Uasmhtawg ? Uasmhyef Wkdif? Uasmhaus ZL ? Uasmhtvs? Zefwd Ri? Pdwful Ompf

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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No.

6A

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Mum;&Sd em;vnfcHpm;rItuGmta0;udk pdppfMunfhjcif;tm;jzihf uAsmhtvS
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csufjzihf okcrdefvdIif\ tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfudk acwfay:uAsmqkdif&m
oabmw&m;pmtkyfpmayrsm;ESihf csOf;uyfí pdwfavhvm wifjyxm;yg
onf/ þpmwrf;\ &nf&G,fcsufay:vGifvmap&ef (1) tNidrfhuAsm
tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf uAsmhtawG; (2) tNidrfh uAsmtpDtpOfrsm;ESihf uAsmh
yef;wkdif (3) tNidrfhuAsm tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf uAsmzwfolwkdY\ tquf
tpyf [lí u@rsm;cGJí þpmwrf;udk jyKpkxm;ygonf/ þpmwrf;onf
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wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ þodkYxif&Sm;aom acwfay:uAsmq&mwpfOD;\uAsm
rsm;udk pdppfavhvmjcif;tm;jzihf tEkynmzefwD;ol\apwemESihf &yfwnfcsufudk
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acwfay:uAsmrsm;onf uAsmzefwD;ol\ pdwful;OmPfESihftawG;wdkY tcsKd;nDrI
aMumihf uAsmhtawG;? uAsmht&om? uAsmhtvS? uAsmhaus;Zl;rsm; ½kyfvkH;<u
ouf0if vIyf&Sm;vmonf[k qdkcsifygonf/ acwfay:uAsmzefwD;olESihf cHpm;ol

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vmap&ef okcrdefvdIif\tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfudk avhvmpdppfwif jyjcif;jzpfyg
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o"m? cs,f&D? o&zl ponfh r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif acwfay:uAsmrsm;udk a&;zGJUcJhyg
onf/ ]]tm;vHk;yDumqdk}}? ]]a0vig;uAsm}} ponfh uAsmpmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0cJh
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uAsmaygif;csKyftjzpf ]]&mZ0if}} [k trnfay;NyD; 2014 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhyg
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prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f? OD;zD;vrf;ü aexdkifvsuf&Sdygonf/

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plygrif;xuf ta&;BuD;w,f}} ]]pdwfnpfwmawGrajymaMu;}} ]]'grS wpfzufESihf
wpfzuf ulnDEkdifrSmav}} ponfh uAsmtqkH;rsm;onf uAsmq&m ñTef;qkdaom
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csdef 2008 ckESpfonf jrefrmEkdifiHü EkdifiHa&; tajymif;tvJwpfcktwGuf vkH;yef;
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rIudk qE´&SdcJhzl;onf/ wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; wpfzufESihfwpfzuf tultnDrsm; vdktyf
aecsdef jzpfygonf/ þaemufcHudk od&Sdxm;rSom uAsmq&m\ tNidrfhuAsm
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zGihfajymxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ uAsmcHpm;olu tm;xkwfp&mrvdkawmhbJ uAsm
q&mu uAsmhyef;wkdifudk rnfodkYrnfykH zefwD; wifjyoGm;rnfenf;[laom
tawG;pOfjzihfom avhvmoGm;rnf[k qkdcsifygonf/

