2/16/2020

Course Outline
• What is Training?
• Methods of Training
• Description, Merit and Demerits of Different Methods.
• How can you make a good presentation even more effective?
• Techniques
Kshirod Mohan Bose
Executive Engineer (Mechanical)
3rd Unit Re-powered CCPP,
Ghorashal Power Station.

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NEED OF TRAINING

‘training is the act of increasing the skills of an

employee for doing a particular job’.
Edwin Flippo

‘the organized procedure by which people learn

knowledge and/or skill for a definite purpose’.
Dale S. Beach

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METHODS OF TRAINING
ON THE JOB ROTATION
JOB
TRAINING COACHING
JOB INSTRUCTIONS
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
INTERNSHIP TRAINING

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OFF THE CASE STUDY METHODS ON THE JOB TRAINING

JOB INCIDENT METHOD
TRAINING ROLE PLAY • This is the most common method of training in which
IN-BASKET METHOD a trainee is placed on a specific job and taught the
LECTURES skills and knowledge necessary to perform it.
BUSINESS GAMES • The advantages of OJT are as follows:
SIMULATION – On the job method is a flexible method.
MANAGEMENT – It is a less expensive method.
EDUCATION CONFERENCES – The trainee is highly motivated and encouraged to learn.
DEMONSTRATION – Much arrangement for the training is not required.

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JOB ROTATION
Knowledge
Productivity
Level
• This training method involves movement of trainee from one
job to another to gain knowledge and experience from
ON THE JOB TRAINING
ON THE JOB TRAINING

different job assignments. This method helps the trainee Performance Innovativeness

understand the problems of other employees.

Successful
Increased implementat
level of ion of job Work Load
Satisfaction rotation
strategy

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Task/ Job Rotation Process Rotation

• It takes place in jobs that involve a high degree of physical • It is the process of laterally moving an employee to
demands on the body or extremely tedious job different geographical location
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

• Employees are periodically removed from these mentally
stressful or physical demanding tasks to a less demanding
task for a while to give them break
Example: A spot welder on a production line working 12 hours
shift for 4 weeks is shifted to the tools shop
• Purpose of this process is to improve the person’s
knowledge level
Example: A Commissioning Engineer may posted to Conduct
Training Class, then again assigned for Commissioning work.

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Keys to successful Job Rotation Potential Barriers to Job Rotation

• Job rotation must start with an end goal • Not all jobs and departments are a good fit for job rotation
• Employees are able to assess whether the job rotation is • Short -term productivity losses and product quality issue
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

achieving the goals • Workers are not qualified for some jobs due to restrictions or
• Both the employee and the organization need to benefit from ability
the job rotation • Union or other workplace policies related to job bidding and
• A mentor/ trainer is provided at each step of job rotation plan compensation
• Written documentation • Supervisors are not convicted that the benefits are worth the
• Job rotation must be carefully planned perceived costs

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JOB ROTATION COACHING

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Under this method, the
• Allow managers to see your hidden • Wastage of time & efforts trainee is placed under a
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

talents • Employees take time particular supervisor who

• Helps in exploring interest & ideas
• Motivates all employees & help them
to deal with new challenges
• Keeps away fraudulent practices
• Boosts satisfaction
• Leads a whole lot of stress & anxiety functions as a coach in
• It doesn’t check the time wasted training and provides
feedback to the trainee.
• Sometimes the trainee may
not get an opportunity to
express his ideas.

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COACHING
• Here are three examples of coaching/mentoring: ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
– Hire professional coaches for managers • Proper guidance on how to conduct an • Ideas given by trainee are not
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

– Set up a formal mentoring program between senior and junior activity considered
managers • Cost effective • Trainee wouldn’t get a chance to
– Implement less formal coaching/mentoring to encourage the more • No loss of productivity explore more
experienced employees to coach the less experienced.
• Coaching/mentoring gives trainees the chance to ask questions
and receive thorough and honest answers - something they
might not receive in a classroom with a group of people.

