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Traditional OF India: Embroideries
Traditional OF India: Embroideries
Embroideries
OF
INDIA
Hema Upadhayay
Dept of clothing and textiles
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Introduction
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Kashida of Kashmir
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Stitches used
•Satin stitch,
•Chain stitch
• Stem stitch.
•Darning
• Herringbone
•Zalakdo,
•Vatachik
• Talibar.
•Wool and cotton is the very base cloth used. More often, they are
available in some shades of white or some similar light shade.
Several times, pastel colors are even used.
•The colors of motifs are drawn from flowers, creepers and chinar
leaves, mango etc.
• There are bird motifs seen on the shawls ranging from parrot to
woodpeckers and kingfishers and floral motifs such as lily, lotus,
iris, saffron flower etc.
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Kashmiri ari-work embroidery on a ‘phiren’ (smock) yoke
• The influence of Muslim culture can be seen in this
industry in that the animals and human figures are
not seen in Kashmir embroidery.
• But few old pieces depicting hunting scene popularly
known as ‘Shikargah’ are available in Museums of
Srinagar. The displayed pieces have embroidered
borders using bands of marching soldiers and separate
panels showing horse riders.
• Several forms of cones that existed in Indo-Persian art
around seventeenth and eighteenth century emerged
into Kashmiri embroidery as the cone shaped mango
motif, popularly known as the Kalka or Badami
buta
Kashmiri motifs
Tracing of the design
•Earlier it was done with white thread on muslin clothes. However now it
is been done on various types of fabrics like cotton, linen nylon, georgette,
chiffon and synthetic fabrics. Apart from wearable garments it is also
done on various other things like curtains, bed sheets, table cloths, pillow
covers and cushion covers.
•Unlike earlier times it is not only done on white colored cloths but also
fabrics of various colors. But the thread used for the embroidery is
generally white.
5
• There are two types of chikankari work
• The flat style and the Knotted embossed for example jali or
netting in varieties of designs.
• Special stitches used in chikankari work are named as:-
1. Taipchi
2. Khatawa
3. Bukhia,
4. Murri
5. Phanda
6. Jali
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1. Taipchi
• Taipchi is a simple darning stitch used in a cheaper
work.
• It consists of strokes and straight lines driven
through the cloth in the direction required to form
the design.
• It is usually employed for outlines or running
designs.
• Taipchi is the flat style of chikan work.
2. Khatawa or Khatao
• This is applique work prepared
on white calico material.
• It is not on fine muslins. It is an
exceedingly intricate kind of
applique work.
• The same fabric is used as for the
appliqué.
• This embroidery belongs to the
flat style of chikankari.
BUKHIA
3. Bukhia
• This constitutes an inverted satin stitch
with designs outlined on the right side of
the fabric. The thread is chiefly below the
cloth. Compact masses of thread are then
worked on the wrong side so that the
design appears opaque.
• It is also called shadow work because the
stitches that cover the wrong side of the
cloth are in herring bone producing a
shadowy effect.
• The stitches cover the back of the cloth
giving an opaque effect on the front side
of the fine white fabric working at the
same time, an outline of motif of flowers
and leaves resembling back stitches.
4. Murri
• This falls under emboss knitted style.
Murri means rice shape.
• It is usually done on muslin cloth.
Murri is worked in the centre of the
flowers.
• This is a knotted variety of stitch to
give a rich heavy embossed effect.
• The stitch is the French knot.
5. Phanda
• This resembles grains like millet.
• This also is in emboss knotted style.
• This is a smaller and shorter form of
the murri stitch.
• These are used to fill petals or leaves in
a pattern.
BAKHYA PHANDA
TEPCHI
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Jali Work
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The popular styles practices all over India.
• The kind of work found are salma-sitara, gijai, badla, katori, and seed
pearls, among others.
• The main centers are in Delhi, Jaipur, Banaras, Agra, and Surat. The
old teach the young and the skill continues from generation to
generation.
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KASUTI
•It is said that Kasuti resembles the embroidery of Austria, Hungary and
Spain.
•The word Kasuti comprised of ‘Kai’ means hand and ‘Suti’ is cotton
thread, i.e. Kasuti is hand work of cotton thread, in Karnataka language.
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This embroidery is prepared by women for their personal use. In the olden
days it was a custom that the bride had to possess a black silk sari, called
chandrakali sari with Kasuti work on it.
As a matter of fact traditionally this embroidery is done on saris and blouses.
The five garments on which Kasuti was done were kunchi (bonnet and cape
combined), lenga (skirt), seragu (pallav of a sari), kusuba (bodice) and kulai
(bonnet).
Material used- The material on which the Kasuti embroidery was done
earlier was mostly khans (used as blouse pieces) and Irkal sarees.
