6 (a) Two students hang out identical Tshirts to dry at the same time in the same neighbourhood. The only difference between the drying conditions is that one T-shirt is cans sheltered from any wind and the other is in a strong breeze, as shown in Fig. 6.1 se fence— clothes line strong breeze no breeze Fig. 6.1 State and explain, in terms of water molecules, the difference between the drying times of the T-shirts. ~ 2](b) Fig. 6.2 shows another occasion when a student hangs out two identical Tshirts to dry | py next to each other on a line. One T-shirt is folded double as shown in Fig. 6.2. Braminar's i clothes line wT Fig. 6.2 State and explain, in terms of water molecules, the difference between the drying times. of the T-shirts. (2 (c)_A runner in a hot country feels cooler if she pours water over her hair to keep it wet, even when the water is at the same temperature as the air around her. Explain, in terms of a change of state of water, why she feels cooler. 2) [Total: 6](a) (b) (c) T-shirt in wind/on L dries quicker OR T-shirt out of wind/on R dries slower wind removes more evaporated molecules accept quicker NOT wind gives water molecules more KE T-shirt folded double/on R dries slower OR T-shirt unfolded/on L dries quicker correct reference to smaller/larger surface area for molecules to evaporate OR water trapped (in fold) OR more humid in fold water evaporates from her hair heat required for evaporation OR heat flows (from body/hair) to warm up cold water OR faster molecules escape leaving water cooler/lowering KE ignore: there is a cooling effect M1 At 2] M1 Al [2] Bi Bi 2] [Total: 6]6 (a) ()_ State two ways in which the molecular structure of a gas differs from the molecular structure of a liquid. 1 2, (2) (i) Compressibilty is the ease with which a substance can be compressed. State and explain, in terms of the forces between the molecules, how the compressibility of a gas differs from that of a liquid. ic) (b) Fig. 6.1 shows a weather balloon being inflated by helium from a cylinder Fig. 6.1 (The helium that inflates the balloon had a volume of 0.035m? at a pressure of 2.6 x 10°Pa, inside the cylinder. The pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 x 108Pa and its temperature is the ‘same as it was when in the cylinder. Calculate the volume occupied by the helium in the balloon volume = ... (3 (i) As the balloon rises up through the atmosphere, the temperature of the helium decreases. State the effect of this temperature change on the helium molecules. Ol [Total: 8] Fe Bains Use6 (a) (i) (i) (b) (i) (ii) any two of: (gas) molecules further apart greater PE move singly / in straight lines OR vice versa for. liquid molecules (allow faster) gases compressible OR liquids incompressible forces between gas molecules weaker OR vice versa for liquid molecules pV = constant OR p;V; = p2V2 OR 2.6 x 10° «0.035 OR 91000 2.6 «10° x0.035/1.0% 10° OR 91 000/1.0 «10° 0.91 m? slower / less KE B2 Bt Bt ce C1 At Bt (6)5 Fig. 5.1 shows two identical metal cans, open at the top, used in an experiment on thermal) jy energy. The outside of can A is polished and the outside of can B is painted black. ams Use polished black surface surface canA canB Fig. 5.1 (a) The cans are heated to the same temperature. Predict and explain the relative rates of loss of thermal energy by infra-red radiation from the two cans. fl (b) (A sstudent is provided with the two cans, a supply of hot water and two thermometers. Describe the experiment he should carry out to test your answer to (a). [41(i) Another student is given the same equipment but finds two polystyrene tiles. | jy Fig, 5.2 shows the tiles alongside the cans. unis tse polished black ‘surface ‘surface LE polystyrene can A can B tiles Fig, 5.2 State how she could use the tiles to improve the experiment, and explain why this is effective. [2] (©) The two cans are now filled with cold water and placed equal distances from a strong source of infra-red radiation. State and explain which can of water heats up more quickly. [2] [Total: 10]5 (a) black can/B loses heat energy quicker/cools faster OR polished can loses heat energy slower/cools slower M1 black radiates /emits more OR polished radiates /emits less ignore anything about absorption At 22] (b) (i) any four from: B4 viable experiment e.g. pour in water and measure temperature ignore methods with external thermometers (for this point only) pour (hot) water into both cans to same level/same amount place thermometers in same position relative to each can/detail relating to stirring thermometers not touching the metal of can observe change of temperature correct detail of timing repeat readings 14 iPA CAMBRIDGE Page 6 ‘Mark Scheme Syllabus IGCSE — October/November 2013 0625 (ii) use tiles as lids reduce convection/evaporation (to room) OR alternative method put tiles under cans reduce, ignore prevent, conduction (to bench) for both methods, ignore other modes of heat transfer, ignore place tiles around can (c)_ black can/B Mt black absorbs (radiation) better, ignore anything about emission At 22 [otal: 10]5 (a) Puddles of water form on a path after rainfall on a windy day. In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles is affected by (i) a reduction of wind speed, .. 2) i) an increase of water temperature. 2] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows two puddles. large puddle small puddle Fig. 5.1 State and explain how the rate of evaporation from the large puddle compares to that from the small puddle under the same conditions. .. 