CIRCUITS AND

6.002x ELECTRONICS

Op Amps
Positive
Feedback

1
 Nature as observed in experiments

Physics laws or “abstractions”

Maxwell’s abstraction for

Ohm’s tables of data
V=RI

Lumped circuit abstraction

+–
V
R C L M S
Simple amplifier abstraction

6.002x
Operational Digital abstraction
amplifier abstr.

+ Combinational logic
- f

Filters Clocked digital abstraction

Instruction set abstraction

Analog subsystems Pentium, MIPS 6.004, 6.846
Modulators, Programming languages
oscillators, Java, C++, Matlab, Python
6.00
RF amps,
power supplies Software systems 6.033
6.061 Operating systems, Browsers

Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, angry birds,

2

space shuttle, iPAD 6.455 6.172,6.173

Negative vs Positive Feedback

– +
+ – +
+
– –

3
Positive Feedback Ckt

+
+
– –

v+
− + A(v + − v − )
v –

1
Static Analysis of Positive Feedback Ckt
v + R2 vOUT
+ v IN R1 +
– v− – A(v + − v − )

1
Representing dynamics of op amp +
Need a better model to represent temporal behavior of op amp
–

v+ vo
+
–
v−

1
Representing dynamics of op amp…

+
–

v+ +
+ R v* +
− – C –
v
–

1
Dynamics of op amp…
R2
R1 + + +
v R +
+
– C v* – vo
− –
v + −
(v − v ) –

R3 R4

1
 +
Dynamics of op amp… continued R1
+
v = γv o R2

+
vo
–
−
R3 R4
v − = γv o

RC dvo vo + −
+ = ( γ − γ)vo
A dt A

2
 +
Response to small disturbance of K to vo (noise) +
v = γv o R2
R1

+
vo
–
−
R3 R4
v − = γv o
t
−
T
vo = K e

1
One use for instability:
Build on the basic op amp as a comparator
+ VS

v+ +
0
−
v – +
vo
–
− VS

t
t

1
Now, use positive feedback
–

1
Hysteresis

vo
vi

0
vi t

Demo

2
Without hysteresis

vi

1
Oscillator — can create a clock

VS

–
vo
t
+

− VS

2
Oscillator — frequency – capacitor voltage rise time
vo
VS

VS
R 2 vC
0 t
vC
– VS
vo −
C 2
+
R − VS
vo
2 R

1
Oscillator — frequency – capacitor voltage fall time
vo
VS

VS
R 2 vC
0 t
vC
– VS
vo −
C 2
+
R − VS
vo
2 R

1
 R
Clocks in Digital Systems
vC
–
vo
C + R1

vo
R1
2

1
Why Use a Clock in Digital Systems?

1 1 0
sender receiver

clock
a 1,1,0?
b When is the signal valid?
common timebase -- when to “look” at a signal
(e.g. whenever the clock is high)

Discretization of time – one bit of information associated
with an interval of time (cycle)
(See page 555 of A & L) 2