Today Kasuti embroidery is done on any type of fabric. It is done on table
cloth, curtains, cushion covers and many other household articles of hand
woven cloth
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Colours
Used
• The colours mostly used for Kasuti are orange, green, purple
and red.
• Blue and yellow are rarely used, whereas bright pink, pale
green and lemon yellow were hardly used
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Motives
Used
•Hindu motifs predominate here and Muslim influence appears to be
completely absent.
•The motifs used in Kasuti embroidery ranged from mythological
and architectural to the beautiful flora and fauna.
•The motifs used in Kasuti are from temple architecture, the
gopurams of South India, raths and palanquins, bird motif such as
the parrot, the peacock, the swan, and the squirrel. Animal motifs
used are the sacred bull (Nandi), the elephant and the deer.
•Near the pallu larger designs are depicted such as the temple,
elephant and howdah, nandi the secret bull, parrot and peacock etc.
They are followed by motifs of diminishing sizes like flowers, birds,
animals and geometrical patterns.
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•The other designs used for Kasuti embroidery are inspired from
the articles of daily use such as rudraksha, rattle, cradle, flower
pot, anklets, bells, cashew nut, chess square and tulsi katte (katte is
the enclosure for the sacred tulsi plant).
•One will rarely see horses, lions, or tigers but cats and dogs are
never seen.
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Stitches
Used
The secret of this age-old embroidery form is that it can be
done only by counting the threads of the warp and weft and
never the design is traced in the material to be embroidered
and the embroidery starts without knotting thread but with
a tiny back stitch.
Negi: The word negi originates from the Kannada word neg
meaning to weave. It is the typical pattern darning stitch. It uses
running stitch to make patterns and gives a weaved effect. This
stitch is reversible, but they tend to be like mirror images of each
other.
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M
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Kasuti embroidery depicting domestic and household articles and some
temple related motifs
D
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Border
Motifs
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Chamba
rumal
• The Rumals of Chamba, a state in the Himalayan range are
remarkable pieces of embroidery.
• The evidence about existence of Chamba embroidery pages
back to fifteenth century, mentions in Buddhist literature that
the embroidery was practiced in Pathankot, Chamba and other
neighboring remote villages.
• It was also mentioned that during eleventh and twelfth
century A.D this luxurious embroidery was done in Pahari
areas like, Churah, Chamba, Jammu, Kulu, Kangra, Mandi.
• The embroidery depicted a fine, delicate, perfect manual work
called as needle miniatures of Himachal or Pahari Rumal
• The primitive traditional Chamba has undergone gradual evolution
with respect to motifs, colours, stitches, workmanship and aesthetic
appearance.
• Reflecting back into the earlier Chamba embroidery all most all the
motifs namely, human figures, birds, flora and fauna were highly
stylized and disproportionately drawn.
• The folk style was replaced by subdued colours and become more
popular during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
• The Rumal are generally in square shape but sometimes they are
rectangular ranging from two feet to six feet in length. Chamba
rumals are very picturesque and are small head shawls.
• Rumal-square cloth
• Pankhi – hand fans
• Blouses
• Bedspreads
• Wall hangings
• Dice boards
• Cushion covers
• Caps
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Fabric
• Traditionally the ground fabric used was two types
of unbleached cotton cloth, first being the light weight,
fine, delicate, cambric like, semitransparent,
manufactured at Sialkot, Amritsar and Ludhiana
• Second type being hand-spun, hand woven coarser, relatively heavier
khaddar.
• In later period the unbleached cotton material was replaced by mill
made cotton cloth.
• However, cream or white coloured Tassar silk materials was also
commonly used for making rumals
• Earlier, the white fabric was locally dyed by professional dyers using
natural vegetable colours. Today, according to the taste, demand
fashion trend and availability the ground fabric employed being
terycot, organdie, linen, poplin and muslin of either white or light
colours
Threads and colours used
• Pandavas occupy the left hand side of the panel along with Lord
Krishna on his chariot, Kaoravas on the right hand side and
Abhimanyu is placed in centre of the panel, showing the picture
of being caught in the Chakravihu
• Raga Ragini- Raga, the tune of song and Ragini, the mode of song
expressing the base for songs sung in a minimum of six version. The
Pahari painters were greatly influenced by the Vaishnavas, during
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and adopted Ragmala (Sangeet
Mala) theme. The popular Raga Ragini themes are Raga megha, Raga
hindola, Raga vasanta, Raga Todi, Rag bhairavi and soon.
• The themes expressed the mode, mood, time, day, season, month
during which the particular Raga is being sung.
