ENERGY AND POTENTIAL

Point Charge in an External Field

• To move charge Q against the electric
field, a force must be applied that
counteracts the force on Q that arises from
the field:

E
+ Q
Fappl

Fappl = - Q E
 Differential Work Done on Moving a
Point Charge Against an External Field
• In moving point charge Q from initial
position B over a differential distance dL
(to final position A), the work expended is:
dW = Fappl dL = QE dL = -QE dL [J]
gives positive
result if
A (final) B (initital)
E
charge
F appl
+
dL
+ is forced
dL against the
electric field
 Differential Work Done on Moving a
Point Charge Against an External Field
• The path is along an electric field line (in
the opposite direction), and over the
differential path length, the field can be
assumed constant.
Forcing a Charge Against the Field
in an Arbitrary Direction
• What matters now is the component of
force in the direction
A
of motion.
+ Force magnitude is Fappl cos(

dL B
 E
Fappl = -Q E +

Differential work in moving charge Q through

distance dL will be:
dW = Fappl cos( dL = QE dL
 Example
• An Electric field is as E = 6y2zax +12xyzay
+6xy2az V/m. An incremental path is
represented by ΔL = -3ax + 5ay – 2az μm.
Find the work done in moving a 2 μC
charge along this path if the location of the
path is at: (a) PA(0,2,5); (b) PB(1,1,1); (c)
PC(-2,-0,3)
 Solution
W  QE  L
 
W   2 10 6 6 y 2 za x  12 xyza y  6 xy 2 a z 
  3 10 a
6
x  5  10 6
a y  2  10 6
a 
z

W  36 10 12 y 2 z  120 10 12 xyz  24 10 12 xy 2

at PA(0,2,5)
W  36  10 12 y 2 z  120  10 12 xyz  24  10 12 xy 2
W  36  10 12 (2) 2 (5)  120  10 12 (0)(2)(5)  24  10 12 (0)(2) 2
W  720  10 12 J or 720 J
 Solution
at PB(1,1,1)
W  36  10 12 y 2 z  120  10 12 xyz  24  10 12 xy 2
W  36  10 12 (1) 2 (1)  120  10 12 (1)(1)(1)  24  10 12 (1)(1) 2
W  60  10 12 J or  60 J
at PC(-0.7,-2,-0.3)
W  36 10 12 y 2 z  120 10 12 xyz  24 10 12 xy 2
W  36 10 12 (2) 2 (0.3)  120 10 12 (0.7)( 2)( 0.3)
 24 10 12 (0.7)( 2) 2
W  60 10 12 J or  60 J
 Total Work Done over an Arbitrary
Path
• The integral expression for work is
completely general: Any shape path may
be taken, with the component of force
evaluated on each differential path
segment.
 Total Work Done
• All differential work contributions along the
path are summed to give:

A (final)

dL B (initial)
 E
Fappl = -Q E +
 Total Work Done over an Arbitrary
Path

• The integral expression involving the

scalar product of the field with a differential
path vector is called a line integral or a
contour integral.
 Line Integral Evaluation
• We wish to find:
• where
• and
• using these
 Example
Find the work done in moving a 5 μC
charge from the origin to P(2,-1,4) thru the
field E = 2xyzax + x2zay + x2yaz V/m via
the path: (a) straight line segments (0,0,0)
to (2,0,0) to (2,-1,0) to (2,-1,4); (b) straight
line x = -2y, z = 2x; (c) curve x = -2y3,
z=4y2

Answer: 80 J; 80 J; 80 J
 Solution
(a)
A
W  Q  E  dL
B


W   5  10 6
 2 xyza  x za  x ya dxa
A

B
x
2
y
2
z x  dya y  dzaz 

W   5  10  2 xyzdx  x zdy  x ydz 

A
6 2 2
B
 Solution
(a)
from (0,0,0) to (2,0,0)

W   5  10 6

 2 2 xyzdx  0 x 2 zdy  0 x 2 ydz 
 0 0 0 
 x 2 2  

W   5  10 6  2 yz    x yz    x yz 
2 0 2 0

 2  
0
0  0

 
     
W   5  10 6 (2) 2 yz  (0) 2 yz  x 2 (0) z  x 2 (0) z  x 2 y (0)  x 2 y (0) 
W 0
 Solution
(a)
from (2,0,0) to (2,-1,0)

