IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO.
3, JUNE 2019
Smartphone Frequency Shielding With
Penta-Bandstop FSS for Security and
Electromagnetic Health Applications
Sanjeev Yadav , Senior Member, IEEE, Chandra Prakash Jain, and Mahendra Mohan Sharma, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—In this paper, a novel penta-bandstop frequency-
selective surface (FSS) is proposed to shield the frequencies used in
smartphone/tablet for security and electromagnetic health appli-
cations. It can be used to provide wireless security and protection
against unwanted electromagnetic radiation. The novelty of the
proposed structure lies in the five stopbands, which can be used for
communication, viz., GSM, GPS, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, and
WLAN. The FSS unit cell consists of a square patch surrounded by
five thin modified rectangular rings etched over a one-sided FR4
substrate. Size of the unit cell is 0.135 λ × 0.135 λ, corresponding
to the lowest operating frequency. To validate the proposed FSS, a
prototype is fabricated and measured. Measured and simulated re-
sults are presented for the fabricated prototype. Stable frequency
responses are achieved under oblique incidence for the transverse
electric as well as transverse magnetic polarizations.
Index Terms—Electromagnetic (EM), frequency-selective sur-
face (FSS), radiation, security, shielding, smartphone.
I. INTRODUCTION
OWADAYS, GPS, GSM-900, GSM-1800, Bluetooth,
N Wi-Fi, and WLAN/Wi-Max are the most commonly used
technologies in smartphones/tablets. Recently, the number of
smartphone and tablet users has increased exponentially, and it
has become an important device in human daily life. Wireless
devices use electromagnetic (EM) waves to receive and transmit
data over the air. The wireless devices are designed based on
the IEEE standard 802.11 [1]. The wireless devices have made
our life easier. However, the potential negative impacts on our
society cannot be ignored. For example, these devices emit
harmful radiation that might affect human body. This radiation
penetrates our bodies and it may cause many diseases [2]–[12].
Although the above matters have not been scientifically proven
Manuscript received January 16, 2018; revised March 6, 2018, April 2, 2018,
May 3, 2018, and May 15, 2018; accepted May 19, 2018. Date of publication
June 5, 2018; date of current version June 11, 2019. (Corresponding author:
Sanjeev Yadav.)
S. Yadav is with the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineer-
ing, Government Women Engineering College, Ajmer 305002, India (e-mail:,
sanjeev.mnit@gmail.com).
C. P. Jain is with the Government Engineering College Ajmer, Ajmer 305025,
India (e-mail:,cpjain.vlsi@gmail.com).
M. M. Sharma is with the National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology, Chandigarh 160071, India, on leave from the Malaviya National
Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India (e-mail:,mmsjpr@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2018.2839707
0018-9375 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
887
from medical perspective, the possible consequences cannot
be ignored. Over the past two decades, much attention has
been given to health implications with high-frequency EM field
exposure. A large amount of work has recently been published
about the biological effects of microwave radiation. Earlier
studies on the effects of high frequency to human body have
shown that exposure to high frequency for a long period is very
harmful for the human body [13]–[21].
In some private as well as public places, such as places of wor-
ship, hospitals, airports, schools, colleges, theatres, and other
places where security is a prime concern, there is a need for the
restriction of unwanted radiation while permitting the desired
operating frequency. For example, it is important to block the
access to mobile communication in prison cells, hospitals, or
aircraft while allowing the transmission of emergency commu-
nications [22]. Similarly, WLAN signals need to be blocked
inside building to enable frequency reuse and for security pur-
poses. Wireless communications are not inherently secure. EM
waves also cause interference with different radiating channels
