Textile Raw Material-II

COURSE CODE: TEX2101

DEFINITION AND MANUFACTURING OF MANMADE

FIBERS
Definition of manmade fiber:
Man-made fibers are fibers in which have been formed
artificially by
Regeneration (Regenerated Fibers),
Regeneration with some chemical modification (Semi-
synthetic Fibers),
Synthesis of petro-chemical products (Synthetic Fibers),
Synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds with extra
care (High Performance Fibers).
Forms of Man Made fibre
 Filament
 Staple
 Filament tow.
Filament: Filament fibres are spun from spinnerets with 350 holes or less is
determined by the size of the yarn to be made. The number of holes in the spinneret
determines the no of filaments in the yarn. Filaments are of two types:
 Mono filament
 Multi filament
Monofilament: This filament is made only of a single filament.
Multifilament: These filaments are made of more than one filament.
 Staple fibre: Staple fibre is of limited and relatively short length . The
length of the staple fibre depends on its use. Staple fibre is a unit of matter
which is usually at least 100 times longer than its thick.

 Filament Tow: The product of 100 or more spinnerets is collected into a

large rope of fibres called Tow. This rope or tow is crimped and then made
into staple by cutting or breaking.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of MMF

 Production does not depend on  Fabrics made of MMF are difficult

climate & location. to stitch
 Quality & quantity can be  Low air permeability
controlled  Uncomfortable
 Length & thickness can be  Unhygienic
controlled
 Hydrophobic
 Staple length can be controlled
 Smoothness & high luster
 Fiber processing is easier
 High productivity & low cost
Properties required for Fibre forming
polymer:
 Molecular weight should be high.
 Crystallinity – high not suitable.
 Resistance to different chemical.
 Orientation – Physical and chemical symmetry.
 Straight chain structure.
 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) – Should be near to room Temp.
 Crystalline Melting Point (Tm) - 200o – 300o c is suitable.
 Polymer should be soluble in some solvent from which it can be spun.
 Hygroscopic nature – Should be hydrophobic.
 Chain length – Should be at least 100 m
 Should be Linear.
Spinneret

A plate or nozzle containing many fiber holes or slits through which a fiber
forming polymer solution is extruded in the fiber manufacturing process. The
number of holes varies with desired number of filaments required.

Made of:
-Platinum, Iridium, Stainless steel etc.
-Should be corrosion resistant metal.
Different shapes of spinneret
Features of Spinneret

 Spinneret holes are slightly wider at the entry than the

exit.
 The denier of filament extruded through a hole does not
depend upon its size, but it has some significance on the
efficient extrusion depending on melt delivery speed.
 Special spinnerets are required for the production of
hollow fibres and bi-component fibres.
 Afterlong use the spinnerets get checked and it is
essential to clean them.
 The spinneret holes may be broken spotted.
Flow chart of MMF production

1. Manufacture of the fiber forming polymer.

2. Spinning ( extrusion through spinneret)
3. Stretching/Drawing ( improving strength and crystallinity)
4. Texturing/Crimping ( developing natural fibre properties)
5. Intermingling/Interlacing( applied instead of twisting)
6. Heat setting( made dimensionally stable)
1.Manufacturing of the fibre forming
polymer
All man made fibres are composed of long chain molecules
known as polymer which are formed by chemical processing.
The polymer manufacturing process is the determining factor
for many basic characteristics such as density, melting point,
dyeing behavior, moisture absorption etc.
Common groups in polymers –
I)Amide or Peptide groups ( -CO-NH-)
II)Benzene ring
III)Ether linkage( -C-O-C-)
IV)Ester linkage(-C-O-O-)
V)Hydroxyl group (-OH)
VI)Nitrile group (-C-N-)
2.Spinning:

 The conversion of polymer into fibre is called spinning.

The fibre forming substance is made temporarily fluid,
extruded through spinneret and then returned to solid
state (by solidification) in fibre form.
 Three types of spinning process:
 Melt spinning.
 Wet spinning.
 Dry spinning.