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Overview On Applications of Nanoparticles in Cosmetics: October 2011
Overview On Applications of Nanoparticles in Cosmetics: October 2011
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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
REVIEW ARTICLE
Abstract
The present review aims to study a promising area of Nanoparticles used in various cosmetic
products like Deodorant, Soap, Toothpaste, Shampoo, Hair conditioner, Anti-wrinkle cream,
Moisturizer, Foundation, Face powder, Lipstick, Blush, Eye shadow, Nail polish, Perfume and
After-shave lotion etc. In particular, NLCs have been identified as a potential next generation
cosmetic delivery agent that can provide enhanced skin hydration, bioavailability, stability of the
agent and controlled occlusion. Nanoparticles are synthesized by various techniques are Sol–gel
Method, Vacuum Deposition Method, Ball Milling Method, Pyrolysis etc. Characterization of
Nanoparticles is must necessary in order formulate Nanocosmeticeuticals. Many methods are
used for their evaluation and they are High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
(HRTEM), but the core dimensions can also be determined using Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), a
Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDI-MS), and X-ray Diffraction, Transmission
Electron Microscopy etc. The studies proved that the developed Nanoparticles in cosmetics have
potential in term of industrial feasibility.
Introduction:
Nanotechnology, from the Greek “nano” for dwarf, consists of manipulating materials
at the atomic and molecular levels to create new molecular structures known as “Nano
materials” having unique and new characteristics that differ from those of the
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
original materials they are derived from. A Nanomaterial is defined as a “material with
one or more external dimensions, or an internal structure, on the nanoscale, which could
exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same material without nano scale
features”. [1] Nanoparticles (NP) are a subset of NM and were defined as single particles
with a diameter below 100 nm, although their agglomerates may be larger.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
• Iron Nanoparticles
• Carbon Black
• Titanium Dioxide
• Aluminum Oxide
• Cerium Oxide
• Silicon Dioxide
• Polystyrene
• Dendrimers
Liposomes and Niosomes are globular vesicles with diameters between 25 and 5,000 nm
and are composed of amphiphilic molecules which associate as a double layer
(unilamellar vesicles) or multiple double layers (multilamellar vesicles). Liposomes are
mainly composed of phospholipids, whereas niosomes use non ionic surfactants, such as
polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or esters. [5] The ultra structure of these vesicles is quite
similar to that of mammalian milk, which contains nano-sized fat droplets surrounded
by the milk fat globular membrane. [6,7,8] Vesicle formulations are important in cosmetic
applications because they may improve the stability and skin tolerance of ingredients,
such as unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins or anti-oxidants and thereby contribute to the
safety of cosmetics.
Some nanotechnology enabled products are already on the market and enjoying
commercial success. For example, self-cleaning windows use a 15 nm thick coating of
activated TiO 2 engineered to be highly water-repellent, so that rainwater just flows off
the surface, washing away the dirt. [12] Studies so far on TiO 2 nanoparticles suggest that
they do not penetrate beyond the epidermis. [13] However, as both cosmetics and
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
sunscreens are intended for use on undamaged skin, few studies appear to have looked
at whether or not nanoparticles in cosmetic preparations can penetrate skin that has
been damaged previously, perhaps by severe sunburn or common complaints like
eczema.
Nanoparticles of silver are now used in toothpastes, soaps and face creams, food
packaging, clothing, household appliances, disinfectants and wound dressings. Silver
nanoparticles have a potent ability to kill bacteria. [14] .Other examples of nano cosmetic
products on the market include body firming lotion, bronzer, exfoliant scrub, eye liner,
and styling gel. Friends of the Earth as far as starting that “[their] research
demonstrates that nanoparticles have entered just about every personal care product on
the market, including deodorant, soap, toothpaste, shampoo, hair conditioner, anti-
wrinkle cream, moisturizer, foundation, face powder, lipstick, blush, eye shadow, nail
polish, perfume and after-shave lotion. [15]
Physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles that may influence skin uptake and
that require investigation are: particle size and shape, surface characteristics including
the presence of coatings, electronic charge and dose. Encapsulation techniques have
been proposed for carrying cosmetic activities. Nan crystals and Nanoemulsions are
also being investigated for cosmetic applications. [16]
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
Advantages:-
1. Use of nanotechnology in cosmetics is aimed to make fragrances last longer,
sunscreens more effective and anti-ageing creams.
2. To optimize manufacturing conditions for skin care formulation, a multicomponent
system.