and degrade their performance [23].
To address this issue, a possible solution is to implement fre-
quency selective surface (FSS) filters into walls [23], [24]. Re-
searchers have first undertaken single-band FSS configurations
and multilayer FSS for bandstop and bandpass filtering purposes
[22]–[25]. Symmetric designs are employed to enable polariza-
tion independence. FSS designs that can isolate the system from
unwanted signals as well as enhance the performance of the sys-
tem without affecting its electrical size have been attractive to
the researchers in recent years [26]–[28]. FSS is used to suppress
spurious emissions from a spiral inductor [29] and exhibit EM
shielding applications with high stability to incidence angles
and polarizations [30]. Since there are multiple WLAN frequen-
cies, wideband or multiband operations are present in domestic
and industrial uses, so for better security bandstop/bandpass,
FSS is necessary for many applications [31]–[34]. Recent uses
of FSS include military applications, telecommunications,
wireless security, and interference mitigation between adjacent
wireless local area networks and many more.
In this regard, the proposed FSS can be placed on the windows
or doors like a curtain or film to block the incoming signals, be-
cause maximum signal strength comes from windows and doors,
which may restrict or stop the unwanted EM radiation and wire-
less signal from outside. If security is the main concern, then all
888
Fig. 1. Unit cell geometry of the proposed penta-bandstop FSS with optimized
geometrical dimensions: S = 0.25 mm, S 1 = 0.55 mm, and S 2 = 0.3 mm.
outer walls need to be covered by FSS so that no communication
can happen through FSS walls.
One of the prime features of smartphone/tablet is voice call.
During voice call, human brain is maximum exposed to EM
waves/radiation and it may cause harmful effect [13]–[21]. To
address the issue of health due to the unwanted radiation from
the devices, a possible solution is the implementation of FSS
as a flip cover toward the side of ear so that the user gets mini-
mally exposed toward EM waves coming from the device. This
communicating device also transmits/receives EM waves when
no voice call is made/received, but its strength is too low to
cause any harmful effect. The novelty is that the proposed FSS
stops the five frequency bands simultaneously which are used
for communication using smartphone/tablets.
This paper is organized as follows. The EM radiation effect
of smartphone/tablet on human along with the uses and different
ways to stop the radiation has been discussed in Section I. In
Section II, designing of the proposed FSS structure is discussed.
In Section III, simulation results are discussed. In Section IV,
fabrication of the proposed FSS and its measurement setup with
transmission results along with the comparison of simulated
with measured structure is studied in detail. The transmission
characteristics for different incident angle of incidence on the
structure is also discussed and compared.
II. DESIGNING OF FSS
Fig. 1 illustrates the unit cell geometry of the proposed penta-
bandstop FSS with optimized geometrical dimensions. The top
metallic patch of the proposed structure consists of one square
patch surrounded by four modified square rings inside a square
ring printed on a dielectric substrate, as shown in Fig. 1. The
penta-bandstop characteristic is obtained by designing the unit
cell on the FR4 substrate having relative permittivity (εr ) of 4.4
and loss tangent (tanδ) 0.02. The structure is designed in such a
way to stop five discrete frequencies, viz., 1.5, 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, and
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
Fig. 2. Proposed FSS array of 11 × 11 units with its expanded view.
5.5 GHz. These frequencies are used for GPS, mobile commu-
nication, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and WLAN, respectively,
and, hence, these signals cannot pass through the FSS.
The structure needs to be fourfold symmetric for exhibiting
polarization-independent characteristics and stable angular per-
formance. The array structure and its expanded section geometry
is illustrated in Fig. 2. In order to exhibit the required stopband