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8 Steps for Job Instruction

JOB INSTRUCTION
Building a training Matrix
• Also known as step-by-step training in which the trainer
Breaking down the jobs
explains the way of doing the jobs to the trainee and in case

PLAN
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

of mistakes, corrects the trainee. Process is ready

Work place arranged

Action
properly

Prepare the Trainee

DO
Demonstrate the job

Try out Performance

Check
Follow –up

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JOB INSTRUCTION COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS

(Group Presentation)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Employee safety • Trainee feels reserved about the work • A group of trainees are
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

• Increased productivity • Restricted area of work asked to solve a given

• Cost effective organizational problem by
• Meeting standards
discussing the problem. This
helps to improve team work.

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COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS/ Group Presentation INTERNSHIP TRAINING

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Under this method, instructions through theoretical and
• Improves employees interrelationship. • Can’t always reach to a conclusion practical aspects are provided to the trainees. Usually,
ON THE JOB TRAINING

ON THE JOB TRAINING

• Builds team spirit • Creates hassle among employees. students from the engineering and commerce colleges receive
• Deals with real organization problem this type of training for a small stipend.

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INTERNSHIP TRAINING OFF THE JOB TRAINING

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • The methods of training which are adopted for the
• Proper guidance • Trainee’s work importance is ignored development of employees away from the field of the
ON THE JOB TRAINING

• Practical exposure • Work under stressed environment

• Productivity of organization improves
job are known as off-the-job methods.
• Some advantages of off the job training methods are-
– Stress free environment to learn
– Same as classroom learning
– Full focus on teaching of employees

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CASE STUDY METHOD CASE STUDY METHOD

• Usually case study deals with any ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
problem confronted by a 1. Good source of ideas about behavior 1. Hard to draw definite cause-effect
conclusions
business which can be solved by 2. Good opportunity for innovation
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

3. Good method to study rare 2. Hard to generalize from a single case

an employee. The trainee is
phenomena 3. Possible biases in data collection and
given an opportunity to analyze 4. Good method to challenge theoretical interpretation
the case and come out with all assumptions
possible solutions. This method 5. Good alternative or complement to the
can enhance analytic and critical group focus of psychology
thinking of an employee.

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INCIDENT / GROUP DISCUSSION METHOD ADVANTAGES of INCIDENT METHOD

• Incidents are prepared on the basis of actual situations which • Can be applied using questionnaires or interviews.
happened in different organizations and each employee in the • Flexible method that can be used to improve multi-user
training group is asked to make decisions as if it is a real-life
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

systems.
situation. Later on, the entire group discusses the incident and
• Identifies even rare events that might be missed by other
takes decisions related to the incident on the basis of
methods
individual and group decisions.
• Useful when problems occur but the cause and severity are
not known.
• Inexpensive and provides rich information.

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DISADVANTAGES of INCIDENT METHOD ROLE PLAY

• Since critical incidents often rely on memory, incidents may be • In this case also a problem situation is simulated asking the
imprecise or may even go unreported. employee to assume the role of a particular person in the
• incidents that happened recently, since these are easier to situation.
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

recall. • The participant interacts with other participants assuming
• It will emphasize only rare events; more common events will different roles.
be missed. • The whole play will be recorded and trainee gets an
• Respondents may not be accustomed to or willing to take opportunity to examine their own performance.
the time to tell (or write) a complete story when describing a
critical incident.

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ROLE PLAY IN-BASKET / EXERCISE METHOD

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • The employees are given information about an imaginary
• Indicates skill level • Time consuming company, its activities and products, HR employed and all data
related to the firm.
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

• Prepares for real life • May not be taken seriously

• It’s social & communal • Some feel uncomfortable • The trainee has to make notes, delegate tasks and prepare
schedules within a specified time.
• This can develop situational judgments and quick decision
making skills of employees.

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IN-BASKET METHOD LECTURES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • This will be a suitable method
• Easy to conduct • Time consuming when the numbers of trainees are
quite large.
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

• Flexible instrument • Not effective for small organization

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

• Solution achieved can be applied later

on
• Lectures can be very much helpful
• Judges the skill set of a trainee in explaining the concepts and
principles very clearly, and face to
face interaction is very much
possible.