2) casio @UCLES 2014 9 (c) Describe an experiment to demonstrate the difference between good and bad emitters of infra-red radiation. You may include a diagram to help your description. State what readings should be taken.5 {a) (i) reduces (rate of evaporation) NOT zero (rate of evaporation) no/ fewer evaporated molecules removed by wind OR greater humidity / vapour pressure NOT fewer molecules it (ii) increases (rate of evaporation) uid /puddle blown away M1 AL M1 molecules move faster/have more energy OR more molecules have energy to escape (b) greater (rate of evaporation) OR rate is less in small puddle ignore rate of disappearance of puddle surface areas correctly compared At Bt BI iPA CAMBRIDGE Page 6 ‘Mark Scheme Syllabus. IGCSE - May/June 2014 0625 (c) description of viable experiment NOT absorption expt statement of measurements to be made good detail e.g. thermometers in comparable positions OR pyrometer same Position relative to different surfaces [Total: 9]5 During both boiling and evaporation, liquid water is converted into water vapour. The rate at which the mass of boiling water decreases depends only on the rate at which the water is gaining thermal energy. (a) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 x 10° J/kg. Thermal energy is supplied to boiling water in a kettle at a rate of 460W. Calculate the mass of water that is boiled away in 180s. .. 2] mass = (b) The rate at which the mass of evaporating water decreases depends on other factors. (i) State two of these factors. 1 2. 2] (ii) State two other ways in which evaporation is different from boiling. 1 2) [Total: 6]5 (a) (m=) Pt/IOR 460 x 180/2.3 x 10° OR 82 800/2.3 x 10° 0.036kg OR 36g (b) (i) i) any two from: (surface) area draught temperature (of water/room) humidity of air any two from: evaporation at any temperature/ below boiling point, evaporation (only) at the surface evaporation influenced by surface area/draught/temperature/humidity (not if given in (by(i) ct AL B2 B2 [Total: 6]4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a syringe containing 100cm® of air at atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 x 10°Pa. , piston Fig. 4.1 The open end of the syringe is sealed and the piston is pushed inwards until the air occupies a volume of 40cm. The temperature of the air remains constant. Calculate the new pressure of the air in the syringe. air pressure = (b) A syringe is used to transfer smokey air from above a flame to a small glass container. Extremely small solid smoke particles are suspended in the air in the container. The container is brightly illuminated from the side and viewed through a microscope. (i) The movement of the suspended smoke particles is called Brownian motion. Describe this Brownian motion. (i) Explain what causes the motion of the smoke particles. (2] @UCLES 2014 osesraaioni4 (c) Inthe space below, sketch a diagram to represent the molecular structure of a solid. Show the molecules as small circles of equal sizes. 2] [Total: 8]4 (a) pV=constant OR p:V1 = poV2 OR p:Vil V2 or 1.0 x 10° x 100+40, C1 2.5 x 10° Pa Al (b) (i) (the particles move) randomly B1 (the particles move) slowly OR through small distances OR disappear OR zigzag OR directions change OR erratic OR straight lines between collisions BI (ii) air molecules particles collide with smoke particles (at high speed) 81 fast(er) air molecules OR move randomly OR many collisions BI (c) diagram showing: molecules touching each other Bt molecules positioned in an ordered structure BI [Total: 8]2 Fig. 2.1 shows a cylinder containing gas compressed by the movement of a piston. ___——compressed gas final position of piston cylinder —— initial position of piston Fig. 2.1 Initially the volume of the gas was 470cm®. The piston moves up and compresses the gas to a volume of 60¢m?. The whole arrangement is left for some time until the gas cools to its original ‘temperature. The pressure of the gas is now 800kPa. (a) Calculate the initial pressure of the gas. pressure = 3] (b) Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of the gas if it was not given time to cool to its original temperature. (3) (c)_ The area of the piston is 5.5 x 10m? (0.0055m”). Calculate the force exerted by the gas on the piston when the pressure is 800kPa. force =2 (a) pV; = p2Voin any form OR (p; =) p2V2+ Vs 1; x 470 = 800 x 60 OR (p; =) 800 x 60 +470 102 OR 100kPa (b) molecules would move faster/have more KE more (frequent)/harder collisions with walls/cylinder/piston pressure increases (c) use of p = F+ A in any form OR (F =) pA (F=) 4400N ct 1 AL Bt Bt Bt ct AL(a) Smoke particles are introduced into a glass box containing air, Light shines into the box so that, when observed through a microscope, the smoke particles can be seen as bright points of light. Describe the motion of the smoke particles and account for this motion in terms of the air molecules. [4] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder sealed by a piston that is free to move. gas ————] cylinder piston Fig. 5.1 (i) The temperature of the gas is increased. State what happens, if anything, 1. to the piston, 2. to the pressure of the gas 2) The piston is now fixed in place and the temperature of the gas is increased further. Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas. [2] [Total: 8]5 (a) any two of motion of smoke particles: random //haphazard/ unpredictable movement; sudden changes of direction/zig-zag motion: appear/ disappear from view OR go out of/ come into focus; any two of conclusions about air molecules: collide with smoke particles OR smoke particles collide with/ moved by air molecul air molecules fast(er); air molecules small(er) /light(er); move randomly; (b) (i) 1 (the piston) moves to the right/out(wards) /is pushed away 2 (the pressure of the gas) remains constant (li) (pressure of the gas) increases more frequent collisions (of gas molecules) with piston/walls/container OR (gas molecules) collide with piston/ walls /container with great(er) force B2 B2 BI Bt B1 Bt [Total: 8]6 (a) In the space below, draw a simple labelled diagram of the apparatus used to demonstrate Brownian motion. [2] (b) State what is observed. (2) (c) Explain what is observed in terms of molecules. (2 {Total: 6]6 fa) (b) (c) suitable particles and fluid, and labelled, in suitable container eg. pollen and water (surface), smoke in air microscope AND, if smoke used, movement of particles NOT atoms or molecules reasonable description of movement OR any mention/clear description of movement in different directions accept if diagram drawn collisions between molecules and particles random movement of molecules OR causes (random) motion of particles M1 AL BI BI Bt BI [Total: 6]