W   5  10 6

 2 2 xyzdx  1 x 2 zdy  0 x 2 ydz 
 2 0 0 
 x 2 2  

W   5  10 6  2 yz    x 2 yz    x 2 yz 
1 0

 2  

0   0

 2 

W   5  10 6     
(2) 2 yz  (2) 2 yz  x 2 (1) z  x 2 (0) z  x 2 y (0)  x 2 y (0) 
W 0
 Solution
(a)
from (2,-1,0) to (2,-1,4)

W   5  10 6

 2 2 xyzdx  1 x 2 zdy  4 x 2 ydz 
 2 1 0 
 x 2 2  

W   5  10 6  2 yz    x yz    x yz 
2 1 2 4

 2  
2
1   0

 
     
W   5  10 6 (2) 2 yz  (2) 2 yz  x 2 (1) z  x 2 (1) z  x 2 y (4)  x 2 y (0) 
W  20  10 6 x 2 y; at (2,1,4)
W  20  10 6 (2) 2 (1)  80  10 6 J  80 J
WT  0  0  80 J  80 J
 Solution
(b)
x  2 y z  2x
dx  2dy dz  2dx
dx
dy  
2
A
W  Q  E  dL
B


W   5 10 6
 2 xyza  x za  x ya dxa
A

B
x
2
y
2
z x  dya y  dzaz 

W   5 10  2 xyzdx  x zdy  x ydz 

A
6 2 2
B
 Solution
(b)
  x 

W   5 10 6
 2
2  dx  2  x 
0  2 x  2 (2 x)dx  x (2 x)  2   x   2 2dx

W   5 10 6
  2 x dx  x dx  x dx
2

0
3 3 3

W   5 10   4 x dx
2
6 3
0

 2

   
4
W   5 10 6  4 x    5 10 6 (16)  80 10 6 J  80 J
 4 
 0
 Solution
(c)
x  2 y 3 z  4 y2
dx  6 y 2 dy dz  8 ydy
A
W  Q  E  dL
B


W   5 10 6
 2 xyza  x za  x ya dxa
B
A
x
2
y
2
z x  dya y  dzaz 

W   5 10  2 xyzdx  x zdy  x ydz 

A
6 2 2
B

 2(2 y 3 ) y (4 y 2 )( 6 y 2 dy)  (2 y 3 ) 2 (4 y 2 )dy 


W   5 10 6  1

  (2 y 3 ) 2 y (8 ydy)


 
0
 Solution
(c)
W   5 10  96 y dy  16 y dy  32 y dy
1
6 8 8 8
0

W   5 10  144 y dy
1
6 8
0

 1

W   5 10 6 144    5 10 6   144   80 10 6 J  80 J
9
y
 9   9 
 0 
 Seatwork
1. Calculate the work done in moving a 4
C charge from B(1,0,0) to A(0,2,0) along
the path y = 2 – 2x, z=0 in the field E =: (a)
5ax V/m; (b) 5xax V/m; (c) 5xax + 5yay V/m.

Answer: 20J; 10J; -30J

 Seatwork
2. We shall see later that a time varying E-
field need not be conservative. Let E = yax
V/m at a certain instant of time, and
calculate the work required to move a 3-C
charge from (1,3,5) to (2,0,3) along the
straight line segments joining: (a) (1,3,5) to
(2,3,5) to (2,0,5) to (2,0,3); (b) (1,3,5) to
(1,3,3) to (1,0,3) to (2,0,3).

Answer: -9J; 0
Differential Path Lengths in the
Three Coordinate Systems
 Definition of Potential Difference
• We now have the work done in moving
charge Q from initial to final positions.
• This is the potential energy gained by the
charge as a result of this position change.
 Definition of Potential Difference
• The potential difference is defined as the
work done (or potential energy gained) per
unit charge.
• We express this quantity in units of
Joules/Coulomb, or volts:
 Definition of Potential Difference
• Finally:
 Example
Let E = (-6y/x2)ax + (6/x)ay + 5az V/m and
calculate: (a) VPQ given P(-7,2,1) and
Q(4,1,2); (b) Vp if V=0 at Q; (c) Vp if V = 0
at (2,0,1)
 Solution
(a) V   A E  dL
AB B
P
VPQ    E  dL
Q