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LECTURES
ADVANTAGES
• Covers large number of people
simultaneously
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
• Face to face interaction with
experts
• Queries can be asked
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BUSINESS GAMES
ADVANTAGES
• Training the brain to act without
to much consideration
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
• Team uniform approaches
• High knowledge retention
• Quick learning
• Fun & entertaining
• Builds teams cohesiveness
• Enhance creativity
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SIMULATION
ADVANTAGES
• Gain understanding about the
consequences of their action and
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
take corrective action
• Feedback to learners can be
given immediately
• don’t wait for real life situation
to deal with
• Allows trainee to undertake high-
risk involving decisions
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BUSINESS GAMES
DISADVANTAGES • According to this method the trainees are divided into groups
• Lectures are not retained for and each group has to discuss about various activities and
longer time period functions of an imaginary organization.
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
• Less attention level • They will discuss and decide about various subjects like
• Same lecture is delivered to all production, promotion, pricing etc.
person unknowingly their level of
skill set
• This gives result in co-operative decision making process.
• Every person is not familiar with
language used in lectures
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SIMULATION
DISADVANTAGES • Under this method an imaginary situation is created and
• Can cause people not to assess trainees are asked to act on it.
risks thoroughly
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
• For e.g., assuming the role of a marketing manager solving the
• Time difference between
how business games are marketing problems or creating a new strategy etc.
delivered and how the events
unfold in the real world.
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MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
DISADVANTAGES • At present universities and management institutes gives great
• Expensive emphasis on management education.
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
• Real life situation cant be • For e.g., A University has started bachelors and postgraduate
completely re-created degree in Management.
• Not every situation can not be
• Many management Institutes provide not only degrees but
included
also hands on experience having collaboration with business
concerns.
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MANAGEMENT EDUCATION CONFERENCES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • A meeting of several people to discuss any subject is called
• Provide in-depth knowledge to a • Can’t be afforded by all people conference.
person
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

• Providing theoretical knowledge • Each participant contributes by analyzing and discussing
• Trains from scratch is the main concern various issues related to the topic.
• Theoretical as well as practical • Everyone can express their own view point.
knowledge is being to a person.

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CONFERENCES DEMONSTRATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Demonstration is one in which the student observes the
• Chance to learn from other’s • Expensive portrayal of procedure, technique, or operation.
experience
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

• Worthy knowledge can be shared
by a speaker
• Learn in stress free environment
• Effects productivity for concern • The demonstration method shows how to do something or
period how something works.
• Speaker does not have ample • Demonstration involves showing by reason or proof
knowledge about the topic of
explaining or making clear by use of examples or experiments
seminar/conference

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ADVANTAGES of DEMONSTRATION Method

• This method is a visual display of how something works or how to
do something. As an example, trainer shows the trainees how to
perform or how to do the tasks of the job. In order to be more
effective, demonstration method should be accompanied by the
OFF THE JOB TRAINING
• It sets standards by showing exactly how a thing is to be done and
the degree of proficiency required to meet objective.
• The demonstration appeals both to the sense of sight and hearing.

OFF THE JOB TRAINING

discussion or lecture method.
• When a trainer has the audience actually perform a task by
showing and explaining how to do it, this is called a
demonstration.
• During a demonstration, the audience is encouraged to ask
questions and request assistance as they try to do the task by
themselves.
The method saves time since principles, theories, and operations
can usually be shown more quickly then they can be explained.
• It follows a systematic procedure
• Demonstrations provide a hands-on experience (hear, see, do).
• Participants have plenty of interaction with trainers, and everyone
is allowed to progress at their own pace as they master the skill.

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DISADVANTAGES of DEMONSTRATION Method

• Since trainee do not actively participate in all demonstration, there is less
reinforcement of training if this method is used alone.
• Thus, this method should be followed with a practical exercise in which the
OFF THE JOB TRAINING

trainer do participate.
• Demonstrations require a lot of preparation, time, materials, and patience.
The time allotted for demonstrations must be flexible.
• It is important to insure every participant has an opportunity to master the
skill being taught.
• Hands-on activities can be a potential source of frustration, especially in
the case of complex skills. It may be necessary to offer supplementary help
(e.g. a follow-up session) for participants having difficulty.

