THE INDIAN SCHOOL

BAHRAIN

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
2010

CHEMICAL KINETICS:
RATE OF A REACTION

DONE BY:

NAME: K.C. SABREENA

CLASS & SECTION: XII – H
G.R. NO: 31521
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is the record of project
work in Chemistry done by K.C. Sabreena
Basheer of class XII –H submitted as part of
the CBSE project work done in the Indian
School, Bahrain in the academic year 2010 –
2011

Name and Signature of Teacher

Name and Signature of Examiner

CONTENTS:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF A REACTION
EXPERIMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
I express my sincere gratitude to all those who
have helped me in completing this project.
A profound debt of gratitude to my parents for
supporting me throughout the project. My
special thanks to my teachers Mr. J.M. George,
Mrs. Marykutty Thomas and Mr. Koshy
Abraham, who were generous enough with
their time and advice for helping me in
gathering the required information and
compiling them.
Also special thanks to my classmates Neenu and
Riya for helping me do the experiment.
INTRODUCTION
This project deals with the study of reaction
rate of the following: Reaction of iodide ions
with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature
using different concentrations of iodide ions
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction
kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical
processes. Chemical kinetics includes
investigations of how different experimental
conditions can influence the speed of a chemical
reaction and yield information about the
reaction's mechanism and transition states, as
well as the construction of mathematical
models that can describe the characteristics of a
chemical reaction. In 1864, Peter Waage and
Cato Guldberg pioneered the development of
chemical kinetics by formulating the law of
mass action, which states that the speed of a
chemical reaction is proportional to the
quantity of the reacting substances.
Chemical kinetics deals with the experimental
determination of reaction rates from which rate
laws and rate constants are derived. Relatively
simple rate laws exist for zero-order reactions
(for which reaction rates are independent of
concentration), first-order reactions, and
second-order reactions, and can be derived for
others. In consecutive reactions the rate-
determining step often determines the kinetics.
In consecutive first-order reactions, a steady
state approximation can simplify the rate law.
The activation energy for a reaction is
experimentally determined through the
Arrhenius equation and the Eyring equation.
The main factors that influence the reaction
rate include: the physical state of the reactants,
the concentrations of the reactants, the
temperature at which the reaction occurs, and
whether or not any catalysts are present in the
reaction.
THEORY
Determination of the Rate Law
The rate law for the reaction between iodide ions and
hydrogen peroxide can be determined by carrying out
experiments in which the concentrations of iodide and
peroxide are varied.
A + B → P Rate = k[A]n[B]m
For this reaction, doubling the initial concentration of
reactant A doubles the initial rate of reaction (experiments
1 and 2). This relationship corresponds to n=1. Likewise,
doubling the initial concentration of B has the effect of
quadrupling the initial rate (experiments 2 and 3). This
corresponds to m=2.
We can now write the differential rate law for this reaction
as: rate = k[A][B]2
The reaction is said to be first order in A and second order
in B. Overall, the order of the reaction is 3. The value of the
rate constant k can be determined by using the known
values of n and m:
k= Rate or in this case
[A][B]2
We can use the given initial concentrations and initial rate
for each experiment and determine the value of k for each
experiment.
Consequently, the average rate (moles of hydrogen
peroxide consumed per liter per second) of the reaction
during this period can be calculated.

Rate = -Δ[H2O2]  change in peroxide concentration

Δt  change in time, measured using a
stopwatch

The initial rate for the reaction is given by:

Initial rate = k'[I–]0 n[H2O2]0 m

where [I–]0 = initial concentration of iodide
[H2O2]0 = initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATE
Nature of the reactants
Depending upon what substances are reacting,
the reaction rate varies. Acid reactions, the
formation of salts, and ion exchange are fast
reactions. When covalent bond formation takes
place between the molecules and when large
molecules are formed, the reactions tend to be
very slow. Nature and strength of bonds in
reactant molecules greatly influences the rate of
its transformation into products. The reactions
which involve lesser bond rearrangement
proceed faster than the reactions which involve
larger bond rearrangement.
Physical state
The physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a
reactant is also an important factor of the rate
of change. When reactants are in the same
phase, as in aqueous solution, thermal motion
brings them into contact. However, when they
are in different phases, the reaction is limited to
the interface between the reactants. Reaction
can only occur at their area of contact, in the
case of a liquid and a gas, at the surface of the
liquid. Vigorous shaking and stirring may be
needed to bring the reaction to completion. This
means that the more finely divided a solid or
liquid reactant, the greater its surface area per
unit volume, and the more contact it makes
with the other reactant, thus the faster the
reaction. To make an analogy, for example,
when one starts a fire, one uses wood chips and
small branches—one doesn't start with large
logs right away. In organic chemistry, On water
reactions are the exception to the rule that
homogeneous reactions take place faster than
heterogeneous reactions.
Concentration
Concentration plays a very important role in
reactions, because according to the collision
theory of chemical reactions, molecules must
collide in order to react together. As the
concentration of the reactants increases, the
frequency of the molecules colliding increases,
striking each other more frequently by being in
closer contact at any given point in time. Think
of two reactants being in a closed container. All
the molecules contained within are colliding
constantly. By increasing the amount of one or
more of the reactants it causes these collisions
to happen more often, increasing the reaction
rate.
Temperature
Temperature usually has a major effect on the
rate of a chemical reaction. Molecules at a
higher temperature have more thermal energy.
Although collision frequency is greater at
higher temperatures, this alone contributes
only a very small proportion to the increase in
rate of reaction. Much more important is the
fact that the proportion of reactant molecules
with sufficient energy to react (energy greater
than activation energy: E > Ea) is significantly
higher and is explained in detail by the
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular
energies.

