music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of
people of all ages and social backgrounds. As they developed, their songs became more
serious. They wrote not only of love, but of death and old age and poverty and daily life. They
were respected by many intellectuals and by some serious musicians. Largely thanks to the
Beatles, pop music has grown into an immense and profitable industry.
The influence of British pop in America was immense. American pop groups soon became
as famous as British groups. Both British and Americans are experimenting with new ideas,
and pop is developing and changing, and merging with modern folk music.
The blues
U.S.
music
jazz
Rock
pop
Beatles
Liverpool Britain
8.Arrange the following predicates in the form of a 'tree diagram' showing the hierarchical
relationship among them (the first element in the tree diagram is living things): horse, tiger,
donkey, reptile, equine, leopard, feline, fish, human, living things, animal, insect, vegetable,
bird, vertebrate, invertebrate
9. In order to understand the concept of ‘domain’, fill in the blank spaces in the following text
adapted from Cruse (2000: 142) with one word from the list bellow:
methodological, pedagogical,
tuition, course;
knowledge, exercise;
angry, in a temper;
frustrated, displeased.
11 The following linear structure (egg, larva, pupa, butterfly) is an example of:
a) degree
b) stage
c) sequence
d) rank