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(8) aemifESpfcgwefaqmifrkef; (9) acwftNidrfh (10) tm;vkH;toihfjyif (11)
aumifrav;&nfpm; (12) rif;armif BuD;taMumif; (13) tNidrfhtaMumif; pm(4)
aMumif; (14) cspfuHac (15) plygrif;rysHwJhaeYawG (16) NrdKUrESihftrmpdeftNidrfh
(17) taumif;qkH;awG (18) pdwfnpfwmawG (19) &nfpm;pum; 2(20) tNidrfh
MunfhrSmvm; (21) enf;enf;yg;yg; (22) xkdokH;yg; (23) jyefrvmtNidrfh (24)
&ufpufrI (25) NyD;qkH;cef; (26) [mvm[if;vif; wkdYjzpfygonf/ azmfjyyg
uAsmrsm;udk u@rsm;cGJNyD; pkpnf;MunfhvQif-
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pum;2}} ponfhuAsmrsm;wGif awGUEdkifygonf/
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acwfay:uAsmrsm; xif&Sm;onfhtaMumif;wGif txufazmfjyyg tcsufwpfcsuf
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rubJ pdwful;OmPfjzihf okH;oyfjcif;rS ay:aygufonf/ trIudpöoufoufom
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xkdYaMumihf tm½kHcHpm;rIyg yg0ifatmif pdwful;OmPfudk tokH;jyKxm;aom pdwf
jzpfpOfudk azmfusL;csufudk uAsmhtawG;[kac:onf[k jrZifu axmufjyxm;
ygonf/
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tvSESihfaus;Zl;[laom uAsmht&omudk jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;&jcif; &Sdr&Sdjcif;ukd
tawG;pOfü jzpfay:wwfygonf/ jzpfay:vmaom tawG;pOfrsm;wGif uAsm&Sif
ESihf ywfoufívnf;aumif;? xkduAsm&Sif\ uAsmzefwD;ykHESihf ywfoufí
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uGef&ufrsm; jzpfvmEkdifygonf/ uAsmhtawG;rsm;udk pdppfMunfhvQif u@rsm;pGm
xGufay:vmEkdifygonf/ ]]uAsmwpfyk'fzwfNyD;aemuf uAsmzwfolxHwGif ol\
pmaytEkynm udk,fcHpGrf;tm; (zwftm;? rSwftm;) &Sdoavmuf? tm½kHcHpm;
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jzpfaom tawG;oufoufudkjzpfap? tm½kHcHpm;rIESihf ,SOfonfvnf;jzpfaom
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ESihf ¤if;udk zwf½IcHpm;olwdkYtay:wGif rlwnfae&m *,ufteufonf uAsm
zwfolzufrS yg0ifcHpm;jznfhpGufEkdifpGrf;&Sdoavmuf us,fjyefYav;euf xufjruf
vmwwfaom oabmjzpfonf 2 [laom tqkdt& okcrdefvdIif\ tNidrfhuAsm
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ykHoP²mefudk vl;vGefYMunfhjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifykH&ygonf/ tEkynmcHpm;rIudk
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448 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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csifygonf/ armf'efuAsmq&m okcrdefvdIifu olYtjrif olYtawG;udk zGihfajym
xm;jcif;r&Sday/ azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sd ]] .... }} rsm;jzihf uAsmzwfoludk tawG;ay;
xm;onf/ ]][m}} tmar#dwft&vnf; uAsmzwfoludk vIHYaqmfxm;onf/ uAsm
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uAsmu olYuAsmhyef;wkdifudk wkduf½kdufrajym? y&dwfowfudktvkyfay;xm;onf?
tawG;ay;xm;onf? þenf;onf acwfay:uAsmrsm;wGif tawGU&rsm;aom
tcsufwpfcsufjzpfayonf/ tñTef;jyKESihf tñTef;cHwdkY\ qufpyfrIonf uAsm
zwfolESihf uAsmzefwD;olwdkY\Mum; uGmjcm;rIay:rlwnfí eD;jcif;? a0;jcif;?
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 449