7   6y 
    2 ax  ay  5az   dxax  dyay  dzaz
6
VPQ
4
 x x 
7   6 y 6 
VPQ     2 dx  dy  5dz 
4
 x x 
7  6y 6 
VPQ    2 dx  dy  5dz 
4
x x 
 Solution
Equation of the line
x  xQ y  yQ z  zQ
 
4  (7) 1  2 2 1
x  4 y 1 z  2
 
11 1 1
x  4 y 1 x4 z2
 
11 1 11 1
 x  4  11 y  11 x  4 11z  22
15  x 18  x
y z
11 11
dx dx
dy   dz 
11 11
 Solution
7 6y 6 7 7
VPQ  2
dx   dy  5 dz
4 x x 4 4

 7 6  15  x  6  7 dx  7 dx
VPQ  2  dx     5
4 x
 11  x 4 11 4 11

90  7  2 6  7 dx 6  7 dx 5  7
VPQ   x dx       dx
11 4 11 4 x 11 4 x 11 4
90  7  2 5 7
VPQ   x dx   dx
11 4 11 4
1  7
90 x 5  7 90
VPQ   x4   5  8.21V
11  1 4 11 28
 Solution
(b) V AB  V A  VB
V PQ  V P  VQ
8.21  VP  0
V P  8.21V
 Solution
(c) Equation of the line
x  xV y  yV z  zV
 
2  (7) 0  2 11
x  2 y  0 z 1
 
9 2 2
y x2 z 1 x  2
 
2 9 2 9
4  2x  2x  5
y z
9 9
2 2
dy   dx dz  dx
9 9
 Solution
7 6y 6 7 7
VPQ  2
dx   dy  5 dz
2 x x 2 2

7 6  4  2 x  6 7 2 7  2
VPQ  2  dx    dx  5 dx
2 x
 9  x 2 9 2 9
24  7  2 12  7 dx 12  7 dx 10  7
VPQ 
9 2  x dx  
9 2 x
 
9 2 x
  dx
9 2
24  7  2 10  7
VPQ 
9 2  x dx   dx
9 2
1  7
24 x 10  7 24
VPQ   x2   10  8.29V
9 1 2 9 14
 Solution

V PQ  V P  VQ
 8.29  V P  0
V P  8.29V
 Seatwork
An electric field is expressed in cartesian
coordinates by E = 6x2ax + 6yay + 4az
V/m. Find: (a) VMN if points M and N are
specified by M(2,6,-1) and N(-3,-3,2); (b)
VM if V = 0 at Q(4,-2,-35); (c) VN if V = 2 at
P(1,2,-4).

Answer: -139 V; -120 V; 19V

 Seatwork
A 15 nC point charge is at the origin in free
space. Calculate V1 if point P1 is located
at P1(-2,3,-1) and: (a) V = 0 at (6,5,4); (b)
V = 0 at infinity; (c) V = 5V at (2,0,4)

Answer: 20.7 V; 36 V; 10.89 V

 Potential Field of a Point Charge
Off-Origin
• The setup here is the same in the electric
field of an off-origin point charge.

1
P

1
1 1 1

1
 Potential Field of a Point Charge Off-
Origin
• Introduce a second point charge, and the
two scalar potentials simply add:

• For n charges, the process continues:

 Potential Associated with
Continuous Charge Distributions
• If each point charge is now represented as
a small element of a continuous volume
charge distribution ρvΔv, then

• As we allow the number of elements to

become infinite, we obtain the integral
expression:
 Potential Functions Associated with
Line, Surface, and Volume Charge
Distributions

• Line Charge:

• Surface Charge:

• Volume Charge:
 Potential Functions Associated with
Line, Surface, and Volume Charge
Distributions
• Compare to our earlier expression for
electric field --- generally a more difficult
integral to evaluate:
 Example
Assume a zero reference at infinity and
find the potential at P(0,0,10) that is
caused by the charge configuration in free
space; (a) 20 nC at the origin; (b) 10 nC/m
along the line x = 0, z = 0, -1 < y < 1; (c)
10 nC/m along the line x = 0, y = 0, -1 < z
< 1.
 Solution
(a) Q
V
4 0 | r  r ' |
9
20  10
V  17.975V
4 (8.854  10 )(10  0)
12
 Solution
(b)  L 1 dL
V 
4 0 1 r
9
10  10 1
V 
4 (8.854  10 )(10) 1
12
dy