• The Gujjar theme- The Muslim Gujjar women usually carried out
embroidery locally, taking all the motifs from nature except, human
and bird figures. However, it has the resemblance of Phulkari of
Punjab
Major themes
used
Village scene
Court scene
Motives inspire from nature
Hunting
Scene
Dasa
Krishna Radha Krishna
Raas leela
Finely embroidered Chamba Rumal
from Chamba
Kantha
•The traditional folk art of Bengal is famous as Kantha which
means 'Patched Cloth‘.
•The Dacca muslin saris of gray, black or white colours are one
of the most artistic and beautiful specimens of Handloom textiles
were considered as very valuable by the women folk of Bengal.
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There are two types of embroideries.
•In the first type, the old and discarded cotton saris or
dhotis were piled up on the top of each other, quilted and
embroidered.
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•Kantha is an indigenous household craft, made the rural
women in West Bengal; it is a specialty of Bolpur-Santiniketan
and remains also the most creative of all embroidery styles in
this part of India.
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History
• There are several legends that are associated with the origin of
this art form.
• It is said that in the past, the precious clothes that were torn
out were piled in layers and stitched by the women.
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• The origin of Kantha traces its history to a period not less than
a thousand years. Its images reach back to even earlier
sources, pre and post- Vedic.
• Some symbols such as the tree of life, the swirling cosmos, and
the sun are taken from the primitive art.
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• The earliest mention of Bengal Kantha is found in the book, “Sri
Chaitanya Charitamrita”, by Krishnadas Kaviraj which was
written some five hundred years back.
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Motifs
Lotus motif: represents the life-giving power of water, and
is also associated with the sun for the opening and closing
of the petals. It is also the symbol of the recreating power
of life. The lotus is associated with purity and the goddess
Laksmi, the goddess of good fortune and abundance.
• Fabric on which the kantha is done are usually muted as the old
fabrics are already underwent various washings. The threads
used for embroidery were usually drawn from the colorful
borders of the discarded saris mainly White, red, green, yellow,
black and blues in colour.
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• Phulkari embroidery belongs to Punjab state.
• Phulkari is comprised of two words ‘Phul’ and ‘kari’ meaning
flower and work.
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• Phulkari is an integral part of the life of Punjabi girl. Each of the
important ceremonies connected with marriage is associated with
wearing of a Bagh.
• It is considered to be auspicious, a symbol of happiness, prosperity
and ‘suhag’ of a married woman. The maternal grand mother or
mother took pride in embroidering chope.
• A Bagh or Phulkari, therefore is not only a beautiful traditional art
but a symbol of maternal love and faith expressed in embroidery
• Traditionally Phulkari embroidery was meant for large pieces
such as chaddars and bed covers. Now-a-days the younger
generation is using the old Phulkari chaddars for kurtas, skirts
and other attractive garments.
• Today Phulkari work is also done on cushion covers, bolster
covers, sarees etc.
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• This embroidery is practiced by womenfolk only. The men are
not involved in this craft in any way.
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Fabric
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• Khaddar could be of four colours:-White , Red, Black, Blue
• white being given to mature women or widows while red
was associated with youth and was by far the most
widespread tone.
• Black and blue colours were kept for everyday worn shawls
as they prevented from revealing stains and dirt. and
regularity of its surface.
• The complete khaddar was always made of two or three
stripes which were approximately 50 cm wide.
• Depending on the region, these stripes were sewed before or
after the embroidery work.
Thread used
• Now a day’s rayon floss, cotton and blended threads are also used.
• Golden yellow, green, white, crimson red and orange are the five
colours commonly used in Phulkari.
• Blue, pink etc, were also used
Motifs used
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Wheat design on a bagh from west Punjab
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• Birds- hen, sparrow, crow, chicken, pigeon, owl
• Bagh motifs based on the famed gardens: Char Bagh, Shalimar and
Chaurasia Bagh
• The most common and beautiful motifs: the wheat and barley stalks that
grow all over Punjab.
Stitches
• For the embroidery, only a single strand was used at a time, each
part worked in one color.
• The design was embroidered from the reverse side using long and
short darning stitch over counted threads. The quality of the
phulkari depends upon the size of the stitch. The smaller the stitch,
the finer the embroidery.
• Stem stitch, chain stitch and double running stitch were used for
outlining the borders and marking the areas.
• Herring bone stitch- is used to cover expertly the joints of the base
fabric.
Stitches
used
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Low cost phulkari with flower
embroidered in “cluster stitch”
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• Shishedar Phulkari- This phulkari is done on either red or
brown background. The diapered designs along with mirror is
inserted on body of the articles. This phulkari was the specialty
of south-eastern Punjab that now comes in Haryana state.
• It is however becoming rare and extinct.
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• Thirma- Phulkari on white khadddar. It is an
important treasure of Hindu women that
was presented by bride’s family during her
wedding.
• The number of Thirma presented used to
form basis for the prosperity, status,
standard of living of the bride’s family.