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xm;ygonf/ ]]t&omqkdonfrSm pum;vkH;wdkY&JU toHoGm;toHvmuae jzpfay:
vmonfh uAsm&oudk cHpm;&onfht&om? ½Icif;½IuGufav;rsm;udk omref
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b0? olwdkYcHpm;ykHudk udk,fpm;jyKoDa<u;jyonf/ þenf;jzihf acwfay:
uAsmq&mrsm;onf acwfay:cHpm;rIudk a&;jyonf/ cHpm;rIudk a0rQ ray;Ekdif
1
omEdk;armif? 1999? 122
450 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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½kd;&Sif;aompum;vkH;rsm;udkom okH;EIef;í ykHazmfxm;ygonf/ uAsmwGifokH;xm;
aom tñTef;jyKrsm;onf uAsmzwfol\ tm½kHudk tajymif;tvJjzpfapcJhygonf/
tif*svDem*sKdvD? a*smhbk&SfESihf bifvm'ifwkdYonf tEkynmavmuESifh EkdifiHa&;
avmuü xl;jcm;olrsm;jzpfygonf/ urÇmausmfyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfygonf/ rwlnD
aomavmurS yk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;udk uAsmzefwD;olrsm;u a&SmifxGufvkd[ef&Sd
onf/ xkdYaMumihf okcrdefvdIif\uAsmh yef;wkdifudk uAsmzwfolu tvG,fwul
jrifEkdifygonf/ ]]vG,fwm&JUaemufuG,frSm av;eufrI&Sdoihfw,f}} [laom
oabmudk tNidrfhuAsm tpDtpOfrsm; (26-yk'f) zwfNyD;rSom odjrifvmEdkifyg
onf/ ]]uAsmqkdwm MunfEl;rIeJYpNyD; OmPftodrSmqkH;&onf}} [laom a&mbwf
za&mpfwf\ tqkdtrdefYESihf udkufnDrI&Sdonf[k azmfjyvdkygonf/

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txl;ojzihf acwfay: uAsmrsm;udk avhvm&mü acwfay:uAsmzefwD;olwdkY\
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1
,if;? 65
2
okcrdefvSdKif? 2011? 110
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 451

tvsm;vkduf ykHoP²mefxuf axmifvkdufykHoP²mefrsm;? tuGufqefaom


taMumif;t&mrsm;? jzefYBuJxm;aom 'DZkdif;rsm;udk okH;í cGeftm;aumif;aom?
opfvGifaom awG;axmihfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;í uAsmhtmedoifudk xufjrufap
wwfMuonfudk tawGUrsm;ygonf/
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awG;axmihf opfvGifrIoabm tm;aumif;aMumif;udk awGU&ygonf/ tNidrfhuAsm
wpfyk'fonf tNidrfhuGufwpfuGufomjzpfí uAsmzwfolu uAsm&Sif\tawG;udk
jrifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOf (uAsm 26yk'f)udkzwfNyD; tawG;pOf
trQifwef;MunfhrSom? tawG;*,uf vif;vufEkdifrSom uAsmhtvSESihf uAsmh
aus;Zl;udk jrifa,mifNyD; cHpm;vmwwfEkdifrnf[k ,lqygonf/
tEkynm&Sif\ yifudkqE´rSm vl\ wpfa,mufcsif; avhvmoHk;oyfrI?
tm½HkcHpm;rIESifh awG;ac:rIwdkYü tav;teufjyKEdkiforQ jyKum us,f0ef;aom
olUywf0ef;usif? trsm;\tusKd;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvHk;\b0ponfwdkYESifh
ruif;uGmbJ &Sdaeapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;onf pdwful;,Ofae
aomb0ü r[kwfbJ wu,fhvIyf&Sm;wuf<uaomb0üom aexdkifvdkMuay
onf/ vlonf zefwD;aomZmwfaumifavmuüom r[kwfbJ wu,fhvlU
avmuBuD;tv,fü tm;rmefESifhzefwD;vsuf aexdkifvdkMuayonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\
aqmifyk'frSm tEkynmtwGufb0 r[kwfbJ b0twGuf tEkynm jzpfay
onf[k urÇmausmfqdkAd,uf½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwm yla'ghuif\tqdktrdefYudk udk;um;
í '*kefwm&mu tEkynm&Sif\&yfwnfcsufudk wifjycJhygonf 1 þtqdktrdefY
t& uAsmq&monfvnf; tEkynm&SifwpfOD; jzpfayonf/ tEkynm&SifwpfOD;
jzpfaom acwfay: uAsmq&m\&yfwnfcsufudk pl;prf;&SmazGoifhonf[k ,lqí
okcrdefvdIif\ acwfay:uAsmrsm;rS uAsmq&m\&yfwnfcsufudk pl;prf;&SmazG
cJhygonf/
]]uAsmonf olYacwfudk xif[yf&ef uAsma&;olonf olaexkdifaom
vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ toH&SifjzpfcJhayonf/}}2 [laom tqkdtrdefYt& avhvmwifjy
vkdjcif;jzpfygonf/