3. To prevent hair from turning grey and also for prevention of in treatment of hair loss
& used to preserve active ingredients, such as vitamins and anti-oxidants, and their
lightness and transparency.
4. To improve the UV protection in combination with organic sunscreens such as 2-
hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone this allows a reduction of the concentration of the
UV absorber.
Disadvantages:-
1. Smaller particles have a greater reactivity, are more chemically reactive and produce
greater numbers of reactive oxygen species.
2. It may result in oxidative stress, inflammation, and consequent damage to proteins,
membranes and DNA.
3. Nanomaterial has proved toxic to human tissue and cell cultures, resulting in
increased oxidative stress and cell death.
4. Photo-activated Nanoparticles titanium dioxide has been demonstrated to cause
oxidative damage to DNA in cultured human fibroblasts.
5. Photo-activated titanium dioxide nanoparticles were toxic to skin fibroblasts and
nucleic acids and to human colon carcinoma cells.
6. Inhaled ultrafine particles induce pulmonary inflammation when the particles are
quartz, minerals, dust, coal, silicate, and asbestos. These can induce pulmonary fibrosis,
cytotoxicity, and even malignancy.
Discussion
B. Respiratory tract:-
The alveolar macrophages reside as free cells within the alveolar air spaces, from where
they may migrate to the bronchioles and then, via the mucociliary escalator, to the
lumen of the conducting airways. The alveolar macrophage plays an important role in
the response of the lung to inhaled dusts and in the development of inflammatory
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
C. Intestinal tract:-
Particulate uptake occurs not only in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), but
also in the normal intestinal enterocytes.
D. Eye:-
The eye only provides only a small surface area for potential exposure but be indirect
exposure to Nanomaterial may occur through it by cosmetics intended for use in the
vicinity of the eye or from other types of cosmetic products.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
D. Pyrolysis:-
In pyrolysis, a vaporous precursor (liquid or gas) is forced through an orifice at high
pressure and burned. The resulting solid (a version of soot) is air classified to recover
oxide particles from by-product gases. Pyrolysis often results in aggregates and
agglomerates rather than single primary particles. The thermal plasma temperatures are
in the order of 10,000 K, so that solid powder easily evaporates. Nanoparticles are
formed upon cooling while exiting the plasma region. The main types of the thermal
plasma torches used to produce nanoparticles are dc plasma jet, dc arc plasma and radio
frequency (RF) induction plasmas.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
Figure: 7 Schematic procedures of hot and cold homogenization techniques for SLN production.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
Characterisation of nanoparticles:-
The most common characterization technique is High-Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy (HRTEM), but the core dimensions can also be determined using Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Small Angle X-ray
Scattering (SAXS), a Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDI-MS), and
X-ray Diffraction.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
metal nanoparticles. The tunneling current is induced by an applied voltage and leads to
the charging of a metal particle with at least one single electron. Electrostatic trapping
(ET) is a technique used to investigate isolated nanosize metal particles. It is based on
moving a polarized particle in an electric field to the point of strongest field, which is
the position between two electrodes (dipped in a solution of the particles) at a distance
comparable to the particle diameter.
C. UV& IR Spectroscopy:-
The UV-visible and IR spectra provide an identification of the ligand that is also
confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, except that the ligand atoms close to the core give
broad signals. This latter phenomenon is due to (i) spin-spin relaxational (T2)
broadening (main factor), (ii) variations among the sulfur bonding sites around the
particle, and (iii) a gradient in the packing density of the thiolate ligands from the core
region to the ligand terminus at the periphery. The NMR spectra are very informative,
as for all molecular compounds, for the part of the ligand remote from the core. The
latter can also be more fully analyzed, if desired, after oxidative decomplexation using
iodide.
IR spectroscopy shows that, the thiolate ligands of NPs are essentially in all-trans
zigzag conformations, with 5-25% of gauche defects at both inner and terminal
locations. IR and NMR spectroscopy allow, together with Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC), the detection of order-disorder transitions in NPs in the solid state.
The temperature of the transition increases with the chain length and FTIR shows the
increasing amount of gauche defects. Variable-temperature deuterium NMR in the solid
state shows that the disorder materialized by the increased proportion of gauche bonds
propagates from the chain terminus toward the middle of the chain but not further to the
ligand atom and causes chain melting. Calorimetric measurements led to the
determination of the formation enthalpy of NPs in a water/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)
sulfosuccinate/n-heptane micro emulsion. The results indicated that the energetic states
and the dimensions of the NPs were influenced by the concentrations of the reversed
micelles.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
Table 1 shows the experimentally obtained X-ray diffraction angle and the standard
diffraction angle of Ag specimen.