Catalysts
Generic potential energy diagram showing the
effect of a catalyst in an hypothetical
endothermic chemical reaction. The presence of
the catalyst opens a different reaction pathway
(shown in red) with a lower activation energy.
The final result and the overall
thermodynamics are the same.
A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the
rate of a chemical reaction but remains
chemically unchanged afterwards. The catalyst
increases rate reaction by providing a different
reaction mechanism to occur with a lower
activation energy. In autocatalysis a reaction
product is itself a catalyst for that reaction
leading to positive feedback. Proteins that act as
catalysts in biochemical reactions are called
enzymes. Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe
the rate of enzyme mediated reactions. A
catalyst does not affect the position of the
equilibria, as the catalyst speeds up the
backward and forward reactions equally.
In certain organic molecules, specific
substituents can have an influence on reaction
rate in neighbouring group participation.
Agitating or mixing a solution will also
accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction, as
this gives the particles greater kinetic energy,
increasing the number of collisions between
reactants and therefore the possibility of
successful collisions.
Pressure
Increasing the pressure in a gaseous reaction
will increase the number of collisions between
reactants, increasing the rate of reaction. This is
because the activity of a gas is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
This is similar to the effect of increasing the
concentration
EXPERIMENT:-
Aim: to study the rate of a reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen
peroxide at room temperature using different ions
Apparatus Required: Conical flaks (100 ml, 250 ml), measuring
cylinders and stop watch
Chemicals Required: 0.1M potassium iodide solution, 3%
hydrogen peroxide, 0.04M sodium thiosulphate solution, 1%
starch solution and 2M H2SO4
Procedure:-
1) Take a conical flask of 250 ml. Add 25 ml of 3% H2O2, 25 ml
of 2M H2SO4, 5 ml of 1% starch solution and remaining 195
ml of distilled water.
2) Take four 100 ml conical flasks. Put 10 ml of Na2S2O3, 10 ml
of 0.1M KI and remaining 80 ml H2O in one of the flasks (F1).
Similarly put 10 ml of 0.04M Na2S2O3, 20 ml of 0.1M KI and
remaining 70 ml of H2O in flask F2; 10 ml of 0.4M Na2S2O3, 30
ml of 0.1M KI and 60 ml of H2O in flask F3 and in F4 10 ml of
0.04M Na2S2O3, 40 ml of 0.1M KI and 50 ml of H2O.
3) Add 25 ml of solution A into 25 ml of solution from flask F1
and start the stop watch without loss of time.
4) Note the time when the blue colour just appears in the flask.
5) Repeat the same experiment by taking fresh 25 ml of
solution A and 25 ml of solution in flask F1
6) Note the time again and calculate the average time.
7) Similarly, determine the time of appearance of the blue
colour for solution in the flasks F1, F2, F3 and F4. Each time
taking 25 ml of solution A and mixing with 25 ml of the
respective solutions.
Observations:-
Temperature at which the reaction is carried out = 250C
Volume of solution A taken for each study = 25 ml
Volume of any of the solutions F1, F2, F3 or F4 taken for each
study = 25 ml

Sl. No: Reactions Time of appearance of Average

between blue colour (in sec) time (in
sec)
t1 t2 t
1 Solution A 645 605 625
and
solution F1
2 Solution A 215 155 185
and
solution F2
3 Solution A 135 105 120
and
solution F3
4 Solution A 45 35 40
and
solution F4

Result:-
The rate of reaction between hydrogen peroxide and iodine
ions increases with the increase in concentration of iodide ions
which is one of the reactants.
Precautions:-
1) All volume measures should be done accurately and
carefully.
2) The amount of thiosulphate should be less than the iodine
produced during the reactions
3) Stop watch should be used properly without loss of time.
4) All the solutions should be kept at the same temperature
5) Appearance of blue colour should be noted carefully
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_kinetics

http://asd1.schoolwires.com/17422061571320847/l
ib/17422061571320847/Energy_of_activation_for_Cl
ock_Reaction.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_clock_reaction

FRANK’S CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK – CLASS XII

Diagram of a catalytic reaction, showing the energy niveau depending on the reaction
coordinate. For a catalysed reaction, the activation energy is lower.