1
bkef;Edkif? wuúodkvf? 1994? 46/
2
wm&m? '*kef? 1974? 141/
452 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

]]tEkynmonf tEkynmtwGuf}}? ]]tEkynmonfjynfolUtwGuf}}? ]]tEk


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&yfwnfcsufrsm;jzifh &yfwnfcJhMuaom pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm; acwftqufquf
&SdcJhMuygonf/ þpmwrf;wGif acwfay:uAsm q&mwpfOD;\zefwD;yHkudk ay:vGif
apvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufaMumifh þu@udk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;rQom wifjycJhjcif;
jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh okcrdefvdIif\acwfay: uAsmrsm;onf tbd"r®m&Sdaom
uAsmjzpfygonf[k oHk;oyfvdkygonf/ tbd"r®mwpfckckjzifh &nfñTef;aeaom
acwfudk ay:vGifap&ef BudK;pm;NyD;azmfjyaeaom tEkynm&SifwpfOD;tjzpfcH,lNyD;?
&yfwnfNyD; acwfay:uAsmrsm;udk zefwD;xm;onf[k ,lqygonf/
okcrdefvdIifonf olBuKHawGU&aomacwfwGif tNidrfhobif\ tmedoif
avsmhyg;vmrIudk? ajymif;vJvmrIudk azmfjyEkdifcJhaom acwfay:uAsmwpfOD;
jzpfonf[k qkdcsifygonf/ olUacwf\toHudk uAsmzwfolwdkYtm; Mum;a,mif
apcJhygonf/ tNidrfhobifESifhywfoufaom acwfay:uAsmrsm; tawGU&enf;
ygonf/ xkduGufvyfudk okcrdefvdIif\ tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfu jznfhpGuf azmfjy
EkdifcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tawG;opfjzihf zefwD;xm;aom tNidrfhuAsmrsm;onf
uAsmzefwD; ol\ apwemESihfuAsmhtvSudk ay:vGifaponf/ acwfay:uAsm
avmuudk tvSqiftouf0ifaprnfh uAsmht&om xufjrufaom uAsmrsm;
jzpfonf[k azmfjyvdkygonf/

acwfay:(armf'ef)uAsmq&m okcrdefvdIif\ uAsmtawG;? uAsmhtvSESihf


uAsmhaus;Zl;udk ay:vGifap&ef tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfrsm;udk avhvmwifjycJh
ygonf/ jrefrmhtNidrfhESihf ywfoufí apwemoufa&mufcJhaom acwfay:uAsm
q&mwpfOD;\ tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf jrefrmuAsmzGHYNzdK;wkd;wuf&ef tusKd;jyK
uAsmrsm;[k okH;oyfvdkygonf/
tNidrfhyGJwpfyGJ\ t*Fg&yfrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif wkdYxdoGm;aom acwfay:
uAsmwpf&yftawG;pOfESifh apwemudk av;pm;zG,f awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ ]]tNidrfh&Sd
w,f? uRefawmf 'DvkduAsmzGJUw,f? trsm;BuD; r&nf&G,fygbl;/ enf;enf;yg;yg;
aysmf½kHavmufyg/ enf;enf;yg;yg; vGrf;½kHavmufyg/ 'grS wpfzufESihfwpfzuf
ulnDEkdifrSmav}} [laom uAsmhyef;wkdifudk jrifatmif ykHazmfEkdifcJhonf[k qdkcsifyg
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 453

