IUBAT—International

University of Business
Agriculture and Technology
Course Code: EEN-463
Course Name: Switchgear and Protective Relays
Section: A

Final Assignment

Submitted to
Professor Dr. Md. Aziz Ul huq
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Submitted By:
Md.Hasibur Rahman
Student Dept of EEE, IUBAT.
ID:18105022
 1. Protective relays, Classification, Formula for
Electromagnetic induction type.
Protective Relays
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and
initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the
defective element from the rest of the system.
The relays detect the abnormal conditions in the
electrical circuits by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities which are different under normal
and fault conditions.
 The electrical quantities which may change under fault
conditions are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle.
 Having detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip
circuit of the breaker.
 This results in the opening of the breaker and disconnection
of the faulty circuit.
 Adjacent figure shows the typical relay connection in three
parts.
1. First part is the primary winding of a current transformer
(C.T.) which is connected in series with the line to be
protected.
2. Second part consists of secondary winding of C.T. and the
relay operating coil.
3. The third part consists of tripping coil, C.B., relay contact
and voltage source.
Classification
Most of the relays in service on electric power system today are of
electro-mechanical type. They work on the following two main
operating principles:

 Electromagnetic attraction
 Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic Attraction Relays

 Electromagnetic attraction relays operate
by virtue of an armature being attracted to the poles of an
electromagnet or a plunger being drawn into a solenoid.
 Such relays may be actuated by d.c. or a.c. quantities.
 The important types of electromagnetic attraction relays are:

1) Attracted armature type relay

2) Solenoid type relay
3) Balanced beam type relay
1) Attracted armature type relay:
 The Fig. shows the schematic arrangement of an attracted
armature type relay
 It consists of a laminated electromagnet M carrying a coil C
and a pivoted laminated armature.
 The armature is balanced by a counterweight spring and
carries a pair of spring contact fingers at its free end.
 Under normal operating conditions, the current through the
relay coil C is such that counterweight holds the armature in
the horizontal position.
 Under fault situation excess current flows through the coil C
and armature is pulled upwards resulting the close of
tripping coil and hence opening the CB.
 The minimum current at which the relay armature is
attracted to close the trip circuit is called pickup current.
 There are a number of tapping on the relay coil so that the
number of turns in use is changed and hence the setting
value at which the relay operates can be varied.
2) Solenoid type relay

 The Fig. shows the schematic arrangement of a Solenoid type

type relay.

 It consists of a solenoid and movable iron plunger arranged as

shown.

 Under normal operating conditions, the current through the

relay coil C is such that it holds the plunger by gravity or spring
in the position shown.

 On the occurrence of a fault, the current through the relay coil

becomes more than the pickup value, causing the plunger to be
attracted to the solenoid.
 The upward movement of the plunger closes the trip circuit,
thus opening the circuit breaker and disconnecting the faulty
circuit.
2) Balanced beam type relay:

1. The Fig. shows the schematic arrangement of a Balanced beam

type relay.
2. It consists of an iron armature fastened to a balance beam.
3. Under normal operating conditions, the current through the
relay coil is such that the beam is held in the horizontal position
by the spring.
4. When a fault occurs, the current through the relay coil becomes
greater than the pickup value and the beam is attracted to close
the trip circuit.
5. This causes the opening of the circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty circuit.
#Electromagnetic induction Relay

The electromagnetic relay operates on the principle of a split-phase

induction motor. The initial force is developed on the moving element
that may be disc or another form of the rotor of the non-magnetic
moving element. The force is developed by the interaction of
electromagnetic fluxes with eddy current that is induced in the rotor
by these fluxes.

The different type of structure has been used for obtaining the phase
difference in the fluxes. These structures are:

1) Shaded pole structure

2) Watt-hour meter or double winding structure
3) Induction cup structure.

1) Shaded pole structure:

 The general arrangement of shaded-pole structure is shown in

the Fig.
 It consists of a pivoted aluminum disc free to Disc rotate in the air-
gap of an electromagnet.
 One half of each pole of the magnet is surrounded by a copper
 band known as shading ring.
 The alternating flux 9s in the shaded proton of the poles will,
owing to the reaction of the current induced in the ring, lag
behind the flux 9u in the unshaded portion by an angle a
 These two a.c. fluxes differing in phase will produce the
necessary torque to rotate the disc.