10  10  9
V y 1  17.97V
1

4 (8.854  10 )(10)
12
 Solution
(c)  L 1 dL
4 0 1 r
V

10  10  9 1
V 
4 (8.854  10 )(10) 1
12
dz
9
10  10
V z 1  17.97V
1

4 (8.854  10 )(10)
12
 Seatwork
If we take the zero reference for potential
at infinity, find the potential at (0,0,2)
caused by this charge configuration in free
space; (a) 12 nC/m on the line ρ = 2.5 m, z
= 0; (b) point charge of 18 nC at (1,2,-1);
(c) 12 nC/m on the line y = 2.5, z = 0.

Answer: 529 V; 43.2 V; 67.4 V

 Change in Voltage over an
Incremental Distance
• The change in potential occurring over
distance L depends on the angle
between this vector and the electric field;
i.e., the projection of the field along the
path:

or
 Change in Voltage over an
Incremental Distance
from which:

whose maximum value is:

when the path vector lies along the electric

field direction.
 Relation Between Potential and
Electric Field
• The maximum rate of increase in potential
should occur in a direction exactly
opposite the electric field:
 Relation Between Potential and
Electric Field
• The maximum rate of increase in potential
should occur in a direction exactly
opposite the electric field:

unit vector normal to an equipotential

surface and in the direction of increasing
potential
 Change in Voltage over an
Incremental Distance
• The change in potential occurring over
distance L depends on the angle between
this vector and the electric field; i.e., the
projection of the field along the path:

or

from which:
 Change in Voltage over an
Incremental Distance

whose maximum value is:

when the path vector lies along the electric

field direction.
 Relation Between Potential and
Electric Field
Equipotential surfaces

aN
E

• E points in the direction of maximum rate

of decrease in potential -- in the direction
of the negative gradient of V.
 Electric Field in Terms of V in
Rectangular Coordinates
• The differential voltage change can be
written as the sum of changes of V in the
three coordinate directions:

• We also know that:

 Electric Field in Terms of V in
Rectangular Coordinates

We therefore identify:

So that:
 Electric Field as the Negative
Gradient of the Potential Field
• We now have the relation between E and
V

• This is obtained by using the del operator

on V
 Electric Field as the Negative
Gradient of the Potential Field
• A more compact relation therefore
emerges, which is applicable to static
electric fields:

E is equal to the negative gradient of V

• The direction of the gradient is that of the

maximum rate of increase in the scalar
field, or normal to all equipotential surfaces.
 Direction of the Gradient Vector
• The gradient of V is a directional derivative
that represents spatial rate of change.
• This is a vector which we would assume
must be in some fixed direction at a given
point.
 Direction of the Gradient Vector
• The projection of the gradient along a
direction tangent to an equipotential
surface must give a result of zero, as the
potential by definition is constant along
that surface: In other words,
 Direction of the Gradient Vector
• Therefore, must be perpendicular to t,
or normal to an equipotential surface, and
in the direction of maximum increase in V.
Gradient of V in the Three
Coordinate Systems
 Electric Dipole
• The objective is to
find the potential
due to both charges
at point P, and then
from the potential
function, determine
the electric field.
 Electric Dipole
• The potential will be just the sum of the
two potential functions associated with
each point charge:
 Far-Field Approximation
• Under the condition r >>d, the three
position vectors are approximately parallel.
• This means that we may use the
approximations:

and

to get finally:
Far-Field Approximation
 Far-Field Approximation
• Having found the potential:
• Electric field is found by taking the
negative gradient:

or..

from which finally:

 Electric Dipole Field and
Equipotentials
Equipotential surface

Electric field streamline

 Example
A dipole of moment p = -4ax + 5ay + 3az
nC-m is located at D(1,2,-1) in free space.
Find V at: (a) PA(0,0,0) (b) PB(1,2,0) (c)
PC(1,2,-2) (d) PD(2,6,1)
 Solution
1 r  r'
V   P 
(a) 4 0 | r  r ' | 2 | r  r '|
find V at PA (0,0,0)
r  r '  (0  1)ax  (0  2)ay  (0  1)az
r  r '  ax  2ay  az
| r  r ' | 12  2 2  12  6
| r  r '| 
2
 6 2
6
1  ax  2ay  az
V   (4ax  5ay  3az) 
4 (8.854  10 (6)
12
6
V  1.835V
 Solution
(b) find V at PB (1,2,0)
r  r '  (1  1)ax  (2  2)ay  (0  1)az
r  r '  az
| r  r ' | 12  1
| r  r ' | 2  (1) 2  1
1 az
V  (4ax  5ay  3az) 
4 (8.854  10 (1) 12
1
V  27V
 Solution
(c) find V at PC (1,2,2)
r  r '  (1  1)ax  (2  2)ay  (2  1)az
r  r '  az
| r  r ' | 12  1
| r  r ' |  (1)  1
2 2