From this study, considering the peak at 45 degrees, average particle size has been
estimated by using Debye-Scherrer formula.
Where 'λ' is wave length of X-Ray (0.1541 nm), 'W' is FWHM (full width at half
maximum), 'θ' is the diffraction angle and 'D' is particle diameter (size). The average
particle size is calculated to be around 14 nm. Table 2 gives the diffraction planes, d
spacing, and average size.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
F. Electroluminescence:-
Figure displays the room temperature electroluminescence spectra of silver
nanoparticles when the silver nanoparticles (assembly of Nanoparticles) are biased with
ac supply voltage. This experiment reveals that unlike fluorescence (FL), silver
nanoparticles also exhibit electroluminescence (EL). Radioactive recombination of
electron hole pairs between d-band and sp-conduction above the Fermi level produces
FL emission, which occurs practically at 480 nm when biased with ac voltages. Also,
the absorbed linoleic acid during the formation of silver nanoparticles further enhances
the intensity of emission [27,28] .
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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
3. Hair care:-
RBC Life Science’s Nanoceuticals Citrus Mint Shampoo and Conditioner are made with
Nano Clusters TM, “nanoclusters to give your hair a healthy shine”.
4. Make-up:-
Serge Lutens Blusher’s Nano Dispersion technology “creates an extremely fine and
light powder with extraordinary properties: excellent elasticity, extreme softness and
light diffusion”
5. Moisturizers/anti-wrinkle creams:-
Lancôme Hydra Zen Cream with “nano-encapsulated Triceramide renew skin’s healthy
look”; L’Oreal Revitalift Double Lifting anti-wrinkle cream is their “first double-action
cream that instantly re-tautens the skin and reduces the appearance of wrinkles”, and
contains Nanosomes of Pro-Retinol A.
6. Toothpaste:-
Sangi’s Apagard claims to be the world’s first ‘remineralizing’ toothpaste, promoting
oral health by supporting natural healing, using “Nanoparticles hydroxyapatite”, “the
same substance as our teeth”; Ace Silver Plus Nano silver toothpaste is manufactured
and available in Korea.
7. Fullerenes:-
New types of materials can be produced using nanotechnology, such as carbon
fullerenes. It is claimed that these tiny carbon spheres have anti-aging properties.
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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
8. Others
Conclusion
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding and potentially beneficial field with tremendous
implications for Society, Industry, Medicine, and Cosmeceuticals. Nanomaterial has been
incorporated into a number of skin care products to take advantage of the unique properties of
matter on a nanoscale. It is critical for dermatologists intimately involved with the health of the
skin to be aware of this new technology, to educate our own colleagues about it, and to play an
active role in evaluating this technology and setting policies and guidelines for its safe and
fruitful use.
References
1. SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), 18 December 2007, Safety of
Nanomaterial in cosmetic products, p.10.
2. Ricardo Molins, “Opportunities and Threats from Nanotechnology in Health, Food,
Agriculture and the Environment” Comuniica-fourth year, Second phase, Jan-April-2008.
3. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Series on the safety of
manufactured nanomaterials, number 6, List of manufactured nanomaterials and list of
endpoints for phase one of the OECD testing programme, 2008, accessed on 13
November 2008.
4. Sonneville-Aubrun O, Simonnet JT, L’Alloret F, “Nanoemulsions: a new vehicle for
skincare products” Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 108/109: 145–149.
5. Junginger HE, Hofland HEJ, Bouwstra JA, “ Liposomes and niosomes: interactions with
human skin” Cosmet Toiletries 1991; 106: 45–50.
6. Van den Bergh BAI, Vroom J, Gerritsen H, Junginger HE, Bouwstra JA, “ Interactions of
elastic and rigid vesicles with human skin in vitro: electron microscopy and two-photon
excitation microscopy” Biochim Biophys Act 1999; 1461: 155–173.
7. Alvarez-Roman R, Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH, Fessi H, “ Enhancement of topical
delivery from biodegradable nanoparticles” Pharm Res 2001; 21: 1818–1825.
8. Popov AP, Lademann J, Priezzhev AV, Myllyla R, “ Effect of size of TiO2 nanoparticles
embedded into stratum corneum on ultraviolet- A and ultraviolet-B sun-blocking
properties of the skin” J Biomed Optics 2005; 10: 1–9.
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research (AJPSCR) Vol. 1, Issue 2 (2011), 40-55
Patel Anuradha et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol.1, Issue 2 (2011), 40–55