 As proved earlier, the driving torque T is given by

 I « OAsintt
 uu
ASSUCIM the fluxes o, and ^ to be proportional to the current / in the relay coil.
 ■i
 1« ram
This shows that driving torque is proportional to the square of current in the relay coil.

2) Watt-hour meter or double winding structure:

 This structure gets its name from the fact that it is used in
watthour meters.
 It consists of a pivoted aluminium disc arranged to rotate freely
between the poles of two electromagnets.
 The upper electromagnet carries two windings ; the pirmary and
the secondary.
 The primary winding carries the relay current I} while the
secondary winding is connected to the winding of the lower
magnet.
  The primary current induces e.m.f. in the secondary and so
circulates a current I2 in it..
 The flux 92 induced in the lower magnet by the current in the
secondary winding of the upper magnet will lag behind ^ by an
angle a.

 Driving torque on the disc is proportional to 9j92sin a.

 An important feature of this type of relay is that its operation

can be controlled by opening or closing the secondary winding
circuit.
 If this circuit is opened, no flux can be set by the lower magnet
however great the vaule of current in the pirmary winding may
be and consequently no torque will be produced.
 Therefore, the relay can be made inoperative by opening its secondary winding circuit.

3) Induction cup structure:

 Induction cup structure most closely resembles an induction

motor.
 Here the rotor iron is stationary, only the rotor conductor portion
being free to rotate.
 The moving element is a hollow cylindrical rotor which turns on
its axis.
 The rotating field is produced by two pairs of coils wound on four
poles as shown.
  The rotating field induces currents in the cup to provide the
necessary driving torque.
 then torque produced is proportional to 9I92 sin a.
 Suitable mechanical arrangements prevents continuous rotation
 Induction cup structures are more efficient torque producers .
 This type of relay has very high speed and may have an operating
time less then 0-1 second.

 Formula for Electromagnetic induction type:

 To understand the production of torque in an induction relay,
refer to the elementary arrangement shown in Fig (i) and (ii).
 The two a.c. fluxes 92 and 9I differing in phase by an angle a
induce e.m.f.s’ in the disc and cause the circulation of eddy
currents i2 and i1 respectively.

 These currents lag behind their respective fluxes by 90o.

 Referring to Fig (ii) where the two a.c. fluxes and induced
currents are shown separately for clarity, let
  Where 9I and 92 are the instantaneous values of fluxes and 92
leads 9I by an angle a.
 The rotor currents will be in phase with their voltages.So,

 The greater the phase angle a between the fluxes, the greater is
the net force applied to the disc. Maximum at a = 900
 The direction of net force and hence the direction of motion of
the disc depends upon which flux is leading.
2. Protection of Alternators
 Protection of Alternators
 Fig.2: Protection of Alternators

 In a power system large generating unit are relatively few in

number and higher in individual cost than most other equipment.

 Therefore, it is desirable and necessary to provide reliable

protection to cover the wide range of faults which may occur in
the modern generating plant.

 Some of the important faults which may occur on an alternator

are:
I. Failure of prime-mover
II. Failure of field
III. Overcurrent
IV. Over speed
V. Overvoltage
VI. Unbalanced loading
VII. Stator winding faults

3) Protection of transformer, Buchholz Relay

 Protection of Transformer
 Small distribution transformers are usually connected to the
supply system through series fuses instead of circuit breakers.

 Consequently, no automatic protective relay equipment is

required.
 However, the probability of faults on power transformers is
undoubtedly more and hence automatic protection is absolutely
necessary.

 Common transformer faults are:

i. Open circuits
ii. Overheating
iii. Winding short-circuits c.g. earth-faults, phase- to-phase
faults and inter-rum faults.
(i)Open circuits:
 An open circuit in one phase of a 3-phase transformer
 may cause undesirable heating.
 On the occurrence of such a fault, the transformer can be
disconnected manually from the system.
 In practice, relay protection is not provided against open
circuits because this condition is relatively harmless.

(ii) Overheating:
 Overheating of the transformer is usually caused by
sustained overloads or short-circuits and very occasionally
by the failure of the cooling system.

 The relay protection is also not provided against this

 contingency
 Thermal accessories are generally used to sound an alarm or
control the banks of fans.

