Bypass transition

Bypass Transition is a kind of laminar to turbulent transition in a flow over a surface, in which some of
pre-transitional events which are generally occurring in natural Laminar–turbulent transition, such as
generation of two dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves, spanwise vorticity and three-dimensional
vortex breakdown are bypassed and through some secondary instability mode the laminar boundary layer
becomes a turbulent boundary layer.

History
P. S. Klebanoff is the first scientist who experimentally observed
bypass transition scenario during his experiments in elevated
free-stream turbulence flow. He identified an important aspect of
the bypass transition. In his experiment, using hot wires he
studied flow over a flat plate which was subjected to a 0.3% free-
stream turbulence level. At this moderate free-stream turbulence
level, he could observe a low-frequency velocity perturbation
signal, that is less than 12 Hz which is much smaller than usual
Tollmien-Schlichting wave frequency. He also observed
thickening and thinning of boundary layer which is not in the
The path from receptivity to laminar-
case of low free-stream turbulence flow.[2]
turbulent transition as illustrated by
Morkovin, 1994.[1]
Pre-transitional flow structures
In Bypass transition flow, the pre-transitional flow structures are quite different from those of very low
turbulent intensity free-stream flow. From various laboratory experiments and computational studies, it
has been observed that the low frequency streaky flow structures are present inside the laminar boundary
layers. These streaky structures are called Klebanoff modes or simply K-modes since this was first
experimentally observed by Klebanoff.[3]

References
1. Morkovin M. V., Reshotko E., Herbert T. 1994. "Transition in open flow systems—a
reassessment". Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 39:1882.
2. Kenndal, James M. (1998). "Experiments on Boundary Layer Receptivity to Free stream
Turbulence". AIAA. doi:10.2514/6.1998-530 (https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.1998-530).
3. Matsubara, M.; Alfredsson, P. H. (2001). "Disturbance growth in boundary layers subjected
to free-stream turbulence" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/co
ntent/view/S0022112000002810). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 430: 149–168.
doi:10.1017/s0022112000002810 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022112000002810).

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