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Rules for making Slideshow

• Make one slide for Out line,
Technique -1
– what are you trying to say?
• Slides will not contain more text, Few text possibly marked with bullet.
• You can mark with Colored words
– but not colorful slide or make bold Letters as required.
• Use a font size of not less than 20 point,
– font will be formal like “Times New Roman”, “Calibri” or “Arial”
• As a general rule, slides should be the sideshow to you, the presenter. A
good set of slides should be no use without the presenter, and they
should definitely contain less, rather than more, information, expressed
simply.
• If you need to provide more information, create a bespoke handout and
give it out after your presentation.
Show your Passion and Connect with your Audience

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It’s hard to be relaxed and be yourself when you’re

Technique - 2.
nervous.
– But time and again, the great presenters say that the most
important thing is to connect with your audience, and the
best way to do that is to let your passion for the subject
shine through.
– Be honest with the audience about what is important to you
and why it matters.
– Be enthusiastic and honest, and the audience will respond.

Focus on your Audience’s Needs

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Your presentation needs to be built around what

your audience is going to get out of the Technique - 3
presentation.
– As you prepare the presentation, you always need to bear
in mind what the audience needs and wants to know, not
what you can tell them.
– While you’re giving the presentation, you also need to
remain focused on your audience’s response, and react to
that.
– You need to make it easy for your audience to understand
and respond.
Keep it Simple: Concentrate on your Core Message

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When planning your presentation, you should

always keep in mind the question:
Technique - 4.
– What is the key message (or three key points) for my audience to
take away?
– You should be able to communicate that key message very briefly.
– Some experts recommend a 30-second ‘elevator summary’, others
that you can write it on the back of a business card, or say it in no
more than 15 words.
– Which ever rule you choose, the important thing is to keep your core
message focused and brief.
– And if what you are planning to say doesn’t contribute to that core
message, don’t say it.
Smile and Make Eye Contact with your Audience

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This sounds very easy, but a surprisingly large

Technique - 5.
number of presenters fail to do it.

– If you smile and make eye contact, you are building

rapport, which helps the audience to connect with you
and your subject. It also helps you to feel less nervous,
because you are talking to individuals, not to a great mass
of unknown people.
– To help you with this, make sure that you don’t turn down
all the lights so that only the slide screen is visible. Your
audience needs to see you as well as your slides.
Start Strongly
• The beginning of your presentation is crucial. You need to
grab your audience’s attention and hold it.
– They will give you a few minutes’ grace in which to entertain
them, before they start to switch off if you’re dull. So don’t waste
that on explaining who you are. Start by entertaining them.

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Technique - 6. Technique - 7.
Remember the Rule for Slideshows Tell Stories
• Be sure to Make one slide for • Human beings are programmed to respond to stories.
Out line, – Stories help us to pay attention, and also to remember
• Less text, possibly marked with things. If you can use stories in your presentation, your
bullet. audience is more likely to engage and to remember your
• Not so colorful slide points afterwards. It is a good idea to start with a story, but
• Use a font size of not less than there is a wider point too: you need your presentation to act
20 point, formal fonts like like a story.
“Times New Roman”, “Calibri” – Think about what story you are trying to tell your audience,
or “Arial” and create your presentation to tell it.
• Present your slides smartly

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Technique - 8.
Use your Voice Effectively
• The spoken word is actually a pretty inefficient means of
communication, because it uses only one of your audience’s
five senses. That’s why presenters tend to use visual aids, too.
• But you can help to make the spoken word better by using your
voice effectively.
• Varying the speed at which you talk, and emphasizing changes
in pitch and tone all help to make your voice more interesting
and hold your audience’s attention.
Technique - 9.
Use your Body Too
• It has been estimated that more than three quarters of
communication is non-verbal.
– That means that as well as your tone of voice, your body
language is crucial to getting your message across. Make sure
that you are giving the right messages: body language to
avoid includes crossed arms, hands held behind your back or
in your pockets, and pacing the stage.
– Make your gestures open and confident, and move naturally
around the stage, and among the audience too, if possible.

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10. Relax, Breathe and Enjoy

• If you find presenting difficult, it can be hard to be
calm and relaxed about doing it.
– One option is to start by concentrating on your breathing.
Slow it down, and make sure that you’re breathing fully.
Make sure that you continue to pause for breath
occasionally during your presentation too.

© Kshirod Mohan Bose, XEN, GPS +8801711076856,

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kshirod124@yahoo.com

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