1  az
V  (4ax  5ay  3az) 
4 (8.854  10 (1)
12
1
V  27V
 Solution
(d) find V at PD (2,6,1)
r  r '  (2  1)ax  (6  2)ay  (1  1)az
r  r '  ax  4ay  2az
| r  r ' | 12  4 2  2 2  21
| r  r '| 
2
 212
 21
1 ax  4ay  2az
V   (4ax  5ay  3az) 
4 (8.854  10 (21)
12
21
V  2.05V
 Example
Point charges of +3 μC and -3 μC are
located at (0,0,1mm) and (0,0,-1mm)
respectively in free space. (a) Find p. (b)
Find E in spherical components at P(r =2,
θ = 40O, Φ = 50O). (c) Find E in spherical
component at (1,2,1.5)
 Solution
(a) P  Qd
6 3
P  3  10 [1  (1)](10 )az
6 3
P  3  10 (2  10 )az
9
P  6  10 az  6nC  m
 Solution
(b) Qd
E (2 cosar  sin a )
4 0 r 3

(6  10 )( 2 cos 40 ar  sin a )

9
E
4 (8.854  10 )( 2)
12 3

E  10.33a r  4.33a V / m
 Solution
(c) r  12  2 2  1.5 2  2.692
1.5
  cos 1
 56.145 0
2.692
Qd
E (2 cosar  sin a )
4 0 r 3

(6  10 9 )(2 cos56.145 0 ar  sin 56.145 0 a )

E
4 (8.854  10 12 )(2.692 ) 3
E  3.08a r  2.29a V / m
 Seatwork
An electric dipole located at the origin in
free space has a moment p = 3ax – 2ay +
az nC-m. (a) Find V at PA(2,3,4). (b) Find
V at r = 2.5, θ = 30O, Φ = 40O.

Answer: 0.230 V; 1.973 V

 Seatwork
A dipole of moment p = 6az nC-m is
located at the origin in free space. (a) Find
V at P(r = 4, θ = 20O, Φ = 0O). (b) Find E at
P.

Answer: 3.17 V; 1.584 ar + 0.288aθ V/m

 Electric Dipole Moment
• The dipole moment vector is directed from
the negative charge to the positive charge,
and is defined as:

• In the charge configuration we have used,

the direction of p is az , and therefore:
 Electric Dipole Moment
• so we may write: which
would account for any orientation of p.
• or in general, for a dipole at any
orientation, positioned off-origin:
 Potential Energy in a System of
Two Point Charges
Q1 Q2
+ R2,1 +
Q1 has zero Charge Q2 is brought into
energy if isolated position from infinity.
The work done in bringing Q2 into position is:
 Potential Energy in a System of
Two Point Charges
• This is the stored energy in the “system”,
consisting of the two assembled charges.
 Potential Energy in a System of
Three Point Charges
Q1 Q2
+ R2,1 +
Charge Q3 is brought into
R3,2
position from infinity, with
R3,1
Q1 and Q2 already situated.
+
Q3

The system energy is now the previous 2-

charge energy plus the work done in bringing
Q3 into position:
Potential Energy in a System of
Three Point Charges

Where and
 Extension to an n-Charge
Ensemble
• Extending the previous result, we can
write the energy expression for n charges:

• where the local potential (at the position of

charge m) is:
 Extension to an n-Charge
Ensemble
• Note that this is the potential due to all
charges except charge m, evaluated at the
location of charge m.
 Stored Energy in a Continuous
Charge Distribution
• If we have a continuous charge,
characterized by a charge density
function, we use implicitly the expression
 Stored Energy in a Continuous
Charge Distribution
• but the charge Q is replaced by the
quantity dq = v dv, and the summation
becomes an integral over the charge
volume:

• where V is the position-dependent

potential function within the charge
volume.
 Stored Energy in the Electric Field
• We use Maxwell’s first equation to express
volume charge density in terms of D:
 Stored Energy in the Electric Field
(continued)
• where the vector identity,
,
has been used.
• Next, the divergence theorem is used on
the first term, replacing the volume integral
by an integral over the surface that
surrounds the volume:
 Stored Energy in the Electric Field
(continued)
• We now have:
in which the region of integration now
includes all space, or wherever the field
and potential exist.
• We are no longer constrained to the
volume taken up by the charge. This
means that the surface of integration in
general lies at infinity, or at an infinite
radius from the otherwise compact charge.
 Stored Energy in the Electric Field
(continued)
• At the infinite distance, the potential and D
fields begin to resemble those of a point
charge: and
therefore
• This means that the surface
: integral will
vanish, because the inverse cube
dependence in the integrand falls off at a
more rapid rate with r than the surface
area increases (surface area increases
only as the square of the radius).
 Stored Energy in the Electric Field
(continued)
• This means that the surface integral will
vanish, because the inverse cube
dependence in the integrand falls off at a
more rapid rate with r than the surface
area increases (surface area increases
only as the square of the radius).
 Electric Field Energy and Energy
Density
• The field energy expression now reads:

• but we know that:

• which leads us to the final result:

• where the energy density in the electric

field is defined as:
 Example
Find the energy stored in free space for
the region, 0 < ρ < a, 0 < Φ < π, 0 < z < 2,
given the potential field V =: (a) Vo ρ/a; (b)
Vo (ρ/a)cos2Φ.
 Solution
(a) E  V   V a  1 V a  V az 
    z  

V0
E  /a

V0
E
a
2
V0
E  2
2

a
 Solution
1
(a) WE 

2 vol
 0 Edv

 0V0 a  2
2

2 0 0 0
WE  dddz
2a
2 a
V 2

WE  0 z0
0 0 2
2
2a 2 0

WE  1.571 V 0 0
2
 Solution
 V 1 V V 
(b) E  V    a    a  z az 
 
 V0 (  / a) cos2  1 V0 (  / a) cos2  
E    
    
V0 V0
E   cos   (2) cos ( sin  )
2

a a
V0 V0
E  2 sin  cos  cos2 
a a
2 2 2
4V 4V V
E  2 sin  cos   2 cos  sin   2 cos 
2 0 2 2 0 3 0 4

a a a
 Solution
(b)
1
WE    0 E 2 dv
2 vol
 0V02 a  2 4V02 2 4V 2
V 2
4 
2 0 0 0 
WE  2
sin  cos   2 cos  sin   2 cos   dv;
2 0 3 0
2a  a a a 
but 4 sin 2  cos2   sin 2 2 ; dv  dddz
 0V02 a  V02 2
2 4V02 V 2
4 
2 0 0 0  2
WE  sin 2  2 cos  sin   2 cos   dddz
3 0
2a a a a 
 0V02 a  2 2 4 0V02 a  2 3
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
WE  sin 2dddz  cos  sin dddz
2a 2a
 0V02 a  2 4
2 0 0 0
 cos dddz
2a
 Solution
 0V02 
0 sin 2dddz ; sin 2  2 1  cos4 
a 2 1

2 2
(b)For : 2a 2 0 0

2 a 
V 2
1

  0  sin 4 z 0
0 0 2
2
2a 2 0 4 0

 0.7854 0V02
4 0V02 a  2
For :     sin dddz
3
cos
2a 2 0 0 0

2 a 
4 V  2
cos  2 4
 0 0
2
z0
2a 2 0
4 0
0
 Solution
 0V02 a  2 1
(b) For :  0       
4 4 2
cos d d dz ; cos (1 cos 2 )
2a 2 0 0 4
2 a   
V 
2
 1 1 1 1
  0 2  sin 2   sin 4 z 0
0 0 2
2
2a 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 4 0

 0.5890 0V02
WE  0.7854 0V02  0  0.5890 0V02  1.374 0V02
 Seatwork
Find the energy stored in free space for
the region 2mm < r < 3mm, 0 < θ < 90O, 0
< Φ < 90O, given the potential field V =: (a)
200/r V; (b) (300cosθ)/r2 V.

Answer: 1.391 pJ; 36.7 J