(iii) Winding short-circuit:

 Winding short-circuits (also called internal faults) on the
transformer arise from deterioration of winding insulation
due to overheating or mechanical injury.
 When an internal fault occurs, the transformer must be
disconnected quickly from the system.
 A prolonged arc due to internal fault in the transformer
may cause oil fire.
 Therefore, relay protection is absolutely necessary for
internal faults.

 Buchholz Relay:
 Buchholz relay is a gas-actuated relay installed
in oil immersed transformers for protection
against all kinds of faults.

 It is Named after its inventor, Buchholz.

 It is used to give an alarm in case of incipient
(i.e. slow-developing) faults in the
transformer and to disconnect the
transformer from the supply in the event of
severe internal faults.
 It is usually installed in the pipe connecting
the conservator to the main tank as shown in

Fig.3: Buchholz Relay

 Fig. 22.11.

 It is a universal practice to use Buchholz relays on all such oil

immersed transformers having ratings in excess of 750 kVA.
 Fig. 22.12 shows the constructional details of a Buchholz relay.

 It takes the form of a domed vessel placed in the

connecting pipe between the main tank and the
conservator.

 The device has two elements. The upper element

consists of a mercury type switch attached to a
float.

 The lower element contains a mercury switch

mounted on a hinged type flap located in the direct
path of the flow of oil from the transformer to the conservator.
 In case of serious fault, due to gas pressure, oil rushes towards
the conservator through the Buchholz relay and in doing so tilts
the flap to close the contacts of mercury switch.
 This completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker
isolating the transformer.

4) Lightning stroke, direct stroke, indirect stroke

 Lightning:
 An electric discharge between cloud and earth, between clouds or
between the charge centres of the same cloud is known as
lightning.
* Lightning happens when clouds are charged to such a high
potential (+ve or -ve) with respect to earth or a neighbouring
cloud that the dielectric strength of neighbouring medium (air) is
destroyed.

Types of Lightning Strokes:

i) Direct stroke
ii) Indirect stroke

i)Direct stoke:
 Heavy charges in cloud
 discharges to overhead
line when dielectric
strength of air is broken
down. Fig (i)
 This excess charge at
overhead line causes
flashover over insulator
and makes its path to the
ground through the pole.
 Generally direct stroke
happens at the top most
element near the charger
cloud.
  Direct stroke may be happens on any subject other than top most
one when stroke originates due top mutual influence of number
of charged clouds. Fig (ii)

ii) Indirect stoke:

 Indirect strokes result from the electrostatically
induced charges on the conductors due to the
presence of charged clouds. Fig. 24.6
 Under the positive charge cloud negative charge
accumulates.
 Away from the negative charge near the poles
positive charges accumulates and leaks the
insulator towards the ground.
 When the cloud discharges to another cloud, the negative charge
on the wire is isolated and rushes along the line to both
directions in the form of travelling waves.
 Majority of the surges in a transmission line are caused by
indirect lightning strokes and causes harms to unprotected
generators, transformers etc.
5) Lightning arrester
 Lightning arresters or surge diverters:
A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device
which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system
to the ground.

 The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide

protection against surges of travelling waves
originated from indirect Lightning strokes.
 Fig. 24.8 (i) shows the basic form of a surge diverter.
 It consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear
resistor.
 One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the
equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively
grounded.

 The length of the gap is so set that normal line voltage is not
enough to cause an arc across the gap.
 A dangerously high voltage will break down the air insulation
and form an arc.
 The property of the non-linear resistance is that its resistance
decreases as the voltage (or current) increases and vice-versa.

 Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line

 i.e. it conducts no current to earth or the gap is non-
conducting.
 On overvoltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down
and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the
surge to pass to the ground.
 After the surge is over, the nonlinear resistor offers high
resistance to make the gap non-conducting preventing normal
current flow to ground.

References:
1)https://www.electricaledition.com/2015/09/electromagnetic-attraction-relays-construction-
working-principle-protection.html
2) https://circuitglobe.com/electromagnetic-relay.html
3) https://www.slideshare.net/jawaharramaya/electromagnetic-relay
4)https://www.quora.com/What%E2%80%99s-the-difference-between-solenoid-valve-and-
relay
5) https://startersolenoid.net/starter-solenoid/