characteristics, size of the unit cell has to be decided properly.
As the proposed structure is penta band, lower frequency (i.e.,
1.5 GHz) will be responsible for the size of the unit cell. The
approximate length of the proposed unit cell can be calculated
by the following equation:
c
L=W = 
ε r +1
4fr 2
where L is the length of the outer square ring, W is the width
of the outer square ring of the unit cell in mm, c is the speed of
light in vacuum in mm/s, fr is the center frequency in GHz, and
εr is the dielectric constant of the substrate. The length of the
outer ring is 25.7 mm, while the periodicity is 27 mm in both
horizontal and vertical directions.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation is carried out using commercially avail-
able CST Microwave Studio, a full-wave simulation tool.
The proposed FSS is modeled as an infinite array with pe-
riodic boundary conditions in X-axis and Y-axis, while Z-
axis is kept open for the excitation ports. Floquet mode has
been implemented in frequency-domain solver with tetrahe-
dral mesh. The FSS unit cell is simulated under TE mode
and TM mode of operation. The transmission coefficient of
the unit cell shows five stopband, i.e., 1.5, 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, and
5.5 GHz which are acheived in TE mode covering −10-dB
bandwidth from 1.21 to 1.67 (0.46 GHz), 1.84 to 1.98 (0.14
GHz), 2.45 to 2.7 (0.35 GHz), 3.43 to 3.57 (0.14 GHz),
and 4.87 to 6.13 GHz (1.26 GHz), respectively, as shown in
Fig. 3. This unit cell has also been simulated for TM mode. The
simulated transmission coefficient for TE mode and TM mode
YADAV et al.: SMARTPHONE FREQUENCY SHIELDING WITH PENTA-BANDSTOP FSS FOR SECURITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HEALTH
Fig. 3. Simulated transmission coefficient in TE mode and TM mode.
Fig. 4. Surface current distribution of the proposed FSS for TE mode at
frequencies: (a) 1.5 GHz, (b) 1.8 GHz, (c) 2.5 GHz, (d) 3.5 GHz, and (e) 5.5 GHz.
overlaps which depicts that the proposed design is polarizaion
insensitive.
To describe the resonant mechanism, an induced current dis-
ribution at their respective resonant frequencies of the proposed
FSS is shown in Fig. 4. The color of the arrow represents the
intensity and direction of arrow indicates the current flow. In
Fig. 4(a), it is shown that maximum current is distributed on
the outer square loop, while very weak current is distributed in
the inner modified square loops. Therefore, 1.5 GHz band is
determined by the outer square loop. A 1.8 GHz band is de-
termined by the inductance of the outer ring and the coupling
capacitance between outer ring and outer modified square ring,
as shown in Fig. 4(b). Similarly, 2.5 GHz band is determined by
the modified loop 3, 3.5 GHz is determined by combination of
the modified square loops 1 and 2, and 5.5 GHz is determined
by combination of the modified square loop 1 and the patch, as
shown in Fig. 4(c)–(e), respectively.
IV. FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENTS
To verify the perfomance of the proposed FSS, a prototype
containing an array of 11 × 11 unit cells was fabricated
889
Fig. 5. Top view of the proposed FSS prototype.
Fig. 6. Measurement setup for measurement of the transmission characteris-
tics in TM mode.
using chemical etching process over FR4 substrate of thickness
1.6 mm. The dimension of protototype is 297 mm × 297 mm, as
shown in Fig. 5. The FSS prototype was measured in Anechoic
chamber using standard horn antennas connected to Agilent
N5320A vector network analyzer using free-space measure-
ment technique. Two identical double-ridged horn antennas
were placed for the measurement of reflection coefficient (S11 )
and transmission coefficient (S21 ) during normal incidence of
the EM wave inside the anechoic chamber, as shown in Fig. 6.
To ensure the accuracy, measurement was carried out in
two steps: first, free-space measurement was done without
the sample; second, measurement was done with the FSS
prototype kept between the antennas. The difference was taken
to mitigate the influence of the environment and test system.
EMI measurement can also be done for FSS [35]. Proposed
FSS prototype has been measured for TE mode and TM mode.
890 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO. 3, JUNE 2019