onf/ uAsmq&m\acwfrSm xif&Sm;cJhaom tNidrfhynm&Sifrsm;udk av;pm;pGm


azmfjyoDukH;xm;jcif;onf acwfay:uAsmzwfolrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;rIudk jzpfa pNyD;
uAsmht&omudk xufjrufaponf[k ,lqygonf/ NrdKUawmfaygpH? "mwfqD?
"mwfqH? avbmwDjr&if? &Gmpm;BuD;pdefaA'g? eef;a&SU q&mwif ponfh ynm&Sif
rsm;onf jrefrmhtNidrfhavmuü rSwfwkdiftjzpf xif&Sm;pGm csef&pfcJholrsm; jzpfyg
onf/
tNidrfhyGJtp ukuúdKvfyifxdyfzsm;rS avmfpyDumBuD;ESihf tus,fBuD;atmfykH?
&GmvkH;uRwf yGJoGm;&ef jyifqifxm;Muyk? tNidrfhyGJaps;wef;ü aumufn§if;
usnfawmuf? a&rkefY? rkefYavayG? rkd;ysH&[wf? aq;rifaMumifxkd;oHwdkYudk jrif&
Mum;&ykH? vljyufBuD;rsm; jyufvkH;xkwfykH tEkynmygí ESvkH;om;rSm NidcJhykH
tv,f? tNidrfhNyD;í taysmfrsm;usefcJhykHtqkH; uAsmzwfoljrifa,mif Mum;a,mif
atmif wifjyEkdifcJhí uAsmhaus;Zl; ay:vGifcJhonf[k xifjrifygonf/
tNidrfhyGJ\ tmedoifBuD;rm;ykHudk okcrdefvdIifu cHpm;rItm;vkH;rsm;okH;í
wifjycJhygonf/ ]]EkysKdjcif;rsm;&Sd&m}}? ]]&,farmjcif;<uufom;rsm;&Sd&m}}? ]]rukef
rcef;cGeftm;rsm;&Sd&m}}? ]]&,farmp&mawGeJY wefqmqif&m}}? [lí wifpm;xm;yg
onf/ qkdif;oHAkHoHMum;&í aeaumif;ap&ef rif;orD;av;vSí pdwfcsrf;om
ap&ef vl&Tifawmf &,f&íaysmfap&ef tNidrfhu pGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/ þjrefrmh
tNidrfh aysmufuG,foGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfaom acwfay:q&mwpfOD;\ uAsmhtawG;
onf jrefrmuAsmrsm; qufvuf&Sifoefap&ef tmedoif&Sdonf[k okH;oyfvdkyg
onf/
okcrdefvdIifonf tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfudk a&;zGJU&mwGif ½kd;&Sif;aom
pum;tokH;tEIef;udk okH;EIef;í zGJUqkdxm;onf/ toHpD;qif;rIonf oGufvufí
e&Dpnf;0g; rdonf/ toHajyjypfrI&SdNyD; em;0ifcsKdí tvG,fwulrSwfrdaponf/
tNidrfhyGJwpfyGJMunfhNyD; auseyfoGm;&ouJhodkY cHpm;Ekdifygonf/ awGUBuKHcJh&aom
tNidrfhyGJrsm;udk jyefvnfjrifa,mifvmapEkdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf
ujyazsmfajzoGm;cJhaom tNidrfhuAsmpkrsm;[k wifpm;csifygonf/
454 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

tEkynmzefwD;olESihf cHpm;olwdkY\ b0tawGUtBuKH uGm[rI enf;onf


ESihftrQ xkdtEkynm\oufwrf; ydk&Snfwwfygonf/ *E¦0ifajrmufaom
acwfay:uAsmrsm;udk rSwfwkdiftjzpfpdkufxlEkdifí jrefrmhuAsmavmu &eHYoif;Ekdif
ygawmhrnf[lí ,kHMunfygonf/

pdef0if;? vlxk/ 1999/ armf'efvufzuf&nfyef;uefxJurkefwdkif;i,fESifh tjcm; aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdk;,Hpmay?


&efukefNrdKU/
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