• Floral and geometrical designs were A RED “THIRMA” (ON WHITE KHADDER)
embroidered with red, green, blue or purple BAGH FROM WEST PUNJAB
floss.
• This work is popular in rawalpindi,
Peshawar, Hazara of Punjab district which
now come under the jurisdiction of Pakistan
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Types of bagh
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Meenakari bagh or Ikka bagh
This bagh, often made of gold and white coloured pat, is decorated
with small multicolored lozenges referring to enamel work
(meenakari) or to "diamond" playing cards suit.
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Vari da bagh: In west Punjab, following the
birth of a boy, it was customary, to begin a
vari da bagh. The newborns grandmother
would place the first stitch on the
embroidery. This bagh would later be
handed to the boys bride on their wedding
day. Worked in yellow/gold yarn on a red
ground, the colours symbolize luck and
fertility. The whole surface is covered with
diamonds, each enclosing a smaller diamond.
In good pieces three sizes of concentric
diamond are found, the smallest again
divided into quarters.
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• Bawan bagh: The bawan bagh is very rare as
only a few women were able to fashion this
type. Bawan means the number 52; in these
pieces we usually find 52different patterns.
The field is subdivided into 42 or 48
rectangles, each containing a different multi
coloured motif. The remaining four or ten
motifs are placed in the side or end borders.
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Sainchi Phulkari
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Kathiawar embroidery
Origin
• Mirror work is done with red, green, yellow predominantly, but other
colors could also be used. Herringbone is typically done in indigo, blue,
crimson and yellow, but not limited to those, other colors could also be
used.
Distinct styles in Kathiawar embroidery
• Heer Bharat
• Abhla Bharat
• Chain stitch embroidery of Bhavnagar stitch
(Sindhi-stitch)
• Applique work
• Moti Bharat (bead work).
Heer Bharat
• it is done in untwisted silk thread (floss) which is called
'Heer’ in Gujarat. 'Bharat' means embroidery in Gujarat.
•To emphasise the pattern the centre of the motif is picked up with
an abhla (mirror) stitched on with button hole stitch.”
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Heer Bharat
Abhla Bharat
• In this mirror are used. Button hole stitch is used to fix the
mirrors.
• The design is drawn leaving a circle for the portion where
the mirror has to be attached.
• The remaining embroidery is done with stem or herring bone
stitches with silk thread.
• The colours used are red, green, indigo blue and pink.
• Motifs are flowers, creepers and sometimes rows of mirmrs
are worked to form a pattern. This is done on ghagaras, toran,
chakla, and Chandarwa.
Abhla Bharat
Chain Stitch
• This is known as the interlacing stitch. This has nothing to do with the
texture of the fabric but springs from the ingenuity of the needle woman.
This interlacing stitch is practiced in Sindh, Kutch and Kathiawar.
• In this stitch, with the use of long threads stitched into the base of the
cloth, the basic structure is built. Then looping of the threads around the
entire structure of the stitch is worked. The designs are chiefly chequers ,
chevrons, lozenges, discs. Sometimes these designs are shaped to form
birds, six petaled flowers and discs.
• According to Jasleen Dhamija," this stitch was prevalent in Germany. One
wonders whether this stitch was introduced into India or whether Indian
embroiderers introduced it into Germany.”
Sindhi
embroidery
Sindhi Taropa
Basic patterns used in sindhi
taropa
Single diamond
Simple motif
continued diamond
Single extention
Border
Fiver
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A
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Moti bharat
•In this embroidery, Coloured beads to form the design are used.
• Designs are prepared by creating a surface in itself. The background
colour of the beads white and the patterns are woven in colours such as
green, red, yellow and purple.
•The motifs are the same as those of the embroidery such as parrots,
elephant with a haudah, the camel with a rider, warrior on horseback,
etc.
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• This work is not done on the of fabric. The opaque white beads
form the base on which the transparent beads are worked by
stringing them together in various shapes and forms of birds,
animals, human figures and other articles of day to day life.
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•The motifs used are butterfly, elephant, cockerel etc.
• Commonly used motif is the “Akyobi” design which is worked in two
shades of red with a bit of black and white. It is a circular design, one
circle joining the other, with each circle being further broken up into
patterns, each with a significant motif and special name.
•The central round motif like a dot is believed to be e bee which flies
around the lotus flower sucking its honey. The four petals on the side
of the dot are known as the ‘moil’ the tenderest part of the lotus bud.
•The half open circular designs are known as the khoi mayek which
means a fishing hook. The W shaped design in the bow. The border is
called the tendwa.
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Hijai mayek is embroidered in black and white, and is worn by
widows, elderly women and at funerals. It shows running lines
and circular movements. Other motifs used are battle scenes,
swords etc.
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Akyo
bi
Peacoc Elepha
k nt
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