Fig. 7. Simulated and measured transmission coefficient for normal incidence

for TE mode.
Fig. 9. Measured transmission coefficient for different angles of incidence
under TE mode.

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS

Fig. 8. Simulated and measured transmission coefficient under normal inci-

dence for TM mode.

The measured transmission coefficient is also compared with

the simulated one for TE as well as TM modes of operation,
as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Comparison of the simulated and TABLE II
measured results is also given in Table I. INCIDENT ANGLE VARIATION WITH BANDWIDTH IN TE MODE
Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate that the measured results are in good
agreement with the simulated ones. The fabricated FSS proto-
type stops all the normal incident EM waves of the frequency
bands 1.5, 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.5 GHz with bandwidth 0.23, 0.14,
0.29, 0.14, and 0.72 GHz, respectively, in TE and TM modes.
The fabricated FSS was also measured under oblique inci-
dence for TE mode, while the incident angle is varied from 0°
to 45°, as shown in Fig. 9. The figure illustrates that the trans- V. CONCLUSION
mission is approximately same which makes the structure stable
and polarization independent. Bandwidth for all five bands at In this paper, a penta-bandstop FSS is designed, fabricated,
different angles of incidence has been described in Table II. It and validated to shield the frequencies used in smart-
blocks all the EM waves at 1.5, 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.5 GHz, which phone/tablets. The proposed penta-bandstop FSS can be used
are responsible for mobile communication in smartphones and for security purpose and to moderate the effect of EM radiation
tablets as GPS, GSM communication, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and for preventing from radiation hazards. The structure has been
Wi-Max. Being the structure stable and polarization indepen- designed and optimized in such a way to block five frequencies
dent, EM waves of these frequency bands cannot pass the used in smartphones/tablets, i.e., GSM, GPS, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi,
proposed FSS wall. Wi-MAX, and WLAN. The symmetrical profile of this FSS
YADAV et al.: SMARTPHONE FREQUENCY SHIELDING WITH PENTA-BANDSTOP FSS FOR SECURITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HEALTH
provides excellent polarization-independent performance and
exhibits stable transmission/reflection performances over a
wide range of incident angle for both TE and TM modes. In
order to understand the physical mechanism of the design,
surface current distribution at stopbands has been discussed.
The measured and simulated result shows good agreement for
entire frequency range. Due to the stopband characteristics of
FSS, it can be used at airports, hospitals schools, theatres, and
many other public places, where security and health is the main
concern as smartphone/tablet flipcover, curtains on windows
or doors, etc. The proposed FSS acts as an escape from the
unwanted radiation during voice calls.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. K.V. Srivastava and Dr.
S. Ghosh for helping and providing measurement facility at IIT,
Kanpur, India.
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892 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
Sanjeev Yadav (M’13–SM’17) received the B.Tech.
degree in electronics and communication engineer-
ing from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Noida,
India, in 2007, and the M.Tech. degree in communi-
cation from the Malaviya National Institute of Tech-
nology, Jaipur, India, in 2010. He is currently working
toward the Ph.D. degree at Rajasthan Technical Uni-
versity, Kota, India.
Since 2012, he has been an Assistant Professor
with the Department of Electronics and Communica-
tion Engineering, Government Women Engineering
College, Ajmer, India. He is the author/co-author of more than 100 research pa-
pers published in the refereed international/national journals and conferences.
His research interests include planar antennas, frequency selective surfaces, and
microwave absorber.
Dr. Yadav is a Life Member of IETE, India.
Chandra Prakash Jain received the B.E. degree
from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India,
in 2000, the M.Tech. degree from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh,
India, in 2006, and the Ph.D. degree from Banasthali
University, Vanasthali, India, in 2016.
He was with Public Sector Company for two
years. Since 2011 he has been an Assistant Pro-
fessor with Government Engineering College Ajmer,
Ajmer, India. He is the author/co-author of more than
15 research papers published in the refereed interna-
tional/national journals and conferences. His research interests include devices
and circuits under extreme environment applications.
Mahendra Mohan Sharma (M’87–SM’18) re-
ceived the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from
the National Institute of Technology (formally Re-
gional Engineering College), Srinagar, India, in 1985,
the M.Tech. degree in computer technology from
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, and the
Ph.D. degree from the Malaviya National Institute of
Technology, Jaipur, India.
In 1986, he joined the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technol-
ogy, as a Lecturer, and designated as an Associate
Professor there in 1995. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Elec-
tronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Tech-
nology, and an Executive Director with the National Institute of Electronics
and Information Technology, Chandigarh, India. He is the author/co-author of
more than 100 research papers published in the refereed international/national
journals and conferences. His research interests include design and modeling of
antennas, array, and FSS.
Prof. Sharma is a fellow of IETE, India, member of the Broadcasting Engi-
neering Society, India, and Life Member of ISTE professional bodies. He was
an Honorary Secretary of the IEEE-MTTS India Council Chapter.