Thermal conduction

Thermal conduction in conductors

• Conduction is the transfer of heat through
physical contact.
• Thermal conduction in conductors is the
transfer of heat energy by interaction of atoms
(atomic vibration) and free electrons collision
with atom.
 Thermal conduction in liquid and gas
• In liquid and gas , thermal conduction takes
place by means of collisions between rapidly
moving molecules closer to the hot end of a
body of matter and the
slower molecules closer to the cold end.
• In gases conduction is poorest in gases
because their molecules are relatively far
apart and so interact less frequently than in
solids and liquids.
 Temperature gradient
• Rate of change of temperature per unit length
is called temperature gradient .
• Temperature gradient is a physical quantity
that describes in which direction and at what
rate the temperature changes the most
rapidly around a particular location.
• Dimensional formula =[KL-1]
• The SI unit is lelvin per metre (K/m).
Temperature gradient
Heat current in conductor
Average heat current in conductor
Coefficient of thermal conductivity
• Symbol=K
• Unit-
• Dimensional formula
• K depends only on the nature of the material .
TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERFACE
• If two rods of thermal conductivities K1 and K2
and lengths l1 and l2 having areas A1 and A2
normal to the direction of heat flow are joined
end to end. The temperatures of the free ends of
the rods are θ1 and θ2 respectively. Then, in the
steady state the temperature of interface is given
as
 TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERFACE
• If two rods of thermal conductivities K1 and K2
and same lengths and same areas normal to the
direction of heat flow are joined end to end. The
temperatures of the free ends of the rods are θ1
and θ2 respectively. Then, in the steady state the
temperature of interface is given as
 Thermal resistance
• Thermal resistance is the opposition offered
by the substance to the flow of heat.
Equivalent thermal conductivity of
two rods in series
Equivalent thermal conductivity
two rods in parallel
Growth of ice in pond
 Wiedman and Franz law
• Ratio of thermal and electrical conductivities
at a particular temperature is same for all
metals.
Heat current in conductor

Ans-1
Numerical bank
Heat current in conductor

Ans-2
Thermal coductivity

Ans-2
Thermal coductivity

Ans-4
Thermal conductivity

Ans-3
Temperature of interface

Ans-2
Equivalent thermal conductivity
(series)

Ans-1
Growth of ice in pond

Ans-2
Growth of ice in pond

Ans-2
Wiedmann - Franz law

Ans-3
Steady state of body

Ans-4