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Hansen's Right Triangle Theorem, Its Converse and A Generalization
Hansen's Right Triangle Theorem, Its Converse and A Generalization
Forum Geometricorum
Volume 6 (2006) 335–342. b b
FORUM GEO
M8
ISSN 1534-117
Amy Bell
Ib
Ic
I
O
B C
Ia
Figure 1. Two quadruples with equal sums and equal sums of squares
Proof. By the formulas for the exradii and the Heron formula, each of (1), (2), (3),
(4) is equivalent to the condition
(s − a)(s − b) = s(s − c). (1)
Hansen’s right triangle theorem, its converse and a generalization 337
rc = s
B
ra = s − b
r = s−c
C A
rb = s − a
1The referee has pointed out that these results had been known earlier, and can be found, for
example, in the nineteenth century work of John Casey [1].
338 A. Bell
O
I
C
B X X
Ia
Figure 3. ra + rb + rc = 4R + r
I
O
I
C
B D
Ia
Figure 4. I Ia = 2R
Proposition 6. ra + rb + rc = 4R + r.
Proof. The line Ia I intersects BC at the point X of tangency with the excircle.
Note that I X = 2R − ra . Since O is the midpoint of II , we have IX + I X =
2 · OD. From this, we have
2 · OD = r + (2R − ra ). (2)
Consider the excenters Ib and Ic . Since the angles Ib BIc and Ib CIc are both
right angles, the four points Ib , Ic , B, C are on a circle, whose center is the mid-
point N of Ib Ic . See Figure 5. The center N must lie on the perpendicular bisector
of BC, which is the line OM . Therefore N is the antipodal point of M on the
circumcircle, and we have 2N D = rb + rc . Thus, 2(R + OD) = rb + rc . From
(2), we have ra + rb + rc = 4R + r.
4. Proof of Theorem 2
We are now ready to prove Theorem 2.
(1) Since AH = 2·OD, by (2) we express this in terms of R, r and ra ; similarly
for BH and CH:
AH = 2R + r − ra , BH = 2R + r − rb , CH = 2R + r − rc .
340 A. Bell
Ib
N
A
Ic
I
I O
B X D X C
Ia
Figure 5. ra + rb + rc = 4R + r
From these,
AH + BH + CH + 2R =8R + 3r − (ra + rb + rc )
=2(4R + r) + r − (ra + rb + rc )
=2(ra + rb + rc ) + r − (ra + rb + rc )
=ra + rb + rc + r.
(2) This follows from simple calculation making use of Proposition 6.
AH 2 + BH 2 + CH 2 + (2R)2
=(2R + r − ra )2 + (2R + r − rb )2 + (2R + r − rc )2 + 4R2
=3(2R + r)2 − 2(2R + r)(ra + rb + rc ) + ra2 + rb2 + rc2 + 4R2
=3(2R + r)2 − 2(2R + r)(4R + r) + 4R2 + ra2 + rb2 + rc2
=r 2 + ra2 + rb2 + rc2 .
This completes the proof of Theorem 2.
Hansen’s right triangle theorem, its converse and a generalization 341
Proof. Using AH = 2R cos A and a = 2R sin A, and similar expressions for BH,
CH, b, and c, we have
AH 2 + BH 2 + CH 2 + (2R)2 − (a2 + b2 + c2 )
=4R2 (cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 1 − sin2 A − sin2 B − sin2 C)
=4R2 (2 cos2 A + cos 2B + cos 2C)
=8R2 (cos2 A + cos(B + C) cos(B − C))
= − 8R2 cos A(cos(B + C) + cos(B − C))
= − 16R2 cos A cos B cos C.
In the following lemma we collect some useful and well known results. They
can be found more or less directly in [3].
Lemma 8. (1) ra rb + rb rc + rc ra = s2 .
(2) ra2 + rb2 + rc2 = (4R + r)2 − 2s2 .
(3) ab + bc + ca = s2 + (4R + r)r.
(4) a2 + b2 + c2 = 2s2 − 2(4R + r)r.
Proof. (1) follows from the formulas for the exradii and the Heron formula.
2 2 2
ra rb + rb rc + rc ra = + +
(s − a)(s − b) (s − b)(s − c) (s − c)(s − a)
=s((s − c) + (s − a) + (s − b))
=s2 .
Again, by Proposition 6,
4R + r
=ra + rb + rc
= + +
s−a s−b s−c
= ((s − b)(s − c) + (s − c)(s − a) + (s − a)(s − b))
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
1
= 3s2 − 2(a + b + c)s + (ab + bc + ca)
r
1
= (ab + bc + ca) − s2 .
r
An easy rearrangement gives (3).
(4) follows from (3) since a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 − 2(ab + bc + ca) =
4s − 2(s2 + (4R + r)r) = 2s2 − 2(4R + r)r.
2
Proposition 9. ra2 + rb2 + rc2 + r 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 if and only if 2R + r = s.
Proof. By Lemma 8(2) and (4), ra2 + rb2 + rc2 + r 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 if and only if
(4R + r)2 − 2s2 + r 2 = 2s2 − 2(4R + r)r; 4s2 = (4R + r)2 + 2(4R + r)r + r 2 =
(4R + 2r)2 = 4(2R + r)2 ; s = 2R + r.
Theorem 10. The following statements for a triangle ABC are equivalent.
(1) ra + rb + rc + r = a + b + c.
(2) ra2 + rb2 + rc2 + r 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 .
(3) R + 2r = s.
(4) One of the angles is a right angle.
Proof. (1) =⇒ (3): This follows easily from Proposition 6.
(3) ⇐⇒ (2): Proposition 9 above.
(2) ⇐⇒ (4): Proposition 7 above.
(4) =⇒ (1): Theorem 1 (1).
References
[1] J. Casey, A Sequel to the First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid, 6th edition, 1888.
[2] D. W. Hansen, On inscribed and escribed circles of right triangles, circumscribed triangles, and
the four-square, three-square problem, Mathematics Teacher, 96 (2003) 358–364.
[3] R. A. Johnson, Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover reprint, 1960.
[4] P. Yiu, Euclidean Geometry, Florida Atlantic University Lecture Notes, 1998.
[5] P. Yiu, Introduction to the Geometry of Triangle, Florida Atlantic University Lecture Notes,
2001.
Amy Bell: Department of Mathematics, Broward Community College, North Campus, 1000
Cocunut Creek Boulevard, Coconut Creek, FL 33066, USA
E-mail address: abmath@earthlink.net